视频的前期拍摄与后期制作外文翻译
影视后期制作与编辑研究外文文献翻译
外文文献翻译：原文+译文文献出处：Bird D. The study of film post-production and editing [J]. Screen Education, 2016，3（2）：78-89.原文The study of film post-production and editingBird DAbstractFilm and television post-production, sound of words, images and other audio-visual means a combination of highly integrated creation, is the last procedure of film and television program production, the level of production is directly related to the quality of the program, the following is the history of the development, characteristics, pay attention to the place to talk about the film and television post-production. In the process of development of film and television production, film and television post-production and editing and pre-production are equally important. If you want to do the film and television post-production, must according to the requirements of the film and television program production, choose the right means of editing.Key words: Film and television; Post-production; The editor1 IntroductionFrom Hollywood to create the illusion of the world, to the television news focus on the real life, to a frenzy of advertising, no do not affect our life. In the past, the film and television program production is the job of the professional personnel, for the public is ignorant. For decades, digital technology in the process of film and television production,comprehensive computer gradually replaced many of the original film and television equipment, and each link has played a major role in film and television production. The use of film and television production has been extremely expensive professional hardware and software, non-professional personnel it is difficult to see the equipment, not to mention, skilled use of these tools to make your own work. As PC performance significantly increase, prices falling, film and television production from the previous professional hardware equipment to gradually move on PC platform, the original identity of professional software also gradually transplanted to the platform, the price also is becoming more and more popular. At the same time, the application of film and television production from professional film and television production to expand to the computer games, multimedia, network, home entertainment, such as wider fields. Many homework personnel in the industry with a large number of movie lovers, now a computer can use their own hands, to make his TV programs. Digital non-linear editing not only combines the advantages of traditional film and television editor, also on the further development, is the significant progress video editing technology. Starting in the 80 s, digital non-linear editing in film production gradually replaced the traditional way, become a standard method of film editing. With the rapid development of technology of film and television production, post-production and take on the responsibilities of the play a very important: the production of special lens. Special lens is refers to the lens which cannot be obtained by direct shot. Early film and television special effects are mostly through the model production, special photography, and optical synthesis and so on traditional methods to complete, mainly in the process of shooting stage and developcomplete. The use of computers for special-effects provides more and better method, also make a lot of the past must be used to model and photography means complete special effects can be completed by computer, so more special effects become the post-production work. The production of special effects shots - refers to the special effects shots taken not directly get shot. Early film and television advertising, film and television special effects are mostly through the model production, special photography, the traditional methods such as optical synthesis, mainly in the stage of the film and print. The use of computer digital provides more better means for the production of special effects, also make a lot of the past must be used to model and the photography done special effects can be completed through the computer technology, so the more special effects become the post-production work. Can be seen from the above analysis, linear editing and nonlinear editing each have characteristics, in the later stages of the film and television program editing in both is be short of one cannot, in order to make the film and television late edit program, need according to the requirements of the program production, combined with the characteristics of two kinds of edit mode, selects the appropriate edit mode.2 The development of film post-production technologyIn the early 1990 s, developed countries such as Canada, the United States the use of computer technology, multimedia technology and the combination of film and television production, achieve success, launched a desktop editing studio, is today's nonlinear editing audio workstation. Nonlinear editing (Nonlinear Edit) is a product of traditional equipment with computer technology, which USES digital computer recordsall the digital files stored continuously update and Edit video program. Makes any fragments can watch immediately and any change at any time, in this way can finish "edit" original as efficient as possible, such as editing, switching and lens special transformation, and completed by computer digital video editing, and generates a complete video playback to the video surveillance equipment or transfer to the video. In essence, this technique provides a convenient, quick and efficient method of TV editing. Today, non-linear editor has become the late film and television production of an important means. Similarly, linear editor is another important way. Were, in fact, so-called linear editing by video recorder one-to-one or second team a desktop editing, video recorder mother will bring material by electric - electric copy in another video on second edition copy, among this completed such as access point Settings, transitions are analog signals to analog signals, because once the conversion is completed record became the track, so can't modify, once need to insert the new material or change a certain length of the lens, the later will all be redone. Nonlinear editing is relative to the case of linear editing. They both are important means of film and television production late edit. Before did not appear in non-linear editing, linear editor in the late film and television production plays an important role absolutely, now formed both in the film and television production late edit hand in photograph reflect, they both have their own characteristics and advantages. Linear editing and has a very close relationship between nonlinear editing, linear editing is nonlinear editing's predecessor, first of all, on the basic ideas and art concept, linear editing and nonlinear editing is the same, which is the core of post-production. Second, many professional concepts and terminology, and both arethe same. Nonlinear editing software such as the famous Speed Razor Pro user manual in the city's "key", "bright" and "downstream" of the concept of linear editing, and even the whole of this manual is according to the function of linear editing senior special machine to write.3 Characteristics of film post-production and editingAfter decades of development, the linear editing technique has been very mature, the use of weaving machine, catalog, the controller directly to video material for operation, intuitive interface, concise, simple operation, using the combination of edit, insert, edit, images and sound can be edited respectively, coupled with subtitles machine, special machine, time base corrector, etc., can fully meet the needs of production, finish like a lens, skill set, in and out of the point set, subtitles and graphic overlay, sound effects and music with addition of post-production. Linear editing system based on magnetic tape record carrier, linear array signal according to the time, looking for material VCR to roll with the search, can only on one dimensional time axis according to the order of the lens as a group search, cannot jump, the choice of the material is very time consuming. Difficult to show the modified electronic edit mode is based on linear record tape, normally only in editing order record, although into edit mode allows replacement has been recorded on magnetic tape sound or images, but required to replace the clips and tapes replaced clips at the same time, and not to add or delete, can't change the length of the program. For programs of this modification is very inconvenient, because any a TV, a TV program from samples to finalized often after a lot of editing. In the programmed production an important problem is the counterpart ofthe mother with the wear and tear. The essence of linear edit mode is the original material copied to another process on the tape. Because the signal is mainly analog video in linear editing system, when we were in the edit and take copy of signal in transmission vulnerable to external disturbance and editing process, resulting in loss of signal. On the basis of the previous edition, each version can cause the decrease of the quality of the image editor, or make a stunt there will be a loss of signal. Heavily damaged video recorder, tape is easy to damage. Edit a few minutes of TV, should choose to hundreds or even thousands of cameras, video search edit back and forth, make the VCR mechanical wear serious, VCR operation strength, and shorten service life. Other record tape shortcomings exposed constantly too, such as tensile deformation, distortion, brittle, magnetic and scratches will affect the quality of the tape. System structure is complex, operability is relatively lower. Linear editing system connection is complex, there are many different kinds of equipment and equipment performance is uneven, different indicators, when they connected together, can cause large attenuation of the video signal. In addition, a lot of equipment used at the same time, has left many operators, operating process is complex, and operability is relatively lower. Because of this, with the development of new technology, a new concept of audio and video production and the corresponding hardware equipment non-linear editing arises at the historic moment.4 Correct selection of film post-production editing modeEverything is relative, linear editing and nonlinear editing each have characteristics, each has advantages, both in the film and television post-production is be short of one cannot. If you want to do the film and television post-production, must according to therequirements of the film and television program production, choose the right means of editing. First, in the film and television commercials and documentaries, project opening is given priority to with nonlinear editing is suitable for production. Because, in the film and television advertising films need a lot of use multilayer superposition of images, motion, transparent, fast and slow motion picture, subtitles special processing, 3D, such as processing color, animation effect. In the documentary, project opening production, in addition to the application of special effects, but also the introduction of the extensive use of longer than 5 seconds. Using the nonlinear editing system to deal with these effects will be easier. Secondly, in the newsreel is used in the production of traditional linear editing suit. In order to increase the amount of information, TV news generally requires each lens length less than 5 seconds, and newsreel is rarely used special effects, most of the content is like a lens directly. Commonly used linear editing component connection, in which editors’newsreel, can reduce the loss in the process of signal transmission, in order to better ensure the quality of programs. Again, straight at the scene, live shows, entertainment, live classroom situation, general is given priority to with using linear editing system equipment. The record straight, the nature of the live recording the response speed of the equipment is very timely, especially live, can't stop once I start, can only be a success, not appear a little mistake, otherwise we are lost. In such cases, using traditional linear editing system is perfect. But in live sports match, because of the need to repeat some wonderful, special, two edit mode should be used at the same time, in a linear editing is given priority to with nonlinear editing system, in this way can both cooperate with each other very well meet the needs of some special.译文影视后期制作与编辑研究Bird D摘要影视后期制作是文字、声音、画面等多种视听手腕结合起来的高度综合创作,是影视节目生产的最后一道工序,制作水平的高低直接关系到节目的质量,以下就起进展的历程、特点、注意的地方来谈谈影视的后期制作。
电影专业术语中英对照
电影专业术语中英文对照AAbove-the-line 线上费用A-B roll A-B 卷AC 交流电Academy ratio 学院标准画框比Adaptation 改编ADR editor ADR 剪辑师Aligator clamp=gaffer grip 固定灯具的弹簧夹，又称鳄鱼夹Ambient Sounds 环境音Amp 安培Amplification 信号放大Amplitude 振幅Analog 模拟Anamorphic lens 变形镜头Aperture 光圈Answer Print 校正拷贝Arc 摄像机的弧度运动Art director 艺术指导Aspect ratio 画框比Atmosphere sound 气氛音Attack 起音Audio board 调音台Audio mixer 混音器，混音师Automatic dialogue replacement 自动对白补录Automatic focus 自动对焦Automatic gain control 自动增益控制Automatic iris 自动光圈（少用）Axis of action 表演轴线BBack light 轮廓光Background light=Scenery light 场景光Balance 平衡Balanced 平衡电缆Barndoor 遮扉（灯具上的黑色金属活动板，遮光用的）Barney 隔音套Base 片基（用来附着感光乳剂的胶片基底）Base plate 底座（固定灯的）Baselight level 基本亮度Batch capturing 批次采集Below-the-line 线下费用Bidirectional 双向麦克风Bit depth 位元深度（在数字声音中每次取样的数目，通常是8，12,16) Bit player 客串演员Blimp 隔声罩Blocking 走位（几乎等同为“ Staging 排练”）Blue-screen 蓝幕效果Body brace 身体支架Boom 吊杆（也有上，下移动神相机的意思）Boom arm 可伸缩杆Boom operator 吊杆操作员Bounce light 反射光Bracket 括号式曝光Breakdown 剧本分解Brightness 亮度Broad 方灯（泛光灯）Butterfly scrim 顶光棚CCall sheet 通告表Camcorder 摄录一体机Cameo 浮雕Camera assistant 摄影助理Camera operator 摄影机操作者Camera report 摄影机报表Canted shot 倾斜镜头Capacitor 电容器Carpuring 采集Casting 选角Casting director 选角指导Chroma key 色度键Chrominance 彩色信号Cinematographer 电影摄影师Clip capture 素材段落采集Close-up 特写镜头Color balance 色平衡Colorbars 彩条Color circle 圆形彩图Color corrector 色彩校正器Color compensating filter 色温转换滤镜Color correction 色彩校正Color sampling 色彩取样Color temperature 色温Colorization 调色Coproducer 联合制片Composer 作曲家Composting 合成画面Compression 压缩Compression ratio 压缩比Concept 故事梗概Condenser 电容话筒Conductor 指挥家Conform 套片Construction coordinator 搭景协调Continuity 连续性Continuity editing 连续性剪辑Contrast 对比度Contrast range 最大对比度Contrast ratio 对比度系数Copyright 版权Core 片心Costumer 服装师Costume designer 服装设计师Countdown 倒计时Craft service 膳食服务Crane 摇臂Cross-cutting 交叉剪辑（又称平行剪辑）Cross-fade 交互混音Crystal 晶控同步元件（摄像机里控制速度的一个晶体组件）Cue sheet 混录提示表Cut 卡接（一个画面切换到另一个画面，有一种转场的效果）Cutaway 切离镜头Cut-in 切入镜头Cutting-on-action 剪辑中的“接动作”DD1 一种数字录像带Dailies 工作样片Daily production report 每日拍摄报表Day-for-night 日间拍夜景Daylight 日光片Decay 衰减Decibel 分贝Decompression 解压缩Depth of field 景深Dialogue 对白Diegetic sound 故事中的声音Diffusion filter 扩散滤镜Digital 数字Digital autio workstation 数字声音工作站Digital audiotape 数字录音带Digital film printer 数字胶片印片机Digitalize 数字化Dimmer board 调光控制器Diopter 屈光镜Direct capture 直接采集Direct sound 直接声音Directionality 方向性Diretor 's cu导t 演剪辑版本Dissolve 叠化Distortion 失真Dolly 轮组Dot 圆形遮光罩Dropouts 断磁（又叫脱音）Dynamic mic 动圈话筒Dynamic range 动态变化范围EEcho 回音Edge numbers 边缘号码（胶片边缘的数字）Editor ' s cu剪t 辑师版本8mm 8 毫米胶片Electromagnetic spectrum 电磁波谱Electronic stabilizer 电子影像稳定器Emulsion 感光乳剂Equalization 均衡Establishing shot 定位镜头Executive producer 执行制片Exposure index 曝光指数Extendable lighting pole 伸缩灯杆Extras 群众演员Eye light 眼神光Eyeline match 视线匹配FFade in 淡入Fade out 淡出Fast film stock 感光快的胶片Fast lens 强光透镜Field 场Fill light 辅助光Filter 滤镜Filter box 滤镜斗Filter factor 滤镜系数Filter wheel 滤镜转轮Final cut 精剪，最后一个剪辑的版本（同名剪辑软件）Finger 狭长挡光板Firewire 火线接头Fishpole 鱼竿（传声器吊杆）5.1 sound 5.1 环绕声Fixed lens 定焦镜头Flag 旗形挡光板Flashback 闪回Flash cut 闪切Flashforward 闪后Flat 平线Flatbed 平台式剪辑机Floodlight 散光Floor stand 落地式麦克风支架Fluid head 液压云台Flying spot scanner 飞点扫描仪Focal length 焦距Focus 调焦Fog filter 雾镜Foley 特殊音效Foley artist 特殊音效师Foley editor 特殊音效剪辑师Foley mixer 特殊音效混音师Foley walkers 特殊音效师Font 字体Footcandle 尺烛光Forced development 增感冲洗Formats 格式Frame 格（画框）Freeze-frame 定格Frequency 频率Frequency response 频率响应Fresnel spotlight 一种有透镜镜片的聚光灯Friction head 摩擦云台Front focus 前焦点F-stops 光圈系数Fundamental 基音G Gaffer 电工Gaffer grip 灯光夹Gaffer tape 电工胶布Gain 增益Gelatin filter 明胶滤光片Graduated neutral density filter 中灰渐变滤镜Graphic designer 美术设计Grip 场务HHandle 控制点Hairstylist 发型师Hard effects 动作音效Hard light 硬光，直射光Harmonics 谐音Head 云台，磁头Hertz 赫兹Hidden editing 隐性剪辑Hidden mics 隐藏式麦克风Hi-Fi 高保真音响High hat 仰摄座High-angle shot 俯拍镜头High-frequency fluorescent 高频荧光灯High-key lighting 高调光线Hiss 高频噪音HMI light 太阳灯Horizontal resolution 水平分辨率Hue 色相（颜色特定的色调）Hypercardioid 超指向性麦克风IImage enhancer 图像增强器Image stabilization 影响稳定Imaging device 成像装置Impedance 阻抗Incandescent light 白炽灯Incident light meter 入射式测光表Impoint 开始点Intercutting 交互剪接Interlaced scanning 隔行扫描Internegative 中间负片Interpositive 中间正片Inverse square rule 平方反比率Invisible editing 隐性剪辑Iris 光阑JJib-arm 悬吊手臂Jog 格放Jump cut 跳接KKelvin 开尔文数值Key light 主光Key grip 场务Keyframe 关键影格Keykode 片边号码Kicker light 侧光LLatitude 宽容度Lavaliere 领夹式麦克风Leader 导带Leadroom 导引空间Lens 镜头Lens hood 遮光罩Letterbox 上下黑框式Light meter 测光表Light ratio 光线比例Light stand 灯架Light-balancing filter 校色温滤镜Light crew 灯光组Light-emitting diode 发光二极管Lighting director 灯光指导Lighting plot 照明规划图Lighting ratio 光比Lighting technician 灯光师Line inputs 线材输入Line producer 现场制片人Linear 线性Linear CCD array 线状CCD 排列确切意思待进一步查阅）Location manager 场地管理经理Log 工作记录Long lens 长焦距镜头Long shot 远景镜头Look space 视线空间Loop 循环播放Lossless 无损压缩Low-angle shot 仰拍镜头Low-Contrast filter 低反差滤镜Low-key lighting 低调照明Luminance 亮度MMacro 近摄摄影Magnetic film 磁性声带Makeup artist 化妆师Master scene script 分镜头剧本Master scene shooting method 主场景拍摄法Master shot 主镜头Match cut 匹配剪辑Matte artist 套色绘图师Matte box 遮光斗Matting 套片合成Meditum shot 中景镜头Mic inputs 麦克风输入接口Midside miking M-S 拾音制式Miniature designer 缩小物设计师Mini-DV 迷你DV Miniphone plug 小型耳机Mise-en-sc nèe 场面调度Mixed lighting 混合照明Mixer 混音师Model maker 模型师Modulate 调制Monaural 单声道Monitor 监视器Montage editing 蒙太奇剪辑Morphing 变形Motif 母题Motion capture 运动扑捉Multimedia 多媒体Multitrack audiotape recorder 多轨录音机Music editor 配乐剪辑师Musical Instrument Digital Interface 数字音乐乐器界面Music（MIDI）supervisor 音乐总监NNegative 负片Negative cutter 负片剪辑师Neutral density filter 中灰滤镜Night-for-night 夜间拍夜景Noise 噪波（干扰信号）Nonlinear editing 非线性剪辑（非线编）Normal lens 标准镜头Noseroom 鼻前空间（视线空间）Off-line 脱机剪辑Offline editor 线外剪辑师Off-screen space 银幕外空间Ohms 欧姆Omnidirectional 全方向型麦克风180-degree rule 180°规则，又称轴线规则On-line 在线剪辑Online editor 线上剪辑师Opacity 暗度On-set editing 现场剪辑On-set editor 现场剪辑师Open casting 公开选角Optical printer 光学印片机Optical stabilization 光学影像稳定器Outpoint 结束点Outttakes 备用镜头Overlap action 重叠表演Overlap cutting 重叠剪接Overmodulation 过度调制Over-the-shoulder shot 过肩镜头Overtones 泛音Over-under method 上下方式PPan 横移Pan and scan 横摇纵摇法Parabolic reflector 抛物面反射器Parallel editing 平行剪辑Peaking in the red 指针在红色区域Pedestal 基准黑Perspective 距离感Phase 相位Phone plug 耳机Phono play 莲花接头Photoflood 摄影散光灯Pickup pattern 拾音范围Pitch 音高Pixel 像素Playhead 播放点Point-of-view shot 主观镜头Polarizing filter 偏光滤镜Positive 正片Postproduction 后期制作Practical light 实际光源Premix 预先混音Preproduction 前期制作Preroll 预卷Presence 表现力Prime lens = Fixed lens 定焦镜头Principal actors 主要演员Prism block 棱镜Producer 制片人Production placement 置入行销（就是在影片中植入广告）Production 拍摄阶段Production assistant 制片助理Production coordinator 协调制片Production designer 制作设计师Production manager 制片主任Production schedule 制作日程表Production sound mixer 现场混音师Progressive scanning 逐行扫描Property master 道具管理Props 道具Proximity effect 听讲效果Piblic domain 版权公有Publicist 宣传人员Pulling focus 移焦Pushed processing 增感冲洗Pyro technician 烟火技师QQuartz-halogen lamp 石英灯RRack focus 移焦Radio frequency 射频（简称RF ）Random assess 随机存取Random-assess memory 内存RCA plug = Phone plug 莲花插头Reaction shot 反映镜头Read through 口念对白Reel 片卷Reflected light meter 反射式测光表Reflector 反光板Reframing 调整取景范围Release 释放Release print 发行拷贝Render 渲染Resolution 分辨率Reverberation 混响Reversal 反转片Rigging grip 吊具场务Ripple 涟漪效果Room tone 空间音Rough cut 粗剪Rule of thirds 三分规则SSafe area 安全区域（银幕的概念里恒定成像的区域）Sampling rate 取样频率Saturation 饱和度Scanning 扫描Scene 场景Scene outline 分场大纲Scenic artist 布景工S-connector S 端子（一种电子影像接头）Scratch dish 第二空间（非线编系统中的一个可命令分类项目的空间）Scratch track 参考音轨Screen direction 银幕方向Screenplay 剧本Screen test 试镜Scrim 柔光布Script breakdown 剧本分解Script breakdown sheet 剧本分解表Script supervisor 场记Scrubber 处理器Second unit 第二摄制组Separation light 修饰光Sequence 段落Set decorator 场景装饰工Serifs 横细线Server 伺服器70mm 70 毫米胶片Set decorations 布景装饰Set designer 布景设计师Shock mount 减震架Shooting schedule 拍摄日程表Shooting script 分镜头剧本Short lens 广角镜头Shot 镜头Shotgun mic 枪式麦克风，一般用来采集比较远的声音Shot/reaction shot 反应镜头（偶尔也称脸部特写镜头）Shot/reverse shot 反打镜头Shutter 快门Shuttle 飞梭Signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比Silhouette lighting 剪影光线Single system 单系统16mm 16 毫米胶片Sky filter 天空滤镜Slate 拍板Slow film stock 感光慢的胶片Slow lens 小相对孔径透镜/小光强透镜SMPTE time code SMPTE 时间码Snoot 圆锥形光罩Soft light 柔光/ 散射光Soft-contrast filter 软调反差滤镜Softlight reflector 柔光反射器Software engineer 美术设计软件工程师Sound designer 声音设计师Sound editor 声音剪辑师Sound effects 音效Sound effects editor 音效剪辑师Sound effects mixer 音效混音师Sound flashback 声音闪回Sound flashforward 声音闪前Sound mix 混音Source lighting 有源光线Space clamp 高空夹Spatial compression 空间压缩Special assistant 特别助理Special effects 特效Special effects coordinator 特效协调者Special-effects generator 特效生成器Speech bump 语音衰减Split screen 分割画面Spot 聚光Spot meter 点式测光表Spotlight 聚光灯Spotting sheet 注记表Sprocket holes 片孔Standard definition television 标准清晰度电视Standby 待机Stand-ins 替身Star filter 星型条纹滤镜Steadicam 斯坦尼康Stereo 立体声Still frame 定格Still photographer 剧照师Storage area network 存储局域网络Storyboard 分镜故事板Storyboard artisit 分镜表绘图师Stream 串流Stripboard 提示板Stunt coordinator 特技指导Stunt people 特技演员Super 8 超8 毫米胶片Super 16 超16 毫米胶片Supercardiord 超指向性麦克风Supporting role 配角Surround sound 环绕声Sustain 持续Sweetening 调音Switcher 视频混合处理器Sync 同步信号Synchronous sound 同期声TTable stand 台式麦克风架Take 拍摄次数Technical rehearsal 技术彩排Telecine operator 影视格式转换员Telephoto lens 长焦镜头Template 模板30-degree rule 30°原则35mm 35 毫米胶片3-D computer artist 3-D 电脑立体绘图师Three-point lighting 三点式布光Three-to-one rule 三比一规则Three-two pulldown 三二抓片法（将每秒24 格的胶片要转换成每秒的电子30 个画框影像的过程）Threshold of pain 120 分贝的声音（声音达到刺耳程度的临界点）Thumbnail 缩略图Tilt 纵摇（摄像机垂直上下摇摄）Timbre 音色Time code 时间码Time code generator 时间码生成器Time code reader 时间码读取器Timeline 时间轴Timing 调光Timing sheet 时间表Title designer 标题设计师Tonality 色调Tone 基准音Track 横轨Trailer 预告片Transitions 镜头转换Treatment 文学脚本Trimming 修整Tripod 三角架Trombone 吊灯栓Truck 横移T-stop t 光圈Tungsten 钨丝灯24P 高分辨率的数字电子影像格式UUltracardiord 锐心型麦克风/超指向性麦克风Ultraviolet filter 紫外线滤镜U-Matic 标准3/4 英寸录像带Umbrella reflector 反光伞Unbalanced 不平衡式的Undo 恢复原状Unit production manager 剧组制片主任Universal clamp 万能夹Upright 直立式剪辑机Utility person 剧务VVariable focal length lens = zoom lens 变焦镜头Vectorscope 矢量示波器Velocity 速率Vertical resolution 垂直分辨率Videographer 电子影像摄影师Video assist 录像辅助系统Video-on-demand 随选视频Viewfinder 观景器Virtual set 虚拟场景Visual effects 视觉效果Visual effects editor 视觉特效师Voice-over 旁白Volt 伏特Volume unit meter 音量表WWalla walla 背景人声Watt 瓦特Waveform 波形Waveform monitor 波形监视器White balance 白平衡White reference 白基准Wide-angle lens 广角镜头Widescreen 宽银幕Wild sound 自然音Window dub 视窗剪辑Windscreen 防风罩Wipe 划像Wireless mic 无线麦克风Workprint 工作正片Writer 编剧XXLR connector 卡侬插头X-Y miking X-Y 拾音制式ZZebra stripe 斑马条纹Zoom 变焦Zoom lens 变焦镜头Zoom mic 指向性可调麦克风附录：一些基本电影词汇documentary 记录片,文献片filmdom 电影界literary film 文艺片musicals 音乐片comedy 喜剧片tragedy 悲剧片dracula movie 恐怖片sowordsmen film 武侠片detective film 侦探片ethical film 伦理片affectional film 爱情片erotic film 黄色片western movies 西部片film d' avan-tgarde 前卫片serial 系列片trailer 预告片cartoon (film) 卡通片,动画片footage 影片长度full-length film, feature film 长片short(film) 短片colour film 彩色片(美作:color film) silent film 默片,无声片dubbed film 配音复制的影片,译制片silent cinema, silent films 无声电影sound motion picture, talkie 有声电影cinemascope, CinemaScope 西涅玛斯科普型立体声宽银幕电影幕电影cinerama, Cinerama 西涅拉玛型立体声宽银幕电影,全景电影title 片名original version 原著dialogue 对白subtitles, subtitling 字幕credits, credit titles对原作者及其他有贡献者的谢启和姓名telefilm 电视片演员actors Starring cast阵容film star, movie star 电影明星star, lead 主角double, stand-in 替身演员stunt man 特技替身演员extra, walker-on 临时演员character actor 性格演员regular player 基本演员,变形镜头式宽银extra 特别客串film star 电影明星film actor 男电影明星film actress 女电影明星support 配角util 跑龙套工作人员technicians adapter 改编scenarist, scriptwriter 脚本作者dialogue writer 对白作者production manager 制片人producer 制片主任film director 导演assistant director 副导演,助理导演cameraman, set photographer director of photography assistant cameraman 摄影助理property manager, propsman 道具员art director 布景师（美作:set decorator） stagehand 化装师lighting engineer 灯光师film cutter film editor 剪辑师sound engineer, recording director 录音师script girl, continuity girl 场记员scenario writer, scenarist 剧作家放映projection reel, spool （影片的）卷,本sound track 音带,声带showing, screening, projection 放映projector 放映机projection booth, projection room 放映室panoramic screen 宽银幕film industry 电影工业cinematograph 电影摄影机, 电影放映机cinema, pictures 电影院（美作:movie theater） first-run cinema 首轮影院second-run cinema 二轮影院art theatre 艺术影院continuous performance cinema 循环场电影院film society 电影协会,电影俱乐部（美作:film摄影师club） film library 电影资料馆premiere 首映式film festival电影节distributor 发行人Board of Censors 审查署shooting schedule 摄制计划censor ' c s ertificate 审查级别release 准予上映banned film 禁映影片A-certificate A 级（儿童不宜） U-certificate U 级X-certificate X 级（成人级） direction 导演production 制片adaptation 改编scenario, screenplay, script 编剧scene 场景exterior 外景lighting 灯光shooting 摄制to shoot 拍摄dissolve 渐隐,化入,化出fade-out 淡出fade-in 淡入special effects 特技slow motion 慢镜头editing, cutting 剪接montage 剪辑recording, sound recording 录音sound effects 音响效果mix, mixing 混录dubbing 配音postsynchronization 后期录音合成studio 制片厂,摄影棚（motion）film studio 电影制片厂set, stage, floor 场地properties, props 道具dolly 移动式摄影小车spotlight 聚光灯clapper boards 拍板microphone 麦克风,话筒boom 长杆话筒scenery 布景电影摄制filming shooting camera 摄影机shooting angle 拍摄角度high angle shot 俯拍long shot 远景full shot 全景close-up, close shot 特写,近景medium shot 中景background 背景three-quarter shot 双人近景pan 摇镜头frame, picture 镜头still 静止double exposure 两次曝光superimposition 叠印exposure meter 曝光表printing 洗印影片类型films typesfilm, motion picture 影片,电影（美作:movie） newsreel 新闻片,纪录片• 电影名词解释| 电影名词解释（中英文对照）ABERRATION 像差摄影影头因制作不精密，或人为的损害，不能将一点所发出的所有光线聚焦于底片感光膜上的同一位置，使影像变形，或失焦模糊不清。
（整理）中英文影视技术名次、词对照表.
（整理）中英文影视技术名次、词对照表.中英文影视名词对照表中文英文35mm×3全景电影 Cinerama35 mm×9环幕电影 Circarama35 mm 8片孔变形宽银幕Vista-vision35 mm 8片孔电影Vistascope35mm变形宽银幕Cinemascope35mm 2片孔电影T echni-scope70mm 15片孔电影IMAX70mm 8片孔电影DYNAVISION70mm 8片孔电影JAPAX70mm 电影TODD-AO70mm 穹（球）幕电影OMNIMAXAB条剪接 A and B cuttingB帧Bidirectinal-frame1帧Intra-frameNTSC制NTSC(National Television System Committeecolour) systemPAL制PAL( phase alternation line by line) systemP帧Predicated-frameSECAM制SECAM( sequential colour and memory) system 暗盒magazine白电平white level伴音发射机aural transmitter伴音信号aural signal伴音载波sound carrier保护层protecting layer比特bit边缘清晰度definition on border编辑决策表edit decision list (EDL)编码器encoder变积式声迹variable area sound track变焦距镜头zoom lens变密式声迹variable density sound track 变形镜头anamorphic lens标准级谱standard step wedge标准镜头standard lens标准校正拷贝answer print标准拷贝reference print波长wavelength波形wave form补色complementary colour彩色反转片colour reversal film彩色负片colour negative film彩色还原（再现）colour rendition彩色相加additive colour mixing彩色相减subtractive colour mixing彩色正片colour print film彩色中间片colour intermediate film彩条colour bar彩条波形colour-bar waveform参比光楔reference wedge测光表exposure meter, light meter层次gradation长焦距物镜telephoto lens场频field frequency层色剂colour couplers齿轮输片洗片机sprocket drive processor出瞳emergent pupil传感器sensor传声器microphone传真facsimile吹（吸）拂器squeegee垂直扫描vertical scanning磁带magnetic tape磁带录音机magnetic tape recorder磁盘magnetic disk磁盘阵列redundant array of independent ( inexpensive) disk( devices) (RAID)磁片magnetic film磁性录音机magnetic sound recorder磁头magnetic head磁性材料magnetic material磁性声迹拷贝magnetic soundtrack print磁滞magnetic-leg醋酸片基acetate film base存储器storage存储区域网络storage area net work (SAN)代码code带宽bandwidth倒拍reverse action倒印reverse printing灯光型彩色片tungsten light colour film底层substratum layer电荷耦合器件charge-coupled device( CCD)电脑（计算机）computer电平signal level电视telecvision电视电影机T elecine电影放映film projection电影胶片film电影录音motion-picture sound recording电影摄影cinematography电影摄影机motion-picture camera电子现场拍摄electronic field production (EFP)电子配光机electronic colour film analyzer电子束electronic beam电子新闻采集electronic news gathering (ENG)叠化dissolve叠印overlap printing定焦镜头fixed-focus lens定位针register pin定影fixing定影液fixing solution动画animation动态图像专家组Moving Picture Expert Group (MPEG) 短焦距物镜short-focus lens, wide-angle lens对白录音dialogue recording多层彩色片multilayer colour film多路立体声multichannel stereophonic sound多媒体multimedia二进制binary而维图形（图像）two-dimension graphic ( image)发散透镜divergent lens发射机transmitter发行拷贝release print阀式光调制器light valve modulator反差contrast反差系数contrast factor反转印片reversal printing放光晕层anti-halation layer放大enlargement, blowing up放映机projector放映机有效光通量effective light flux of projector放映距离projection distance放映频率projection frequency飞点扫描flying spot scanning非对称数字用户环路asymmetrical digital subscriber loop (ADSL) 非线性编辑nonlinear editing分贝decibel分辨率(解像力) resolution capability分量视频信号component video signal分色片separation film浮雕模片matrix film幅度amplitude负片negative film复格印片repeat frame printing复合视频信号composite video signal干扰光disturbing light干燥箱during cabinet感光测定sensitometry感光度sensitivity, speed感光乳剂photographic emulsion感光特性曲线characteristic curve感光仪sensitometer感色性colour sensitivity高清晰度电视high definition television(HDTV)隔行扫描interlaced scanning, line interlace隔音罩blimp工作样片printing daily功率放大器power magnifier供片齿轮feed sprocket供片装置feeding device刮液板wiper光调制器light modulator光阀light valve光号light point光号带light change control tape光阑aperture光盘optical disk, compact disc(CD)光盘只读存储器compact disc-read only memory (CD-ROM) 光谱spectrum光谱透光率spectral transmittance光强luminous intensity光圈diaphragm光通量luminous flux光学二极管light emitting diode (LED)光学技巧optical effects光学录音photographic( optical) sound recording光学声底optical sound negative光学印片optical printing光学印片机optical printer光学影像optical image光晕halation硅基液晶liquid crystal on silicon （LCoS）国际标准化组织International Standardization Organization （ISO）国际电信联盟International Telecommunication Union （ITU）行频horizontal frequency合成composition盒签label黑白电视monochromatic television黑白负片black-and-white negative film 黑白正片black-and-white positive film黑电平black level宏块macroblock红滤光层red filter layer红外片infrared film后工作距rear operation distance后期加工（生产）post-production后期录音post recording后期配音dubbing, post-scoring互易津reciprocity law滑轮roller划变wipe画翻底duplicating negative画翻正duplicating positive画幅frame画面检验片image test film, visual test film 画原底original negative环幕电影circle-vision 360°缓冲储片装置elevator缓冲湾loop黄滤光层yellow filter layer灰板grey scale tablet灰电平grey level灰雾密度frog density会聚透镜convergent lens混合录音sound mixing混响reverbration混响器reverbrator混响时间reverbration time活动电影机cinematographe活动视镜kinetoscope霍夫曼编码Huffman encoding机读片边号码keykode畸变distortion激光laser激励灯exciter lamp集合畸变geometrical distortion计格跳光指令frame counting cueing(FCC) 技巧印片trick printing技巧印片机trick printer, optical printer 加色光灯箱additive lamphouse坚膜显影tanning development间歇齿轮intermittent sprocket间歇式光学印片机intermittent optical printer 间歇式接触印片机intermittent contact printer 间歇输片机构intermittent mechanism间歇运动intermittent motion监视器monitor减色光印片subtractive color printing剪辑cutting and editing剪辑片段（序列）sequence检验片test film渐显fade-in间隐fade-out渐晕vignetting降噪系统noise reduction system交叉调幅试验cross modulation test交互式激光视盘compact disc-interative (CD-I) 交互式数字视盘digital video interative (DVI) 焦点focus焦距focal length焦平面focal plane校样底片（小底片）timing sample negative接触印片contact printing接片splicing接片机splicer界面interface近景close shot景深depth of field镜面反射取景器mirror reflex viewfinder镜面遮光器mirror reflex shutter镜头shot, lens, cut均衡器equalizer拷贝print, copy颗粒度granularity颗粒性graininess可见光谱visible spectrum空白片blank film孔边距margin宽高比sapect ratio宽容度latitude宽银幕电影wide-screen film扩展器expander棱镜分光取景器prismatic beam-splitting viewfinder离散余弦变换discrete cosine transform (DCT)立体电影stereoscopie film立体画幅对（偶）coupled frame of stereo motion picture 立体声stereo sound连锁系统interlock system连续式光学印片机continuous optical printer连续式接触印片机continuous contact printer联机编辑on line editing亮度luminance, brightness量化quantization量片机numbering machine临界效应adjacency effect卤化银silver halide录像机video tape recorder录音棚sound studio录音同步信号sync mark滤光镜filter漫反射银幕diffuse reflection screen盲色片blue-sensitive film媒染剂mordant美国标准协会American Standard Association (ASA) 蒙太奇montage密度density密度计densitometer明胶gelatin模量传递函数modulation transfer function(MTF)模糊圈circle confusion模拟信号analog signal抹音磁头erasing head母片mother film配光timing配音dubbing片边号码edge number片边条码key number片窗aperture片盒magazine片基film base片孔perforation片孔距perforation pitch片门film gate, aperture plate片头head leader片尾tail leader偏光镜polarizing filter漂白bleaching漂白液bleaching bath频带band频率frequency频率响应frequency response平红magenta曝光量exposure曝光指数exposure index牵引片leader前期拍摄（生产）preproduction前浴pre-bath潜影latent image青cyan清晰度definition穹幕电影domed screen film取景器viewfinder全浸印片total immersion printing 全景establishing shot, long shot全色片panchromatic film全息摄影技术holographic technique染印法dye transfer process热烫heat etching冗余redundance乳剂层emulsion layer乳剂号emulsion number入瞳entrance pupil锐度acutance三维图形（图像）three-dimension graphic (image) 扫描scanning扫描逆程line-scan retrace扫描行数number of scanning line扫描正程scanning stroke色饱和度color saturation色彩管理系统color management system(CMS) 色纯度color purity色调color hue色度图chromaticity diagram色度时间压缩复用方式chroma time compressed multiplexing (CTCM) 色平衡color balance色温color temperature闪烁flicker射频radio frequency摄像机video camera摄像管pick-up tube摄影机三脚架camera tripod摄影机稳定系统camera stabilizing system摄影频率shooting frequency摄影升降机crane摄影移动机dolly生胶片raw stock声底片sound negative film声画编辑机Steenbeck, sound-picture editing machine声画套剪（剪辑同步）edit sync声强sound intensity声像sound image声压sound pressure声压级sound pressure level声源sound source剩磁remanence失真（畸变）distortion十进制decimal时间码time code时间压缩分割多路复用方式compressed time division multiplexing(CTDM) 视场角angle of view视觉残留（视觉暂留）persistence of vision视频点播video on demand(VOD)视频（像）电话video phone视频（像）电子邮件video email视频信号video signal收片齿轮hold-back sprocket, take-up sprocket输片齿轮sprocket数据磁带data-tape数字光处理digital light processing(DLP)数字化digitize数字基础设施digital infrastructure数字微镜器件digital micro-mirror device(DMD)数字信号digital signal数字中间片digital intermediate(DI)双片（剪辑用）cutting copy双眼视差space parallax水平扫描horizontal scanning素材material素材段clip素材屉bin缩印reduction printing碳弧灯carbon arc lamp套底negative conforming套底合成negative combining套片机synchronizer特技（特殊效果）special effect特技镜头trick short特技摄影special effect shot特写close-up特性曲线肩部shoulder of characteristic curve 特性曲线趾部toe of characteristic curve天线antenna调幅amplitude modulation调频frequency modulation调音mixing调音台mix-console跳格印片skip-frame printing跳光light change听阈audibility threshold停格印片freez-frame printing同步synchronization同步连锁系统synchrolock system同期录音synchronization recording透光率transmissivity图像发射机visual transmitter图像信号signal图像序列层video sequence图像载波picture carrier图像组group of picture(GOP)脱机编辑off line editing外景场地location网络连接与交换network links and switches稳定性steadiness无声电影silent cinema隙缝slit, gap洗片film processing洗片机film processor洗片水洗washing先期录音pre-recording氙灯xenon lamp鲜锐度sharpness显像管picture tube显影development显影剂developing agent显影液developing solution显影抑制剂释放（DIR）成色剂development inhibitor releasing coupler显影中心developing centre线性编辑linear editing相对孔径relative aperture相位phase像变anamorphic像差aberration像素pixel, picture element消色achromatic消隐信号blanking signal效果声录音effects recording谐波harmonic wave信噪比signal to noise ratio行迹travel ghost休斯坎电影SHOWSCAN溴化银乳剂silver bromide emulsion虚拟技术virtual technique虚拟现实virtual reality需求式摩擦输片洗片机demand drive film processor旋转磁头rotating magnetic head压片板pressure plate压缩编码compression encoding压缩器compressor延时器delayer, time retarder扬声器loud speaker样片rush print药液循环系统circulating system液晶显示屏liquid crystal display(LCD)液体印片liquid printing, wet printing一次性写入光盘compact disc-write once read manytimes (CD-WO) 译（解）码器decoder阴极射线管cathode ray tube(CRT)阴影部shadow音鼓轮sound drum音乐录音music recording音量volume音频audio音响acoustic银屏screen印片printing印片机film printer影调tone有害吸收unwanted absorption鱼眼物镜fish-eye lens原底original原底拷贝original copy原色primary colour远景distant shot, long shot云台tripod head运动补偿motion compensation杂光stray light杂光系数coefficient of stray light 载波carrier增感染料sensitizing dye窄胶片电影substandard film照度illumination照相影像photographic image遮幅宽银幕电影masking wide-screen film 遮光器shutter遮光器开角angle of opening(camera) 遮光罩matter box, lens hood振幅amplitude正片positive film帧频frame frequency直线部分straight line portion指向性银幕directional screen中间隔层interlayer中间片intermediate film中焦距物镜standard lens中景medium shot轴号roll number逐格电影摄影机stop motion camera抓片机构claw mechanism抓片爪claw紫外线ultraviolet film字节byte字幕底片title negative 字幕叠印subtitle 阻光率opacity阻抗impedance。
电影制作术语中英对照
电影制作术语中英对照credits 影片字幕acrobat 特技演员ADR assistant 配音助理ADR editor 配音剪辑ADR mixer 配音录音师ADR supervisor 配音指导ADR voice casting 配音演员advisor 制片顾问all rights reserved 版权所有animator 动画设计师animator cartoonist 动画画家apprentice editor 见习编辑art department assistant 美术部门助理art department coordinator 美术部门协调人art designer 美术设计人员art director 艺术指导，美工师assistant accountant 助理会计assistant art director 助理美工师assistant cameraman 助理摄影师assistant chief lighting technician 助理照明师assistant construction coordinator 制景协调人助理assistant costume supervisor 服装管理助理assistant dialogue editor 助理对白编辑assistant director 助理导演assistant engineer 助理录音技师assistant location manager 外景制片助理assistant producer 助理制片人assistant production coordinator 制片协调人助理assistant property master 助理道具管理员assistant prop 道具管理员助理assistant set decorator 置景人员助理assistant sound editor 声音助理剪辑师assistant sound effects editor 声效助理剪辑师associate producer 副制片人audio assistant editor 声音助理剪辑师best boy 照明助手best boy electric 照明助手best boy grip 置景工best person 照明助手body makeup 身体化装boom operator 录音花筒操作员cableperson 电缆管理员cameraman's assistant 摄影师助理camera operator 摄影助理，摄影师camera trainee 见习摄影师cameraman 电影摄影师cartoonist 动画片画家casting 选派演员casting assistant 演员部助理casting associate 演员部联系人caterer 伙食管理员chief cameraman 总摄影师chief lighting technician 主任照明师choreographer 舞蹈编导cinemanufacturer 电影制造厂cinematographer 电影摄影师clapper boy 场记员co-costume designer 联合服装设计师color timer 配光员commentator 解说员composer 作曲者computer graphics playback 计算机图形重放conductor 乐队指挥construction carpenter 置景木工construction coordinator 搭景协调人construction estimator 搭景评估人construction gang boss 搭景组指挥construction key grip 主要置景工construction scenic artist 布景美术师consultant 顾问continuity 分镜头剧本continuity girl 女场记员continuity man 场记员continuity writer 分镜头剧本作者coproducer 联合制片人costume designer 服装设计师costume supervisor 服装管理员costumer 服装师crafts service 技巧员dailies advisor 样片指导decorator 制景人员designer 设计人员dial twister 调音师dialect coach 方言教练，对白员，提词员dialogue director 对白导演dialogue editor 台词编辑director 导演director in chief 总导演director of photography 摄影师，摄影指导director's assistant 导演助理dolby screen consultant 环响立体声顾问dolly grip 摄影移动车操纵人员dolly operator 摄影移动车操纵人员double 替身演员dubber 配音演员dubbing director 配音导演dubbing editor 配音剪辑师dubbing engineer 配音录音工程师dubbing mixer 配音录音师dubbing speaker 配音演员editor 剪辑员editor(AEC) 电影编辑协会编辑editorial production assistant 制片编辑助理electrician 照明电工executive producer 监制人extras casting 选派临时演员film cutter 电影剪接师film editor 电影剪接师film writer 电影剧作家first aid 第一助理first assistant camera 第一摄影助理first assistant director 第一助理导演first assistant film editor 第一助理剪辑first assistant photographer （剧照）第一助理摄影师first cameraman 首席摄影师first company grip 置景工foley editor 音响、拟音剪辑foley mixer 拟音录音师foley recordist 拟音录音师foley walkers 拟音gaffer 照明工general construction foreperson 搭景领班人general foreperson 领班人，工头graphic designer 图文设计人员grip 照明人员，置景工guest actor 特邀演员，客串演员hair-dresser 发型师hairstylist 发型师helicopter pilot 直升飞机驾驶员illustrator 插图画家key grip 道具员；置景师，置景组长key set production assistant 布景师助理lead person 主角lensmen 电影摄影师lighting electrician 照明电工lip synchronist 对口型录音员location assistant 外景助理location liason 外景联络员location manager 外景制片主任location scout 采景人location security 外景安全员location sound 外景声音log keeper 场记lyric song 抒情歌曲makeup and hair 化装和发型makeup artist 化装师makeup expert 化装师men's costumer 男演员服装师men's costume supervisor 男演员服装管理员military advisor （军事题材影片）顾问montage director 剪辑指导music consultant 音乐顾问music coordinator 音乐协调人music editor 音乐剪辑music researcher 音乐调查员，选曲员music scoring mixer 配乐录音师music supervisor 音乐监督narrator 解说员negative cutter 底片剪接员optical consultant 光效顾问orchestra contractor 乐队承包人original music 原声音乐original song 原声歌曲painter 油漆工，绘景员planner 策划人post-production coordinator 后期制作协调人post-production mixing 后期混录post-production supervisor 后期制作指导，监制producer 制片人，监制人production accountant 制片会计production assistant 制片助理production associate 联合制片production auditor 制片审计production coordinator 制片协调人production designer 制片设计师production director 监制人production insurance 制片保险production manager 制片主任、制片经理production scenic artist 布景绘画师production secretary 制片秘书production sound supervisor 制片音响指导production supervisor 监制projectionist 放映员prop maker 道具制作人property man 道具员property master 道具管理员property person 道具员public relations 公共关系人员publicist 宣传员，公关人员recording engineer 录音技师recordist 录音员re-recording 混录re-recording mixer 混录师rigging electrician 照明安装电工rigging gaffer 照明安装工头rigging grip 置景工scenario writer 电影剧本作者scenarist 电影编剧scenarist-director 编剧兼导演scene man 布景员scene painter 布景画师scene artist 布景师science consultant （电影）科学顾问screen writer 电影剧本作者screenplay 剧本script girl 女场记员script holder 场记script supervisor 场记script writer 电影剧本作者scriptist 电影编剧second assistant camera 第二摄影助理second assistant director 第二助理导演second assistant editor 第二助理剪辑second unit 第二摄制组，特技组second unit director 第二摄制组导演，特技组导演second unit director of photography 第二摄制组摄影师set decorator 置景人员set design 布景设计set designer 布景设计师set dresser 置景人员，陈设人员set dressing assistant 置景助理set production assistant 置景助理sound assistant 助理录音师sound effects editor 音响效果编辑，音响效果剪辑sound effects recordist 音响效果录音师sound engineer 录音技师sound mixer 混录师，录音师sound recordist 录音师sound woman 女录音师sound-recording director 录音导演special effects assistant 特殊效果助理special effects coordinator 特殊效果协调人special effects gang boss 特殊效果组指挥special makeup effects 特型效果化装special sound effects 特殊音响效果special visual effects 画面特技stage coordinator 摄影棚协调人stage hand 摄影棚工作人员Steadicam operator 斯坦地康摄影，稳定器操作员still photographer 剧照摄影师still photography 剧照摄影studio architect 摄影棚建筑师studio designer 摄影棚美术设计师studio electrician 摄影棚照明师stunt coordinator 替身教练stunt man 男替身stunt player 特技演员subdirector 副导演supervising ADR editor 配音剪辑supervising dialogue editor 对白剪辑supervising sound editor 声音剪辑supervising sound effects editor 声效剪辑supervisor 监制人title design 字幕设计titles and opticals 字幕和光学效果titlist 电影字幕制作者transportation assistant 交通助理transportation coordinator 交通协调人transportation manager 交通管理员trick cameraman 特技镜头摄影师underwater cameraman 水下摄影师unit supervisor 摄制组指导video playback operator 录象重放操作员visual effects crew 画面效果组人员voice casting 配音演员wardrobe production assistant 服装制作助理wardrobe seamstress 服装女缝纫women's costume supervisor 女装管理员Wushu advisor 武术顾问。
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影视画面编辑的三个基本流程
影视画面编辑的三个基本流程英文回答：Three Basic Editing Workflows for Film and Video.Film and video editing involves three fundamental workflows: offline editing, semi-fine editing, and fine editing. These workflows allow editors to work efficiently and organize their projects, ensuring a seamless and high-quality final product.1. Offline Editing.Offline editing is the initial stage of the editing process, where the editor assembles the rough cut of the film or video. This involves importing footage, organizing it into a timeline, and creating a basic structure for the story. Editors at this stage focus on establishing the overall flow, pacing, and narrative of the project.2. Semi-Fine Editing.Once the offline edit is complete, the editor moves onto semi-fine editing. This stage involves refining the cut by adding transitions, sound effects, and music. Editorsalso color correct and grade the footage to enhance its visual appeal. The goal of semi-fine editing is to create a polished and visually engaging version of the film or video.3. Fine Editing.Fine editing is the final and most meticulous stage of the editing process. Editors at this stage work closelywith the director and other collaborators to finalize the cuts, adjust the timing, and optimize the overall impact of the film or video. This stage also involves adding titles, credits, and any other final touches necessary to complete the project.中文回答：影视画面编辑的三个基本流程。
影视后期的流程、方法、标准
影视后期的流程、方法、标准英文回答：The process of post-production in film and television involves several stages, including editing, visual effects, sound design, and color correction. Each stage has its own methods and standards that contribute to the overallquality of the final product.The first stage in post-production is editing, where the raw footage is organized and assembled into a cohesive story. This involves selecting the best takes, trimming unnecessary footage, and arranging the scenes in a logical order. The editor also works closely with the director to ensure that the intended vision is achieved.After editing, visual effects are added to enhance the visual elements of the film or TV show. This can range from simple tasks like removing wires or adding background elements, to more complex tasks like creating realisticcreatures or environments. Visual effects artists use specialized software and techniques to seamlessly integrate these elements into the footage.Sound design is another crucial aspect of post-production. It involves creating and manipulating audio elements such as dialogue, music, and sound effects to enhance the overall experience for the audience. Sound designers use various tools and techniques to achieve the desired result, such as Foley recording, ADR (Automated Dialogue Replacement), and mixing.Color correction is the final stage in the post-production process. It involves adjusting the colors and tones of the footage to create a consistent and visually appealing look. Colorists use specialized software and monitors to ensure that the colors are accurate and consistent throughout the entire film or TV show.In terms of standards, there are industry guidelines and best practices that post-production professionals follow. For example, the use of non-linear editing systemsis now standard in the industry, as it allows for more flexibility and efficiency in the editing process. Additionally, there are specific color grading standards, such as Rec. 709 for high-definition video, that ensure consistent color reproduction across different devices.In conclusion, the post-production process in film and television involves several stages, each with its own methods and standards. From editing to visual effects, sound design, and color correction, each stage contributes to the final quality of the product. Following industry guidelines and best practices ensures a consistent and visually appealing end result.中文回答：影视后期制作的流程包括剪辑、视觉效果、音效设计和调色等几个阶段。
after effects 工作流程
after effects 工作流程（中英文实用版）英文文档：The workflow of After Effects involves several key steps to create a professional-looking animation or video.1.Pre-production: Before opening After Effects, it"s important to plan your project.This includes storyboarding, creating a shot list, and gathering all the necessary assets such as images, videos, and audio files.2.Importing assets: When you open After Effects, you"ll need to import your assets by going to File > Import > File.You can import various file formats such as JPEG, PNG, AVI, MP4, and many more.anizing your project: Once your assets are imported, it"s important to organize them in the Project panel.You can create folders to group similar assets together, which will help you stay organized as your project grows.4.Creating compositions: In After Effects, a composition is a container that holds all the layers, effects, and animations for a specific part of your project.To create a new composition, go to Composition > New Composition.You"ll need to set the resolution, frame rate, and duration for your composition.5.Adding layers: With your composition open, you can start adding layers to it.There are several types of layers including Solid, Text, Image,Video, and many more.You can also create adjustment layers to apply effects to multiple layers without affecting the original layers.6.Applying effects: After Effects has a wide range of built-in effects that you can apply to your layers.To apply an effect, select the layer you want to edit, then go to Effect > Generate > Gaussian Blur, for example.You can also apply effects from other categories such as Distort, Color Correction, and Animation.7.Animating layers: After Effects allows you to create complex animations by animating your layers" properties.To animate a property, select the layer, then go to the Graph editor panel on the right.You can adjust the keyframes and timing to create smooth animations.8.Rendering: Once you"ve completed your animation, it"s time to render it.To render your project, go to File > Export > Add to Render Queue.You"ll need to choose the output settings such as format, resolution, and compression.Once you"ve set the settings, click Render to export your final project.These are the basic steps involved in the After Effects workflow.With practice and experimentation, you can learn more advanced techniques to create stunning visual effects and animations.中文文档：After Effects 的工作流程包括几个关键步骤，以创建专业的动画或视频。
外国电影片头设计流程
外国电影片头设计流程英文回答：Pre-Production.Concept Development: Brainstorming ideas, creating storyboards, and developing a narrative outline for thetitle sequence.Design Exploration: Exploring different visual styles, color palettes, typography, and animation techniques.Concept Refinement: Iterating on the initial designs and working with the director and producer to finalize the concept.Production.Asset Creation: Creating the necessary assets such as illustrations, animations, and sound effects for the titlesequence.Animation: Bringing the concept to life through animation and compositing.Sound Design: Creating a soundscape that complements the visuals and enhances the narrative impact.Post-Production.Editing: Assembling the final title sequence, pacing the shots, and adding transitions.Color Grading: Adjusting the colors to create a consistent and visually cohesive aesthetic.Final Delivery: Exporting the finished title sequence in the required format and specifications.Collaboration.Director: Providing creative guidance and feedback onthe overall concept, narrative, and visual style.Producer: Ensuring that the title sequence meets the budgetary and scheduling requirements.Art Director: Overseeing the visual design and providing input on the color palette, typography, and animation.Editor: Working closely with the animator to assemble the final title sequence and ensure a seamless transition into the film.Tools and Technologies.Design Software: Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, After Effects, Cinema 4D.Motion Capture: MotionBuilder, Vicon.Compositing Software: Nuke, Fusion, Flame.Project Management Tools: Trello, Asana, Basecamp.中文回答：前期制作。
CG专业英语词汇整理学习参考
CG英语词汇Aa copy a 拷贝aaaa 美国广告代理商协会abc 美国广播公司account executive 业务代表account planners 业务企划人员action photography 带动作的摄影actors 职业演员adat 数位式录音带additive proccess 追加过程aDVertisingage 《广告年代》杂志agency commission 广告公司佣金agenda 议程表alternative locations 候选（备用）外景照片 american federation of musican 美国音乐家协会american federation of televis 美国广播电视演艺人员协会amsaudiofile 数位录音工作站anachronisms 事态连贯性analog sound mixing consoles 类比型（非数位化）混音机animated graphics 单格动画图形animated titles 动画式片头animation 动画animatic stand 动画摄制固定架animation storyboard 仿录脚本animators 动画家arrangement 编曲art director 艺术指导asa 感光度（感光速度系数）assistant camera person 助理摄影师assistant director 助理导演association of independentcommercial producers.aicp 独立广告影片制作人协会aUDIO 声部audio master 声音母带audio mixer 混音师audio post-production 声部后制作audition 试镜会authority 权威人士Bbackdrops 背景布幕backlit 后面打光barcode number 片边条码barcode standard 条码格式barn doors 遮光板best boy 灯光助理billdding package 套装议价组合billboards 户外看板bin monitor 显像储藏室bisociation 异类联想blow-up 放大blue danube 蓝色多瑙河blue-sereen photography 蓝幕摄影boom person 吊杆控制员boom up 把摄影机升高Ccamera car 摄影车camera dolly 摄影机移动台车camera person 摄影师Campbell 汤府公司Carnation 康乃馨cartooning 卡通casting 演员试镜casting director 演员指导CBS 哥伦比亚广播公司Cecil B.DeMILe 迪麦而制作公司cel animation 赛璐璐动画celluloid 赛璐璐片CGI 电脑影像合成chain of command 指挥系统changing bag 暗袋checklist for bidding 议价核对清单chicago tribune 芝加哥谈论报chief electrician 首席灯光师choreography 舞术编排Cineon digital Film System 数位化影像系统click track 节拍音轨clip 画面段commercial-program 广告形式的电视节目compact disc CD雷射唱片comparison commercial 比较唱片composers 作曲者composite photograph 修饰过的写真照片 compositing 影像合成computer animation 电脑动画Computer Graphic Imaging CGI电脑影像处理conforming the picture 套剪图象copywrite 文案人员cost-plus-fixed-fee C+FF成本加固定费用 Cost Summary Forms 价目总表crane operator 摄影升降机操作员creative director CD创意总监DDemo 音乐样本带demographic segments 人口区隔demonstration commercial 展示广告Demonstrations and comparisons 展示与比较diffusion filters 柔焦滤镜或柔光镜Digital Audio Tape DAT数位录音带Digital Video Effect DVE数位影像效果digital audio workstations 数位录音工作站 digital film system 数位化影像系统digitized computerization 数位化电脑处理 digitizing 数位化diopters 屈光镜director costs 直接成本direct-response 直接回应director 导演director of photography DP摄影导演dissolves 溶接dolly grip 摄影机车台场务dolly in 整部摄影机向前移动dolly moves 前后移动dolly track 摄影机移动轨道doubles 替身演员diubling 替身戏down-the-line-renewnals 续约费用Eedge numbers 片边号码Edit Decision List EDL剪辑点决定表 edit-and-assemble monitor 剪辑及组合用的监视器editing 剪辑editors 剪辑师electrician 灯光师electronic chips 电脑晶片electronic pen 电子感应笔electronic pixels 电子像素erasa-and-reuse 洗掉再重录emotional response 情感反应emulsions 感光乳剂exaggeration 夸张效果exposed negative film can 曝过光的底片盒Ffade in 淡入fade out 淡出Federal Communications Commission FCC 联邦传播委员会Federal Trade Commission FTC联邦贸易委员会fiber optics 光线film library 影片资料库film magazine 摄影机片盒film scanner 底片扫描机film stocks 底片材料、拍摄片Final 最后成本明细表fine-tuning 微调finishing 最后完成作业finishing facilities 后制单位first bid 包工议价first cut 首次剪辑first generation 原版flying camera people 空中摄影师focus 焦距focus groups 小组讨论（分组座谈会）Foote Cone & Belding 富康广告公司forum 讨论会frame-by-frame filmmakers 逐格影片制作人free-lance casting director 自由的演员指导 Free-lancers 自由工作者full animation 完全动画full-scale occean liner 比例1比1的外海邮轮futuristic 未来Ggaffer （鱼叉人），灯光师的俗称General Foods 通用食品公司General Mills 通用磨坊公司generator plot 概括性的创意构想generator operator 发电机操作员generator truck 发电机卡车gobos 旗板graphic demonstration 图象展示graphics estimating sheets 影像估价单Green Giant 绿巨人Hhair stylist 美发师hangs wallpaper 壁挂纸head electrician 首席灯光师head-to-head-comparison 面对面的直接比较high -angle lights 高角度灯光high-definition TV HDTV 高解析度电视系统high-lights 强光high-speed strobe-lighr flash 高速频闪闪光灯home economist 食品料理专家house location 外景房屋huge bellows cameras 有蛇腹的相机IILM 光影魔幻产业公司Illusrating slogans with images 以影音特效强化标语immediate sales 立即性销售in real time 等速或即时informercials 资讯式广告inherent drama 商品兴俱来的戏剧性In-house aDVertising departments 客户公司内部的广告部门in-house production unit 广告公司内部的拍摄单位inkers 动画扫图员 inside props 棚内道具师instant production 即席制作internal costs 内部成本international Alliance of Theatrical stage Employee IATSE国际戏剧雇员联盟interview commercial 访问式广告影片Jj.Walter Thompson 智威汤逊广告公司jerky motions 把场景急拉的动作jingle 含有品牌象薇的广告音乐或声音Kkem flat-bed editing table kem平面式剪辑台 key frame 主要画格KeyCode.Kodak 柯达底片边缘印的条码key frame 主要画格Kodak Keykode Numbers 柯达片边条码系统Llevel angle 水平角度Lexus 凌志汽车library music 音乐资料库light meter 测光表line up 校准lines 台词lip sync dialogue 对嘴旁白lip-syncing 对嘴live-action 实景live-action filming 实景拍摄片制作live-action photography 实景摄影live-action shooting 实景拍摄local-access cable channels 地区性有线频道 location search 勘景log 拍摄日志long shot 远景镜头Low angle 低角度Lucas Films 卢卡斯影业Mmagnetic tape 磁性录音带makeup artist 美容师manipulation 操纵markup 固定利润matte 影像形板Maysles Films 梅思利电影公司memory-hook 回马枪memory-jogger 回马枪Merrill Lynch 美林动画metamorphic animation 变形动画metamorphosis 变形micro-markets 微众市场mixer 混音师modeling 模型制作montage 蒙太奇morph 型变MOS 不需要现场收音的无声取景motion board 活动脚本或动作脚本motion capture 动作资料截取motion cintrol 电脑控制拍摄系统motion picture film 动画影片motion tests 动作测试motor home 移动居住车mouse 滑鼠mouthpiece 发言人multi-city bidding 多城市竟标music bookends 音乐书签music first 以音乐为优先Musical Instrument DigitaL Interface MIDI 电子乐器一的数位介面NNational Association of Broadc 国家广播电子技师协会National Cash Register 国家收银机公司NBC 国家广播公司negative conformer 底片组合员New Yorker 《纽约客》杂志NG 不好的镜头Nikon camera 尼康相机nonlinear editing 非线性剪辑Oofff-camera 镜外表演off-key 走调offline system 线外系统offline system 线外剪辑系统one-stop operation 一贯作业 on camera 镜内表演on-camera SAG rates 电影演员同业公会规定的上镜费on location 出外景online editing 线上剪辑one-light 单一光度one-light film print 单光影片洗印one-stop operation 一次作业opaquer 著色人员open camera 公开摄影optical house 视觉效果工作室optical printer 光学印片室original arrangment 编曲著作original recording 录音著作original score 总谱制作out-of-pocket 现款支付outside props 棚外道具师outtakes 借用镜头PPacific Data Images 太平洋影像公司pegs 过场用之画面pencil test 铅笔测试稿perceived value 知觉价值personalities 知名人士Personality testimonials 名人见证petsuasion 说服photo CD 影像光碟pickup footage 从旧有的广告借凑而来的影片Pictures first 以画面为优先pixels 像素playback 播放playback person 录影机播放员post-scoring 后制配乐posttesting 后测pre-lite 预先排演pre-production meeting 拍制前会议pre-production stage 制前阶段prescoring music 拍摄前配乐pretesting 前测price-quote 报价或喊价printed circuiry 印刷电路producer 广告公司的制片，制作人product shot 商品展示镜头production assistant P.A制作助理production boutique 制片工作室production notes 制作住记production package 制作议价组合production specification sheets 制作分工明细表promotions 促销prop people 道具师peoperties 舞台道具props 道具public-domain music 大众共有或版权公有的音乐publisher's fee 发行费用pulldowm 抓片Rranddom access 随机存取Random Access Memory RAM随机存取记忆体raster 屏面Read Only Memory ROM唯读记忆体real opinions 真实反应的意见real people 消费大众或一般人Real people reactions and opinions 消费大众的真实反应及意见recordist 录音师reebok 锐跑reflections 反光rendering 算图rental facilities 出租公司residual 后续付款Rhapsody in blue 《蓝色狂想曲》Rhythm and Hues 莱休电脑动画公司right-to-work 自由工作权Ripomatic/stealomatic storyboard 借境脚本 Roll camera 开动摄影机rotoscope 逐格帖合的重覆动画动作rough cut 粗剪Ssample reels 作品集scencs 场景scenics artist 布景设计师scratch track 临时音轨 Screen Actors Guild SAG电影演员同业公会 Screen Extra's Guild SAG电影临时演员同业公会scripts 剧本script clerk 场记set construction costs 搭景费用set designer 布景设计师set dresser 布影装饰师shadows 阴影shape library 清晰对焦shooting board 模型资料库shooting day 制作脚本拍片日shooting in two 一次两画格的方式拍摄shot list 拍摄程序表shutter 快门sides 台词表silent scenes 无声场景silent takes 无声取景slate 开拍板Slice-of-life episodes 生活片段式对白snapshot 快照拍摄Solid State ScreenSound 数位录音工作站 song-and-dance 歌舞片sound people 音效人员sound stage 隔音场sound take 有声摄影special effects person 特殊效果人员special-effects 特效specification sheet 职责明细表speed 运转正常splice 捻接Sprint 斯布林特电话公司stand-in 替身Stand-up presenters 播报员推荐standing sets 常备的布景配置star personality 知名人物stereo-mixing 立体声混音sticks 排字手托stills 剧照still photos 静态照片stock footage 底片材料、库存影片stop-motion 单格拍制story line 故事情节storyboard 故事脚本strobe-lighe photography 频闪闪光灯摄影法Subaru autombile 速霸陆汽车Super 16mm format 超16厘米底片规格sync sound 同步收音synchronized 同步Tthe screening room 试播室takes 取景镜头talent reports 劳务报价单teamsters 卡车驾驶员Teamsters Union 卡车驾驶员工会telepromrter 读稿机test commercial 测试性广告testimonial release print 电影院放映片three-dimensional 3D三度空间tight close-up 大特写time-code 时码tissue sheets 薄绵纸top light 顶光tracing paper 扫图纸track left 摄影机左移track right 摄影机右移track time 音轨时限trade 通路Tri-X 柯打tri-x底片trim 剪修trims 修剪下来的片头尾turnarounds 转场UUnique Selling Proposition 独特的销售主张VVIDEO 视觉或影像部分video master 影像母带Video Tape Recording person 录音带录制员 vignetters 集锦式快接画面处理virtual reality 虚拟实境visual timeline 视觉时间尺visually oriented 视觉导向voiceover announcer 旁白播音员Wwardrobe attendant 服装师West and brady 威布广告公司wild wall 活动墙板window burn-in 叠印框wire-frame 立体线稿words-and-music 旁白加音乐Words First 以文案为优先YYoung Rubican 扬雅广告公司Zzoom 变焦zoom in 镜头向前推进附录：2D Solid 二维实体3D Array 三维阵列3D Dynamic View 三维动态观察3d objects 三维物体3D Orbit 三维轨道3D Viewpoint 三维视点3dpoly 三维多段2D Solid 二维实体3D Array 三维阵列3D Dynamic View 三维动态观察3d objects 三维物体3D Orbit 三维轨道3D Viewpoint 三维视点3dpoly 三维多段线3dsin 3DS 输入3DSolid 三维实体3dsout 3DS 输出abort 中断absolute coordinates 绝对座标abut 相邻accelerator key 快速键access 存取acisin ACIS 输入ACIS 汇入acisout ACIS 输出ACIS 汇出action 动作active 作用中adaptive sampling 最适取样add 加入Add a Printer 新增印表机Add mode 添加模式Add Plot Style Table 添加打印样式表Add Plotter 添加打印机Add to Favorites 增加我的最喜爱ADI ADI(Autodesk 设备接口)ADI (Autodesk 设备介面)adjacent 相邻Adjust 调整Adjust Area fill 调整区域填满AdLM (Autodesk License Manager) AdLM （Autodesk 许可管理器）Administration dialog box 管理对话方块Advanced Setup Wizard 进阶安装精灵Aerial View 鸟瞰视景affine calibration 关系校正alert 警告alias 别名aliasing 锯齿化align 对齐aligned dimension 对齐标注alignment 对齐allocate 配置Altitude 高度ambient color 环境颜色ambient light 环境光源angular dimension 角度标注angular unit 角度单位annotation 注解anonymous block 匿名图块anti-aliasing 消除锯齿aperture 锁点框apparent intersections 外观交点append 附加Application key 应用程式码appload 载入应用程式Apply 套用approximation points 近似点arc 弧Architectual Ticks 建筑斜线area 区域,面积Argument 引数Arrange icons 排列图示array 阵列arrowhead 箭头ASCII ASCII （美国标准信息交换码）ASCIIaseadmin ASE 管理aseexport ASE 输出aselinks ASE 链接aserows ASE 行aseselect ASE 选择ASE 选取asesqled SQL 编辑ASE SQL 编辑器Aspect 纵横向间距aspect ratio 纵横比assign 指定Assist 辅助associative dimension 关联式标注associative hatches 关联式剖面线attach v. 贴附attdef 属性定义attdisp 属性显示attedit 属性编辑attenuation 衰减attenuation of light 光源衰减attext 属性萃取attredef 属性重新定义attribute definition 属性定义Attribute Display 属性显示attribute extraction file 属性萃取档attribute extraction template file 属性萃取样板档attribute prompt 属性提示attribute tag 属性标签attribute value 属性值audit 检核authorization code 授权码AutoCAD library search path AutoCAD 资源库搜寻路径autocommit 自动确定AutoTrack 自动追踪axis tripod 三向轴azimuth 方位Back Clipping On 后向剪裁打开back view 后视景background color 背景颜色backup 备份Backward 左右反向bad 不正确base 基点基准,底端,底部base dimension 基准标注基线式标注base grips 基准掣点base point 基准点baseline 基线式baseline dimension 基线式标注Basic color 基本颜色batch plotting 批次出图beam angles of spotlights 点光源光线角度Beep on Error 错误时发出哔声bevel 斜切beveling objects 斜切物件Bezier curve Bezier 曲线Big Font 大字体bind 并入bitmap 点阵图blend 混成blipmode 点记模式block 图块block definition 图块定义block reference 图块参考block table 图块表格bmpout BMP 汇出body 主体Boolean operation 布林运算borders 图框bottom view 下视景boundary 边界boundary sets 边界集bounding 边界框break (v.) 切断Bring Above Object 置于物件上方Bring to Top 置于最上方brower 浏览器built-in 内建bulge 凸度bump map 凸纹贴图button menu 按钮功能表BYBLOCK 随块BYLAYER 随层byte 位元组cabling 配线cal 校正calibrate 校正call 呼叫callback 回覆callback 回覆camera 照相机camera angle 相机角度Cancel 取消cap 封口cascade 重叠排列case 大小写cast 投射catalog 目录cell 储存格Center 中心center mark 中心点标记centerline 中心线centroid 矩心chamfer 倒角change 变更CG专业英语screenplay [skri:npleI]电影剧本script [skript 脚本storyboard [`stR:rIbR:d] 情节串连图板故事板creative[kri(:)5eitiv] 创意director 导演creative director 创意导演artist [A:tist] 艺术家, 画家art director 美术（艺术）总监brief [bri:f]摘要, 大纲creative brief 创意纲要process 过程, 作用, 方法, 程序, 步骤, 进行, 推移creative process 创意过程technical 技术的, 技术上的, 技巧方面的animatic 样片demo 演示animation 动画活泼, 有生气animation techniques 动画技法audio 音频的dialogue 对话design 设计donut 旁白headline 标题illustrators 插图画家layout 布局图camera 相机镜头photographers 摄影师slogger 口号storyboard roughs 故事板草图digital 数字digital media 数字媒介postproduction(电影或电视的)后期制作(阶段) preproduction 预备前期phase 阶段manager 经理producer (电影)制片人special effects 特技Visual Effects 视觉效果Animated Short Film 动画短片Film Editing 剪辑Computer Graphics 电脑图象model 模型texturer 材质rigger 设置setup 设置light 灯光dynamics 动力学shader 着色cloth 布料action 动作antic 预备动作animtion flim 动画电影sheet 摄影表development 发展direct 直接的montage 蒙太奇sketch 草图props 道具scene 场景image 图象character 人物角色lens 镜头shot 镜头slow 缓慢consult 参考dream work 梦工厂pixar皮克斯squash 压缩stretch 伸展squash and stretch 压缩与伸展anticipation 预期性exaggeration 夸张表现straight 一直ahead 提前pose 姿势straight ahead and pose to pose 连续动作和重点动作follow 跟随follow through and overlapping 跟随和重叠slow in and slow out 平滑开始与结束（慢进慢出）secondary action 第二动作timing and weight 时间控制和重量staging 演出arks 圆弧运动cartoon 卡通realistic motion 真实运动facial animation contorl 面部动画控制siggraph 美国计算机绘图专业组file 文件scene 场景optimize 优化import 导入export 导出selection 选择perspective 透视图parent 父母group 群组team 团队project 项目duplicate 复制transformation 变换move 移动rotate 旋转scale 缩放pivot 轴心点attribute 属性convert 转换sphere 球体cube 盒子cylinder 圆柱体cone 锥体plane 面片飞机torus 圆环体circle 圆环square 正方形。
影视视频剪辑外文文献翻译字数3000多
文献出处：Belk R. The research of film and television video editing techniques [J]. Qualitative Market Research: an international journal, 2016, 8(2): 132-141.原文The research of film and television video editing techniquesBelk RAbstractVideo clip is indispensable to film and television art important constituent, it to a certain extent determines the communication effect of film and television works. Practice has proved that the mature video editing skills can make the film and television work more attractive. Based on the video clip of the related theory on the basis of further explore some video clips of the skill. The film and television works has become the general public today to be reckoned with in the important part of everyday life. The French cafes in Paris the limier brothers showed his first film and television works, marked the film was born. But when the limier brothers just use camera to record what happened around, didn't realize the important role of clips, until the American director Griffith began using a shooting like a shot, video, film and television works of clip art to be the contact and appreciate the people gradually. Keywords: Video; Processing; Skills1 Related conceptsImages, sound clip is the film in a special and meaningful way selection, decomposition and elsewhere, eventually forming a coherent and fluent, clear theme, artistic appeal. A film and television works even if the previous play, shoot picture and sound collection, cast strong enough, but the lack of the improvement of the video clip and packaging, late also unable to produce the desired viewing effect.At the beginning of video clips in general to go through several steps: cutting, after cutting, fine cut, etc. Early shear is based on directed intention, according to a shooting like a copy of material; After cut is on the basis of the initial shear and supplement for the perfection of video for further; Fine cut is editing personnel on double shear repeated verification, examination, on the basis of combining with the special means, the montage and be more careful cutting, after repeated revision,editing video editing techniques to achieve director intention, film narrative and the performance of the double goals are met. Excellent editors on a large number of video clips, to try to grasp the integral style of the works, the intention of the director, programs, etc. Also need to make the film and television works stand out, independent, excellent editing procedure and editing skills. Each clip like people blink an eye, editing final purpose is to meet the needs of the audience and recognition, to work, and ultimately achieve good communication effect.2 TechniquesEditing style, namely video director will own intentions to video editors, editors to show the overall understanding and grasp, eventually form their overall creation idea of editing. Some film let the audience the feeling of being in style is not consistent, most part of the reason is the preparation and editing personnel without a unified style. For the realization of the expected effect of viewing and editing personnel in contact with the video material, must first communicate and choreographer, read a script or a shooting copy, and then choose according to the information unified editing style and make it through the whole video. Clip the ultimate goal is to reach and program, structure, content and form of the theme of the harmonious unification, editors must not throw director intention and the creation of the work itself, according to the individual subjective intend to arrange video editing style along with the gender. Editing style is roughly divided into the following categories:2.1 The traditional editing styleTraditional clip is the basic editing video clip gimmick, it is able to prevent confusion between the lens, the role is to ensure a smooth film and television video conversion, 2 it is to make the film and television works the paragraph is clear, the plot of the narrative time, place, detail and clear, avoid to cause the audience confused feeling. The traditional editing style in film editing the proportion is very big, is also must master the basic skills of editing staff.To grasp the traditional editing style need to pay attention to the following three aspects: first of all, the linkage between the lens directions cannot be disorder. Figurewalking direction, the spatial relationship between the characters to maintain consistent, not because of the transformation of the lens for the confused feeling. For example, to show the characters from the lotus pond in the park to seat walk over and characters from the picture on the left side of the entering and going out from the right, then the next shot, the characters go to the seat should be still from the left into the picture. Otherwise it will let the audience feel a sense of confusion on the vision, especially pursuit, fighting like a lens, etc. Secondly, the change in the lens to be coordinated. The so-called "dynamic", "static", is the video similar material group together in rhythm, form a kind of coordination and stable effect. "Move" is commonly used in the characters' bodies, for example, when a man slapped the other one, a lens is held up his hand before, a camera and then have a fan up continuous motion. Or in the push, pull, shake, shift, with movement in the lens, when the lens is from one scene to another scene, the camera can be directly to switch to another direction, speed close pan, forming a natural transition. "Static" are often used during transitions, two relatively stationary camera can bring harmony on the look and feel, at the same time let the audience play imagination and thinking.Finally, omit unnecessary process.In real life, the audience is familiar with the actions or behaviors, in the process of video editing often can be omitted, only a few key action, form a compact clips of coherent effects.2.2 Creative editing styleCreative editing style aims to improve the effect of the film and television works of art to watch, it including the dramatic effect clip, clip and rhythmic effect clip expressive effect. Dramatic effect clip by changing the lens of sequence and timing, change the lens clips point, finally let each shot in the plot, the best time to bring the audience find everything new and fresh, an Epiphany viewing experience. For example, in the film, props repeatedly appears in the film, it is one of the important props will film to a climax. Expressive effect clip that the whole narrative content in fluency, on the basis of editing combined with their own experience, bold selection, focus some analogy to the lens, so that the film formation reveals a certain meaning, apply colors to a drawing atmosphere effects of editing style. Rhythmic effect cliprefers to the lens time is short, the scene changes quickly, let the audience feel urgency, the effect of psychological tension, this clip effect can't disorderly use, must be combined with the overall structure and the characteristics of the plot to use film.3 The video clips rhythmsThe tempo of the film and television works determines its overall style, some works even depend entirely on the rhythm to infect the audience's emotions and feelings. Editing rhythm to organize various art elements in film and television works effectively, depicting the hero image, create a special artistic conception, and effectively push forward the plot. As a result, the overall pace of film and television works to shape the overall artistic atmosphere, improve work grade having the effect that cannot ignore, even decided to work success or failure, rhythm grasp accurate or not is one of the important factors in evaluating a film and television works.The rhythm of the film can be divided into external and internal rhythm. Internal rhythm refers to the contradiction of the plot itself, the change of character psychology and external rhythm refers to the switching speed of the camera itself, often by means of montage, lenses and other sports. In addition to film the overall rhythm, each fragment, the scene also should have certain rhythm, according to the characters' emotions, drama, image to master, in order to ensure that every scene express a complete and accurate. Editing rhythm of film and television works by images of your body movement rhythm, the rate of movement of the camera, the influence of the length of the lens, transform, the narrative plot and characters in the film and television works mood changes speed to a certain extent, determines the merits of the work.To shoot early photographers according to the director of the creation intention, the overall style of the works and their own professional choice taking lens, on the basis of this formed the basis of film rhythm. After the completion of the preliminary work, editing personnel according to the development of the plot "priorities" to form a relaxation of the editing work. Whether editing rhythm, the rhythm of the film as a whole, or the rhythm of the film passage between, to ensure that all of the appropriateness of rhythm, can't let the audience psychological uncomfortable feeling.But throughout the whole style doesn't mean the whole works always keep the same pace, but rather too appropriately according to the plot unfolds, the formation of the climax of paragraphs and low, as the pace of the film to the audience emotional fermentation. In the film "run Lola run", the three paragraphs respectively represents the three end of Laura and her boyfriend, revealed many details of life often different events that can lead to the final result. Film, Laura lost money trying to save for her boyfriend, she's crazy running lens to form a kind of fast rhythm, at the same time, the roller run of the camera and turn the lens in the clock on the wall switch, enhanced narrative sense of urgency and the sense of crisis, the audience cannot help for the lens the fate of the characters in the tension and fear.4 Apply video clip gimmickPicture like a clever can form special effects, editing, from the video images through a meaningful set, you can generate a constant association and the feeling that find everything new and fresh. The film inception, for example, in like manner, using a variety of means of montage, bring the audience into a special trip to fantasy. Like a smooth way between lens, lens the link between the way there are a lot of, for example, fade, fade in, dissolve, to make use of the means to make smooth and natural to switch between scenes, also can be used directly to the switch, jump cut, flashbacks, make the film forming a rhythm quickly, strong impact effect.译文影视视频剪辑技巧研究Belk R摘要视频剪辑是电影、电视艺术不可或缺的重要组成部分，它在一定程度上决定了影视作品的传播效果。
电影片尾字幕中英文对照表
电影片尾字幕中英文对照表演职员表Cast & Crew演员表Performer职员表Staff演员Actor领衔主演Starring主演Starring Role电影制片人(出品人) Producer导演Director编剧Screenwriter制作人Producer 或Produced by...执行制片人Associate Producer制片主任Line Producer副导演/助理导演Assistant Director统筹Schedule Planner场记Clapper 或Script Supenisor监制Executive Producer选角导演Casting艺术指导Production Designer文学策划Screenplay Coordinator摄影指导Director of Photography摄影Cinematographer摄影助理Assistant Camera照明Gaffer照明助理Gaffer Assistant剧照Still Photographer录音师Sound Engineer录音指导Sound Supervisor配音指导ADR Supervisor配音录音师ADR Mixer配音剪辑ADR Editor配音助理ADR Assistant配音演员ADR V oice Casting前期录音师Location Sound Mixer同期录音师Location Recording Supervisor 拟音Foley Recording混音Re-Recording Mixer对白录音Dialogue Recording后期录音室Post Production Sound Studio 原创音乐Original Music作曲Music Composer美术指导Art Director美术设计（美工）Art Direction By布景师Set Decorator 或Set Decoration海报设计Poster Design By化妆师Makeup Artist特技化妆Special Make-Up化妆助理Makeup Assistant服装Costume 或Wardrobe服装助理Costume Assistant服装设计Costume Design By道具师Property Master或Props Master道具助理Property Master Assistant烟火师Pyrotechnician烟火助理Pyrotechnical Assistant剪辑Film Editing后期制作Late Stage Process底片剪接Negative Cutters配光师Color Timer影片字幕Credits数码配光Digital Colorist数码效果修复Digital Touch-Up Artist三维效果制作3D Artists 或CG Animator特效合成3D Composting 或CG Composting 视觉特技Visual Effects数字特技VFX后期特效指导VFX Supervisor动画设计师Animator影片字幕Credits主演Starring Role演员Actor特技演员Acrobat友情出演Cameo其他演员Other Cast升降机Crane Services武术指导Production Martial Arts 或Action Choreographer 动作替身Stunt Double英文字幕翻译English Sublitle海报设计Poster Design by技术支持Technical Support制片顾问Advisor场务Standby剧务Stage Manager(Uncredited)赞助单位Sponsors参加演出人员Additional Actors协助单位With the assistance of版权所有All rights reserved媒体支持Media Support特别鸣谢Acknowledgement 或Special Thanks to 重庆协助拍摄Chongqing Production Coordinator协助拍摄In Association With联合摄制Co-Produced by录音设备支持Recording Equipments。
拍摄流程表 英文
拍摄流程表英文
English:
The shooting process typically begins with pre-production, during which the script is finalized, locations are scouted, and casting and crew hiring are completed. Then, the actual shooting begins, with the director leading the cast and crew through each shot according to the storyboard and script. After shooting, post-production starts, where the raw footage is edited, sound, visual effects, and music are added, and the final product is polished before being released to the audience.
中文翻译:
拍摄流程通常从前期制作开始，期间剧本最终确定，地点勘查，演员和工作人员的招聘完成。
然后，实际拍摄开始，导演根据故事板和剧本指导演员和工作人员完成每个镜头。
拍摄结束后，后期制作开始，原始素材被剪辑，声音、视觉效果和音乐被添加，最终产品在发布给观众之前被打磨。
影视拍摄与后期制作外文文献翻译
影视拍摄与后期制作外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：John Wiley. Video pre-production and post-production [J]. Frontiers in Psychology, 2014, 5(5):262-271.英文原文Video pre-production and post-productionJohn WileyFilm and television media have become the most popular and most influential media types. From the fantasy world created by Hollywood movies, to the real life that television news focuses on, to overwhelming television commercials, it has profoundly influenced our world. In the past, the production of film and television programs was just a job for professionals. It seemed to be covered with a mysterious veil. For more than a decade, digital technology has fully entered the film and television production process. Computers have gradually replaced many existing video and television equipment and played a significant role in all aspects of film and television production. But until recently, the use of video and television production had always been extremely expensive and specialized hardware and software. It was difficult for non-professionals to have the opportunity to see these devices, not to mention proficiently mastering these tools to produce their own works. With the significant increase in PC performance and the continuous decrease in prices, filmand television production has gradually shifted from the previous professional-grade hardware equipment to the PC platform. The original high-value professional software was gradually transplanted to the PC platform, and the price has become increasingly popular. At the same time, the application of film and television production has also expanded from a professional film and television field to a broader field of computer games, multimedia, networks, and home entertainment. Many practitioners in these professional fields and a large number of film and television lovers can now use their computers to make their own television programs.Many people have come into contact with the production of movies and TV programs. They started with 3D computer animation. Until now, there are many people who understand and even master 3D computer animation. Many books have been introduced in this area, but most of them are not suitable for film and television post production. Understand that related books are also less, and generally only concerned with the operation and use of a certain software. However, they do not pay much attention to the basic flow and principles of film and television post-production. I hope readers can use this book to not only understand and master the software. Use, but also a more comprehensive understanding of the entire process of film and television post-production.1 Film and Television Post Production Overview:The production of film and television shows is a rather complicated process. Due to the diversification of the film and television programs themselves, it can be said that there is a world of difference, from expensive film production to personally produced home videos. Although the use intentions of these programs, the production budgets, and the manpower and material resources invested are all very different, their production processes are quite similar. In general, the production of film and television programs can be divided into pre-production, real-time production. Shooting, and post-production of the three major stages.Pre-production is the stage of planning and preparation. For film production, this process mostly starts with the script, followed by a series of complicated processes such as setting budgets, raising funds, selecting shooting locations, selecting actors, and forming photography groups. For personal creators, this may be nothing more than a whim, and then pick up your camera and take a few minutes of interaction with the surrounding environmental figures. The shooting phase is the process of recording a picture using a camera. At this time, the material shot can be said to be the cornerstone of constructing the final finished movie.When the main shooting work is completed, it reaches the post-production stage. Traditionally, the main task of this stage is editing, and editing the scattered material from the shooting stage into a complete movie. Generally during the shooting of a movie, the material actuallyshot is several times or even tens of times the length of the final cut. The editor wants to pick the most satisfying material from a large amount of material and organizes them in an appropriate way. Post-production also includes the production and synthesis of sounds. Generally only at this stage, when the extra material has been removed, the lenses have been combined in series, the picture and sound have been synchronized, and the full picture of the movie can be seen. Because of the large amount of information and meaning of the film, it is not included in the picture of a certain lens. It is included in the combination of a series of pictures and included in the connection between the picture and the sound. It is no exaggeration to say that the film and television art is very large. To the extent it is manifested in post-production.Traditional movie clips are truly splices, and the resulting film is processed to produce a set of work samples for editing. The editor selects the desired lens from a large number of samples, cuts the film with scissors, sticks them with tape or glue, and then watches the effect of the clip on the editing table. This repeated process of cutting and pasting is repeated continuously. Until the last look when satisfied with the results. This process is still very common until now. Although it may seem primitive, it is non-linear. The editor does not have to work from beginning to end, because he can cut the samples at any time from the middle, insert a shot, or cut out some pictures directly, without affectingthe whole movie. However, this method is powerless for many production techniques. The editor cannot create a special fusion screen between the two shots, nor can he adjust the color of the screen. All these techniques can only be completed during the printing process, and the manual operation of scissors and paste is also inefficient.Traditional TV editing is done on the editing device. The editing equipment usually consists of a player and a video recorder. The editor selects a suitable piece of material through the player, records it on the tape in the recorder, and then looks for the next shot. In addition, the advanced editing equipment also has powerful special effects functions, which can create various screens for fusion and special effects, can adjust the colors of the screen, and can also create subtitles. However, because the tape recording screen is sequential, it is not possible to insert a lens between existing screens, and it is not possible to delete a single camera unless all subsequent screens are rerecorded. So this kind of editing is called linear editing, which brings a lot of restrictions to editors.We can see that while the traditional editing methods have their own characteristics, they have great limitations, which greatly reduce the creativity of the editing staff and waste valuable time in the cumbersome operation process. The digital non-linear editing technology based on computer technology makes the editing method a great space for advancement and development. This technology records material on acomputer disk and uses the computer's calculations and data reading and storage to perform the editing process. It uses a non-linear mode of movie editing, but with simple mouse and keyboard operations instead of scissors and paste-type manual operations, the editing results can be played back immediately, thus greatly improving the production efficiency.2 3D Computer Animation and SynthesisWith the rapid development of film and television production, post-production has shouldered a very important responsibility: the production of special effects lens - special effects lens refers to the shot can not be directly obtained. Most of the early film and television special effects were accomplished through traditional methods such as model making, special photography, and optical synthesis, and they were mainly completed during the shooting and printing stages. The use of computer numbers provides better and more effective means for special effects production. It also enables many special effects that must be completed using models and photographic techniques to be produced through computer technology. Therefore, more special effects have become post-production. jobs. There are two main reasons why a special effect lens cannot be photographed. First, the subject or environment does not exist in real life, or it may not be photographed if it exists, such as a dinosaur or an alien; the second is the subject and environment of theshooting. Although it exists in real life, it cannot be in the same spacetime at the same time. For example, the protagonist of a movie escapes from a dramatic explosion scene.For the first difficulty, we must use other things to imitate the subject of photography. Common means include making models, using human makeup to imitate other creatures and 3D animations of computers. In fact, 3D computer animation is also a model. It is not only that it is a virtual model that exists in the computer. In short, to solve this type of problem, we need to use a method that is out of nothing.The second difficult solution is synthesis. Since the subjects of the shooting are all present, they can be photographed separately and then these shots taken separately are combined. In the past, synthesis relied mainly on techniques for special effects photography and printing, but the rapid development of computer digital synthesis technology made these methods obsolete. The rapid development of special effects movies in recent years has also led to the growth of the entire film industry. The computer digital synthesis technology is very different from the 3D computer animation. It is not a kind of technology itself, but it uses the existing material screens to be combined, and at the same time, a large number of images can be modified and beautified. It can be said that it is a kind of technology that icing on the cake. For television programs, we can often see such a picture. The picture itself is composed of manyunrelated objects. Obviously not through shooting, but through synthesis. For example, many television titles, advertisements, MTV and other programs are like this. The primary escape condition for synthesis at this time is not a sense of reality, but a purely aesthetic and formal sense, but there is not much difference from the synthetic synthesis in the way of synthesis. Through the above introduction, we have roughly summarized the appearance of film and television post-production: using footage from real-life shooting to produce special effects shots through 3D computer animation and synthesis, and then combining the shots together to form a complete film. , And make sounds for the movie. In the following figure we can see the basic flow of digital post-production of television. At present, most of the television programs, such as advertisements, titles, MTVs, and TV dramas are produced in this way. However, in the process of synthesis, the following requirements must be met:(a) The screen is cleanThe clean screen includes the following aspects:1 No clip frame is a complete lens connection, there is no extra thing in the middle. If we did not cut at the end of the shot when we edited it, we took the contents of the next shot at the back, and these things were added due to mistakes. We did not need to. This is the clip frame. And when we connect the two lenses, there is no black field in the middle. This is also a clip frame. One of the most important tasks when editing isusually to cut the screen.2. The editing mode of the lens complete lens is dynamic and static and then static. There is not much to say about moving here, and the lens must be complete when it is docked. The still lens must maintain a certain length, such as 5-8 seconds in the middle scene. Sports shots must have a kick and a kick.3, The moving lens must be settled finally, the moving lens can not be called the end of the screen, so the final point of the lens must be still. Even if you use dynamic connection, the last lens must also be quiet. The subject stops moving or draws.(B) The sound is cleanThis is what the novice usually ignores in the editing, including several aspects:1 Words to completeWhether it is the original soundtrack or the narration, one cannot say one sentence.2 The sound should be pureSpecial noisy sounds cannot be used and must be understood by the audience.3 The volume of the sound should be appropriateThe volume of a program must be unified and cannot be high or low.The proportion of background music volume should be appropriate,so that the sound of background music cannot affect the sound of speech.中文译文视频的前期拍摄与后期制作作者：约翰·威利电影电视媒体已经成为当前最为大众化, 最具影响力的媒体型式。
视频的后期制作与编辑外文文献翻译2014年译文3400字
文献出处: Alessandrini P. The Post-production and Editing of Film and Television Video [J]. Review of Film Video, 2014, 15(2): 261-307.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库）原文The Post-production and Editing of Film and Television VideoAuthor: Alessandrini PAbstractIn the process of film and television production, the production and editing of the late is as important as the prophase work. Pre-production is the film and television planning and preparation, and as the film and television post-production be finished before the end of the procedure, it is combined with sounds, words and images such as a variety of audio-visual methods in the integration of professional high comprehensive creation. A good film and television works or not, depends largely on the later production and editing, according to the requirements of the film and television production, to choose the right means of post-processing, society. with for film and television program. In this paper, from the understanding of the film and television post-production and editing, video post-processing technology is analysed and the correct selection method.Keywords: knowledge; Technology; chooseFilm and television production is divided into three stages, namely the preparation, the actual filming and post-production. Preparation of film and television works planning and preparation; The actual filming scenes, film and television works in the recording process; And post-production is on the basis of the previous good pictures, according to the requirement of the film and television works expressive force, etc, to a certain animation and synthesis technology to make special effect lens, then each set of lens splicing clip together, made into a full and there's a very rich visual and sound effects. As a result, the film and television late work directly affects the whole quality of film and television works.1 The understanding of film and television post-production and editingBoth the audience and producer of the film and television works, more and more people begin to pay attention to the film and television works in scope, therefore the post-production and editing of the film and television works work also gradually improve requirements, through long-term exploration is gradually perfect. In the process of film and television post-production, more traditional methods were taken editor based on good material to choose the appropriate lens, will be extra footage off, then the joining together of lens, completed the film and television works. Generally in the filming of a film and television work, editors to choose from a large amount of material the best represents material characteristics and theme film and television works, and then organize, and the number of the original material tend to reach several times or even dozens of times the length of the film and television works. It should be pointed out that, "clips" is not equal to simple to work "cutting" of theoriginal material, clip a technique, which is including splicing, more emphasis on is the creation of the creator consciousness, and is not a simple "cut" and "pick up", but rather to visual and sound effects on the camera and editing. From the perspective of the development of digital technology, enhance its quality and properties of film and television works, to a large extent depends on the development of digital technology. And from the point of development prospect, post-processing, film and television works mainly in order to strengthen the expressive force of work. Mainly in the development of linear editing system gradually to stall, and nonlinear editing system has a good development situation, this makes the film and television production more convenient and quick. The integrated use of various software, or a fantastic visual and sound effects to the film and television works, also brought a great visual impact to the audience. At the same time because of the rapid development of the PC platform, prices are lower, film and television post-production is from the previous professional hardware gradually shift to the PC platform, the application of film and television production has not only confined to the movie and TV is made, but more to the games and the Internet, multimedia, entertainment, family, and more areas. Film and television post-production and clips, in the process of development of modern media is playing a very important role.2 Post-production and cutting technologyIn today's digital technology rapid development, the film and television post-production and editing process technology has developed to the point of very mature, also all kinds of software and hardware development and development, in particular, more film and television post-production provided convenient conditions, let the audience to appreciate more dazzling audio-visual feast. Based on the purposes of the hardware and software can be roughly divided into the high school low-end, and each level has different requirements and the hardware configuration, in general, the more high-end products for hardware requirements will be high, the corresponding output video quality is relatively higher. So according to the theme of the film and television works and asked to choose the appropriate level of software and hardware, nature can achieve twice the result with half the effort. Tell from the processing techniques, the film and television post-production can be divided into linear editing and nonlinear editing, both in today's post production and editing work supplement each other, at the same time have their own advantages and disadvantages.2.1 Linear editingThe so-called linear editing is recorded at the early stages of the film and television works, after completing a job editor for material selecting, editing, and then new lens together. Connect the new lens method generally used combination of editing, if you want to replace a part of the lens is with insert editing but need to replace of the same length. The disadvantages of this method is mainly it needs to be made in chronological order, it is difficult to on the basis of the original material to shorten or lengthen the middle part, unless it is recorded that after a while. This is a traditional film and television works edit mode.2.2 Nonlinear editingNonlinear editing is relative to the case of linear editing, if linear editor is editing according to time sequence, then the nonlinear editor nature is achieved by leaps and bounds, editor of technology. It is the perfect combination of computer technology and digital television technology, almost all of its jobs are done in the computer, for very little dependence on external devices, for the use of the material also can choose at will, rather than as according to the time order of the single linear editing, choose the material is very fast and convenient, the compiling system gives the producer of the film and television works great creative freedom space, so it is very suitable for the montage film editing and stream-of-consciousness way of thinking, and the vast majority of the film and television works in the modern application of most of the nonlinear edit system.3 Choose appropriate editing and production methodsTo choose the right means of film and television post-production and editing linear editing and nonlinear editing their respective advantages and disadvantages, decided the both in the process of production of film and television works complementary relationship, both be short of one cannot. Only according to the requirement of the film and television works and characteristics, select the appropriate technology and methods, to present a good film and television works to the audience. In feature films, documentaries, advertising, and in the process of the opening of film and television program production, usually use edit mode is nonlinear editing. This choice is because in the opening of film and television programs, advertising, you need to theme is very outstanding, let the audience impressed is shown in the video content, so there are relatively high requirements for image processing. In this a few kind’s films, often need special treatment on subtitles, color, heavy use of multilayer superposition of images, such as sports, transparent effect, to fast, slow motion picture carefully. In addition, in this a few kinds of film and television work, also often use longer than 5 seconds, linear editing is hard to do such a request, and with nonlinear editing, is much more easy to implement.Live entertainment, interview programs generally use the traditional linear editing, etc. Because live, live straight record the response speed recording equipment used by the program requirements in a timely manner, recorded from the beginning would have been recorded to the end of the show, middle can't stop, don't make any more mistakes. Therefore, this type of program recording with traditional linear editing. But for programs have special requirements, if you need to playback or processing of images, also combined with a nonlinear editing to use, in order to achieve better visual effect.For news of the production process, application is given priority to with linear editing. Because the news is mainly to the audience more news, current affairs and to be in a relatively short period of time will spread out, a lot of information on the screen, and it need to shorten the time of each lens, press the requirements of each lens length is not greater than 5 seconds. Because the news authenticity requirement, in the process of dealing with almost no special effects shots, but the lens group together directly, most is the late dubbing voice or the same period and late dubbing mix, therefore in the process of news production using linear editing is perfect. Linearediting is commonly component connection use more, which reduces the loss of signal, program quality is guaranteed.4 Art characteristics of post-productionAfter the late preliminary editing, careful editing and delicate clipping three stages, complete the whole editing tasks of film and television works. And the process of editing, editors will not work in order to achieve the length of several of the camera is rigidly stitching together or stiffly for use, the effect will be a lens to use special effects, in the process of handling of material, editors to consider action transitions, modelling, the art characteristic of three aspects of time and space to deal with the lens.4.1 Action transitionsAction is an important way of scene transitions. In order to make the lens more in line with the law, are ornamental, in the process of editing action selection and combination of carefully and must be handled. Due to the character's psychological action, language, action and body movements, and many other body movements to express people's personality traits, character emotions, has played a great role in promoting the plot development, so the editor for processing is attached great importance to the action, at the same time, it also can change the monotonicity of action. For example, is the most widely use slow motion, with slow motion to highlight action or faster action.4.2 Plastic artsUse sharpening, mask and feature technology to optimize the film and television in the modelling, can play a rendering, more stress the theme of the film and television works. Editor, often through the character modelling, modelling and environmental modelling picture processing, to achieve the desired effect. Environmental modelling to neutral shade, to coincide with the style of the film and television works, not too thick or too light, should not only have the rendering effect of film and television works, but not a presumptuous guest usurps the host's role. Film and television works with images of the stereo configuration of the modelling is going through the picture, surface structure, space depth, the outline form and features such as color change, multi-angle editor, to enrich the connotation of the film and television works.4.3 The space and timeTime and space is a big background of film and television works, also became editor for editing, and action and modelling processing mainly to highlight the theme of the film and television works, apply colours to a drawing atmosphere and so on, in order to achieve the purpose of the audience and the formation of resonance, let the audience was impressed by the film and television works. In addition to deal with the film and television works should reflect the time characteristic, will handle with these time in line with the appearance and characteristics of the space. Editor to correctly use all kinds of editing effects, reflects the different aspects of the art features, in order to fully reflect the creative intention of writer and director, the audience enjoy the transformed literary artistic conception of the script into the perfect audio-visualfeast.5 ConclusionIn the process of creation of film and television works, post-production and editing work should be more and more attention, this is not only the demands to the film and television post-production workers, also is a good film and television works the most basic guarantee.译文影视作品视频的后期制作与编辑亚历山德里尼摘要在影视制作过程中，后期的制作与剪辑和前期的工作一样重要。
镜头拍摄流程总结200字
镜头拍摄流程总结200字英文回答：1. Pre-production: The pre-production phase involves planning and preparation before the actual filming. This includes identifying the shot list, creating storyboards, securing locations, and scheduling equipment and crew.2. Production: The production phase is when the filming takes place. This involves setting up the camera, lighting, sound, and actors, and capturing the footage according to the shot list.3. Post-production: The post-production phase involves editing the footage, adding effects, and creating the final product. This includes cutting and assembling the shots, adjusting the color and sound, and adding music and other elements.中文回答：镜头拍摄流程总结。
前期制作，前期制作阶段涉及实际拍摄前的规划和准备。
这包括确定镜头列表、创建故事板、确定拍摄地点以及安排设备和工作人员。
拍摄制作，拍摄制作阶段是拍摄发生的时候。
这包括设置摄像机、灯光、声音和演员，并根据镜头列表捕捉素材。
后期制作，后期制作阶段涉及编辑素材、添加特效并创建最终产品。
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视频的前期拍摄与后期制作电影电视媒体已经成为当前最为大众化，最具影响力的媒体型式。
从好莱坞电影所创造的幻想世界，到电视新闻所关注的现实生活，到铺天盖地的电视广告，无不深刻地影响着我们的世界。
过去，影视节目的制作只是专业人员的工作，似乎还拢罩着一层神秘的面纱。
十几年来，数字技术全面进入影视制作过程，计算器逐步取代了许多原有的影视设备，在影视制作的各个环节发挥了很重大的作用。
但是直到不久之前，影视制作使用的一直是价格极端昂贵的专业硬件及软件，非专业的人员很难有机会见到这些设备，更不用说熟练掌握这些工具来制作自己的作品了。
随着PC性能的显著提升以及价格上的不断降低，影视制作从以前专业等级的硬设备逐渐向PC平台上转移，原先身价极高的专业软件逐步移植到PC 平台上，价格也日益大众化。
同时影视制作的应用也从专业的电影电视领域扩大到计算机游戏、多媒体、网络、家庭娱乐等更为广阔的领域。
许多在这些专业领域的从业人员与大量的影视爱好者们现在都可以利用手中的计算机来制作自己的影视节目。
许多人接触到影视节目制作，是从3D计算机动画开始的，直到目前，了解乃至掌握3D计算机动画制作的人员很多，介绍这方面的书籍也不少，而对于影视后期制作，多数人并不太了解，相关的书籍也较少，而且一般也只关心某一软件的操作使用，而对于影视后期制作的基本流程和原理却不甚重视，希望读者能透过本书，不但可以了解和掌握软件的使用，同时也对影视后期制作的整个过程有一个比较全面的了解。
一、影视后期制作概况:影视节目的制作是一个相当复杂的过程。
由于影视节目本身的多样化，从耗资巨大的电影制作到个人制作的家庭录像带，可以说有天壤之别。
虽然这些节目的使用意图，编列的制作预算，投入的人力物力都有很大的区别，但其制作过程却有相当的共同之处，一般来说，影视节目的制作可以分为前期制作，实景拍摄，和后期制作三个主要阶段。
前期制作是筹划与准备的阶段，对于电影制作来说，这个过程多半是从剧本开始，然后是制定预算、筹募资金、选定拍摄地点、挑选演员、组成摄影小组等一系列复杂的过程。
而对于个人制作者来说，这也许不过是突发奇想，然后拿起自己的摄影机，拍摄周遭环境人物短短数分钟互动的事。
拍摄阶段就是利用摄影机记录画面的过程，这时拍摄的素材可以说是构造最终完成片的基石。
当主要的拍摄工作完成后，就到了后期制作阶段。
传统上这个阶段的主要工作是剪辑，把拍摄阶段得到的散乱素材剪辑成为完整的影片。
一般在电影的拍摄过程中，实际拍摄的素材是最终剪辑完成影片长度的数倍甚至数十倍。
剪辑师要从大量的素材中挑出最满意的素材并把它们按照适当的方式组织在一起。
后期制作还包括声音的制作与合成。
一般只有到这个阶段，当多余的素材已经去掉，镜头已经组合串联在一起，画面与声音已经同步，才可以看到影片的全貌。
因为影片的大量信息和涵义，并不是包含在某一个镜头的画面中，而正是包含在一连串画面的组合当中，包含在画面与声音的联系中，毫不夸张地说，影视艺术有很大的程度上正是表现在后期制作之中的。
传统的电影剪辑是真正的剪接，拍摄所得到的底片经过冲洗，要制作一套工作样片，利用这套样片进行剪辑。
剪辑师从大量的样片中挑选需要的镜头，用剪刀将胶片剪裁，再用胶带或胶水把它们黏在一起，然后在剪辑台上观看剪辑的效果，这个剪裁、黏贴的反复过程要不断重复直到最后看当满意的结果。
这个过程直到现在仍然很常见，虽然看起来很原始，但这种剪接却是非线性的。
剪辑师不必从头到尾顺序地工作，因为他可以随时将样片随时从中间剪裁，插入一个镜头，或者直接剪掉一些画面，都不会影响整个片子。
但这种方式对于很多制作技巧是无能为力的。
剪辑师无法在两个镜头之间制作一个特效融合的画面，也无法调整画面的色彩，所有这些技巧都只能在冲印过程中完成，同时剪刀和浆糊的手工操作效率也很低。
传统的电视编辑则是在剪辑设备上进行的。
剪辑设备通常由一台放影机和一台录像机组成，剪辑师通过放影机选择一段适合的素材，然后把它记录到录像机中的磁带上，然后在寻找下一个镜头。
此外，高级的剪辑设备还有很强的特效功能，可以制作各种画面的融合与特效过场，可以调整画面的颜色，也可以制作字幕等。
但是由于磁带记录画面是顺序的，无法在已有的画面之间插入一个镜头，也无法删除一个镜头，除非把其之后的画面全部重新录制一遍。
所以这种编辑叫做线性编辑，它给编辑人员带来了很多限制。
我们可以看到传统的剪辑方法虽然各有特点，但又都有很大的局限性，大大减低了剪辑人员的创造力，并使宝贵的时间浪费在烦琐的操作过程当中。
基于计算机科技的数字化非线性编辑技术使剪辑的方法得到很大的进步发展的空间。
这种技术将素材记录到计算机磁盘中，利用计算机的运算与数据读取与储存进行剪辑的过程。
它采用了电影剪辑的非线性模式，但用简单的鼠标及键盘操作替代了剪刀和浆糊式的手工操作，剪辑结果可以马上回放观看，所以大大提升了制作的效率。
二、随着影视制作的迅速发展，后期制作又肩负起了一个非常重要的职责：特效镜头的制作—特效镜头是指拍摄无法直接得到的镜头。
早期的影视特效大多是通过模型制作、特殊摄影、光学合成等传统手段完成的，主要在拍摄及冲印的阶段中完成。
计算机数字的使用为特效制作提供了更好更多的手段，也使许多过去必须使用模型和摄影技术完成的特效可以透过计算机科技来制作完成，所以更多的特殊效果就成为了后期制作的工作。
特效镜头无法拍摄到一般是由于两种原因，一是拍摄对象或环境在现实生活中根本不存在，或者即使存在也不可能拍摄到，例如恐龙或是外星人；二是拍摄的对象和环境虽然在实际生活中存在，但无法同时出现在同一个时空中，例如影片的主角从剧烈的爆炸场景中逃生。
对于第一种困难，就必须利用别的东西来模仿拍摄的对象，常用的手段包括制作模型，利用对人的化妆来模仿其它生物以及计算机的3D动画，实际上3D计算机动画也是一种模型，只不是它是存在在计算机中的虚拟模型而已。
总之要解决这类问题，需要用一种无中生有的办法。
对于第二种困难解决的方法就是合成。
既然拍摄的对象都是存在的，就可以单独拍摄他们，然后在分别把拍摄的这些画面合成起来。
过去，合成主要依靠特效摄影和冲印时的技巧来完成，但计算机数字合成技术的快速发展使这些方式都相形落伍了。
在近年来特效电影的迅速发展，并带动了整个电影工业的成长。
计算机数字合成技术与3D计算机动画有很大的差别，它本身不是无中生有的一种技术，而是利用已有的素材画面进行组合，同时可以对画面进行大量的修饰、美化。
可以说是一种锦上添花的一种技术。
对于电视节目来说，我们经常可以看到这样的画面，画面本身就是由很多没有关联的物体组合而成，显然不是透过拍摄，而是透过合成得以的。
例如很多电视片头，广告，MTV等节目就是如此。
这时合成的首要逃条件不是真实感，而是纯粹的审美和形式感，但从合成的技术方式来说与拟真的合成没有太大的差别。
经由以上的介绍，我们大致总结出影视后期制作的样貌：利用实景拍摄所得到的素材，透过3D计算机动画和合成的技术来制作特效镜头，然后把镜头剪接组合在一起，形成完整的影片，并且为影片制作声音。
在以下图中我们可以看到电视数字后期制作的基本流程。
目前大部份的电视节目，比如广告、片头、MTV、电视剧等都是按这样的工作方式制作出来的，但在合成的过程中必须符合以下要求：（一）画面干净画面干净包括以下几个方面：1、没有夹帧就是完整镜头连接，中间没有多余的东西。
我们在剪辑时如果在镜头结束时没有剪，后面带着下一个镜头的内容，而这些东西是由于失误加上的，我们并不需要。
这就是夹帧。
还有我们在连接两个镜头时，中间没有连接好有黑场，这也是夹帧。
通常在剪辑时，很重要的一个任务就是把画面剪干净。
2、镜头完整镜头的剪辑方式有动接动、静接静两种方式。
动接这里就不多说了，静接时镜头必须完整。
静止镜头要保持一定的长度，比如中景5-8秒。
运动镜头必须有起幅、落幅。
3、动镜头最后必须定下来，动镜头不能称为结束画面，所以剪辑点动的镜头最后必须静止下来。
即使使用动接，最后一个镜头也必须静下来。
主体停止运动，或者出画。
（二）声音干净这是新手在剪辑中通常被忽略的内容，包括几个方面:1、话要完整无论是现场原音还是旁白，不能让人说半句话。
2、声音要纯净特别嘈杂的声音不能使用，必须让观众听明白。
3、声音的音量高低要合适一个节目的音量要统一，不能有高有低。
背景音乐的音量比例要合适，不能让背景音乐的声音影响到说话的声音原文出处：John Wiley & Sons.Press,Mark Gerhard Jeffrey M . Harper.Mastering Autodesk 3ds Max Design 2011[M].Publisher: John Wiley & Sons,2012.22-32.In the early period of the video filming andpost-productionFilm and television media has become the most popular, the most influential media type. From created the fantasy world of Hollywood movies to television news focus on the reality of life, into a frenzy of television advertising, which profoundly affects our world. In the past, film and television program production is only professional work, seems to be gathering cover with a layer of mysterious veil.For decades, digital technology comprehensively in the process of film and television production, calculator gradually replaced many of the original film and television equipment, in film and television production each link has played a very important role. But until recently, the use of film and television production has always been extremely expensive specialized hardware and software, non-professional personnel itis difficult to have the chance to see these equipment, let alone familiar with the toolsto create their own works. As the PC performance significantly increased and the lower price, film and television production from the previous level of professional hardware equipment to gradually shift on PC platform, the original value is extremely high professional software gradually transplanted to the PC platform, the price also becomes more and more popular.At the same time, the application of film and television production, film and television from the professional field expanded to computer games, multimedia, network, home entertainment, such as wider areas. Many practitioners in these fields and a lot of movie and TV fans can now be used his computer to make his film and television programmes.Many people come into contact with the film and television programme production, starts from the 3 d computer animation, until now, to understand and master the 3 d computer animation production personnel many, introduce the many books, too, for the film and television post-production, most people don't know, booksare less, and generally only care about a software operation, basic process and principle for the film and television post-production has not very seriously, hope I can through this book, readers can not only understand and master the use of software, but also to the whole process of film and television post-production has a more comprehensive understanding.A profile of film and television post-production：Film and television program production is a quite complex process. Due to the diversity of film and television program itself, made from expensive movie-making to personal home videos, it could not be more different. Intention while the use of these programs, the budgeted production budget, investment of manpower to have very big difference, but its production process has much in common, in general, film and television program production can be divided into pre-production, live action, and post-production three main stages.Pre-production is planning and preparation stage, for film production, the process often begins with script, and then the budget, raise money, the selected location, select group of actors, photography and a series of complex process. The ?Is the process of using the camera to record the picture shooting stage, then the footage is the foundation of the construction finished, so to speak.When after the completion of the work, like the post-production stage. Traditionally the main job of this phase is the clip, the shooting stage get scattered material cutting complete film. General in the filming process, the actual final cut finished filming material is film length several times or even dozens of times. Editor, a large amount of material is from selected the satisfaction of material and put them together according to the proper way. Production and post-production include voice synthesis. Generally only at this stage, when the material has been removed, excess lens is in series with the combination of picture and sound is synchronous, can only see the outline of the film. Because of the large amount of information and meaning of the film, is not included in a lens painting ?Traditional movie clips were taken real splicing, the resulting film after wash, to make a working sample, use these samples for clips. Clips from a large number ofsamples selected need to shot, the film with scissors, tape or glue to stick them together again, and then watch a clip on JianJiTai effect, the cut and paste the process is repeated until (till) the final see repeatedly when satisfied with the results. This process until now is still very common, although look very primitive, but this kind of splicing is nonlinear. Editors don't have to order from beginning to end, because he can keep samples at any time from the middle clipping, insert a lens, or directly cut off some of the pictures, will not affect the entire film. But ?Traditional TV editing is performed on editing equipment. Editing equipment generally consists of a projector and a video recorder, editor by projector choose a suitable material, and record it into the video tape, and then looking for the next shot. In addition, advanced editing equipment and effects of the strong function, can make all kinds of image fusion and special effects played, can adjust the color of the picture, also can make subtitles and so on. But due to tape record the order of images is, not in existing images inserted between a camera, can't delete a lens, unless all the after picture to record it again. So the editor called linear editing, it brought many restrictions to editors.Although we can see that the traditional editing methods have different characteristics, but also have very big limitation, greatly reducing the editing staff's creativity, and waste precious time in the operation process of cumbersome. Based on computer technology, digital non-linear editing technology makes them ways to get great progress in the development of space. This technique will material records to the computer disk, using the computer calculations and data is read and stored in editing process. It USES a film clip of the nonlinear model, but with a simple mouse and keyboard instead of a scissors and paste type of manual operation, the editing results can playback watch right away, so greatly improve the efficiency of production.With the rapid development of film and television production, post-production and shoulder an important responsibility:Production refers to the special effects shots -- special effects shots taken cannot directly get the lens. Early in the film and television special effects are mostly through the model making, special traditional means such as photography, optical synthesis,mainly in the stage of the film and print completed. Digital computer used for special effects production provides more better method, also makes a lot of the past must be used to model and photography done special effects can be completed through the computer technology, so that more special effects became a post-production work. Special effects shots can't shooting, due to two reasons, one is the subject doesn't exist in real life or the environment, or even impossible to shoot, also such as dinosaurs or aliens; Second, the subject and ?For the second solution is difficult. Since the subject is there, they can be taken separately, and then in combining the different of these pictures, respectively. In the past, the synthesis relies on special effects of photography and print techniques to complete, but the computer the rapid development of digital synthesis technology to make these in way behind The Times. In recent years the rapid development of the special effects film, and led to the growth of the whole film industry. Computer digital synthesis technology and 3 d computer animation has very big difference, it itself is not out of a technology, USES the existing material images are combined, but at the same time, the picture can be a lot of decoration and beautification. A technology is a kind of icing on the cake, so to speak. For TV showsThrough the above introduction, we summarize the film and television post-production appearance: using the live action of material, through 3 d computer animation and synthetic technology to produce special effects shots, then the scene splicing together, form a complete film, and sound for film production. In the following figure, we can see the basic process of TV digital post-production. At present most of the TV show, from advertising, opening, MTV, TV series and so on all is according to this way of working.一、Body clean clean pages including the following respects1、No clamp frame is a complete lens connection, no superfluous things. If when we clip at the end of the lens is not cut, followed the next content of the lens, and is due to mistakes with these things, we don't need. This is clip frames. And when we connect two lenses, no good connection there is black, this is clip frames. Usually in the clip, it is an important task is to cut the screen clean.2、Camera lens cutting complete move by dynamic and static static in two ways. Movements meet here is not much said, still answer the lens must be complete. Static shots to keep a certain length, such as middle 5-8 seconds. Sports camera must have picture, picture.3、move the lens must be decided finally Even using dynamic, last scene also need to calm down. The main body stop motion, or out of the picture.二、Sounds clean and this is usually neglected in novice in editing content, including several aspects1、Something to completeWhether the original sound or narrator, not let people say half sentence.2、To pureCan not use the special noise, must let the audience understand it.3、The volume of the sound to the rightThe volume of the one show to unification, cannot have high low.Background music volume percentage to the right, can't let the background music sounds affect the voice.。