(完整版)语言学练习题(含答案)

判断题
1.Interlanguage is neither the native language nor the second language.
(T)
2.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routes
of second language learning: acquisition and learning. (T)
3.There are two interacting factors in determining language transfer in
second language learning. (F)
4.Three important characteristics of interlanguage: systemacticity ,
permeability and fossilization. (T)
5.Intrinsic motivation:learners learn a second language for external
purposes. (F)
6.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas: language disorders
and the relationship between the brain and language. (T)
7.The brain is divided two sections: the higher section called the brain
stem and the lower section called the cerebrum. (F)
8.An interesting fact about these two hemispheres is that each
hemisphere controls the opposite half of the body in terms of muscle movement and sensation. (T)
9.Most right-handed individuals are said to be right lateralized for
language. (F)
10.C T scanning uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images that
take the form of a series of brain slices. (T)
11.1 Right hear advantage shows the right hemisphere is not superior for
processing all sounds, but only for those that are linguistic in nature, thus providing evidence in support of view that the left side of the brain is specialized for language and that's where language centers reside. （f）
12.2 Evidence in support of lateralization for language in left hemisphere
comes from researches in Dichotic listening tasks（t）
13.3interpersonal communications is the process of using language
within the individual to facilitate one’s own thought and aid the formulation and manipulation of concepts. （t）
14.4 Linguistic lateralization is hemispheric specialization or dominance
for language. （t）
15.5 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used to
study how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds in the right or left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.
（f）
16.6 Dichotic Listening is a research technique which has been used to
study how the brain controls hearing and language, with which subjects wear earphones and simultaneously receive different sounds
in the right and left ear, and are then asked to repeat what they hear.
（t）
17.7 Input refers to the language which a learner bears and receives and
from which he or she can learn. （f）
18.8 Fossilization ，a process that sometimes occurs in language learning
in which incorrect linguistic features (such as the accent of a grammatical pattern) become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes in the target language.（f）
19.9 The different languages have a similar level of complexity and
detail, and reflect general abstract properties of the common linguistic system is called Universal Grammar . （t）
20.10 Acculturation a process of adapting to the culture and value
system of the second language community.（t）
21.I n socialinguistic studies,speakers are not regarded as members of
social groups (F)
22.n ew words maybe coined from already existing words by substracting
an affix thought to be part of the old world (T)
23.a ll languages make a distinction between the subject and direct
object,which can be illustrated in word order (T)
24.I t has been noticed that in many communities be language used by
the older generation differs from that used by the elder generation in certain ways (F)
25.A pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages
and it isn’t used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading(F)
26.I t is interesting to know that the language used by men and women
have some special features of others (F)
27.I t is an obvious facts that people who claim to be speakers of the
same language don’t speak the language in the different manner (T)
28.A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living (T)
29.F usion refers to this type of grammatication in which words develop
into affixes (T)
30.H istorical linguistics,as a branch of linguistics is mainly coverned with
both the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time (T)
选择题
Chapter 7
1.Which one is not right about Blenging?(b)
A:disco-discotheque B:brunch-breakfast+luch
C:B2B-Business-to-Business D:videophone-video+cellphone
2.Semantic changes contains three processes ,which one is ture?(a)
A:namely widening ,narrowing and shift in meaning
B:semantic broadening ,narrowing and semantic dispearing
C:semantic shift ,narrowing and semantic lossing
D:namely widening ,narrowing and not shift in meaning
3.Science and technology influence English language in these aspects(d) A:space travel
B:compnter and internet language
C:ecdogy
D:above of all
nguage changes can be found at different linguistic levels,such as in the<D>
A:phonology and morphology
B:syntax and lexicon
C:semantic component of the grammar
D:ABC
5,Morphological and syntactic change contian<D>
A:addition or loss of affixes
B:change of word orden
C:change in regation rule
D:abrove of all
Chapter 8
1.Which is not Halliday's social variables that determine the register? (D) A:field of discourse
B:tenor of discourse
C:mode of discouse
D:ethnic dialect
2.Which is not dialectal varieties?(C)
A:regional dialect and idiolect
B:language and gender
C:register
D:ethnic dialect
3.To some extent,language especially the structure of its lexicon,refects___of a sociey.(C)
A:physical B:social environment
C:both AandB D:social phenomenon
4.____,refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.(D)
A:Social-class dialect B:sociolect
C:A andB D:A or B
5.Two languages are used side by side with each having a ____role to play;and language switching occurs when the situation ____.(A)
A:different,changes
B:similar,changes
C:different,unchanging
D:similar,unchanging
Chapter 9
1.which is not the component of culture ?<D>
nguage
B.ideas
C.belief
D.soil
2.in a word,language express<D>
A.facts
B.events which represent similar world knowledge by its people
C.peoples' attitudes.beliefs
D.cultural reality
3.any linguistic sign may simultaneously have a <D>
A.denotative
B.connotative
C.iconic
D.denotative,connotative,or iconic kind of meanings
4.what's the meaning of"a lucky dog"in english?<B>
A.a clever boy
B.a smart lad
C.a lucky person
D.a silent person
5.traditionally,curture contact consists of three forms.which is wrong below<A>
A.acquisition
B.acculturation
C.assimilation
D.amalgamation Chapter 10
1.The interavtionist view holds that language as a result of the complex interplay between the
___A__of a child and the __A__in which he grows .
A: human chracteristics environment
B: chracteristics environment
C: language acquisition place
D: gift place
2.The atypical language development includes__A___
A: hearing impairment mental retardation
B: autism stuttering
C: aphasia dyslexia dysgraphia
D: Both A ,B and C
3.Children's language learning is not complete by the time when they enter school at the age of _C__
A: 3 or 4 B: 4 or 5
C: 5 or 6 D: 6or 7
Chapter 11
1.A distinction was made between ( ) and ( ).The former would facilitate target language learning,the later would interfere. < A >
A positive transfer negative transfer
B negative transfer positive transfer
C contrastive analysis error analysis
D error analysis contrastive analysis
2.( ) are learners' consious,goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to cahieve desierable learning efficiency. < A >
A Learning strategies
B Cognitive strategies
C Metacognitive strategies
D Affect strategies
nguage acquisition device(LAD) came from( ). < D >
A John B.Watson
B B.F. Skinner
C S.D. Krashen
D Chomsky
Chapter 12
1.____is the study of two related areas:language disorders and the relationship between the brain
and language.
A.neurolinguistics
B.linguistics
C.neurons
D.modern linguistics
2.Psycholingusitics is the study of _____and mental activity associated with the use of language
A.psychobiology
B.psychological states
C.physical states
D.biological states
3._____uses a narrow beam of X-ray to create brain images that the form of a series of brain
slices.
A.PET
B.MRI
C.CT scanning
D.fMRI
4.The brain is divided into two sections:the lower section called the____and the higher section
called____.
A.brain stem,cerebrum
B.brain stem,neurons
C.cerebrum,brain stem
D.cerebrum,neurons
5.Damage to parts of the left cortex behind the central sulcus results in a type of aphasia called
_____.
A.Wernicke's aphasia
B.Broca'saphasia
C.Acquires dyslexia
D.fluent aphasia
填空题
第七章
1.In addition to the borrowed affixes,some lexical forms become grammaticalized over time,this process is called ______________
2.Generally speaking,there are mainly two possible ways of lexical changes: ________and ________,which often reflects the introduction of new objects and notions in social practices.
3.New words may be coined from already existing words by "subtracting"an affix thought t be part of the old word ,such words are thus called____________.
4.Over the time many words remain in use,but their meanings have changed,three mainly processes of semantic change,___________,
____________, ____________.
5.While the "_________"and "__________ "do seem to account for some linguistic changes,it may not be explanatory enough to account for other changes.
KEYS:
1.grammaticalization
2.the addition and loss of words
3.back-formation
4.widening, narrowing, shift
5.theory of least effort, economy of memory
第八章
1·-------is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society,between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live. 答案Sociolinguistics 2·The social group that is singled out for any special study is called th e ----------.答案speech community
3A------------is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region.答案regional dialect
4he Ttype of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a---------.答案register
5A-------is a special language variety thatmixes or blends languages ang it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.答案pidgin
第九章
1. anguage and culture,intrinsically interdependent on each other,have_through history (evolved together)
2. ulture reflects a total way of life of a people in a_(community)
3.in a word,_expreses culture reality (language)
4.culture differences are also evident in the way_ and compliments are expressed (gratitude)
nguage as the_of culture is tightly intertwined with culture (keystone)
第十章
1 ( ) refers to a child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.
2 Generally speaking, there are mainly three different theories concerning how language is learned,namely the behaviorist,the interactionist ,( ) views.
3 All child language acquisition theories talk about the roles of two
factors to different degrees the age ang ( ).
4 Lexical contrast and ( ) theories are also proposed to explain how children acquire their vocabulary or lexicon.
5 The atypical language development includes hearing impairment,mental retardation, autism,stuttering,( ),dyslexia,dysgraphia.
答案：
nguage acquisition
2.the innatist
3.the linguistic environment
4.prototype
5.aphasia
第十一章
1.（）refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires
a second language subsequent to his native language (NL or L1) .
2.Contrastive analysis compares the ( ) cross these two
languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter .
3.In addition, because of its association with an outdated model
language description (structuralism) and the increasingly discredited learning theory (behaviorism) , the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by ( ).
4.The interlingual errors mainly result from （）interference
at different levels such as phonological , lexical , grammatical or
discoursal , etc .
5.Krashen assumed that there were two independent means or routes
of second language learning : acquisition and （）。

答案：
1.second language acquisition(SLA)
2.forms and meanings
3.error analysis (EA)
4.cross-linguistic
5.Learning
第十二章
1.Neurolinguistics is the study of two related areas : language disorders
and the relationship between the ( ).
2.The cortex has many wrinkles : a ridge (hill) on the cortex is called
( );a groove (valleys) on the cortex is called sulcus and a deep and prominent sucus is called fissure .
3.Each hemisphere is conventionally divided into four lobes :
( ) , parietallobe , temporal lobe and occipital lobe .
4.Psycholinguistics is the study of （）and mental activity
associated with the use of language .
5. A garden path sentence is an awkward sentence that misleads the
（）and takes it down the garden path to the wrong
analysis .
答案;
1.brain and language .
2.gyrus :
3.the frontal lobe
4.psychological states
5.syntactic parser
名词解释
Semantic broadening:when the meaning of a word becomes broader ,it may include all the meanings it used to mean,and then more. Semantic narrowing:semantic change has narrowed the meaning of
some words which are still used in Modern English.
Speech community :the social group that is singled out for any special study .
Speech variety : refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers.
Sociolect : refers to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class .
Register : the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation .
Linguistic imperialism: is a kind of linguicism which can be defined as the promulgation of global ideologies through the worldwide expansion
of one language.
Intercultural communication: also known as cross-cultural
communication,is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
Culture: In a broad sense,means integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that is both a result of and integral to the human capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding
generations. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or
specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be manifested in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture, etc.
Sapir -Whorf hypothesis: Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters people's perception and the way they categorize their
experiences.this interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir -Whorf hypothesis.
Language acquisition: Language acquisition refers to a child's acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to
understand and speak the language of his community.
LAD(Language Acquisition Device): The LAD was described as an imaginary "black box" existing somewhere in the human brain. The "black box" is said to contain principles that are universal to all human languages.
Contrastive analysis: compare the forms and meanings across the native
language and the target language.
Error analysis: first describing the learners’ interlanguage , then
comparing the two forms to locate mismatches. Neurolinguistics: is the study of language disorders and the relationship between the brain and language. Psycholinguistics: is the study of psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.
辨析题
Chapter 7 Language change
the types of language change ?
Historical linguistics , as a branch of linguistics, is mainly concerned with both the description and explanation of language changes that occurred over time. The changes can be found at different linguistic levels such as in the phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, and semantic components of the grammar. in other words all parts of grammar may change.
1)Phonogical changes. Among all the changes in language , the level of
Morphological changes are particularly noticeable and varied. The tones ,stress , and syllable structuresare subject to change over time.
Eg stan- stone
2)Morphological and syntactic change
a.Addition of affix .
In English many affixes (such as suffix –ment ) are borrowed from French words or another . many lexical forms become grammaticalized over time .
b. Loss of affixes.
As affixes can be added to the grammar ,they can also get lost ,some affixas simply fade out of use for no apparent reason. For example old English had a complex system of affixes marking case and gender ，by the 15th century English case endings had changed radically, many of them were obliterated
b.change of word order.
The middle English the present english
S O V S V O
She him advised . she advised him.
c. Changes in negation rules
as late as 15th and 16th centuries , one could merely add not at the end of an affirmative sentence to neglect it,as in : ‘he saw you not ‘ a do marked the proper tense must be inserted: ‘he did not see you .’
3) Addition of new words
a. Coinage----A new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose, e.g.
walkman
b. Clipped words----The abbreviation of longer words or phrases, e.g. disco—discotheque
c. Blending----A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words, e.g.
smog—smoke + fog
d.Acronyms----Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words,
e.g.
CBS---- Columbia Broad casting system
e. Back-formation----New words may be coined from already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought to be part of the old word.
edit editor baby-sit baby-sitter
f. Functional shift ----Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes, e.
g.
Noun verb: to knee, to brake…
Adj.noun: a daily, the impossible…
g. Borrowing ----When different cultures come into contact, words are
often borrowed from one language to another. The following are some of the loan words in English (see more in P100-101).
Latin : bonus Arabic : zero alcohol
h. Loss of words ---Words can be lost from a language as time goes by. The following words, taken from Romeo and Juliet, have faded out of the English language.
Beseem →to be suitable
Wherefore →why
i. semantic Changes
Widening of meaning
Holiday: [+specific] holy day →any rest day
Narrowing of meaning
deer: any animal → a particular kind of animal
Meaning shift
silly: happy →naïve, foolish
4）Some recent trends
Moving towards greater informality
The influence of American English
The influence of science and technology
The influence of science and technology
Space travel
Computer and internet language
Ecology
2 Causes of the language change ?
1) The rapid development of science and technology;
2)More and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles have been created;
3)“ Economy of memory” results in grammar simplification;
4）Regularization of exceptional plural forms provides another example for analogical change.
Chapter 8
Please analyse the regional dialect&sociolect.
A regional dialect is a linguistic variety used by people living in the same geographical region. It has been found that regional dialect boundaries often coincide with geographical barriers such as mountains,rivers,or swamps.This differentiation is accounted for by the lack of communication in the old days when travel was difficult and there was little communication between rural communities separated by some kind of geographical barrier.
Just as regional dialect is associated with separation caused by physical conditions,social dialect has to do with separation brought about by
different social conditions.Social-class dialect,or sociolect, refer to the linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.I wo people who were born and brought up in the same geographical region and speak the same regional dialect may speak differently because of a number of social factors.
Chapter 9
Differentiate and analysis linguistic relativity and Spair-Whorf Hypothesis Linguistic relativity is different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around,and so they think and speak differently. Spair-Whorf Hypothesis is the interdependence of language and thought which Spair and Whorf believe language filters
people’sperception and the way categorize their expriences.
There is recognition that language,as code, reflect cultural preoccupations and constrains the way people think.
Chapter10 Language Acquisition
1.Enumerate some causes that lead to the systematic occurrence of
errors in second language acquisition .
1) Interference from the mother tongue
2) Interlingual interference within the target language
3)Overgeneralization
2.What features of language do you think should be included in a good,
comprehensive definition of language?
1)Language is a rule-governed system
2)Language is basically vocal
3)Language is arbitrary
4)Language is used for human communication
Chapter 11
What is the relationship between contrastive analysis and error analysis?
Contrastive analysis came into fashion in the 1960s.Starting with describing comparable features of the nature language and the target language, contrastive analysis compares the forms and meanings across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learns may encounter.
Because of its associating with an outdated model of language description and the increasingly discredited learning theory, the once predominant contrastive analysis was gradually replaced by error analysis.
error analysis involves , first independently or “ objectively “ describing the learners’ interlanguage , t hen comparing the two forms to locate mismatches.
Different from contrastive analysis , error analysis give less consideration to learners’ native language.
Chapter 12
1,What is Selectional restrictions and Hierarchical structure?
In English morphology, there are some restrictions when affixes are attached to stem. And that knowledge of such selectional restrictions of affixes does indeed form part of the word-processing system. Hierarchical structure .In English, multimorphemic words are not formed by attaching all the affixes to a root at a time. For different words, affixes are added in different order. Our representation of complex words is organized in terms of hierarchical morphological structure.。