英语学术论文写作- 摘要

English Academic Writingand Speech PresentationIn accordance with tradition, academic papers can be divided into research papers and reports. Research papers can be further divided into argument, refutation, review, verification, and explanatory papers. Of the above four types of academic papers, descriptive papers are most widely used in natural sciences but are also common in social sciences and thus are the most typical academic paper type.Structure of an academic paper: Papers can be divided into:1.Library Research Papers2.Experimental Research Papers, or3.Case StudiesLibrary Research Papers consist of:1. A Title Page2.An Outline3.An Abstract4.Key Words5.The Main Body,6.Appendix and7.ReferencesExperimental Research Papers are made up of:1. A Title2.An Abstract3.Key Words4.An Introduction,5.Methods and Materials Utilized6.Analysis of Results,7.Discussion8.Conclusions, and9.ReferencesThe Components of a Case Study are:1.The Title2.An Abstract3.Key Words4.An Introduction,5.Reports,6.Discussion7.Conclusions, and8.ReferencesCharacteristics of Academic Writing and SpeakingEnglish for science and technology (EST) differs from day today English. EST refers to the style used in scientific ortechnological activities; their features are:∙Objectivity= (n) something one’s efforts or actions are intended to attain or accomplish.A purpose, goal or target. (adj) not influenced by personalfeelings, interpretations or prejudice, based on facts, unbiased.Dealing with things external to the mind rather than thoughts orfeelings. Of or pertaining to something that can be known.∙Clarity = Clearness, as to perception or understanding. Freedom from indistinctness or ambiguity.∙Coherence = Overall sense or understandability. Logical interconnection.∙Accuracy = Condition or quality of being true and exact and precise. Freedom from errorAcademic Language and writing’s plainness and precision distinguish it from other discourse types as reflected in the following two respects:I THE LEXICAL LEVEL1.Terminology --- Technical terms abound in EST, for example,“fungus” and “atom”. (I think you should findmore esoteric[understood by or meant for only the select fewwho have special knowledge or interest] examples, these aretoo common.2.Nominalization --- Abstract nouns are frequently used forclarity, for example “ammonia” is substituted with“refrigeration”3.Abbreviation --- Short forms and abbreviations are oftenfound in EST for economy and brevity, e.g. “radar” and “AIDS”e of single verbs --- Single verbs are used instead ofverbal phrases for formality and precision, e.g. “investigate”for “look into”, “eliminate” for “get rid of”.II THE SYNTACTICAL LEVEL1.Long complex sentences are used for accuracy to explaincomplicated ideas clearly and precisely.2.Simple present tense describes natural phenomena,processes and rules and makes explanation vivid and“timeless”.3.Passive voice is frequently used to convince the reader of theobjectivity of the description, e.g.: “Using a simplifi ed input-output framework, the aggregate economic output in the non-energy sector can be formulated as the sum of value addedin the non-energy sector.4.Non-finite verbs, participles, infinitives and gerunds arefrequently used in EST, e.g. “Traveling at th e speed of light, ittakes two million years to reach the nearest galaxy. ACADEMIC LANGUAGE STYLEAcademic writing and speaking usually follow a particular style: here are some commonly observed features:∙Tentative∙Formal∙Objective∙Concise∙Varied∙Tentativeness avoids over-generalization such as “always” and “every” and “as everyone knows” and replaces them words like “often” and “many/much” or “it is widely known”Use linguistic “hedges” (e.g. probably, seems, might be) to qualify generalization.Use tentative words or phrases such as “tends to”, “indicates that”, “suggests that”, “the majority of”, “there is a tendency for”, “it would seem that”. Limit your claims and always be realistic.Formality avoids slang, idioms, and too-casual language, e.g. “cool” or “pretty awful”.Formality avoids Question Titles and it uses full forms of words rather than abbreviations, e.g. does not, should have, rather than “doesn’t, should’ve. It avoids phrasal verbs e.g. “look into”, preferring single polysyllabic verbs e.g. “investigate”. It uses powerful reporting words: “support, claim, suggest recommend, and contradict”It avoids informal punctuation such as contractions and dashes; colons and semicolons feature commonly in academic style. Formal styles uses complex rather than simple sentences, and long rather than short paragraphs using logical connectors as sentence extendersOBJECTIVITY uses referencing to indicate sources. It uses impersonal expressions and the passive voice, e.g. it can be concluded that . . . it has been claimed that . . .. It uses third person pronouns and avoids the first person “I, we” or second person “you”CONCISENESS: Academic language is precise and specific. Use the most straightforward term and reduce unnecessary words. Avoid cliché’s redundant words or colloquialisms. Use the specific。