2010 中国 类风湿关节炎诊断及治疗指南 第二版
反应性关节炎诊断及治疗指南(中华风湿学会2010)
眼色素膜炎相关,凶此,该项榆查对本病的诊断有辅助价值。 同其他脊柱关节病一样,患者通常为类风湿闪子(RF)阴性和 抗核抗体阴性。 4放射学检查 虽然放射学检杳并非诊断的必要条件。但是对于患者的 评价仍非常重要。在病程的甲.期,放射学的表现可以是完全 正常的或仅显示软组织的肿胀,当关节炎反复发作,约20% 的患者可以出现放射学异常。最具特征性的受累部位包括足 小关节、跟骨、踝和膝关节,在中轴部位则包括骶髂关节、脊 柱、耻骨联合和胸肋关节等。炎症部位非对称的骨化是具有 诊断价值的放射学特征。肌腱附着点特别是在跟腱、足底肌 腱和筋膜处可见骨膜反应和骨侵蚀。侵蚀性关节可累及足小 关节,有12%的患者可出现足畸形。伴独特的边缘和绒毛状 周闱骨炎;沿着掌指、跖趾和指趾体部出现线形骨周嗣炎。 10%的患者在疾病甲.期即m现骶髂关节炎。慢性ReA患者最 终约有70%出现单侧(早期)或双侧(晚期)骶髂关节异常;非 对称性樵旁“逗号样”骨化是ReA独特的影像学发现,多累及 下3个胸椎和上3个腰椎,椎体方形变不常见。 5诊断要点 ReA是一种与特定部位感染相关的脊柱关节炎,因此诊 断时需注意寻找泌尿生殖道或肠道前驱感染的证据,同时具 备脊柱关节病常见的临床表现,如典型的外周关节炎为以下 肢为主的非对称件寡关节炎,常有肌腱端炎、眼炎、炎件下腰 痛、阳性家族史以及HI。A—B27阳性等,有以上表现者诊断并 不斟难,但由于各种表现可在不同时期I叶j现,所以诊断有时 需要数月时间。发展为慢性ReA患者.其关节炎和(或)皮损 的表现类似银屑病关节炎、强直性脊柱炎和一塞病。 目前多沿用1996年Kingsley与Sieper提出的ReA的分 类标准:(1)外周关节炎:下肢为丰的非财称性寡关节炎;(2)
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坚譬风湿瘟堂盘壶2019生!Q旦箜!垒鲞笙!Q期Chin
类风湿关节炎诊断治疗指南 (摘自中华医学会风湿病学会)_好大夫在线
类风湿关节炎诊断治疗指南 (摘自:中华医学会风湿病学会) 全网发布:2011-06-23 04:27 发表者:杜明瑞 (访问人次:6094)来源:中华医学会风湿病学会【概述】类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid arthritis,RA)是一种病因不明的自身免疫性疾病,多见于中年女性,我国的患病率约为 0.32-0.36%。
主要表现为对称性、慢性、进行性多关节炎。
关节滑膜的慢性炎症、增生形成血管翳,侵犯关节软骨、软骨下骨、韧带和肌腱等,造成关节软骨、骨和关节囊破坏,最终导致关节畸形和功能丧失。
【临床表现】1、症状和体征病情和病程有个体差异,从短暂、轻微的少关节炎到急剧进行性多关节炎均可出现。
受累关节以近端指间关节、掌指关节、腕、肘、肩、膝和足趾关节最为多见;颈椎、颞颌关节、胸锁和肩锁关节也可受累,并伴活动受限;髋关节受累少见。
关节炎常表现为对称性、持续性肿胀和压痛,常常伴有晨僵。
最为常见的关节畸形是腕和肘关节强直、掌指关节的半脱位、手指向尺侧偏斜和呈“天鹅颈”样及钮扣花样表现。
重症患者关节呈纤维性或骨性强直,并因关节周围肌肉萎缩、痉挛失去关节功能,致使生活不能自理。
除关节症状外,还可出现类风湿结节和心、肺、肾、周围神经及眼等内脏病变。
2、实验检查多数活动期患者有轻至中度正细胞性贫血,白细胞数大多正常,有时可见嗜酸性粒细胞和血小板增多,血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA可升高,血清补体水平多数正常或轻度升高,60%—80%患者有高水平类风湿因子(RF),但RF阳性也见于慢性感染(肝炎、结核等)、其他结缔组织病和正常老年人。
其他如抗角质蛋白抗体(AKA)、抗核周因子(APF)和抗环瓜氨酸多肽(CCP)等自身抗体对类风湿关节炎有较高的诊断特异性,敏感性在30%~40%左右。
3、 X线检查为明确本病的诊断、病期和发展情况,在病初应摄包括双腕关节和手及(或)表1 类风湿关节炎X线进展的分期I期(早期)1* X线检查无破坏性改变2 可见骨质疏松II期(中期)1* 骨质疏松,可有轻度的软骨破坏,有或没有轻度的软骨下骨质破坏2* 可见关节活动受限,但无关节畸形3 邻近肌肉萎缩4 有关节外软组织病损,如结节和腱鞘炎III期(严重期)1* 骨质疏松加上软骨或骨质破坏2* 关节畸形,如半脱位,尺侧偏斜,无纤维性或骨性强直3 广泛的肌萎缩4 有关节外软组织病损,如结节或腱鞘炎IV期(末期)1* 纤维性或骨性强直2 III期标准内各条标准前冠有*号者为病期分类的必备条件双足X线片,以及其他受累关节的X线片。
中国类风湿关节炎诊疗指南
中国类风湿关节炎诊疗指南类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种以侵蚀性关节炎为主要临床表现的自身免疫病,可发生于任何年龄。
RA的发病机制目前尚不明确,基本病理表现为滑膜炎、血管翳形成,并逐渐出现关节软骨和骨破坏,最终导致关节畸形和功能丧失,可并发肺部疾病、心血管疾病、恶性肿瘤及抑郁症等。
流行病学调查显示,RA的全球发病率为0.5%~1%,中国大陆地区发病率为0.42%,总患病人群约500万,男女患病比率约为1:4。
我国RA患者在病程1~5年、5~10年、10~15年及≥15年的致残率分别为18.6%、43.5%、48.1%、61.3%,随着病程的延长,残疾及功能受限发生率升高。
RA不仅造成患者身体机能、生活质量和社会参与度下降,也给患者家庭和社会带来巨大的经济负担。
近年来,美国风湿病学会(ACR)、欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)及亚太风湿病学学会联盟(APLAR)等多个国际风湿病领域的学术组织分别制订或修订了各自的RA诊疗指南,中华医学会风湿病学分会也于2010年发布了RA诊疗指南。
然而,上述指南对指导目前我国RA诊疗实践仍存诸多挑战。
一方面,国际RA指南的质量良莠不齐,推荐意见间常存在不一致性;另一方面,国际RA指南极少纳入有关中国人群的流行病学与临床研究证据。
此外,国外风湿科医师关注的临床诊疗问题和用药习惯与我国风湿科医师亦有所不同。
再者,我国医院的风湿科人才培养、专科设置和患者就医情况与国外也存在明显差异。
调查显示,我国仍有60%的医院未设置独立的风湿病专科,现有的7200余名风湿科医师中超过80%在三级医院工作,基层患者在就医时无法获得风湿科医师的专业诊治。
调查显示,RA患者中首次就诊选择风湿科的仅为23%。
因此,制订和实施符合我国国情的RA临床指南,对提高RA诊疗相关医师(风湿科、骨科、内科等),特别是县级与基层医疗机构医师正确诊断和治疗RA的能力,加强患者教育,提高我国RA诊疗水平将起到至关重要的作用。
类风湿性关节炎的诊断标准
类风湿性关节炎的诊断标准风湿性关节炎(Rheumatoid Arthritis,RA)是一种慢性炎性关节病,全身性诊断标准(2010年版)可用于诊断RA。
诊断标准包括:1. 精确定义的弥漫性关节炎活动(至少4周)- 对应弥漫性关节炎列表(synovial joint lists)4项或更多关节的活动性的发炎。
2. 同一时间至少有1个细胞培养定量检测(Radiographic Quantitative Assay,RQA)阳性反应- 血清共行联合抗体(CommonAssociated Immunoglobulin,CAI-IgG或IgA)蛋白水平较正常检测值增高,或,用现代囊膜色素(Modern Mucopigment)测试显示抗体滴度大于常值。
3. 同时有至少2处活动性骨质结核损伤- 可用X光检查、磁共振成像(MRI)或其他影像学检查,根据发病规律判断多处骨质结核损伤。
4. 其他相关的免疫性和血清学检查的阳性反应- 这些检查包括:血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平高于正常范围;粪便抗IgA抗体检测(Fecal Antibody Test for IgA)阳性;180度双侧抗体评估测定(Double Blind Assessment,DBA)阳性;RQA测定的抗体IgG水平高于常规检查值;血清促炎因子(Serum Inflammatory Factors,SIF)测定高于正常范围;RA抗原(Rheumatoid Antigen)水平增高;抗核抗体(Anti-nuclear Antibody, ANA)阳性;抗类风湿抗体(Anti-Rheumatic Antibody,ARA)阳性。
以上8个检查项目,至少满足4条标准,同时兼具以上4个特征可以诊断RA。
另外,还需要更详细的检查,如血常规检查,白细胞介素-6(Interleukin—6,IL—6),粪便抗体测定,以及对病因的进一步研究,如肿瘤基因突变检查等。
类风湿关节炎诊断及治疗指南(2010年)。
吡喃羧酸类 依托度酸(etodolac)
非酸性类 萘丁美酮(nabumetone) 昔康类 吡罗昔康(piroxicam) 氯诺昔康(lornoxicam) 美洛昔康(meloxicam) 磺酰苯胺类 尼美舒利(mincaulide) 昔布类 塞来昔布(celecoxib) 依托考昔(etoricoxib) 50
3.2 病情的判断
判断RA活动性的指标包括疲劳的程度、晨 僵持续的时间、关节疼痛和肿胀的数目和 程度以及炎性指标(如ESR、CRP)等。临床 上可采用DAS28等标准判断病情活动程度。 此外,RA患者就诊时应对影响其预后的因 素进行分析。这些因素包括病程、躯体功 能障碍(如HAQ评分)、关节外表现、血清中 自身抗体和HLA—DRl/DR4是否阳性,以 及早期出现x线提示的骨破坏等。
4.2药物治疗
4.2.1非甾体抗炎药(NSAIDs) 这类药物主要通过抑制环氧化酶(COX)活性,减少前列腺 素合成而具有抗炎、止痛、退热及减轻关节肿胀的作用, 是临床最常用的RA治疗药物(表5o NSAIDs对缓解患者的关 节肿痛,改善伞身症状有重要作用。其主要不良反应包括 胃肠道症状、肝和肾功能损害以及可能增加的心血管不良 事件。根据现有的循证医学证据和专家共识,NSAIDs使 用中应注意以下几点:①注重NSAIDs的种类、剂量和剂 型的个体化;②尽可能用最低有效量、短疗程;③一般先 选用一种NSAID。应用数日至I周无明显疗效时应加到足 量。如仍然无效则再换用另一种制剂,避免同时服用2种 或2种以上NSAIDs;④对有消化性溃疡病史者,宜用选择 性COX一2抑制剂或其他NSAID加质子泵抑制剂;
⑤老年人可选用半衰期短或较小剂量的NSAID; ⑥心血管高危人群应谨慎选用NSAID,如需使用, 建议选用对乙酰氨基酚或萘普生;⑦肾功能不全 者应慎用NSAIDs;⑧注意血常规和肝肾功能魄定 期监测。 NSAIDs的外用制剂(如双氯芬酸二乙胺乳胶剂、 辣椒碱膏、酮洛芬凝胶、吡罗昔康贴剂等)以及植 物药膏剂等对缓解关节肿痛有一定作用,不良反 应较少,应提倡在临床上使用。
类风湿关节炎指南
肿胀:关节周围呈梭型肿胀,少
数可发红
关节表现
晨僵:
关节在晨起或静止不动后出现较长时间的僵硬 >1小时,如胶黏着样感觉 持续时间和关节病变程度呈正比 >95%可出现,主观性较强
关节受累特点
小关节 近端指间关节、掌指关节、腕关节、肘关节、颞颌 关 节 对称性 早期可为单侧受累 持续性 ≥6周,因病程而异 晨僵 >1小时
关节表现
关节活动障碍、畸形:
握力下降、梳头、行走困难 关节畸形
尺侧偏斜
天鹅颈 纽扣花 峰谷畸形
巩膜炎 巩膜软化
干燥综合征
眼干 口干
关 淋巴结病
心包炎
节 滑囊炎/皮下结节
腱鞘肿胀
外 腱鞘炎
表 淀粉样变
现 感觉运动多神经病
寰枢(椎)半脱位 (极少引起颈髓压迫) 胸腔积液 纤维性肺泡炎 Caplan’s综合征 肺间质病变 肺动脉高压 结节病
病因
尚不完全清楚,但是一般认为与以下因素有关:
遗 传
内分 泌
免 疫
环 境
炎胞浸 润 炎性介质 细胞因子
血管翳 细胞转化
蛋白酶
(MMPs)
细胞毒药物 非甾体类抗炎药 + 免疫抑制剂
病理
滑膜炎 关节破坏、畸形、功能障碍的基础
血管炎
系统损害的基础
RA对生活的影响
残疾(disability)
痛苦(discomfort)
距下关节内翻
爪形趾、腓侧偏斜
类风湿结节
腘窝囊肿
眼部病变
指端坏死
RA需要做哪些检查?
类风湿因子(RF)
1.是诊断RA的标准之一,不是唯一标准,并非RA特有 2.作为血清阴性脊柱关节病区分标准 3.正常人2%阳性,老年人可达5%阳性 4.RF与其他蛋白、半抗原有交叉反应 5.多种结缔组织病(SLE,SD,SS,PM/DM)感染疾病(SBE,
A第一章 类风湿关节炎
临床诊疗指南-风湿病学分册(第二版)第一章类风湿关节炎【概述】类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种以侵蚀性关节炎为主要表现的全身性自身免疫病。
本病以女性多发,男女患病比例约1:3。
RA可发生于任何年龄,以30-50岁为发病的高峰。
我国大陆地区的RA患病率约为0.2-0.36%。
本病表现为以双手和腕关节等小关节受累为主的对称性、持续性多关节炎。
病理表现为关节滑膜的慢性炎症、血管翳形成,并出现关节软骨和骨破坏,最终可导致关节畸形和功能丧失。
此外,患者尚可有发热及疲乏等全身表现。
血清中可出现类风湿因子(RF)及抗环状瓜氨酸多肽(CCP)抗体等多种自身抗体。
【临床表现】一、症状和体征RA的主要临床表现为对称性、持续性关节肿胀和疼痛,常伴有晨僵。
受累关节以近端指间关节、掌指关节、腕、肘和足趾关节最为多见;同时,颈椎、颞颌关节、胸锁和肩锁关节也可受累。
中、晚期的患者可出现手指的“天鹅颈”及“钮扣花”样畸形,腕关节、肘关节强直和掌指关节半脱位等。
除关节症状外,还可出现皮下结节,心、肺和神经系统等受累。
二、实验室检查RA患者可有轻至中度贫血,血沉(ESR)增快、C反应蛋白(CRP)和血清IgG、IgM、IgA升高,多数患者血清中可出现RF、抗CCP抗体、抗修饰型瓜氨酸化波形蛋白(MCV)、抗P68抗体、抗角蛋白抗体(AKA)、或抗核周因子(APF)等多种自身抗体。
这些实验室检查异常对RA的诊断和预后评估有重要意义。
三、影像学检查1.X线检查双手、腕关节以及其他受累关节的X线片对本病的诊断有重要意义。
早期X线表现为关节周围软组织肿胀及关节附近骨质疏松;随病情进展可出现关节面破坏、关节间隙狭窄,关节融合或脱位。
根据关节破坏程度可将X线改变分为四期(表1)。
表1. 类风湿关节炎X线分期I期(早期)*1 X线检查无骨质破坏性改变2 可见骨质疏松II期(中期)*1 X线显示骨质疏松,可有轻度的软骨破坏,伴或不伴有轻度的软骨下骨质破坏*2 可有关节活动受限,但无关节畸形3 关节邻近肌肉萎缩4 有关节外软组织病变,如结节或腱鞘炎III期(严重期)*1 X线显示有骨质疏松伴软骨或骨质破坏*2 关节畸形,如半脱位,尺侧偏斜或过伸,无纤维性或骨性强直3 广泛的肌萎缩4 有关节外软组织病变,如结节或腱鞘炎IV期(终末期)*1 纤维性或骨性强直2 III期标准内各条标准前冠有*号者为各期标准的必备条件引自JAMA 1949;140: 659-662.2.核磁共振(MRI)MRI在显示关节病变方面优于X线,近年已被越来越多地应用到RA的诊断中。
类风湿关节炎诊断与治疗指南(2010年)
节半脱位,表现掌指关节向尺侧偏斜。除关节症状外, 还可出现皮下结节,称为类风湿结节;心、肺和神经 系统等受累。
第二页,共35页。
2.2 实验室检查
RA患者可有轻至中度贫血,红细胞沉降率 (ESR)增快、C反应蛋白(CRP)和血清IgG、 IgM、IgA升高,多数患者血清中可出现RF、 抗CCP抗体、抗修饰型瓜氨酸化波形蛋白 (MCV)抗体、抗P68抗体、抗瓜氨酸化纤维 蛋白原(ACF)抗体、抗角蛋白抗体(AKA)或抗 核周因子(APF)等多种自身抗体。这些实验 室检查对RA的诊断和预后评估有重要意义。
表1 RA x线分期
I期(早期) la.X线检查无骨质破坏性改变 ;X线显示骨质疏松,可有轻度的软骨破坏,伴或不
伴有 轻度的软骨下骨质破坏 ; 2a.可有关节活动受限,但 无关节畸形; 3.关节邻近肌肉萎缩; 4.有关节外软组织病变,
如结节或腱鞘炎
Ⅲ期(严重期)
4 对称性关节炎
左右两侧关节同时受累(两侧近端指间关节、掌指关节及跖
趾关节受累时,不一定绝对对称)
5 类风湿结节 医生观察到在骨突部位、促肌表面或关节周围有皮下结节
6 RF阳性
任何检测方法证明血清中RF含量升高(该方法在健
康人群中的阳性率 <5% )
7 影像学改变 在手和腕的后前位相上有典型的RA影像学改变:必须包括骨质侵蚀 或受累关节及其邻近部位有明确的骨质脱钙
概述
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoidarthritis.RA)是一种以侵蚀性
关节炎为主要表现的全身性自身免疫病。本病以女性多
发。男女患病比例约1:3。RA可发生于任何年龄, 以30~50岁为发病的高峰。我国大陆地区的RA患病率 约为0.32%-0.36%。本病临床表现多样,从主要的
类风湿关节炎诊断及治疗指南解读PPT课件
核磁共振成像在RA中作用
核磁共振成像(MRI)技术
利用强磁场和射频脉冲使人体组织产生信号,通过计算机重建获取高分辨率影像。
在RA中作用
MRI能够清晰显示关节滑膜、软骨、韧带等结构,对早期病变和软组织病变的检出率高于X线和超声 。此外,MRI还可以评估关节炎症活动度和骨质破坏程度,为治疗方案的制定和调整提供重要依据。
THANKS
保持良好生活习惯
合理饮食,适当锻炼,保持充足睡眠,增强 身体免疫力。
控制疾病活动度
积极治疗类风湿关节炎,控制疾病活动度, 减少并发症的发生。
定期检查和评估
定期进行心血管、肺部、骨骼等相关检查, 及时发现并处理并发症。
针对不同并发症采取相应治疗策略
心血管疾病治疗
根据患者病情,选用合适的药物和治疗方法,如降压药、 降脂药、抗心律失常药等。
05 治疗原则及药物选择策略
非药物治疗措施介绍
健康教育
对患者进行类风湿关节炎相关 知识的教育,提高患者对疾病
的认知。
心理干预
针对患者可能出现的焦虑、抑 郁等心理问题,进行心理干预 和疏导。
物理治疗
通过热敷、冷敷、电疗等物理 手段,缓解关节疼痛和肿胀。
运动疗法
指导患者进行适当的关节功能 锻炼,以保持关节活动度和肌
类风湿关节炎的评估包括疾病活动度评估和预后评估。疾病活动度评估可采用DAS28评分、CDAI评分等方法; 预后评估则需考虑患者年龄、性别、病程、关节受累情况等因素。通过定期评估,可及时调整治疗方案,实现个 体化治疗。
03 影像学检查在诊断中应用
X线检查方法及优缺点
X线检查方法
通过X射线照射患者关节部位,获取骨骼和关节结构 的影像。
家属参与在康复过程中重要性体现
2010 ACREULAR 类风湿关节炎分类标准
1-3小关节(有或没有大关节)(2分) 【小关节指的是掌指关节,近端指间关节,2-5跖趾关节,拇指指间关节和腕关节】
4-10小关节(有或没有大关节)(3分)
超过10个关节(至少一个小关节)(5分)【在这一条中,至少一个受累关节必须是小关节;其他关节可以包括任何大的或额外的小关节的组合,如其他别处未特别列出的关节(颞颌关节,肩峰锁骨关节,胸锁关节)】
RF和ACPA,至少有一项是低滴度阳性。(2分)
RF和ACPA,至少有一项高滴度阳性(3分)
C:急性期反应物 (至少需要1项结果)【正常或异常根据当地实验室标准确定。】
CRP和ESR均正常(0分)
CRP或ESR异常(1分)
ACPA:ACPA是anti-citrullinated protein antibody,即抗瓜氨酸化的蛋白抗体
2010 ACR/EULAR 类风湿关节炎分类标准
目标人群:有下列表现的患者:
1、有至少一个关节具有明确的临床滑膜炎(肿胀)【新标准目的在于给新症患者分类。另外,具有侵蚀性疾病如类风湿关节炎典型表现,其病史符合2010标准的,应该分类为类风湿关节炎。患者有长期疾病,包括那些疾病处于非活动期(经过治疗或未经治疗),基于回顾性的可以获得的资料,先前符合2010年标准的,也应分类为类风湿关节炎。】
B:血清学 (至少需要1项结果)【阴性指的是低于或等于当地实验室正常值的上限。低滴度阳性指的是国际单位值高于正常值上限,但是低于正常值上限3倍。高滴度阳性指的是国际单位值高于正常值上限3倍。当RF值只能得到阳性或阴性时,阳性结果应该应该被评为低滴度阳性。】
RF和ACPA阴性(0分)
A:受累关节 【指的是查体时发现的任何肿胀或触痛的关节,可通过滑膜炎的影像学证据证实。在评估中,远端指间关节,第一腕掌和第一跖趾关节除外。关节分布的分类根据受累关节的位置和数量,划入最可能受累关节类目。】
2010类风关诊断标准
2010类风湿性关节炎诊断标准一、诊断标准概述类风湿性关节炎(RA)是一种慢性自身免疫性疾病,其主要特点是炎症性多系统损害,导致关节疼痛、肿胀和僵硬,并最终导致关节畸形。
RA的诊断通常基于临床、实验室和影像学检查的综合结果。
以下是2010年ACR/EULAR提出的类风湿性关节炎诊断标准。
二、疾病历史和家族史1. 至少一个关节肿胀或疼痛,持续至少6周;2. 至少一个关节活动受限或畸形;3. 炎症性滑膜炎的典型症状(如关节晨僵,活动后缓解,以及皮肤下的类风湿结节);4. 类风湿因子(RF)阳性;5. 有RA的家族史。
注:满足以上至少四项可诊断为RA。
三、临床表现1. 关节表现:RA常影响多个关节,尤其是手足小关节,表现为肿胀、疼痛和僵硬。
随着病情发展,可出现关节活动受限、畸形和功能受损。
2. 系统表现:RA可累及身体其他器官和系统,如皮肤、眼睛、肺、心脏、血管等。
常见症状包括疲劳、体重减轻、发热、盗汗、贫血等。
四、实验室检查1. 类风湿因子(RF):RF是一种自身抗体,在约70%的RA患者中可检测到。
但RF阳性并不一定意味着RA的诊断,因为其在其他自身免疫性疾病和感染性疾病中也可能出现。
2. 抗瓜氨酸抗体(ACAs):包括抗CCP抗体和抗AKA抗体。
这些抗体在RA患者中具有较高的特异性,有助于早期诊断。
3. 其他实验室指标:包括血沉(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞计数等,这些指标可反映疾病活动度。
五、影像学检查1. X线检查:X线平片可显示关节炎症、增生和畸形等病变。
2. 超声检查:关节超声可用于评估滑膜炎的严重程度和治疗效果,且具有无创、便捷的优势。
3. MRI检查:MRI对软组织的显示能力优于X线和超声,可更早地发现关节病变。
六、病理学检查1. 滑膜活检:通过关节镜或切开手术获取滑膜组织样本进行病理检查,可观察到RA特征性的滑膜病理改变。
2. 皮下结节活检:类风湿结节是RA的典型表现,对其活检可显示类风湿性肉芽肿。
2010年acr类风湿关节炎分类标准
2010年,美国风湿病学会(ACR)与欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)共同制定了一套类风湿关节炎的分类标准,用于诊断类风湿关节炎。
这个标准采用评分制,总分为6分,达到6分即可诊断为类风湿关节炎。
标准包括以下四个方面:
1. 关节受累情况:根据关节受累的数量和类型,分为0-5分。
- 0分:无关节受累;
- 1分:1个中到大关节受累;
- 2分:2-10个中到大关节受累或1-3个小关节受累;
- 3分:4-10个小关节受累;
- 5分:超过10个小关节受累。
2. 血清学:根据类风湿因子(RF)和抗CCP抗体的滴度,分为0-3分。
- 0分:类风湿因子和抗CCP抗体均为阴性;
- 2分:低滴度阳性;
- 3分:高滴度阳性。
3. 急性期反应物:根据血沉和C-反应蛋白的正常与否,分为0-1分。
- 0分:血沉和C-反应蛋白均正常;
- 1分:血沉和/或C-反应蛋白异常。
4. 症状持续时间:根据症状持续的时间,分为0-1分。
- 0分:症状持续6周;
- 1分:症状持续6周以上。
2010ACR EULAR 类风湿诊断指南
ARTHRITIS&RHEUMATISMVol.62,No.9,September2010,pp2569–2581DOI10.1002/art.27584©2010,American College of Rheumatology2010Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification CriteriaAn American College of Rheumatology/European League Against RheumatismCollaborative InitiativeDaniel Aletaha,1Tuhina Neogi,2Alan J.Silman,3Julia Funovits,1David T.Felson,2Clifton O.Bingham,III,4Neal S.Birnbaum,5Gerd R.Burmester,6Vivian P.Bykerk,7Marc D.Cohen,8Bernard Combe,9Karen H.Costenbader,10Maxime Dougados,11Paul Emery,12Gianfranco Ferraccioli,13Johanna M.W.Hazes,14Kathryn Hobbs,15Tom W.J.Huizinga,16Arthur Kavanaugh,17Jonathan Kay,18Tore K.Kvien,19Timothy Laing,20 Philip Mease,21Henri A.Ménard,22Larry W.Moreland,23Raymond L.Naden,24 Theodore Pincus,25Josef S.Smolen,1Ewa Stanislawska-Biernat,26Deborah Symmons,27 Paul P.Tak,28Katherine S.Upchurch,18JirˇíVencovsky´,29Frederick Wolfe,30and Gillian Hawker31This criteria set has been approved by the American College of Rheumatology(ACR)Board of Directors and the Euro-pean League Against Rheumatism(EULAR)Executive Committee.This signifies that the criteria set has been quantita-tively validated using patient data,and it has undergone validation based on an external data set.All ACR/EULAR-approved criteria sets are expected to undergo intermittent updates.The American College of Rheumatology is an independent,professional,medical and scientific society which does not guarantee,warrant,or endorse any commercial product or service.Objective.The1987American College of Rheuma-tology(ACR;formerly,the American Rheumatism As-sociation)classification criteria for rheumatoid arthri-tis(RA)have been criticized for their lack of sensitivity in early disease.This work was undertaken to develop new classification criteria for RA.Methods.A joint working group from the ACR and the European League Against Rheumatism devel-This article is published simultaneously in the September 2010issue of Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases.Supported by the American College of Rheumatology and the European League Against Rheumatism.1Daniel Aletaha,MD,MSc,Julia Funovits,Dipl.Ing,Josef S. Smolen,MD:Medical University of Vienna,Vienna,Austria;2Tuhina Neogi,MD,PhD,FRCPC,David T.Felson,MD,MPH:Boston University School of Medicine,Boston,Massachusetts;3Alan J.Sil-man,FRCP,FmedSci,DSc(Hons):Arthritis Research UK,Chester-field,UK;4Clifton O.Bingham,III,MD:Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore,Maryland;5Neal S.Birnbaum,MD:California PacificMedical Center and University of California,San Francisco;6Gerd R.Burmester,MD:Charite´Hospital–University Medicine Berlin,FreeUniversity and Humboldt University Berlin,Berlin,Germany;7VivianP.Bykerk,MD,FRCPC:Mount Sinai Hospital and University ofToronto,Toronto,Ontario,Canada;8Marc D.Cohen,MD:NationalJewish Medical and Research Center,Denver,Colorado;9BernardCombe,MD,PhD:Lapeyronie Hospital and Montpellier I University,Montpellier,France;10Karen H.Costenbader,MD,MPH:Brighamand Women’s Hospital and Harvard University,Boston,Massachu-setts;11Maxime Dougados,MD:Cochin Hospital,Assistance PubliqueHoˆpitaux de Paris,and Paris-Descartes University,Paris,France; 12Paul Emery,MD,MA,FRCP:University of Leeds and NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit,Leeds,UK;13GianfrancoFerraccioli,MD:School of Medicine,Catholic University of theSacred Heart,Rome,Italy;14Johanna M.W.Hazes,MD,PhD:Erasmus Medical Center,University Medical Center Rotterdam,andUniversity of Rotterdam,Rotterdam,The Netherlands;15KathrynHobbs,MD:University of Colorado School of Medicine,Denver;Arthritis&Rheumatism An Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology and 2569oped,in3phases,a new approach to classifying RA.The work focused on identifying,among patients newly presenting with undifferentiated inflammatory synovi-tis,factors that best discriminated between those who were and those who were not at high risk for persistent and/or erosive disease—this being the appropriate cur-rent paradigm underlying the disease construct“rheu-matoid arthritis.”Results.In the new criteria set,classification as “definite RA”is based on the confirmed presence of synovitis in at least1joint,absence of an alternative diagnosis that better explains the synovitis,and achieve-ment of a total score of6or greater(of a possible10) from the individual scores in4domains:number and site of involved joints(score range0–5),serologic abnormality(score range0–3),elevated acute-phase response(score range0–1),and symptom duration(2 levels;range0–1).Conclusion.This new classification system rede-fines the current paradigm of RA by focusing on fea-tures at earlier stages of disease that are associated with persistent and/or erosive disease,rather than defining the disease by its late-stage features.This will refocus attention on the important need for earlier diagnosis and institution of effective disease-suppressing therapy to prevent or minimize the occurrence of the undesir-able sequelae that currently comprise the paradigm underlying the disease construct“rheumatoid arthri-tis.”IntroductionRheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a chronic inflam-matory disease characterized by joint swelling,joint tenderness,and destruction of synovial joints,leading to severe disability and premature mortality(1–5).Given16Tom W.J.Huizinga,MD,PhD:Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden,The Netherlands;17Arthur Kavanaugh,MD:University of California,San Diego;18Jonathan Kay,MD,Katherine S.Upchurch, MD:UMassMemorial Medical Center and University of Massachu-setts Medical School,Worcester;19Tore K.Kvien,MD,PhD:Diakon-hjemmet Hospital,Oslo,Norway;20Timothy Laing,MD:University of Michigan,Ann Arbor;21Philip Mease,MD:Swedish Medical Center and University of Washington,Seattle;22Henri A.Me´nard,MD: McGill University Health Centre and McGill University,Montreal, Quebec,Canada;23Larry W.Moreland,MD:University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania;24Raymond L.Naden,MB ChB,FRACP: Ministry of Health,Auckland,New Zealand;25Theodore Pincus,MD: New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases,New York,New York;26Ewa Stanislawska-Biernat,MD,PhD:Institute of Rheumatol-ogy,Warsaw,Poland;27Deborah Symmons,MD,FFPH,FRCP: University of Manchester,Manchester,UK;28Paul P.Tak,MD,PhD: Academic Medical Center,University of Amsterdam,Amsterdam, The Netherlands;29Jirˇı´Vencovsky´,MD,DSc:Institute of Rheumatol-ogy,Prague,Czech Republic;30Frederick Wolfe,MD:National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases and University of Kansas,Wichita; 31Gillian Hawker,MD,MSc,FRCPC:Women’s College Hospital and University of Toronto,Toronto,Ontario,Canada.Dr.Aletaha has received consulting fees,speaking fees, and/or honoraria from Abbott,Bristol-Myers Squibb,UCB,Schering-Plough,Wyeth,and Roche(less than$10,000each).Dr.Bingham has received consulting fees,speaking fees,and/or honoraria from UCB, Roche,Genentech,Celgene,and Merck Serono(less than$10,000 each);he has received research and/or educational grant support from Bristol-Myers Squibb,Genentech,UCB,Centocor,Abbott,and Am-gen.Dr.Birnbaum has received consulting fees,speaking fees,and/or honoraria from Amgen,Pfizer,Centocor,Abbott,and UCB(less than $10,000each).Dr.Burmester has received consulting fees,speaking fees,and/or honoraria from Abbott,Bristol-Myers Squibb,Pfizer, UCB,and Roche(less than$10,000each).Dr.Bykerk has received consulting fees,speaking fees,and/or honoraria from Amgen,Wyeth, Abbott,Schering-Plough,Roche,Bristol-Myers Squibb,and UCB(less than$10,000each);her spouse is employed by Genzyme and owns stock in the company.Dr.Cohen has received consulting fees, speaking fees,and/or honoraria from UCB,Genentech,Bristol-Myers Squibb,and Human Genome Sciences(less than$10,000each).Dr. Combe has received consulting fees,speaking fees,and/or honoraria from Abbott,Bristol-Myers Squibb,Pfizer,Roche,Schering-Plough, and Merck,Sharpe,and Dohme(less than$10,000each).Dr.Emeryhas received consulting fees,speaking fees,and/or honoraria from Pfizer,Abbott,Centocor,UCB,Roche,Bristol-Myers Squibb,and Merck,Sharpe,and Dohme(less than$10,000each).Dr.Ferraccioli holds a patent for T cell receptor clonotype analysis(PCT/IB2008/ 053152NP).Dr.Huizinga has received consulting fees,speaking fees, and/or honoraria from Schering-Plough,Bristol-Myers Squibb,UCB, Biotest AG,Wyeth/Pfizer,Novartis,Roche,Sanofi-Aventis,Abbott, and Axis-Shield(less than$10,000each).Dr.Kavanaugh has con-ducted clinical research for Amgen,Abbott,Bristol-Myers Squibb, UCB,Roche,Centocor,Genentech,and Sanofi-Aventis.Dr.Kay has received consulting fees from Array BioPharma,Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene,Centocor,Genentech,Roche,UCB,and Sanofi-Aventis(less than$10,000each).Dr.Mease has received consulting fees,speaking fees,and/or honoraria from Abbott,Amgen,Biogen Idec,Bristol-Myers Squibb,Centocor,Roche,Genentech,UCB,Pfizer,Novartis, and Eli Lilly(less than$10,000each).Dr.Me´nard has received un-restricted educational and research grants as well as consulting and speaking fees from Abbott,Amgen,Inova,Merck,Pfizer,Roche, Schering-Plough,UCB,and Wyeth(less than$10,000each)and investigator-initiated research grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb,Euro-Immun AG,and Roche(more than$10,000each);he owns stock or stock options in Merck;and he has a license agreement with Euro-Immun AG for an anti-Sa enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Dr. Moreland has received consulting fees,speaking fees,and/or honoraria from Biogen Idec,Centocor,Pfizer,Takeda,KaloBios,ChemoCen-tryx,UCB,Genentech,Incyte,and Eli Lilly(less than$10,000each). Dr.Naden has received consulting fees from the American College of Rheumatology in regard to the methodology of developing weighted scoring systems(more than$10,000).Dr.Pincus has received consult-ing fees,speaking fees,and/or honoraria from Amgen,Abbott,Bristol-Myers Squibb,Centocor,UCB,Wyeth,and Genentech(less than $10,000each)and investigator-initiated research grants from Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb,UCB,and Centocor.Dr.Stanislawska-Biernat has received speaking fees from Abbott and Pfizer(less than$10,000 each).Dr.Vencovsky´has received speaking fees from Pfizer,UCB, Abbott,Roche,and Merck,Sharpe,and Dohme(less than$10,000 each).Address correspondence and reprint requests to Alan J. Silman,MD,FRCP,Arthritis Research UK,Copeman House,Ches-terfield S417TD,UK.E-mail:a.silman@.Submitted for publication January22,2010;accepted in revised form May20,2010.2570ALETAHA ET ALthe presence of autoantibodies,such as rheumatoid factor(RF)and anti–citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)(tested as anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide[anti-CCP]),which can precede the clinical manifestation of RA by many years(6–9),RA is considered an auto-immune disease(10,11).Autoimmunity and the overall systemic and articular inflammatory load drive the de-structive progression of the disease.However,although structural changes,which can be visualized by conven-tional radiography or other imaging techniques,best distinguish RA from other arthritic disorders(12),joint damage is rarely apparent in the very early stages of disease,but rather accumulates consistently over time (13–16).Over the last decade,the optimal use of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs(DMARDs),in particu-lar the anchor DMARD methotrexate(MTX)(17–19), and the availability of new biologic agents(11,20),have dramatically enhanced the success of RA management. Moreover,it has been recognized that early therapeutic intervention improves clinical outcomes and reduces the accrual of joint damage and disability(21–23).Undoubt-edly,treating patients at a stage at which evolution of joint destruction can still be prevented would be ideal. However,at present,clinical trials of RA treatments are hampered by lack of criteria allowing for study enroll-ment of patients at early stages of disease.Thus,to date it has not been possible to effectively investigate the efficacy of early interventions in terms of their ability to prevent later-stage RA,since there are no validated or accepted uniform criteria to classify such individuals with early disease.The standard and accepted means of defining RA is by use of classification criteria.Classification criteria enable the stratification of groups of individuals into those with and those without RA in order to standardize recruitment into clinical trials and related studies,and provide the basis for a common approach to disease definition that can be used to compare across studies and centers.The classification criteria set that is in widespread international use to define RA is the1987 American College of Rheumatology(ACR;formerly the American Rheumatism Association)criteria(24).These criteria are well accepted as providing the benchmark for disease definition,but have a significant limitation in that they were derived by trying to discriminate patients with established RA from those with a combination of other definite rheumatologic diagnoses.They are there-fore not helpful in achieving the goal of identifying patients who would benefit from early effective interven-tion,as discussed above.Indeed,with modern therapies,the goal is to prevent individuals from reaching the chronic,erosive disease state that is exemplified in the 1987criteria for RA.A joint working group of the ACR and the European League Against Rheumatism(EULAR)was therefore formed to develop a new approach for classi-fication of RA.While classification criteria are poten-tially adopted for use as aids for diagnosis,the focus of this endeavor was not on developing diagnostic criteria or providing a referral tool for primary care physicians. Indeed,a separate body of work is needed to develop such tools,which may be informed by classification criteria.Thus,the specific charge was to develop new classification criteria for RA to facilitate the study of persons at earlier stages of the disease.It was with this framework in mind that the working group developed the2010ACR/EULAR classification criteria for RA. Overview on hypothesis and methods of Phases1and2A priori,the working group focused on develop-ing an approach that would be appropriate for newly presenting patients with undifferentiated inflammatory synovitis,in order to identify that subset of patients who are at sufficiently high risk of persistent and/or erosive disease—this being the appropriate current paradigm underlying the disease construct“rheumatoid arthritis”—to be classified as having RA.It was recog-nized that such a scheme should not be developed using existing criteria sets as the“gold standard,”because of the inherent circularity.The goal set forth was to develop a set of rules to be applied to newly presenting patients with undifferentiated synovitis that would1) identify the subset at high risk of chronicity and erosive damage;2)be used as a basis for initiating disease-modifying therapy;and3)not exclude the capture of patients later in the disease course.To achieve these goals,the working group de-vised a3-phase program.Phase1was a data-driven approach based on cohorts of real-world patients with early arthritis,to identify factors,and their relative weights,that were associated with the subsequent deci-sion by a physician to start MTX treatment.Phase2was a consensus-driven,decision science–based approach, informed by the data from Phase1,to refine these factors and their weights using a series of“paper pa-tients,”as well as to identify any other factors that may be of relevance based on current clinical thinking.Phase 3,which is the focus of this report,describes the derivation,from the previous2phases,of the finalACR/EULAR CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR RA2571classification criteria set.The details of the methods and results from Phases1and2are provided elsewhere (25,26),and are briefly summarized below.Phase1.The aim of Phase1was to identify the contributions of clinical and laboratory variables that in practice were the most predictive of the decision to initiate DMARD therapy in a population of patients with early undifferentiated synovitis.Initiation of DMARD therapy was used as an indicator of the physician’s opinion that the patient was at risk of developing persistent and/or erosive arthritis that we would currently consider to be RA.Data on3,115 patients from9early arthritis cohorts who were consid-ered not to have evidence of another possible diagnosis explaining their presentation were obtained.Between July2007and November2008an expert working group developed an analysis strategy that related an agreed-upon list of standardized clinical and laboratory vari-ables collected at baseline to the initiation of DMARD treatment within the next12months.MTX initiation was used as the gold standard for this purpose.The analytical process aimed to identify the independent contribution of each variable on this list and included univariate regression modeling,a subsequent principal components analysis,and a multivariate regression model that included all identified components(25).The resulting list of informative variables identified during that process and the weights based on the odds ratios are shown in Table1.Phase2.Phase2consisted of a consensus-based, decision science–informed approach,which took place between November2008and June2009.The purpose of this phase was to derive a clinician-based judgment on the relative contribution of clinical and laboratory fac-tors deemed to be important in influencing the proba-bility of developing“persistent inflammatory and/or erosive arthritis that is currently considered to be RA”(hereinafter referred to as“developing RA”).An expert panel was assembled,comprising12 rheumatologists from Europe and12from North Amer-ica with extensive experience in the diagnosis and man-agement of RA.They provided real-life case scenarios of patients with early undifferentiated inflammatory arthri-tis representing low to high probability of developing RA.A2-day workshop was held in May2009in which domains(factors)and categories within those domains that were important in determining the probability of developing RA were identified.When appropriate, these judgments were informed by the results of Phase1 and other available literature.The relative importance or weights of these domains and their categories were determined by means of decision science theory and conjoint adaptive technology,using the computerized 1000Minds program()in an inter-active and iterative process(26).This analysis permitted the calculation of an individual’s score of the likelihood of developing RA from0to100,where a higher score indicated greater likelihood of RA development.The domains,categories,and weights derived during that initial process are shown in Table2.Objectives,methods,and results of Phase3Objectives of Phase3.In Phase3the working group integrated the findings of the first2phases, refined the scoring system,and determined the optimal cut point to define“definite RA.”The goal of this final phase was to utilize the results of Phases1and2to develop a scoring system that would be applicable to newly presenting patients with undifferentiated inflam-matory arthritis to permit identification of those with a high probability of developing persistent and/or erosive RA.Being intended for use with newly presenting patients,the scoring system should be robust enough that it could be applied repeatedly during the early course of disease,such that a patient identified as not classifiable as having definite RA at initial presentation might be classified as having definite RA at a subsequent time point.The work was not aimed at classifying subjects with established disease,either active or inac-tive.However,the working group recognized that pa-tients may present for the first time with disease that is at a later stage and being treated.Thus,although it was not the explicit charge of the working group to provideTable1.Summary of Phase1results*Variable Comparison Relative weight†Swollen MCP joint Present vs.absent 1.5Swollen PIP joint Present vs.absent 1.5Swollen wrist Present vs.absent 1.6Hand tenderness Present vs.absent 1.8Acute-phase response Low-level abnormal vs.normal 1.2Highly abnormal vs.normal 1.7Serology Low-positive vs.negative 2.2(RF or ACPA)High-positive vs.negative 3.9*MCPϭmetacarpophalangeal;RFϭrheumatoid factor;ACPAϭantiϪcitrullinated protein antibody.†Derived from odds ratios from the multivariate regression model,and interpreted as the increase in the odds of having rheumatoidarthritis(RA)with as opposed to without the respective feature(e.g.,weight of1.5for swelling of proximal interphalangeal[PIP]jointsmeans that the odds of having RA is1.5-fold in patients with asopposed to patients without swelling of a PIP joint).2572ALETAHA ET ALrules for the classification of such patients,it is appro-priate to have a single criteria system that could be applied to all patients;these issues were addressed by the expert panel during Phase3.Determination of the optimal cut point for defi-nite rheumatoid arthritis.Determination of the optimal cut point to classify an individual as having definite RA was achieved using2complementary approaches,mir-roring the approaches used in the first2phases:data-informed and consensus-based.From the consensus-based approach,the expert panel was asked to examine the rankings of case scenarios based on the new scoring system and to indicate,in their opinion,the point at which the cases changed from“probable”to“definite”RA.Four cases were excluded due to missing domain information(nϭ2)or ineligibility(2cases were more likely another diagnosis).For the remaining50cases,the mean cut point defining definite RA was65.7(median66.1;range60.0–70.3)of a total possible score of100.A data-driven verification of that cut point was then attempted,in which the new scoring system was applied to3of the existing cohorts used for Phase1(the Etude et Suivi des Polyarthrites Indifferenciees Re-centes data set from France,the Norwegian data set,and the Rotterdam Early Arthritis Cohort data set from Rotterdam)(25).These cohorts were chosen based on the completeness of data and the collected variables, enabling calculation of the patients’probability scores at baseline.The disease characteristics of these cohorts were not substantively different from those of the re-maining cohorts(data not shown).The area under the curve(AUC)for the3 receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves(which plot sensitivity against1Ϫspecificity for the range of scores)indicated good discrimination of those who did versus those who did not receive MTX(or another DMARD/biologic agent)within a year(AUC0.82for Norway,0.66for France,and AUC0.69for Rotterdam; PϽ0.0001for all).The probability scores similarly discriminated between those who fulfilled the1987ACR criteria at12months and those who did not(AUC for the ROC curves0.88[Norway],0.67[France],and0.72 [Rotterdam]).Visual inspection of the diagnostic test parameters associated with curves that used MTX initi-ation as the outcome showed a maximum slope for both the positive and negative likelihood ratios between a score of60/100and70/100,with flattening thereafter(67 in the Norway cohort,66in the French cohort,and66in the Rotterdam cohort).The cut point of60–70that was derived from expert consensus was therefore supported by these data.Given the consistency with the consensus-based approach,and to maximize sensitivity of the criteria,a cut point of60was deemed to be most appropriate.Rationale for the composition and weight of the final criteria.For development of the final criteria set, the results and weights from the comprehensive Phase2 process(26)were used as a starting point.Based onTable2.Summary of Phase2results and subsequent modificationsExact (0Ϫ100)Rescaled(0Ϫ10)Rounded to0.5(0Ϫ10)Joint involvement*1large000Ͼ1Ϫ10large,asymmetric10.2 1.021Ͼ1Ϫ10large,symmetric16.1 1.61 1.51Ϫ3small21.2 2.1224Ϫ10small28.8 2.883Ͼ10,including at least1small joint50.8 5.085Serology†Negative RF andnegative ACPA000Low-positive RF orlow-positive ACPA22.0 2.202High-positive RF orhigh-positive ACPA33.9 3.39 3.5Acute-phase reactants‡Normal CRP andnormal ESR000Abnormal CRP orabnormal ESR5.90.590.5Duration of symptoms§Ͻ6weeks000Ն6weeks9.30.931*Joint involvement refers to any swollen or tender joint on examina-tion.Distal interphalangeal joints,first carpometacarpal joints,andfirst metatarsophalangeal joints are excluded from assessment.Catego-ries of joint distribution are classified according to the location andnumber of the involved joints,with placement into the highest categorypossible based on the pattern of joint involvement.“Large joints”refers to shoulders,elbows,hips,knees,and ankles.“Small joints”refers to the metacarpophalangeal joints,proximal interphalangealjoints,second through fifth metatarsophalangeal joints,thumb inter-phalangeal joints,and wrists.“Symmetric”is defined as bilateralinvolvement of at least1region.In the category“Ͼ10joints,”at least1of the involved joints must be a small joint;the other joints caninclude any combination of large and additional small joints,as well asother joints not specifically listed elsewhere(e.g.,temporomandibular,acromioclavicular,sternoclavicular,etc.).†Negative refers to IU values that are less than or equal to the upperlimit of normal(ULN)for the laboratory and assay;low-positive refersto IU values that are higher than the ULN butՅ3times the ULN forthe laboratory and assay;high-positive refers to IU values that areϾ3times the ULN for the laboratory and assay.Where rheumatoid factor(RF)information is only available as positive or negative,a positiveresult should be scored as low-positive for RF.ACPAϭantiϪcitrullinated protein antibody.‡Normal/abnormal is determined by local laboratory standards.CRPϭC-reactive protein;ESRϭerythrocyte sedimentation rate.§Duration of symptoms refers to patient self-report of the duration ofsigns or symptoms of synovitis(e.g.,pain,swelling,tenderness)ofjoints that are clinically involved at the time of assessment,regardlessof treatment status.ACR/EULAR CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA FOR RA2573these categories and weights,we aimed in the final steps of the project to simplify the criteria in order to ensure that they were user friendly.We used the results of the data-driven Phase1as a guide for these adaptations,and verified at each step that the main properties of the criteria were not altered and that classification of pa-tients remained unchanged.The general steps toward simplification are shownTable3.The2010American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classi-fication criteria for rheumatoid arthritisScoreTarget population(Who should be tested?):Patients who1)have at least1joint with definite clinical synovitis(swelling)*2)with the synovitis not better explained by another disease†Classification criteria for RA(score-based algorithm:add score of categories A–D;a score ofՆ6/10is needed for classification of a patient as having definite RA)‡A.Joint involvement§1large joint¶02Ϫ10large joints11Ϫ3small joints(with or without involvement of large joints)#24Ϫ10small joints(with or without involvement of large joints)3Ͼ10joints(at least1small joint)**5B.Serology(at least1test result is needed for classification)††Negative RF and negative ACPA0Low-positive RF or low-positive ACPA2High-positive RF or high-positive ACPA3C.Acute-phase reactants(at least1test result is needed for classification)‡‡Normal CRP and normal ESR0Abnormal CRP or abnormal ESR1D.Duration of symptoms§§Ͻ6weeks0Ն6weeks1*The criteria are aimed at classification of newly presenting patients.In addition,patients with erosivedisease typical of rheumatoid arthritis(RA)with a history compatible with prior fulfillment of the2010criteria should be classified as having RA.Patients with longstanding disease,including those whosedisease is inactive(with or without treatment)who,based on retrospectively available data,havepreviously fulfilled the2010criteria should be classified as having RA.†Differential diagnoses vary among patients with different presentations,but may include conditions suchas systemic lupus erythematosus,psoriatic arthritis,and gout.If it is unclear about the relevant differentialdiagnoses to consider,an expert rheumatologist should be consulted.‡Although patients with a score ofϽ6/10are not classifiable as having RA,their status can be reassessedand the criteria might be fulfilled cumulatively over time.§Joint involvement refers to any swollen or tender joint on examination,which may be confirmed byimaging evidence of synovitis.Distal interphalangeal joints,first carpometacarpal joints,and firstmetatarsophalangeal joints are excluded from assessment.Categories of joint distribution are classifiedaccording to the location and number of involved joints,with placement into the highest category possiblebased on the pattern of joint involvement.¶“Large joints”refers to shoulders,elbows,hips,knees,and ankles.#“Small joints”refers to the metacarpophalangeal joints,proximal interphalangeal joints,second throughfifth metatarsophalangeal joints,thumb interphalangeal joints,and wrists.**In this category,at least1of the involved joints must be a small joint;the other joints can include anycombination of large and additional small joints,as well as other joints not specifically listed elsewhere(e.g.,temporomandibular,acromioclavicular,sternoclavicular,etc.).††Negative refers to IU values that are less than or equal to the upper limit of normal(ULN)for thelaboratory and assay;low-positive refers to IU values that are higher than the ULN butՅ3times the ULNfor the laboratory and assay;high-positive refers to IU values that areϾ3times the ULN for thelaboratory and assay.Where rheumatoid factor(RF)information is only available as positive or negative,a positive result should be scored as low-positive for RF.ACPAϭantiϪcitrullinated protein antibody.‡‡Normal/abnormal is determined by local laboratory standards.CRPϭC-reactive protein;ESRϭerythrocyte sedimentation rate.§§Duration of symptoms refers to patient self-report of the duration of signs or symptoms of synovitis(e.g.,pain,swelling,tenderness)of joints that are clinically involved at the time of assessment,regardlessof treatment status.2574ALETAHA ET AL。
类风湿关节炎治疗指南
治
疗
非药物治疗
NSAIDS
影响药物选择的因素: 有效性、 安全性、 便利性、 影响药物选择的因素 : 有效性 、 安全性 、 便利性 、 费用。 费用。 RA患者出现严重NSAIDS副作用的可能性是OA的将近 患者出现严重NSAIDS副作用的可能性是OA的将近2 RA患者出现严重NSAIDS副作用的可能性是OA的将近2 倍 危险因素: 高龄( 75岁 溃疡病史、 危险因素 : 高龄 ( 75 岁 ) 、 溃疡病史 、 合用激素或 抗凝药、 大剂量、 多种NSAIDS 合用、 NSAIDS合用 抗凝药 、 大剂量 、 多种 NSAIDS 合用 、 严重的基础 病 高危人群的药物选择: 小剂量的强的松、 高危人群的药物选择 : 小剂量的强的松 、 非乙酰化 水杨酸盐、高选择性COX 抑制剂、NSAID+胃保护 COX水杨酸盐、高选择性COX-2抑制剂、NSAID+胃保护 剂
来氟米特
研究表明来氟米特可作为MTX的替代药,特别是不 研究表明来氟米特可作为MTX的替代药 MTX的替代药, 能耐受MTX的副作用或对MTX反应不好的。 MTX的副作用或对MTX反应不好的 能耐受MTX的副作用或对MTX反应不好的。 减轻 RA 活动性和延缓 X 线进展的程度与中等剂量 减轻RA 活动性和延缓X MTX相当 对于用足量的MTX 相当。 MTX未获完全临床缓解 的 MTX 相当 。 对于用足量的 MTX 未获完全临床缓解 联用来氟米特有益。 的,联用来氟米特有益。 肠肝循环在来氟米特的代谢方面有重要作用 , 因 肠肝循环在来氟米特的代谢方面有重要作用, 此其半衰期长。 不用推荐的消胆胺脂清洗的方法, 此其半衰期长 。 不用推荐的消胆胺脂清洗的方法 , 药物的消除可能要2年的时间。 药物的消除可能要2年的时间。
2010acr类风湿标准
2010acr类风湿标准2010 ACR类风湿标准是指美国风湿病学会(ACR)于2010年制定的一套用于诊断类风湿关节炎(RA)的标准。
这些标准旨在帮助医生早期发现和诊断患有RA的病人,并引导他们制定最合适的治疗计划。
下面是与2010 ACR类风湿标准相关的参考内容。
1. RA的定义和病因:简要介绍RA是一种慢性、自身免疫性疾病,原因尚不完全清楚。
RA主要影响关节,导致关节炎、肿胀和疼痛,可能进一步导致关节变形和功能丧失。
2. 临床表现和病程:列举RA的一些常见症状,例如关节疼痛、关节肿胀、关节活动受限、疲劳和全身不适等。
叙述RA的病程可以是缓慢发展的,也可以是突然开始的。
3. 体格检查:详细描述医生在体格检查中可以观察到的RA特征,例如关节肿胀、压痛、活动受限和红斑等。
4. 实验室检查:介绍一些实验室检查,如血沉率(ESR)、C反应蛋白(CRP)和类风湿因子(RF)等,这些指标在RA的诊断和评估中起到重要作用。
5. 影像学检查:简要解释X线和超声检查在RA诊断中的作用,包括观察关节变形、软骨损伤和韧带疾病等。
6. 诊断标准:描述了用于诊断RA的不同方法,包括根据临床表现、实验室检查和影像学结果的综合评估。
7. 评估和监测:阐述了RA病人的长期随访和监测的重要性,以及相关的评估指标和评估工具。
8. 差别诊断:概述了与RA相似的其他关节炎和自身免疫性疾病,以帮助医生排除其他可能的疾病。
9. 治疗目标和策略:指导医生制定RA患者的治疗目标,包括减轻症状、改善关节功能、防止关节损伤和提高生活质量。
还提供了常用的治疗策略,如非甾体类抗炎药物(NSAIDs)、糖皮质激素和疾病修饰抗风湿药(DMARDs)等。
10. 未来展望和研究方向:简要展望了RA领域的未来发展和可能的研究方向,如基因和生物标记物的应用,以及个体化治疗的进一步发展等。
总之,2010 ACR类风湿标准为RA的诊断和治疗提供了指导,帮助医生更准确地确定患者的病情,并采取合适的治疗策略。
中国类风湿关节炎诊断和治疗指南
中国类风湿关节炎诊断和治疗指南类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种以侵蚀性关节炎为主要临床表现的自身免疫病,可发生于任何年龄。
RA的发病机制目前尚不明确,基本病理表现为滑膜炎、血管翳形成,并逐渐出现关节软骨和骨破坏,最终导致关节畸形和功能丧失,可并发肺部疾病、心血管疾病、恶性肿瘤及抑郁症等。
流行病学调查显示,RA的全球发病率为0.5%~1%,中国大陆地区发病率为0.42%,总患病人群约500万,男女患病比率约为l:4。
我国RA患者在病程l~5年、5~10年、10~15年及≥15年的致残率分别为18.6%、43.5%、48.1%、61.3%,随着病程的延长,残疾及功能受限发生率升高。
RA不仅造成患者身体机能、生活质量和社会参与度下降,也给患者家庭和社会带来巨大的经济负担。
近年来,美国风湿病学会(ACR)、欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)及亚太风湿病学学会联盟(APLAR)等多个国际风湿病领域的学术组织分别制订或修订了各自的RA诊疗指南,中华医学会风湿病学分会发布了RA 诊疗指南。
然而,上述指南对指导目前我国RA诊疗实践仍存诸多挑战。
一方面,国际RA指南的质量良莠不齐,推荐意见间常存在不一致性;另一方面,国际RA指南极少纳入有关中国人群的流行病学与临床研究证据。
此外,国外风湿科医师关注的临床诊疗问题和用药习惯与我国风湿科医师亦有所不同。
再者,我国医院的风湿科人才培养、专科设置和患者就医情况与国外也存在明显差异。
调查显示,我国仍有60%的医院未设置独立的风湿病专科,现有的7200余名风湿科医师中超过80%在三级医院工作,基层患者在就医时无法获得风湿科医师的专业诊治。
调查显示,RA患者中首次就诊选择风湿科的仅为23%。
因此,制订和实施符合我国国情的RA临床指南,对提高RA诊疗相关医师(风湿科、骨科、内科等),特别是县级与基层医疗机构医师正确诊断和治疗RA的能力,加强患者教育,提高我国RA诊疗水平将起到至关重要的作用。
2010骨关节炎诊断及治疗指南(修订)
骨关节炎诊断及治疗指南中华医学会风湿病学分会骨关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA) 是一种最常见的关节疾病。
是以关节软骨的变性、破坏及骨质增生为特征的慢性关节病。
本病的发生与衰老、肥胖、炎症、创伤、关节过度使用、代谢障碍及遗传等因素有关。
OA在中年以后多发,女性多于男性。
本病在40岁人群的患病率为10%~17%,60岁以上为50%,而在75岁以上人群则高达80%。
该病有一定的致残率。
本病按病因分为原发性OA和继发性OA。
前者是指原因不明的OA,与遗传和体质因素有一定关系,多见于中老年人;后者是指继发于关节外伤、先天性或遗传性疾病、内分泌及代谢病、炎性关节病、地方性关节病、其他骨关节病等。
有时很难鉴别原发性OA和继发性OA。
问诊和体格检查可以帮助判断病因。
影像学检查有助于继发性OA的诊断。
本病按照是否伴有临床症状分为症状性OA和放射学OA。
前者伴有明显的OA临床症状,而后者无临床症状只有X线OA表现。
1 临床表现1.1 常见症状和体征本病好发于膝、髋、手(远端指间关节、第一腕掌关节)、足(第一跖趾关节、足跟)、脊柱(颈椎及腰椎) 等负重或活动较多的关节。
1.1.1 关节疼痛及压痛:本病最常见的表现是关节局部的疼痛和压痛。
负重关节及双手最易受累。
一般早期为轻度或中度间断性隐痛。
休息时好转,活动后加重,随病情进展可出现持续性疼痛,或导致活动受限。
关节局部可有压痛,在伴有关节肿胀时尤为明显。
疼痛在阴冷、潮湿和雨天会加重。
1.1.2 关节肿大:早期为关节周围的局限性肿胀,随病情进展可有关节弥漫性肿胀、滑囊增厚或伴关节积液。
后期可在关节部位触及骨赘。
1.1.3 晨僵:患者可出现晨起或关节静止一段时间后僵硬感,活动后可缓解。
本病的晨僵时间一般数分钟至十几分钟,很少超过0.5h。
1.1.4 关节摩擦音(感):多见于膝关节。
由于软骨破坏、关节表面粗糙,出现关节活动时骨摩擦音(感)。
1.1.5 关节活动受限:由于关节肿痛,活动减少,肌肉萎缩,软组织挛缩等引起关节无力,活动受限。
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生垡迅堡瘟堂盘查垫!Q生垒旦箜!垒鲞筮垒塑£h迫』壁h盟些堕尘,△趟12Q!立№!=!垒。
盟Q:垒类风湿关节炎诊断及治疗指南中华医学会风湿病学分会·诊治指南·编者按中华医学会风湿病学分会《风湿病学诊断和治疗指南》(以下简称指南),第2版将与广大读者见面了。
在出版之前在本刊逐篇地先行发表是希望能让广大风湿病的读者率先了解,以利《指南》能起到促进中国风湿病发展的作用。
《指南》第2版是在第1版的基础上,根据中国风湿病学发展的特点和需要,结合我们自己近些年的资料和国际风湿病学发展的特点,经风湿病学分会全体常务委员3次集体讨论和修改最终定稿的。
这是集体的作品:尽管大家尽力收集国内外的资料,试图有针对性、客观地反映中国风湿病学诊断及治疗的特点,但难免有疏漏或不足的地方。
因此《指南》仅仅起到一个规范广大医务人员对风湿病诊断与治疗的作用。
我们都知道,中国风湿病学起步较晚,但发展迅速,特别是近几年,越来越多的医院成立了风湿病学科,越来越多的医务工作者对风湿病产生了极大的兴趣。
2007年风湿病学会对全国风湿病学从业情况的调查显示,近60%的风湿病学医师的年龄<40岁。
另外中国医学界尚未实行专科医师培训的准入制。
因此我们发现有以下问题:①在实际工作中对疾病的诊断和治疗太过随意,五花八门。
尽管对风湿病患者的诊断不能完全拘泥于国际上的诊断分类标准,治疗也不能完全按书本,但毕竟应该有大的原则。
②有些年轻医师常抱怨对风湿病患者采取的国内外常用的治疗方法,如大剂量糖皮质激素冲击治疗,长期使用免疫抑制剂,遭到非从事风湿病学科主任的批评。
我们在《指南》中将国际上最常用的相关疾病诊断分类标准介绍给大家,使大家在诊断疾病中有标准可依,提高我们对疾病的正确诊断率。
《指南》同时依据大量的临床资料规范治疗方法,目的是使临床治疗中少走弯路。
风湿病学无论是在国内还是国际都是发展异常迅速的学科。
进入21世纪针对自身免疫病发病机制的免疫学研究取得了巨大的进步。
阻断很多疾病发展机制中的重要环节。
可以明显缓解病情的进展。
因此,通过生物学基因工程生产的生物制剂的靶向性治疗应运而生,在治疗风湿病中起到革命性作用。
如:针对肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)—a的拮抗剂,针对白细胞介素(IL)一l,6的单克隆抗体,针对B细胞的CD20单抗等。
这些生物制剂多已在国内使用,而且还将有许多的产品在风湿病的治疗中越来越多地被使用,因此也非常有必要进行规范。
在本《指南》中,对各种治疗方法,特别是生物制剂的使用做了较详细的介绍。
另外,近几年国际上对一些治疗的诊断分类标准进行了修订,如系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿关节炎、强直性脊柱炎等。
为了让更多的风湿病学医师了解,本版《指南》都做了较详细地介绍,以飨读者。
1概述类风湿关节炎(rheumatoidarthritis.RA)是一种以侵蚀性关节炎为主要表现的全身性自身免疫病。
本病以女性多发。
男女患病比例约1:3。
RA可发生于任何年龄,以30~50岁为发病的高峰。
我国大陆地区的RA患病率约为0.2%-0.4%。
本病表现为以双手和腕关节等小关节受累为主的对称性、持续性多关节炎。
病理表现为关节滑膜的慢性炎症、血管翳形成,并出现关节的软骨和骨破坏,最终可导致关节畸形和功能丧失。
此外,患者尚可有发热及疲乏等全身表现。
血清中可出现类风湿因子(RF)及抗环瓜氨酸多肽(CCP)抗体等多种自身抗体。
2临床表现2.I症状和体征RA的主要临床表现为对称性、持续性关节肿胀和疼痛,常伴有晨僵。
受累关节以近端指间关节,掌指关节,腕、肘和足趾关节最为多见;同时,颈椎、颞颌关节、胸锁和肩锁关节也可受累。
中、晚期的患者可出现手指的“天鹅颈”及“钮扣花”样畸形,关节强直和掌指关节半脱位,表现掌指关节向尺侧偏斜。
除关节症状外,还可出现皮下结节,称为类风湿结节;心、肺和神经系统等受累。
2.2实验室检查DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-7,4.80.2010.04.014RA患者可有轻至中度贫血,红细胞沉降率(ESR)增快、C反应蛋白(CRP)和血清19G、IgM、Iga升高,多数患者血清中可出现RF、抗CCP抗体、抗修饰型瓜氨酸化波形蛋白(MCV)抗体、抗P68抗体、抗瓜氨酸化纤维蛋白原(ACF)抗体、抗角蛋白抗体(AKA)或抗核周因子(APF)等多种自身抗体。
这些实验室检查对RA的诊断和预后评估有重要意义。
2.3影像学检查2.3.Ix线检查:双手、腕关节以及其他受累关节的x线片对本病的诊断有重要意义。
早期X线表现为关节周围软组织肿胀及关节附近骨质疏松;随病情进展可出现关节面破坏、关节间隙狭窄、关节融合或脱位。
根据关节破坏程度可将x线改变分为4期(表Io2.3.2磁共振成像(MRI):MRI在显示关节病变方面优于x线,近年已越来越多地应用到RA的诊断中。
MRI可以显示关节炎性反应初期出现的滑膜增厚、骨髓水肿和轻度关节面侵蚀,有益于RA的早期诊断。
2.3.3超声检查:高频超声能清晰显示关节腔、关节滑膜、滑囊、关节腔积液、关节软骨厚度及形态等,彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)和彩色多普勒能量图(CDE)能直观地检测关节组织内血流的分布,反映滑膜增生的情况,并具有很高的敏感性。
超声检查还可以动态判断关节积液量的多少和距体表的距表1RAx线分期生堡区垄瘟堂盘查2Q!Q生生旦望!生鲞筮生塑gh地J勋婴墅麴L△画12Q!Q,y堂!!生盟Q:生I期(早期)Ⅱ期(中期)Ⅲ期(严重期)Ⅳ期(终末期)l-X线检查无骨质破坏性改变2可见骨质疏松l-x线显示骨质疏松,可有轻度的软骨破坏,伴或不伴有轻度的软骨下骨质破坏2.可有关节活动受限,但无关节畸形3关节邻近肌肉萎缩4有关节外软组织病变,如结节或腱鞘炎1-X线显示有骨质疏松伴软骨或骨质破坏2.关节畸形,如半脱位。
尺侧偏斜或过伸。
无纤维性或骨性强直3广泛的肌萎缩4有关节外软组织病变,如结节或腱鞘炎l-纤维性或骨性强直2Ⅲ期标准内各条注:a各期标准的必备条件(引自JaMA.1949。
140:659—662.)离,用以指导关节穿刺及治疗。
3诊断要点3.I诊断标准RA的诊断主要依靠临床表现、实验室检查及影像学检查。
典型病例按1987年美国风湿病学会(ACR)的分类标准(表2)诊断并不困难,但对于不典型及早期RA易出现误诊或漏诊。
对这些患者,除RF和抗CCP抗体等检查外,还可考虑MRI及超声检查,以利于早期诊断。
对可疑RA的患者要定期复查和随访。
2009年ACR和欧洲抗风湿病联盟(EULAR)提出了新的RA分类标准和评分系统,即:至少1个关节肿痛,并有滑膜炎的证据(临床或超声或MRI);同时排除了其他疾病引起的关节炎,并有典型的常规放射学RA骨破坏的改变,可诊断为RA。
另外,该标准对关节受累情况、血清学指标、滑膜炎持续时间和急性时相反应物4个部分进行评分,总得分6分以上也可诊断RA(表3o3.2病情的判断判断RA活动性的指标包括疲劳的程度、晨僵持续的时间、关节疼痛和肿胀的数目和程度以及炎性指标(如ESR、CRP)等。
临床上可采用DAS28等标准判断病情活动程度。
此外,RA患者就诊时应对影响其预后的因素进行分析。
这些因素包括病程、躯体功能障碍(如HAQ评分)、关节外表现、血清中自身抗体和HLA—DRl/DR4是否阳性,以及早期出现x线提示的骨破坏等。
3.3缓解标准判断RA的缓解标准有多种。
表4列出了ACR提出的RA临床缓解的标准,但有活动性血管炎、心包炎、胸膜炎、肌炎和近期因RA所致的体质量下降或发热,则不能认为临床缓解。
3.4鉴别诊断在RA的诊断中。
应注意与骨关节炎、痛风性关节炎、血清阴性脊柱关节病(uSpA)、系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、干燥综合征(Ss)及硬皮病等其他结缔组织病所致的关节炎鉴别。
3.4.1骨关节炎:该病在中老年人多发,主要累及膝、髋等负重关节。
活动时关节痛加重,可有关节肿胀和积液。
部分患者的远端指间关节出现特征性赫伯登(Heberden)结节,而在近端指关节可出现布夏尔(Bouchard)结节。
骨关节炎患者很少出现对称性近端指问关节、腕关节受累,无类风湿结节,晨僵时间短或无晨僵。
此外,骨关节炎患者的ESR多为轻度增快,而RF阴性。
x线显示关节边缘增生或骨赘形成,晚期町由于软骨破坏出现关节间隙狭窄。
3.4.2痛风性关节炎:该病多见于中年男性,常表现为关节炎反复急性发作。
好发部位为第一跖趾关节或跗关节,也可侵犯膝、踝、肘、腕及手关节。
本病患者血清自身抗体阴性,而血尿酸水平大多增高。
慢性重症者可在关节周围和耳廓等部位出现痛风石。
3.4.3银屑病关节炎:该病以手指或足趾远端关节受累更为常见,发病前或病程中出现银屑病的皮肤或指甲病变,可有关节畸形,但对称性指间关节炎较少,RF阴性。
3.4.4强直性脊柱炎(AS):本病以青年男性多发,主要侵犯骶髂关节及脊柱,部分患者可出现以膝、踝、髋关节为主的非对称性下肢大关节肿痛。
该病常伴有肌腱端炎,HLA—B27阳性而RF阴性。
骶髂关节炎及脊柱的x线改变对诊断有蕈要意义。
3.4.5其他疾病所致的关节炎:Ss及SLE等其他风湿病均可有关节受累。
但是这些疾病多有相应的临床表现和特征性自身抗体,一般无骨侵蚀。
不典型的RA还需要与感染性关节表21987年美国风湿病学会的RA分类标准注:以127条满足4条或4条以上并排除其他关节炎日f诊断RA,条件14必须持续至少6周(引自ArthrifisRheⅡm。
1988,31:315—324)虫堡亟望痘堂盘查垫!Q生垒旦箜!垒鲞筮垒塑£h也』丛业堂丛,△四!垫!垒3丛!!生:瑾Q:璺衰3ACR/EULAR2009年RA分类标准和评分系统关节受累情况受累关节情况中大关节小关节至少1个为小关节血清学受累关节数l2一lOI-3个4一lO>10个RF或抗CCP抗体均阴性RF或抗CCP抗体至少l项低滴度阳性RF或抗CCP抗体至少1项高滴度(>正常上限3倍)阳性滑膜炎持续时间<6周>6厨急性时相反应物CRP或ESR均正常CRP或ESR增高得分(0-5分)Ol235得分(O。
3分)O23得分(O~1分)Ol得分(O—1分)O1炎、反应性关节炎和风湿热等鉴别。
4治疗RA治疗的目的在于控制病情,改善关节功能和预后。
应强调早期治疗、联合用药和个体化治疗的原则。
治疗方法包括一般治疗、药物治疗和外科手术和其他治疗等。
4.1一般治疗强调患者教育及整体和规范治疗的理念。
适当的休息、理·267·表4RA临床缓解标准符合以下6项中5项或5项以上并至少连续2个月者考虑为临床缓解1晨僵时间低于15min2无疲劳感3无关节疼痛4无关节压痛或活动时无关节痛5无关节或腱鞘肿胀6ESR(魏氏法)女性<30mm/1h,男性<20mm/1h注:引自ArthritisRheum,1981,24:1308—1315疗、体疗、外用药、正确的关节活动和肌肉锻炼等对于缓解症状、改善关节功能具有重要作用。