当代英语研究生教程unit5-PPT关于文章结构的分析
高等学校研究生英语综合教程下第五单元课件
Useful words and expressions: plot; character; setting; single; dramatic; beginning; ending; climax; crisis; turning point; abrupt; moral
Starting out—Task 2
Reading Focus – Language Point 2. Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble. (Para. 2) compromise (n.): an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first, or the act of making this agreement 妥协，折中办法 e.g. 1) To stop the argument they decided on a compromise. 2) The government has said that there will be no compromise with terrorists. compromise (v.): reach an agreement in which everyone involved accepts less that what they wanted at first 妥协，折中 e.g. The President might be willing to compromise on defense spending.
研究生学术英语读写教程unit5
Unit 5: Academic WritingAcademic writing is an essential skill for graduate students. Whether it's writing research papers, essays, or dissertations, the ability to conveyplex ideas in a clear and organized manner is crucial for success in academia. In this unit, we will delve into the keyponents of academic writing, including structure, language, and style, and offer practical tips for developing your skills in this area.1. Understanding the Structure of Academic WritingAcademic writing typically follows a specific structure that includes an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide background information on the topic and clearly state the purpose of the paper. The body should present evidence, arguments, and analysis to support the m本人n thesis, while the conclusion should summarize the key points and reiterate the significance of the research. Understanding and following this structure is essential for producing coherent and persuasive academic writing.2. Developing an Academic Writing StyleAcademic writing requires a formal and objective tone. This means avoiding colloquial language, personal opinions, and emotional language. Instead, focus on using clear, precise, and formal language to convey your arguments and ideas. Additionally, pay attention to the use of citations and referencing to acknowledge the sources of your information and evidence. Developing a strong academic writing style takes practice, but it is a crucial skill for graduate students to master.3. Using Language Effectively in Academic WritingIn academic writing, it is important to use language that is precise and unambiguous. Avoid vague or ambiguous language, as this can weaken the clarity and effectiveness of your writing. Additionally, pay attention to the use of transitions and cohesive devices to ensure smooth and logical connections between ideas. By using language effectively, you can enhance the coherence and flow of your academic writing.4. Incorporating Research and EvidenceAcademic writing is heavily reliant on research and evidence tosupport arguments and cl本人ms. As a graduate student, it is important to develop strong research skills and the ability to critically evaluate sources. This includes identifying reliable and credible sources, synthesizing information from multiple sources, and effectively integrating evidence into your writing. By incorporating research and evidence, you can strengthen the validity and persuasiveness of your academic writing.5. Editing and Revising Academic WritingEffective academic writing is the result of careful editing and revision. After drafting your paper, take the time to review and revise it for clarity, coherence, and organization. Pay attention to the overall structure and flow of the paper, as well as the language, style, and tone. Additionally, proofread your work for grammar, punctuation, and spelling errors. By editing and revising your academic writing, you can ensure that it meets the highest standards of clarity and accuracy.ConclusionAcademic writing is a fundamental skill for graduate students, and mastering this skill is key to success in academia. Byunderstanding the structure of academic writing, developing a formal and objective writing style, using language effectively, incorporating research and evidence, and editing and revising your work, you can produce high-quality academic writing that is clear, coherent, and persuasive. With practice and dedication, you can continue to refine your skills in academic writing and excel in your academic pursuits.。
当代研究生英语(下)课件U5_Text A
外语教学与研究出版社
外语教学与研究出版社
Text A
ANYTHING BUT BEEFS — Scott Sullivan and William Underhill
外语教学与研究出版社
外语教学与研究出版社
Reading— Reading—Text A
Main Idea & Structure Text Study Sentence Analysis Language Points Useful Expressions Text Translation
Main Idea: A report of the way the EU dealt with the mad-cow problem in the first week after the disclosure of the disease.
Main Idea: The argument around destroying British cattle.
外语教学与研究出版社
外语教学与研究出版社
Paras. 2-3
2 At the center of the storm, Prime Minister John Major flung blame in all directions. “What has happened is collective hysteria—partly media, partly opposition and partly European,” the British prime minister declared. Yet even in the ranks of his own Conservative Party, some members are openly critical of the way Major’s government has handled the crisis．“It has been at best clumsy, at worst catastrophic,” says Edwina Currie, a Tory member of Parliament and former health minister. Two weeks ago press leaks forced the health minister, Stephen Dorrell, to make a hasty disclosure. 3 Scientists had found 10 individuals dead or dying from a new strain of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease(CJD)，a rare but lethal degenerative brain condition. Worse yet, they suspected that the infection might have come from cattle infected with madcow disease. That was frightening news in a country where roughly 160,000 cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) have been reported since 1985. It scared other
研究生英语第五单元课文讲解
eliminate
• （1）排除、清除、消除
The police have eliminated two suspects from their investigation.
警方通过调查已经排除了两名嫌疑犯。 • （2）消灭（敌人或对手）、（比赛中）淘汰
All the English teams were eliminated in the early stages of competition.
disparity
• （尤指不公正对待引起的）不同、不等、 差异、悬殊
the wide disparity between rich and poor
贫富悬殊
• migration n.迁移、移居、迁徙 • migrate vt.迁移、移居、迁徙
消除地区工资差距，开放市场， 让人口在全国自由流动寻找机会， 这会加快国家整体的经济发展。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
• So +助动词+主语
……也一样 • She work hard , so/as did her husband.
• centralized
adj 集权控制的，实行集中的
• a highly centralized system of government
高度集权的政府体制
allocate
• 拨……（给）；划……（给）；分配……（给）
• They intend to allocate more place to mature students this year.
今年他们打算给成人学生提供更多的名额。
同样，集中式教育财政有利于将 政府资金从中央均衡地分配给各地 区和城乡，这也会加快国家整体的 经济发展。
当代研究生英语读写教程上课件
Blogging
Blogging allows you to write about topics that interest you and develop a voice in your writing It also helps improve SEO skills and build an audience for your work
Practical application and case analysis
Business English Writing Skills
Clear purpose: Before writing, clarify the purpose and audience to ensure that the content is targeted.
Seek feedback
Getting feedback on your writing from a teacher, mentor, or writing partner can help identify areas that require improvement and provide constructive criticism to guide your progress
The structure and organization of writing are critical Starting with an introduction that hooks the reader's interest, followed by a clear and coherent body, and ending with a conclusion that wraps up the main points are essential
樊玲-研究生英语读写教程(基础级) unit 5教学课件
樊玲-研究生英语读写教程(基础级) unit 5教学课件Title: Unit 5 Teaching Presentation of Fang Ling's Graduate English Reading and Writing Tutorial (Basic Level)Introduction:Today, we will be diving into Unit 5 of Fang Ling's Graduate English Reading and Writing Tutorial at the basic level. Unit 5 focuses on essential reading and writing skills that will help students improve their English proficiency. This unit covers topics such as academic writing, critical thinking, and research skills.Lesson Objectives:1. Understand the importance of academic writing in the context of graduate studies.2. Develop critical thinking skills to analyze and evaluate information.3. Enhance research skills to conduct effective literature reviews.4. Practice writing clear and concise academic texts.Lesson Outline:1. Introduction to Academic Writing- Explain the purpose of academic writing and its significance in graduate studies.- Discuss the characteristics of academic writing, such as formal tone, clear structure, and citation of sources.2. Critical Thinking Skills- Define critical thinking and its role in academic writing.- Introduce strategies for critical reading, such as summarizing, analyzing, and evaluating texts.3. Research Skills- Explain the process of conducting research for academic writing.- Discuss effective ways to search for sources, evaluate their credibility, and integrate them into written work.4. Writing Practice- Provide sample writing prompts for students to practice applying academic writing principles.- Offer feedback on students’ writing and encourage peer review to improve writing skills.Conclusion:Unit 5 of Fang Ling's Graduate English Reading and Writing Tutorial at the basic level offers students a comprehensive overview of academic writing, critical thinking, and research skills. By mastering these skills, students will be better equipped to succeed in their graduate studies and beyond. Let’s work together to enhance our English proficiency and academic writing abilities!。
研究生英语 上课课件Unit 5
2005/5：国际空间站将遭弃置 最后期限迫在眉睫
上世纪90年代初，俄罗斯曾答应帮助伊朗在其境内建设布什尔核电站。 俄、伊在核能领域的合作引起了美国的不安。2000年，美国国会通过的 《防止向伊朗扩散法》规定，在美国确定俄罗斯没有向伊朗出口核武器 和生化武器技术之前，美国将不得购买任何有关俄罗斯的太空技术和其 提供的太空服务。因此，根据这个法律，美方向俄罗斯支付飞船运送费 用的行为属于违法行为。 虽然一些国会议员希望能够有新的协议允许更多的俄罗斯“联盟”号载 人飞船担任空间站的运输任务，但是如果不能够很好地处理好《防止向 伊朗扩散法》对购买俄罗斯太空技术的限制，问题将是“棘手的”。美 国国会科学委员会主席雪伍· 德波特说：“如果我们不能够与俄罗斯达成 一致的话，那么我们在空间站工作的宇航员将不能够支持太久。” 自2003年2月“哥伦比亚”号航天飞机发生空中解体事故后，美国暂时 停止了一切航天飞机的飞行，而代之以使用俄罗斯的载人和货运飞船向 国际空间站运送宇航员和物资。 豁免《防止向伊朗扩散法》，11艘俄罗斯“联盟”号载人飞船帮助美国 向国际空间站运送宇航员。最后一艘“联盟”号将在今年9月份携带一 名美国宇航员飞往空间站，预计于2006年4月返回地球。从此以后，美 国宇航局将必须依靠自己的飞船运送宇航员等。但是即便是美国的航天 飞机恢复正常飞行，美国宇航员也不能在国际空间站作长时间停留，因 为只有俄罗斯的“联盟”号载人飞船被美国宇航局获准可以在国际空间 站进行永久性的对接和救援服务。这样一来，美国科学家和宇航员承担 的有关人类长时间失重状态的课题研究就可能被无限期地拖延下去。
研究生英语综合教程崔校平Unit5课文翻译全文剖析
可编辑修改精选全文完整版Text AWhat in the Air Causes Lung Cancer?空气中的什么东西导致了肺癌？Many have assumed that air pollution causes cancer, but proof was lacking. Until now.许多人都认为空气污染会导致癌症，但缺乏证据。
直到现在。
Last month (October 2013)the World Health Organization's cancer arm, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), declared that air pollution is a carcinogen. While physicians and others have long intuited a relationship between poor air quality and malignancy, few scientific organizations officially recognized the link. Proof was lacking.上个月（2013年10月），世界卫生组织的癌症部门--国际癌症研究机构（IARC）宣布，空气污染是一种致癌物。
虽然医生和其他人长期以来一直认为恶劣的空气质量与恶性肿瘤之间存在关系，但很少有科学组织正式承认这种联系。
证据是缺乏的。
The new designation rests on findings of a large analysis published in Lancet Oncology. The ESCAPE trial drew data from registries involving over 312,000 individuals in nine European countries followed for over 12 years, on average. The investigators used several models to evaluate possible associations between the sizes, types, and density of particles in air, or traffic patterns, and lung cancer cases. They checked for social and economic factors, like fruit consumed per person, age, sex, and education levels that might confound the data, and assessed smoking habits. A total of 2,095 lung cancer cases emerged within the study population. The researchers observed a clear, positive correlation between the amount of particulate matter in air sampled near a person's address and the odds of developing lung cancer. They also identified a weaker but statistically significant link between the volume of road traffic near an individual's home and the chances of a lung cancer diagnosis.这项新的指定基于发表在《柳叶刀肿瘤学》上的一项大型分析的结果。
新版研究生英语阅读教程课件unit 5(group one)
Part 2: Current Situation
• Paragraph 3-Paragraph 7 • Current situation and functions of some ecosystems such as mangroves, coral
Forests of upper watersheds providing a number of direct uses
Benefits of maintaining and improving land uses accrue to downstream areas
Nontimber products
To provide technical assistance, access to inputs credit and other support
Details
Part3: Suggestions Paragraph 10
Measure 2:
Targeting investments directly to the rural poor
reefs, and tropical forests
Part 3: Suggestions
• Paragraph 8- Paragraph 12 • Providing financing payments for the conservation of standing natural
resources and targeting investments directly to the rural poor
理解当代中国英语读写教程unit5summary
理解当代中国英语读写教程unit5summary【理解当代中国英语读写教程Unit 5】Unit 5的主题涵盖了当代中国英语学习中的各个方面，旨在帮助学生提高英语读写能力。
通过本单元的学习，学生将掌握一系列实用的英语写作技巧，以便在日常交流中更自信地运用英语。
【Unit 5的核心知识点和实用技巧】1.语法知识：本单元重点介绍了现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时的用法，帮助学生更好地理解这些时态的语法规则和实际应用场景。
2.词汇拓展：Unit 5引入了大量实用的词汇和短语，如“国际化”、“创新能力”等，以扩大学生在写作中的词汇储备。
3.写作技巧：本单元讲解了如何组织段落、使用恰当的过渡语和连接词，使文章结构更清晰、逻辑性更强。
4.实用表达：Unit 5提供了一些实用的表达方式，如建议、比较、举例等，以便学生在写作中更灵活地运用。
【如何运用Unit 5的知识和技巧提高英语读写能力】1.在日常学习中，注重语法知识的巩固，通过练习现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时的句子，提高自己在不同场景下运用这些时态的能力。
2.积累Unit 5中的词汇和短语，尝试在写作中运用，丰富自己的表达能力。
3.学习并运用本单元所讲的写作技巧，如组织段落、使用过渡语和连接词等，提高文章的逻辑性和可读性。
4.多进行英语写作练习，结合Unit 5的知识和技巧，不断提高自己的英语读写水平。
【针对Unit 5的练习和建议】1.针对语法知识，设置一些有关现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时的练习题，以检验自己对这些时态的掌握程度。
2.搜集一些英语文章，分析其中的段落结构、过渡语和连接词的使用，借鉴优秀写作技巧。
3.结合Unit 5的词汇和短语，写一篇关于中国当代英语学习的短文，展示自己的语言表达能力。
4.参加英语写作比赛或与他人进行英语写作交流，以提高自己的英语读写水平。
通过Unit 5的学习和实践，相信大家的英语读写能力会得到显著提高。
高等学校研究生英语综合教程上Unit-5,Yoga-in-America
•
•
•
Yoga in America
6Hale Waihona Puke 文章结构•文章结构为：
1、Origin of Yoga and it’s popularity in US，瑜伽起源及在美国传播—Paras.1 2、Two schools of hatha yoga，两大哈他(传统)瑜伽学派—Paras.2
3、How to practice，如何练习瑜伽—Paras.3-5 4、Benefits of practicing yoga，练习瑜伽的好处—Paras.6-9 5、Philosophy behind yoga，瑜伽背后的哲学—Paras.10-11
Yoga in America
Douglas Dupler，道格拉斯·多普勒
瑜伽在美国
**学院： 20161224******
Yoga in America
1
Living A Healthier Life
•
本单元主题为：Living A Healthier Life，通过两篇文章：《Yoga in America——瑜伽在美国》，《Stress and health——压力与健康》来阐述 生活、健康、运动、锻炼、减压之间的联系，使生活变得更为健康。 Yoga in America——瑜伽在美国，为本次课程讲解内容。
6、Some resistance to yoga in the US，一些反对的声音—Paras.12
Yoga in America
7
Reading before
• The term yoga comes from a Sanskrit word(梵文) which means yoke or union. Traditionally yoga is a method joining the individual self with the Divine(神圣的), Universal Spirit or Cosmic Consciousness. Physical and mental exercises are designed to help achieve this goal, also called self-transcendence or enlightenment. • “瑜伽”这个词源于梵语，意思是“结合”或“联合”，传统上瑜伽是一种把个人和 神，万物之灵或无穷的意识联合在一起的方法。 为了帮助达到这个也被称为“自我超越”或“启蒙”的目的，设计了身体上和精神上 的锻炼方法。
高等学校研究生英语综合教程上Unit5.ppt
4
Benefits of practicing
yoga (Paras. 6-9)
5
Philosophy behind yoga
(Paras. 10-11)
6
Resistance to yoga
(Para. 12)
Reading Focus – Global Understanding
Introduction
_a__p_e_r_s_o_n_’_s_m__o_o__d_a_n__d_s__e_lf_-_e_s_te__e_m_____; C. Mind can be used to __s_h_a_p_e__a_n_d__h_e__a_l _th__e_b__o_d_y____.
Reading Focus – Global Understanding
Yoga slowly began gaining followers, and flourished during the 1960s when there was a surge of interest in Eastern philosophy. (Para. 1)
flourish: n. 兴旺；茂盛 vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期 e.g. Those plants you gave me are flourishing.
1
Origin of Yoga and it’s popularity in
US (Para. 1)ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
2
Two schools of hatha yoga
(Para. 2)
3
How to practice (Paras. 3-5)
Reading Focus – Global Understanding
研究生英语综合教程上unit5分析解析
nominal ['nɒmɪn(ə)l] adj. 名义上的；有名无 实的；[会计] 票面上的 fee 小费，注， 是Vt reimburse [,riːɪm'bɜːs] vt. 偿还；赔偿
the two opposing
Yoga can also provide the same benefits as any well-designed exercise program, increasing general health and stamina reducing stress, and improving those conditions brought about by sedentary lifestyles.
therapist n. 临床医学家；治疗学家 plentiful ['plentɪfʊl; -f(ə)l] adj. 丰富 的；许多的；丰饶的；众多的
Many YMCAs, colleges, and community healthorganizations offer beginning yoga classes as well, often for nominal fees. If yoga is part of a physical therapy program, it can be reimbursed by insurance.
翻译四法
1. 顺译法
2. 逆译法
3. 拆分法
4．重组法
详情参考我的PPT未播出页
句子
句子是具有主语部分和谓语部分并具 有完整意义的可独立的一组词
主语+谓语 主语+谓语+宾语 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 主语+系动词+表语/主语+谓语+主语补语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补语
研究生综合英语教材第五单元
[12] who
尽管并不是每个人都适合所有瑜伽姿势的练习，但任何年龄段， 任何身体状况的人都可以练习瑜伽。瑜伽也是一种随时随地都可以练 习的运动方式；练习瑜伽时有一块足以伸展肢体的平坦地面，一块草 垫或毛巾和足以向上伸展手臂的空间就够了。对于那些不能去体育馆 锻炼，不喜欢其它形式的运动或忙于很多事务的人来说，瑜伽是一项 很好的运动方式。瑜伽教练们建议饭后3小时再练瑜伽，练习瑜伽时 要保持空腹状态。还要注意穿戴宽松舒适的衣服。
Modern psychological Studies have shown that even slight facial expressions can cause changes in the involuntary nervous system; yoga utilizes the mind/body connection[8]. That is, yoga practice contains the central ideas that physical posture and alignment can influence a person's mood and selfesteem, and also that the mind can be used to shape and heal the body.[9] the topic sentence [9] 对上一句话的解释，the central ideas that … ，and also that…两个并列的同位语从句
can't go to gyms, who don' t like other forms of exercise, or have very busy schedules. 为三个并列的定语从句，修饰those,而且have very busy schedules前省略了 who don’t. [13]recommend doing sth : 建议做某事
新时代研究生学术英语教程1第五单元
第五单元：学术写作中的逻辑连接本单元将重点介绍学术写作中常用的逻辑连接词和句式，这些连接词和句式能够帮助学术作者更好地组织文章结构，使文章逻辑性更强，层次更清晰。
1. 逻辑连接词的作用逻辑连接词是学术写作中不可或缺的一部分，它们可以连接句子、段落，甚至整篇文章，使文章的结构更加完整和紧凑。
常用的逻辑连接词包括but, however, therefore, moreover, furthermore等，它们在学术文章中起着承接、转折、因果、并列等不同的作用，帮助作者表达观点、构建论证。
2. 常用逻辑连接词及其使用方法2.1 but和howeverbut表示转折关系，常用于连接两个对立的观点，如“It is a challenging task, but it is worth trying.”而however则表示转折或对比，一般用在句子中部分，用逗号隔开，“The weather was bad, however, we still went out for a walk.”2.2 therefore和thustherefore表示因果关系，常用于引出结论，“The exp eriment f本人led, therefore we need to make some changes.”而thus则表示结果，“The research is promising, thus it deserves further study.”2.3 moreover和furthermoremoreover用于句首，表示补充，“Moreover, there are other factors that need to be considered.”而furthermore用于句中，表示进一步的论证，“The data is consistent, furthermore, the conclusion is reliable.”3. 逻辑连接句式的应用除了逻辑连接词外，逻辑连接句式也是学术写作中常用的工具，通过适当的句式安排，可以使文章结构更加清晰和紧密。
研究生英语综合教程(下)Unit_5解析
Starting out—Task 1
The Necklace: A young lady who aspires to join the upper ranks of society is finally invited to a high-society affair given by her husband’s employer. Hoping to impress the guests and thus “fit in”, she borrows a diamond necklace from her friend. She goes to the evening party, and relishes in feeling special. When she gets home, however, she finds that the necklace is missing. She and her husband search desperately for it, but cannot find it. They go to a shop, and see that the same necklace is being sold for a huge amount of money. They purchase it, vowing to pay off the debt. It takes years, but after working ceaselessly, they pay off all the debt. By that time, the woman has completely lost her beauty. She bumps into the old friend on the street, and confesses to her that she had lost her original necklace, and had just paid off the debt on the one that had been given to replace it. The friend is in shock, and tells her that the necklace originally given her was a fake, and cost almost nothing.
研究生英语综合教程上 unit5课件
Reading Focus – Global Understanding
1
2
3
Origin of Yoga and it’s popularity in US (Para. 1)
Two schools of hatha yoga
(Para. 2)
How to practice
(Paras. 3-5)
Background information
1. Watch a video clip of yoga and discuss with your partner what is said about yoga in the video. 2. Work together with your partner and tell each other what you know about yoga.
Starting out
Weight Control Camp Listen to the following passage about healthy drinks and fill the blanks. The Ministry of Education and the John Tung Foundation recently sponsored a two-week camp for underweight overweight ________________and ________________ children from grades three through six. Nutritionists taught the students about __________________ content in a variety of foods, sugar and grease and generally helped them to see that regardless of our ages, we all make choices on what we put into our mouths, and when we put it there. One of the lessons the children reportedly learned at the special camp ______________relates to sugar content in drinks.
《研究生英语教程》课件
此环节将帮助学生更好地进行英文演讲，并 提供拓展视野的机会。
学习目标
1
打牢基础
在本课程中，学生将巩固英语语法、拓展词汇量，从而建立坚实的语言基础。
2
提高运用
学生将学会运用英语进行论文写作、口语表达，并掌握其它应用场景中常有的技 能点，如邮件、谈判等。
3
自我提高
通过本课程，学生将学会以更加高效的方式进行英语学习，并激发学生自我超越 的潜能。
教学资源
英语教材
我们选用了一系列富含典 型英文语法、词汇及概念 的权威教材，用以向学生 传授英语基础。
智慧教育平台
该平台包含每周的学习资 源、互动环境等，辅助学 生的学习及交流。
学习工具
本课程将为学生提供多媒 体工具、学习资料以及助 教服务等等。
课程评估
考试抽查
我们将随机选取部分同学，进 行小测验和实地考察，以确保 大家掌握了所学知识。
作业评估
老师会对学生提交的所有作业 进行评估，并给出详细的批改 意见和建议。
结业考核
为了让每个学生及时掌握所学 知识并得到应有的证书，我们 将举行结业考核。
结语
1 感谢您的参与
我们感谢您制定时间参加该课程，并希望您已经通过该课程对英语有了更进一步的了解。
2 祝您成功
最后，我们诚挚地祝愿您未来工作和学习中顺利，并能够凭借在本课程中所学知识的力 量取得成功。
学习成果
经过本课程的学习，学生将获 得扎实的英语知识，并能够灵 活运用于学术及职场中。
课程内容概览
阅读理解
提高学生的阅读能力，帮助学生更好地理解 文本，并学会运用文中的知识。
口语表达
通过与老师和同学的交流，提高学生的听说 能力，并使学生更加流利地表达问题。
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ucture
Para.1-3 Science is a way of thinking and aims at finding out how the world works, A scientific mind is to think about the phenomena of the world and to examine it critically.
The first part
According to the author , science is more of a way of thinking than of a body of knowledge . Its goal is to find out how the world works ; to seek what regularities there may be , to penetrate the connections of things . Science cannot depend on our intuition or our percetion ; it is based on experiment , on the willingness to challenge old dogma , and on an openness to see the universe as it really is.
The Importance of science
科学是对自然、对宇宙、对生命的探索。发 现支配自然与生命现象的基本定律。 因此，科学对于人类的发展和社会的进步都 十分的重要。 对于研究生，掌握正确的科学的研究方法对 于我们的学习十分有利！
谢谢！
The fourth part
The search for rules,the only possible way to understand such a vast and complex universe,is called science. An ideal universe is an knowable one ,and at the same time,there is much unknown in it .The reason is clear : there will be no source of motivation for the thinking being if everything is known or if the universe is unknowable.
UNIT5 CAN WE KNOW THE UNIVERSE ?
REFLECTIONS ON A GRAIN OF SALT
Main idea
Science is a way of thinking and it aims at finding out how the world works. The universe is intractable, and even a grain of salt is very complicated and contains lots of information. But they are knowable. Human being has the capacity to understand the rules that governs the universe. And the search of rules and the only possible way to understand the universe is called science .
• This number is only one percent of the number of atoms in our our spect of salt. • Superficially,the human mind seems to be even unable to carry all the information about a grain of salt • So in this sense the universe is intractable, astonishingly immune to any human attempt at full knowledge. We cannot on this level understand a grain of salt, much less the universe.
Para.4-7 The universe is intractable. While human brains has limited information- carrying capacity. In this sense, we cannot understand a grain of salt, much less than the universe Para.8-9 In some sense, the universe is knowable. Human beings are capable of understanding the rules that governs the universe Para.10-11 The universe is complex. The search of rules and the only possible way to understand the universe is called science
Summary of the Text
This excerpt discusses how human beings can know the universe. Taking a grain of salt as an example, the author tries to illustrate that with regularities and natural laws the universe is knowable and that science is the only weapon for the human beings to understand the universe
The second part
The author uses the structure of a grain of salt to illustrate his point. In that grain of salt there are about 1016 sodium and chlorine atoms. There are perhaps 1011 neurons in the brain. A typical brain neuron has perhaps a thousand little wires, the total number of things knowable by the brain is no more than 1014
The third part
Look more deeply at our microgram of salt,we know that the position of every sodium and chlorine atom is predetermined. If the universe also has laws that govern its behavior to the same degree of regularity that determines a crystal of salt,then the universe would be knowable. Much knowledge which exceeded the informationcarrying capacity of the brain could be stored in books or computer memories.