货币金融学课后答案米什金

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货币金融学第11版-米什金-思考题目答案第25章

Chapter 25ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.Despite very low interest rates as a result of monetary easing, expenditures on consumer durables wereweak at this period of time, indicating that the interest rate channel, as it affected consumer durables, was not very healthy. As a result, the government instituted such programs in order to more directly stimulate spending in these areas.尽管由于货币宽松政策利率非常低，但在这段时间内，消费者耐用品支出疲软，这表明利率渠道，因为它影响了耐用消费品，并不是很健康。

因此，政府制定了这样的计划，以便更直接地刺激这些领域的支出。

2.Uncertain. Although consumption is the largest part of overall U.S. GDP, and there is no doubt that thesechannels can be important to monetary policy effectiveness, some may disagree with this statement. For instance, even though investment is closer to 15% of U.S. GDP, investment fluctuations are much more pronounced over the business cycle than changes in consumption, leading to the possibility that interest rate effects on investment could be potentially more important. In addition, proponents of the credit view believe that credit market effects are much more important than interest rate effects, and since the credit view primarily impacts investment, credit effects on investment could be potentially more powerful than consumption effects from monetary policy changes.不确定的。

货币金融学第11版-米什金-思考题目答案第16章

Chapter 16ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. A nominal anchor helps promote price stability by tying inflation expectations to low levels directlythrough its constraint on the value of money. It can also limit the time-inconsistency problem byproviding an expected constraint on monetary policy.名义上的锚定可以通过约束货币价值,将通胀预期直接与低水平挂钩,从而促进价格稳定.它还可以通过提供预期的货币政策约束来限制时间不一致问题.2.Central bankers might think they can boost output or lower unemployment by pursuing overlyexpansionary monetary policy even though in the long run this just leads to higher inflation with no gains to increasing output or lowering unemployment. Alternatively, politicians may pressure the central bank to pursue overly expansionary policies.央行官员可能认为,他们可以通过推行过度扩X的货币政策来提高产出或降低失业率,尽管从长远来看,这只会导致通胀上升,而不会增加产出或降低失业率.或者,政治家们可能会向中央银行施压,要求其推行过度扩X的政策.3.This could pose a problem for a couple reasons. First of all, monetary policy has limited ability toencourage long-run economic growth other than through its ability to maintain low, stable long-run inflation and interest rates. Moreover, a strictly interpreted focus on economic growth may result in an unhealthy focus on keeping short-term interest rates low for a prolonged period of time to raiseinvestment and consumption in the near-term. This could lead to imbalances in the economy that, if not properly addressed, could lead to bubbles and financial crises.这可能会造成一个问题,有几个原因.首先,相对于维持低、稳定的长期通胀和利率,货币政策刺激长期经济增长的能力有限.此外,对经济增长的严格解读,可能会导致不健康的关注于将短期利率维持在较低水平以便在短期内提高投资和消费.这可能导致经济失衡,如果不恰当解决,可能导致泡沫和金融危机.4.Uncertain. Most economists probably would not dispute that trying to maintain stability in financialmarkets is important to the economy. However, having a constant and prioritized focus on financial market stability in order to prevent crises in most cases is probably unnecessary since financial crises are generally pretty rare. In addition, constantly focusing on maintaining stability in financial markets could come at the expense of ignoring more important factors that can be far more costly to the economy on a day-to-day basis, such as stabilizing output, unemployment, or other related short-term movements in the business cycle.不确定的.大多数经济学家可能不会否认,试图维持金融市场的稳定对经济是重要的.然而,为了防止在大多数情况下发生危机,将重点放在金融市场稳定上,这可能是不必要的,因为金融危机通常是相当罕见的.此外,不断关注金融市场的稳定,可能会忽视更重要的因素,这些因素在日常生活中可能会对经济造成更大的损失,比如稳定产出、失业,或商业周期中其他相关的短期波动.5.False. There is no long-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment, so in the long run a centralbank with a dual mandate that attempts to promote maximum employment by pursuing inflationary policies would have no more success at reducing unemployment than one whose primary goal is price stability.通货膨胀与失业之间没有长期的平衡,因此长期以来,央行有双重使命：通过推行通货膨胀政策来促进就业最大化,在降低失业率方面没有比其主要目标是价格稳定更成功的了.6.The success of inflation targeting relies on its ability to credibly anchor inflation expectations at a low,desirable level. Without formal public announcements and reminders about the numerical inflation target, markets and the public may have less faith that policymakers are committed to maintaining the inflation target. And if a formal inflation target is not announced at all, market participants and the public may not know the exact target and be forced to infer or estimate the target, creating uncertainty which can raise inflation expectations and unanchor inflation expectations from a low, desirable level.通胀目标的成功依赖于它有能力将通胀预期可靠地锚定在一个低、理想的水平上.如果没有正式的公告和关于数字通胀目标的提醒,市场和公众可能对政策制定者承诺维持通胀目标的信心减少.如果一个正式的通胀目标没有公布,市场参与者和公众可能不知道确切的目标,被迫推断或估计目标,制造不确定性,从而提高通胀预期,将通胀预期从低、理想的水平上拉出来.7.Inflation targeting increases the accountability of monetary policymakers, and is a mechanism ofself-discipline which effectively ties the hands of policymakers to commit to a policy path. Because of the transparency of an inflation targeting framework, it is very easy to verify whether policymakers are faithful to a committed policy path. As a result, there is much less ability and incentive for policymakers to deviate to a discretionary policy which could increase output or raise the inflation rate, therefore mitigating the time-inconsistency problem.通货膨胀目标制增加了货币政策制定者的责任,是一种自律机制,有效地将政策制定者的手绑在一条政策道路上.由于通胀目标框架的透明性,很容易验证政策制定者是否忠于承诺的政策路径.因此,政策制定者偏离自由裁量政策的能力和动机要小得多,这可能会增加产出或提高通货膨胀率,从而缓解时间不一致性的问题.8.Inflation-targeting central banks engage in extensive public information campaigns that include thedistribution of glossy brochures, the publication of Inflation Report-type documents, making speeches to the public, and continual communication with the elected government.以通货膨胀为目标的中央银行从事广泛的公共信息宣传活动,包括分发印刷精美的小册子、发布通货膨胀报告式文件、向公众发表演讲以与与民选政府进行持续的沟通.9.Sustained success in the conduct of monetary policy as measured against a pre-announced andwell-defined inflation target can be instrumental in building public s upport for a central bank’sindependence and for its policies. Also inflation targeting is consistent with democratic principlesbecause the central bank is more accountable.根据预先公布的和明确定义的通胀目标来衡量货币政策的持续成功,可能有助于建立公众对央行独立性和政策的支持.此外,通胀目标与##原则是一致的,因为央行更负责任.10.False. Inflation targeting does not imply a sole focus on inflation. In practice, inflation targeters do worryabout output fluctuations, and inflation targeting may even be able to reduce output fluctuations because it allows monetary policymakers to respo nd more aggressively to declines in demand because they don’t have to worry that the resulting expansionary monetary policy will lead to a sharp rise in inflationexpectations.错误,通胀目标制并不意味着只关注通胀.在实践中,实行通货膨胀目标制确实担心产出波动和通货膨胀目标甚至可以减少产出波动,因为它允许货币政策制定者更积极地应对需求下降,,因为他们不必担心由此产生的扩X性的货币政策会导致通胀预期大幅上升.11.This strategy has the following advantages: <a> it enables monetary policy to focus on domesticconsiderations; underscoring the importance of price stability has helped it to mitigate thetime-inconsistency problem, and <c> it has had a demonstrated success, producing low inflation with the longest business cycle expansion since World War II. However, it has the following disadvantages: <a> there has been an inherent lack of transparency <although this has begun to change in the last few years under Bernanke>; it is strongly dependent on the preferences, skills, and trustworthiness ofindividuals in the central bank and the government; and <c> it has some inconsistencies with democratic principles because the central bank is not highly accountable.这一战略具有以下优点:<a>它使货币政策能够专注于国内考虑;强调价格稳定的重要性,有助于缓解时间矛盾的问题,而且<c>已经取得了成功,产生了自二战以来最长的商业周期扩X的低通胀.然而,它有以下缺点:<a>内在缺乏透明度<尽管在伯南克的任期内,这已经开始改变>;在中央银行和政府中,它严重依赖于个人的喜好、技能和可信赖性;而且<c>它与##原则有一些不一致,因为中央银行没有高度负责.12.False. Although it is true that quantitative easing and other types of nonconventional policy can be usedonce the zero lower bound is reached on short-term interest rates, it is not a panacea. In particular, when the economy reaches the zero lower bound, this often can be coupled with deflationary conditions, whichcan be hard to design effective policies for, since the outcomes from such policies are much moreuncertain than conventional interest rate policy under typical conditions. In addition, nonconventional policies such as quantitative easing are more complex to implement, so it may be harder to effectively use these programs to push the economy away from the zero lower bound.虽然定量宽松政策和其他非常规政策可以在短期利率达到零下限的情况下使用,但它不是万灵药.特别是,当经济达到零下限时,这往往与通货紧缩的情况相结合,这很难设计有效的政策,因为这些政策的结果比传统的利率政策在典型的情况下更加不确定.此外,诸如量化宽松等非常规政策实施起来更为复杂,因此,要有效利用这些项目将经济从零下限推下,可能会更加困难.13.The zero lower bound on nominal interest rates makes it harder to implement expansionary policy asactual inflation <and hence short-term interest rates> fall closer to zero. As a result, there is less room to use monetary policy as a stabilization tool in a low inflation environment. In this context, it is argued thata higher inflation target may be appropriate to give policymakers more flexibility. The downside of thisof course is that in general higher inflation rates can be costly to society, posing a tradeoff for monetary policymakers in terms of flexibility versus efficiency of monetary policy.名义利率的零利率下限使实施扩X性政策变得更加困难,因为实际的通胀<因此短期利率>接近于零.因此,在低通胀环境下,使用货币政策作为稳定工具的空间更小.在这种背景下,有人认为,更高的通胀目标可能是适当的,以给予政策制定者更多的灵活性.当然,这样做的不利之处在于,总体而言,较高的通胀率可能会对社会造成巨大的损失,在货币政策的灵活性和效率方面对货币政策制定者构成了权衡.14.There are several reasons why monetary policy may not be effective in eliminating asset price bubbles.The main reason is that asset price bubbles are extremely difficult to identify in real time; in many cases, by the time there is a consensus among policymakers and the public that a bubble exists, it is usually too late to implement policies to effectively deflate the bubble. And even if an asset price bubble is identified in a timely manner, monetary policy is often thought of as too blunt an instrument to be able to deal effectively with most asset price bubbles. In particular, interest rate changes may have some modest short-term effects on reducing the asset price bubble, but the interest rate changes may have far more consequential effects on real economic activity and cause far worse collateral damage.在消除资产价格泡沫方面,货币政策可能无法发挥作用,有几个原因.主要原因在于,资产价格泡沫很难实时识别;在许多情况下,当决策者和公众一致认为存在泡沫的时候,实施有效抑制泡沫的政策通常为时已晚.即使资产价格泡沫与时得到确认,货币政策也常常被认为是无法有效应对大多数资产价格泡沫的工具.特别是,利率变化可能对降低资产价格泡沫有一些短期影响,但利率变化可能对实际经济活动产生更重要的影响,并造成更糟糕的附带损害.15.In general, the question of appropriate policy response is one of minimizing loss. Credit-driven bubbles<such as the housing bubble experience that resulted in the global financial crisis> can be farmoredevastating to the economy if a crash occurs than if policymakers acted to reduce the size of the bubble preemptively. In other words, raising interest rates to try to reduce the bubble may cause collateraldamage to the economy, but it would result in far less damage than would presumably occur if nothing were done at all and the bubble were allowed to continue to build. On the other hand, non-credit driven bubbles can more easily be dealt with after a crash; since financial markets generally function relatively normally following these types of bubble crashes, conventional monetary policy can be relativelyeffective at mitigating any recessionary conditions in the aftermath. Acting preemptively to address the bubble is likely to cause more collateral damage than is inflicted by any downturn related to a non-credit driven bubble crashing.一般而言,适当的政策应对问题是尽量减少损失.信贷驱动的泡沫<如导致全球金融危机的房地产泡沫经历>对经济的破坏性可能远远大于政策制定者采取行动以先发制人地减少泡沫的规模.换句话说,提高利率以试图减少泡沫可能会对经济造成连带损害,但如果不采取任何措施,而泡沫被允许继续建造的话,那么它所造成的损害将会大大减少.另一方面,非信用驱动的泡沫在崩盘后更容易得到处理;由于金融市场通常在这类泡沫崩溃后相对正常地运行,因此,传统的货币政策在缓解危机后的任何衰退条件下都是相对有效的.采取先发制人的行动来解决泡沫,可能会造成比任何与非信贷驱动的泡沫破裂有关的衰退造成更多的连带损失.16.Because a stock market bubble may be hard to identify <at least through consensus> and policy couldcause more damage than necessary, in general Greenspan would advocate not acting directly on the stock market bubble. However, insofar as the stock market bubble raised wealth and increased consumption and investment, raising interest rates would be seen as prudent in order to maintain low, stable inflation and minimize near-term output fluctuations as a result of the higher wealth. In other words, theGreenspan Doctrine would say not to act directly on the bubble, but to pursue policy as normal tomaintain price stability and stability in real economic activity.由于股市泡沫可能难以确定<至少是通过协商一致>,而政策可能会造成不必要的损失,格林斯潘一般不会主X直接在股市泡沫上采取行动.然而,由于股市泡沫增加了财富,增加了消费和投资,提高利率将被视为一种谨慎的做法,以维持低、稳定的通货膨胀,并将近期的产出波动最小化,这是财富增加的结果.换句话说,格林斯潘的理论会说,不要直接在泡沫上采取行动,而是要采取正常的政策,以维持物价稳定和实际经济活动的稳定.17.<a> The ten-year bond is an intermediate target because it is not directly affected by the tools of the Fed,but is linked to economic activity. The monetary base is a policy instrument because it can bedirectly affected by the tools of the Fed and is only linked to economic activity through its effect on the money supply. <c> M1 is an intermediate target because it is not directly affected by the tools of the Fed and has some direct effect on economic activity. <d> The fed funds rate is a policy instrument because it can be directly affected by the tools of the Fed.<a>十年期债券是一个中间目标,因为它没有受到美联储工具的直接影响,而是与经济活动有关.货币基础是一种政策工具,因为它可以直接受到美联储工具的影响,而且只通过其对货币供应的影响与经济活动有关.<c>M1是一个中间目标,因为它没有受到美联储工具的直接影响,而且对经济活动有直接影响.<d>联邦基金利率是一种政策工具,因为它可以直接受到美联储工具的影响.18.True. In such a world, hitting a reserves target would mean that the Fed would also hit its interest-ratetarget, or vice versa. Thus the Fed could pursue both a reserves target and an interest-rate target at the same time, but only if there were no variation in reserve demand.19.The Fed can control the federal funds rate by buying and selling bonds in the open market. When the fedfunds rate rises above the target level, the Fed would buy bonds, which would increase nonborrowed reserves and lower the interest rate to its target level. Similarly, when the fed funds rate falls below the target level, the Fed would sell bonds to raise the interest rate to the target level. The resulting open market operations would of course affect the quantity of reserves and the money supply and cause them to change. The Fed would be giving up control of reserves and the money supply to pursue itsinterest-rate target.美联储可以通过在公开市场上买卖债券来控制联邦基金利率.当联邦基金利率高于目标水平时,美联储将购买债券,这将增加非借入的储备,并将利率降低到目标水平.同样,当联邦基金利率低于目标水平时,美联储将出售债券,将利率提高到目标水平.由此产生的公开市场操作当然会影响外汇储备的数量和货币供应,并导致它们发生变化.美联储将放弃对外汇储备和货币供应的控制,以实现其利率目标.20.The monetary base is more controllable than M1 because it is more directly influenced by the tools of theFed. It is measured more accurately and quickly than M1 because the Fed can calculate the base from its own balance sheet data, while it constructs M1 numbers from surveys of banks, which take some time to collect and are not always that accurate. Even though the base is a better intermediate target on the grounds of measurability and controllability, it is not necessarily a better intermediate target because its link to economic activity may be weaker than that between M1 and economic activity.基础货币是比M1更直接更容易受美联储控制的工具.它比M1测量更准确,快速,因为美联储可以从自己的资产负债表计算基础数据,,虽然从银行调查的数据来构造M1,这需要一些时间收集,并不总是准确的.尽管基于可测量性和可控性基础货币是一个更好的中间目标,但它不一定是一个更好的中间目标,因为它与经济活动的联系可能比M1和经济活动之间的联系要弱.21.Disagree. Although nominal interest rates are measured more accurately and more quickly than reserveaggregates, the interest-rate variable that is of more concern to policymakers is the real interest rate.Because the measurement of real interest rates requires estimates of expected inflation, it is not true that real interest rates are necessarily measured more accurately and more quickly than reserves. Interest-rate targets are therefore not necessarily better than reserve targets.尽管名义利率比储备总量更准确、更迅速地衡量,但对政策制定者更关心的利率变量是实际利率.由于实际利率的衡量需要预期通胀的估计,因此实际利率比准备金更准确、更快地衡量是不正确的.因此,利率目标不一定比储备目标好.22.Bank behavior can lead to procyclical money growth because when interest rates rise in a boom, theydecrease excess reserves and increase their borrowing from the Fed, both of which lead to a highermoney supply. Similarly, when interest rates fall in a recession, they increase excess reserves anddecrease their borrowing from the Fed, leading to a lower money supply. The result is that the money supply will tend to grow faster in booms and slower in recessions—it is procyclical. Fed behavior also can lead to procyclical money growth because <as the answer to problem 24 indicates> an interest-rate target can lead to a slower rate of growth of the money supply during recessions and a more rapid rate of growth during booms.银行的行为会导致周期性的货币增长,因为当利率上升时,它们会减少超额准备金,并增加从美联储的借款,这两者都导致了更高的货币供应.同样,当利率下降时,它们会增加超额准备金,并减少向美联储的借款,从而导致货币供应减少.其结果是,在经济繁荣时期,货币供应往往会增长得更快,而在经济衰退时期则会放缓——这是周期性的.美联储的行为也会导致周期性货币的增长,因为<正如第24题的答案所示>,利率目标会导致经济衰退期间货币供应增长放缓,而繁荣时期的经济增长速度更快.23.<a> If unemployment rises, this would lower the output gap, and trigger a lower fed funds rate accordingto the Taylor rule. If inflation rises by 1%, this alone would prompt the fed funds rate to rise by 1.5 percentage points. The decrease in the output gap alone would imply the fed funds rate would fall by 0.5 percentage points. Thus, the two factors together imply a net effect of increasing the fed funds rate by one percentage point according to the Taylor rule. <c> Prolonged increases in productivity growth would increase potential output, and with the same rate of actual output growth this would cause the output gap to decline, resulting in a decline in the fed funds rate according to the Taylor rule. <d> If potential output declines, this is the opposite of <e> above, so the fed funds rate would rise according to the Taylor rule.<f > If the inflation target is revised downward, this would increase the inflation gap at any giveninflation rate. This would result in a higher fed funds rate according to the Taylor rule.<a>如果失业率上升,这将降低产出缺口,并根据泰勒规则触发较低的联邦基金利率.如果通胀率上升1%,这将促使联邦基金利率上升1.5个百分点.仅产出缺口的减少就意味着联邦基金利率将下降0.5个百分点.因此,这两个因素共同暗示着,根据泰勒规则,将联邦基金利率提高一个百分点的净效应.<c>生产率增长的长期增长将增加潜在产出,并以同样的实际产出增长率,这将导致产出缺口下降,从而导致联邦基金利率按照泰勒规则下降.<d>如果潜在产出下降,这与上述<e>相反,因此,根据泰勒规则,联邦基金利率会上升.<f>如果通胀目标向下修正,这将增加任何给定通货膨胀率的通胀差距.根据泰勒规则,这将导致联邦基金利率上升.ANSWERS TO APPLIED PROBLEMS24.An increase in the demand for reserves will raise the federal funds rate. In order to maintain the interestrate target, the Fed will buy bonds, thereby increasing the amount of nonborrowed reserves, which shifts the supply curve for reserves to the right, thereby keeping the fed funds rate from rising, as shown below.The open market purchase will then cause the monetary base and the money supply to rise.对准备金的需求增加将提高联邦基金利率.为了维持利率目标,美联储将购买债券,从而增加非借入准备金的数量,从而将准备金的供给曲线转移到右边,从而使美联储的基金利率不上升,如下图所示.公开市场购买将导致货币基础和货币供应增加.25.<a> Assuming the output gap and all other parameters remain constant, then the fed funds rate should beset to 4+ 2 +0.5*<4-2> + 0.5*1＝7.5%. If the measure of expected inflation is the average of the two forecasts, then预期通货膨胀率＝0.5*<3%+ 5%>＝4%. In this case, again the Taylor rule would imply a setting of the fed funds rate of 7.5%.<c> If the measure of expected inflation is the average of the two forecasts, then预期通货膨胀率＝0.5*<0%+8%>＝4%. In this case, again the Taylor rule would imply a setting of the fed fundsrate of7.5%.<d> Probably not. In the situation in part <a>, it is assumed that there is very little uncertainty about what inflation will be, thus a Taylor rule approach to policy may work fine. However, in and <c>, there is clearly more uncertainty about the state of the economy, and therefore having a mechanical rule to dictate policy without accounting for this uncertainty could be problematic. For instance, in part <c>, if future inflation actually turned out to be closer to 0%, the Taylor rule policy may prove to be too tight, and could push the economy into a deflationary situation. This example highlights why judgment and discretion in interpreting data are important parts of the monetary policy process.可能不合理.在部分<a>的情况下,假定通货膨胀率的不确定性非常小,因此泰勒规则的政策可能会很好.然而,在和<c>中,显然对经济状况有更多的不确定性,因此,在不考虑这种不确定性的情况下,制定政策来决定政策是有问题的.例如,在某种程度上<c>,如果未来的通货膨胀率实际上接近0%,泰勒规则的政策可能会被证明过于紧缩,并可能使经济陷入通货紧缩的境地.这个例子强调了为什么判断和谨慎解释数据是货币政策过程的重要部分.。

货币金融学第10版米什金英文答案

货币金融学第10版米什金英文答案Chapter 1ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.The interest rate on three-month Treasury bills fluctuates more than the other interest rates and is loweron average. The interest rate on Baa corporate bonds is higher on average than the other interest rates.2.The lower price for a firm’s shares means that it can raise a smaller amount of funds, so investment infacilities and equipment will fall.3.H igher stock prices mean that consumers’ wealth is higher, and they will be more likely to increasetheir spending.4.They channel funds from people who do not have a productive use for them to people who do,thereby resulting in higher economic efficiency.5.The United States economy was hit by the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. Defaultsin subprime residential mortgages led to major losses in financial institutions, producing not only numerous bank failures, but also the demise of two of the largest investment banks in the United States.These factors led to the “Great Recession” which began late in 2007.6.The basic activity of banks is to accept deposits and make loans.7.Savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions, insurance companies, mutualfunds, pension funds, and finance companies.8.Answers will vary.9.In the period from 2007 to 2011, both inflation and interest rates have generally trended downwardcompared to before that period.10.The data in Figures 3, 5, and 6 suggest that real output, the inflation rate, and interest rates wouldall fall.11.Businesses would increase investment spending because the cost of financing this spending is nowlower, and consumers would be more likely to purchase a house or a car because the cost of financing their purchase is lower.12.No. It is true that people who borrow to purchase a house or a car are worse off because it costs themmore to finance their purchase; however, savers benefit because they can earn higher interest rates on their savings.13.Because the Federal Reserve affects interest rates, inflation, and business cycles, all of which have animportant impact on the profitability of financial institutions.14.The deficit as a percentage of GDP has expanded dramatically since 2007; in 2010 the deficit to GDPratio was 10%, well above the historical average of around 2% since 1950.15.It makes foreign goods more expensive, so British consumers will buy fewer foreign goods and moredomestic goods.62 Mishkin •The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, Tenth Edition16.It makes British goods more expensive relative to American goods. Thus American businesses willfind it easier to sell their goods in the United States and abroad, and the demand for their products will rise.17.Changes in foreign exchange rates change the value of assets held by financial institutions and thuslead to gains and losses on these assets. Also changes in foreign exchange rates affect the profits made by traders in foreign exchange who work for financial institutions.18.In the mid- to late 1970s and in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the value of the dollar was low, makingtravel abroad relatively more expensive; thus it was a good time to vacation in the United States and see the Grand Canyon. With the rise in the do llar’s value in the early 1980s, travel abroad became relatively cheaper, making it a good time to visit the Tower of London. This was also true, to a lesser extent, in the early 2000s.19.When the dollar increases in value, foreign goods become less expensive relative to American goods;thus you are more likely to buy French-made jeans than American-made jeans. The resulting drop in demand for American-made jeans because of the strong dollar hurts American jeans manufacturers.On the other hand, the American company that imports jeans into the United States now finds that the demand for its product has risen, so it is better off when the dollar is strong.20.As the dollar becomes stronger (worth more) relative to a foreign currency, one dollar is equivalent to(can be exchanged for) more foreign currency. Thus, for a given face value of bond holdings, a stronger dollar will yield more home currency to foreigners, so the asset will be worth more to foreign investors.Likewise, a weak dollar will lead to foreign bond holdings worth less to foreigners.ANSWERS TO APPLIED PROBLEMS21.The best day is 4/25. At a rate of $1.6674/pound, you would have £119.95. The wo rst day is 4/7.At $1.961/pound, you would have £101.99, or a difference of £17.96.Part Three: Answers to End-of-Chapter Problems 63 Chapter 2ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. Yes, I should take out the loan, because I will be better off as a result of doing so. My interest paymentwill be $4,500 (90% of $5,000), but as a result, I will earn an additional $10,000, so I will be ahead of the game by $5,500. Since Larry’s loan-sharking business can make some people better off, as in this example, loan sharking may have social benefits. (One argument against legalizing loan sharking, however, is that it is frequently a violent activity.)2. Yes, because the absence of financial markets means that funds cannot be channeled to people whohave the most productive use for them. Entrepreneurs then cannot acquire funds to set up businesses that would help the economy grow rapidly.3. The share of Microsoft stock is an asset for its owner, because it entitles the owner to a share of theearnings and assets of Microsoft. The share is a liability for Microsoft, because it is a claim on its earnings and assets by the owner of the share.4. You would rather hold bonds, because bondholders are paid off before equity holders, who are theresidual claimants.5. This statement is false. Prices in secondary markets determine the prices that firms issuing securitiesreceive in primary markets. In addition, secondary markets make securities more liquid and thus easier to sell in the primary markets. Therefore, secondary markets are, if anything, more important than primary markets.6. Treasury bills are short-term debt instruments issued by the United States government to coverimmediate spending obligations, i.e. finance deficit spending. Certificates of deposit (CDs) areissued by banks and sold to depositors. Commercial paper is issued by corporations and large banks as a method of short-term funding in debt markets. Repos are issued primarily by banks, and funded by corporations and other banks through loans in which treasury bills serve as collateral, with an explicit agreement to pay off the debt (repurchase the treasuries) in the near future. Fed funds are overnight loans from one bank to another.7. Mortgages are loans to households or firms to purchase housing, land, or other real structures, wherethe structure or land itself serves as collateral for the loans. Mortgage-backed securities are bond-like debt instruments which are backed by a bundle of individual mortgages, whose interest and principal payments are collectively paid to the holders of the security. In other words, when an individual takes out a mortgage, that loan is bundled with other individual mortgages to create a composite debtinstrument, which is then sold to investors.8. The British gained because they were able to earn higher interest rates as a result of lending toAmericans, while the Americans gained because they now had access to capital to start up profitable businesses such as railroads.9. The international trade of mortgage-backed securities is generally beneficial in that the Europeanbanks that held the mortgages could earn a return on those holdings, while providing needed capital to U.S. financial markets to support borrowing for new home construction and other productive uses.In this sense, both European banks and U.S. borrowers should have benefitted. However, with the sharp decline in the U.S. housing market, default rates on mortgages rose sharply, and the value of64 Mishkin •The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, Tenth Editionthe mortgage-backed securities held by European banks fell sharply. Even though the financialcrisis began primarily in the United States as a housing downturn, it significantly affected European markets; Europe would have been much less affected without such internationalization of financial markets.10. Financial intermediaries benefit by carrying risk at relatively low transaction costs. Since higherrisk assets on average earn a higher return, financial intermediaries can earn a profit on a diversified portfolio of risky assets. Individual investors benefit by earning returns on a pooled collection of assets issued by financial intermediaries at lower risk. Risk to individual investors is lowered through the pooling of assets by the financial intermediary.11. Because you know your family member better than a stranger, you know more about the borrower’shonesty, propensity for risk taking, and other traits. There is less asymmetric information than witha stranger and less likelihood of an adverse selection problem, with the result that you are more likelyto lend to the family member.12. The issuance of subprime mortgages represents lenders loaning money to the pool of potentialhomeowners who are the highest credit risk and have the lowest net wealth and other financialresources. In other words, this group of borrowers most in need of mortgage credit was also thehighest risk to lenders, a perfect example of adverse selection.13. Loan sharks can threaten their borrowers with bodily harm if borrowers take actions that mightjeopardize their paying off the loan. Hence borrowers from a loan shark are less likely to increase moral hazard.14. They might not work hard enough while you are not looking or may steal or commit fraud.15. Yes, because even if you know that a borrower is taking actions that might jeopardize paying off theloan, you must still stop the borrower from doing so. Because that may be costly, you may not spend the time and effort to reduce moral hazard, and so the problem of moral hazard still exists.16. True. If there are no informational or transactions costs, people could make loans to each other atno cost and would thus have no need for financial intermediaries.17. Because the costs of making the loan to your neighbor are high (legal fees, fees for a credit check,and so on), you will probably not be able earn 5% on the loan after your expenses even though it hasa 10% interest rate. You are better off depositing your savings with a financial intermediary and earning5% interest. In addition, you are likely to bear less risk by depositing your savings at the bank rather than lending them to your neighbor.18. Potentially competing interests may lead an individual or firm to conceal information or disseminatemisleading information. A substantial reduction in the quality of information in financial markets increases asymmetric information problems and prevents financial markets from channeling funds into the most productive investment opportunities. Consequently, the financial markets and the economy become less efficient. That is, false information as a result of a conflict of interest can lead to a more inefficient allocation of capital than just asymmetric information alone.19. Financial firms that provide multiple types of financial services can be more efficient througheconomies of scope, that is, by lowering the cost of information production. However, this can be problematic since it can also lead to conflicts of interest, in which the financial firm provides false orPart Three: Answers to End-of-Chapter Problems 65 misleading information to protect its own interests. This can lead to a worsening of the asymmetric information problem, making financial markets less efficient.20. You would likely use a credit union if you are a member, since their primary business is consumerloans. In some cases it is possible to borrow directly from pension funds, but it can come with high borrowing costs and tax implications. Investment banks do not provide loans to the general public. 21. Most life insurance companies hold large amounts of corporate bonds and mortgage assets, thus poorcorporate profits or a downturn in the housing market can significantly adversely impact the value of asset holdings of insurance companies.22. During the financial panic, regulators were concerned that depositors worried their banks would fail,and that depositors (especially with accounts over $100,000) would pull money from banks, leaving cash-starved banks with even less cash to satisfy customer demands and day-to-day operations. This could create a contagious bank panic in which otherwise healthy banks would fail. Raising the insurance limit would reassure depositors that their money was safe in banks and prevent a bank panic, helping to stabilize the financial system.ANSWERS TO APPLIED PROBLEMS23. a. With Option 1, since deposits are insured it can be assumed a riskless investment. Thus, theexpected total payoff would be $10,000 ⨯ 1.02 = $10,200. With Option 2, a bond return of5% implies a potential payoff of $10,000 ⨯ 1.05 = $10,500, and there is a 90% chance thatthis outcome will occur, thus the expected payoff is $10,500 ⨯ 0.9 = $9450. Under Option 3,the expected payoff is $10,000 ⨯ 1.08 ⨯ 0.93 = $10,044. Option 4 is riskless, so the expectedtotal payoff is $10,000. Given these choices and the assumption that you don’t care about risk,Option 1 is the best investment.b. This option implies the very real possibility of either receiving nothing (if he actually leaves town),or $10,800 (if he indeed pays as promised). If you don’t pay Mike, you have an expected returnof $10,044 as shown above. If you paid your friend the $100 and learned that Mike would leavewithout paying, then obviously you wouldn’t loan Mike the money, and you would be left with$9900. However, if you paid the friend $100 and learned that Mike would pay, you would have$10,700 (= $10,000 ⨯ 1.08 - $100). After paying your friend Mike, but before knowing the trueoutcome, your expected return would be $10,644 ($9900 ⨯ 0.07 + $10,700 ⨯ 0.93). Paying yourfriend the $100 is definitely worth it because it increases your expected return and in additiondramatically reduces the downside risk that you make a bad loan, and increases the certainty ofthe payoff amount. That is, with asymmetric information (not paying your roommate), you havea range of payoffs of $0 to $10,800 versus $9900 to $10,700 without asymmetric information.Thus, paying a small amount to improve risk assessment can be very beneficial, a task for which financial intermediaries are well suited.66 Mishkin •The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, Tenth EditionChapter 3ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. Since a lot of other assets have liquidity properties that are similar to currency but can be used asmoney to purchase goods and services, not counting them would understate an economy’s access to liquidity for transactions purposes. For this reason, counting assets such as checking deposits or savings accounts more accurately reflects the stock of assets that can be considered money.2. Even if he or she is a non-smoker, since the prisoner knows that others in the prison will acceptcigarettes as a form of payment, they themselves would be willing to accept cigarettes as a form of payment. So, rather than prisoners having to barter and trade favors, cigarettes satisfy the double coincidence of wants in that both parties to a trade stand ready to use them to “purchase” goods or services.3. Because the orchard owner likes only bananas but the banana grower doesn’t like apples, thebanana grower will not want apples in exchange for his bananas, and they will not trade. Similarly, the chocolatier will not be willing to trade with the banana grower because she does not like bananas.The orchard owner will not trade with the chocolatier becau se he doesn’t like chocolate. Hence, in a barter economy, trade among these three people may well not take place, because in no case is therea double coincidence of wants. However, if money is introduced into the economy, the orchard ownercan sell his apples to the chocolatier and then use the money to buy bananas from the banana grower.Similarly, the banana grower can use the money he receives from the orchard owner to buy chocolate from the chocolatier, and the chocolatier can use the money to buy apples from the orchard owner.The result is that the need for a double coincidence of wants is eliminated, and everyone is better off because all three producers are now able to eat what they like best.4. Cavemen did not need money. In their primitive economy, they did not specialize in producing onetype of good and they had little need to trade with other cavemen.5. (a) This situation illustrates the medium-of-exchange function of money. We often do not think whywe accept money in exchange for hours spent working, as we are so accustomed to using money.The medium-of-exchange function of money refers to its ability to facilitate trades (hours worked for money and then money for groceries) in a society. (b) In this case we observe money performing its unit-of-account function. If modern societies did not use money as a unit of account, then the price of apples would have to be quoted in terms of all the other items in the market. This quickly becomes an impossible task. Suppose that a pound of apples sells for 0.80 pounds of oranges, half a gallon of milk, one third of a pound of meat, 2 razor blades, 1.5 pound of potatoes, etc., etc., etc! (c) Maria is contemplating the store-of-value function of money. As a medium of exchange and unit of account, measures of money known as M1 or M2 have no important rivals. With respect to the store-of-value function, however, there are many assets that can preserve value better than a checking account.Maria’s choice to preserve the purchasing power of her income by in creasing her savings account balance is fine for a small period of time. For a period of 20 years, however, you might choose to buy a U.S. Treasury bond that matures in 20 years (as many grandparents have done as a way to pay for their grandchildren’s ed ucations).6. Because of the rapid inflation in Brazil, the domestic currency, the real, was a poor store of value.Thus many people preferred to hold dollars, which were a better store of value, and used them in their daily shopping.Part Three: Answers to End-of-Chapter Problems 67 7. Because money was losing value at a slower rate (the inflation rate was lower) in the 1950s than inthe 1970s, it was a better store of value then, and you would have been willing to hold more of it.8. Money loses its value at an extremely rapid rate in hyperinflation, so you want to hold it for as shorta time as possible. Thus money is like a hot potato that is quickly passed from one person to another.9. Because a check was so much easier to transport than gold, people would frequently rather be paid bycheck even if there was a possibility that the check might bounce. In other words, the lower transactions costs involved in handling checks made people more willing to accept them.10. Wine is more difficult to transport than gold and is also more perishable. Gold is thus a better storeof value than wine and also leads to lower transactions cost. It is therefore a better candidate for use as money.11. Neither. Although PayPal and many other e-money systems work as other forms of money doto facilitate purchases of goods and services, it does not count in the M1 or M2 money supplies.Because PayPal and similar payment systems are generally credit-based, this requires payment ata future date for funds used today; those future payments must be made using existing money thatis already in the system, such as currency or funds in a bank deposit account. In other words, the M1 and M2 money supplies would theoretically remain the same, but money would move fromyour checking account to a third party, once the credit transaction is settled.12. The ranking from most liquid to least liquid is: (c), (a), (e), (f ), (d), and (b).13. M1 contains the most liquid assets. M2 is the largest measure.14. The degree of liquidity of an asset is measured by considering how much time and effort (i.e.,transaction costs) are needed to convert that asset into currency. Currency is by definition the most liquid type of money. Different types of money have different degrees of liquidity. A check, which represents a balance on a checking account, is a quite liquid type of money. After all, all that is needed to pay for a good or service using a check is the two minutes it takes to include the date and amount and sign the check. However, the above example shows that some merchants refuse to accept checks as a means of payment. (They cannot refuse to accept dollars, as dollars are legal tender in the United States.) This can result in significant transaction costs in trying to find a bank or an ATM. It is even possible that the transaction never takes place. This example illustrates the point that even inside the same monetary aggregate, different types of money do not have the same degree of liquidity.15. a. M1 and M2,b. M2,c. M2,d. M1 and M2.16. Your actions will reduce your checking account balance and increase your holdings of money marketmutual fund shares. Considering this transaction only, M1 will decrease as one of its components decreased. M2 will remain constant, as M2 is composed of all items that add up to M1 plus some other types of money that are not so liquid to be considered part of M1. One of these categories is money market mutual fund shares. The decrease in your checking account balance is offset by the increase in money market mutual fund shares, and therefore M2 remains constant.68 Mishkin •The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, Tenth Edition17. During the period in question, the M1 growth rate increased by 17 percentage points, while the M2growth rate increased by only 3 percentage points. Although both measures are moving in the same direction, the magnitude of the difference in growth rates between the two makes it difficult tojudge the appropriateness of monetary policy by just looking at the money supply measures alone.For instance, if one focused just on the M2 money supply, knowing the economy was in severeeconomic contraction would suggest that the growth rate of M2 perhaps should be even higher than the 3 percentage point increase over this time. On the other hand, if one just focused on the M1 growth increase of 17 percentage points, this may seem alarmingly high and suggest an inflationary problem in the future.18. Not necessarily. Although the total amount of debt has predicted inflation and the business cyclebetter than M1 or M2, it may not be a better predictor in the future. Without some theoretical reason for believing that the total amount of debt will continue to predict well in the future, we may not want to define money as the total amount of debt.ANSWERS TO APPLIED PROBLEMS19. The M1 money supply is the sum of rows A, E, and G for each year. The M2 money supply is thesum of all components A–G for each year. Note that 3-month treasury bills are not considered part of the M1 or M2 money supply, even though they are fairly liquid assets. The table below shows the M1 and M2 money supplies, along with the growth rates from the previous year. Note that while the M1 money supply is relatively flat (and slightly negative for 2010), the M2 money supply grows ata much higher, positive rate. This is because the components of M2 are rising much more rapidlycompared to the components of M1 (which are also included in M2). In particular, small denomination time deposits increase 30% from 2010 to 2011, and 39% from 2011 to 2012, driving much of the growth in M2. Moreover, the narrower components which make up just the M1 money supply represent less than 20% (1904/10128) of the broader M2 indicators. Thus movements in the money market, savings account, and time deposit measures will have a much bigger impact on M2 growth than the narrower M1 components will.2009 2010 2011 2012A. Currency 900 920 925 931B. Money market mutual fund shares 680 681 679 688C. Savings account deposits 5500 5780 5968 6105D. Money market deposit accounts 1214 1245 1274 1329E. Demand and checkable deposits 1000 972 980 993F. Small denomination time deposits 830 861 1123 1566G. Traveler’s checks 4 4 3 2H. 3-month treasury bills 1986 2374 2436 2502Total M1 money stock 1904 1896 1908 1926Total M2 money stock 10128 10463 10952 11614M1 growth rate 0.4 0.6 0.9M2 growth rate 3.3 4.7 6.0Part Three: Answers to End-of-Chapter Problems 69 Chapter 4ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. It would be worth 1/(1 + 0.20) = $0.83 when the interest rate is 20%, rather than 1/(1 + 0.10) = $0.91when the interest rate is 10%. Thus, a dollar tomorrow is worth less with a higher interest rate today.2. $2,000 = $100/(1 +i) + $100/(1 +i)2+ . . . + $100/(1 +i)20+ $1,000/(1 + i)20. Solving for i gives theyield to maturity.3. If the interest rate were 12%, the present discounted value of the payments on the government loanare necessarily less than the $1,000 loan amount because they do not start for two years. Thus the yield to maturity must be lower than 12% in order for the present discounted value of these payments to add up to $1,000.4. When the yield to maturity increases, this represents a decrease in the price of the bond. If thebondholder were to sell the bond at a lower price, the capital gains would be smaller (capital losses larger) and therefore the bondholder would be worse off.5. No. If interest rates rise sharply in the future, long-term bonds may suffer such a sharp fall in pricethat their return might be quite low, possibly even negative.6. People are more likely to buy houses because the real interest rate when purchasing a house hasfallen from 3% (= 5% - 2%) to 1% (= 10% - 9%). The real cost of financing the house is thus lower, even though nominal mortgage rates have risen. (If the tax deductibility of interest payments isallowed for, then it becomes even more likely that people will buy houses.)7. The current yield will be a good approximation to the yield to maturity whenever the bond price isvery close to par or when the maturity of the bond is over about ten years. This is because cash flows farther in the future have such small present discounted values that the value of a long-term coupon bond is close to a perpetuity with the same coupon rate.8. The near-term costs to maintaining a given size loan are much smaller for a perpetuity than for a similarfixed payment loan, discount, or coupon bond. For instance, assuming a 5% interest rate over 10 years, on a $1000 loan, a perpetuity costs $50 a year (or $500 in payments over 10 years). For a fixedpayment loan, this would be $129.50 per year (or $1295 in payments over the same 10-year period).For a discount loan, this loan would require a lump sum payment of $1628.89 in 10 years. For acoupon bond, assuming the same $50 coupon payment as the perpetuity implies a $1000 face value.Thus, for the coupon bond, the total payments at the end of 10 years will be $1500.9. Whenever the current price P is greater than face value F of a discount bond, the yield to maturity willbe negative. It is possible for a coupon bond to have a negative nominal interest rate, as long as the coupon payment and face value are low relative to the current price. As an example, with a one-year coupon bond, the yield to maturity is given as i= (C+F-P)/P; in this case whenever C+F<P,i will be negative. It is impossible for a perpetuity to have a negative nominal interest rate, since thiswould require either the coupon payment or the price to be negative.10. True. The return on a bond is the current yield i C plus the rate of capital gain, g. A discount bond, bydefinition, has no coupon payments, thus the current yield is always zero (the coupon payment of zero divided by current price) for a discount bond.。

货币金融学第11版-米什金-思考题目答案第15章

Chapter 15ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.The snowstorm would cause float to increase, which would increase the monetary base. To counteractthis effect, the manager will undertake a defensive open market sale of securities using a reverse repo transaction.这场暴风雪将使浮款上升，这将增加货币基础。

为了抵消这种影响，经理将采用逆回购交易进行防御性公开市场销售。

2.When the public’s holding of currency increases during holiday periods, the currency–checkabledeposits ratio increases and the money supply falls. To counteract this decline in the money supply, the Fed will conduct a defensive open market purchase of securities.在节假日期间，当公众持有货币升值时，现金/存款比率增加，货币供应量下降。

为了抵消货币供应的下降，美联储将采取防御性的公开市场购买证券。

3.As we saw in Chapter 14, when the Treasury’s deposits at the Fed fall, the monetary base increases. Tocounteract this increase, the manager would undertake an open market sale of securities.正如我们在第14章所看到的，当财政部的存款下降时，货币基础会增加。

货币金融学课后答案米什金

货币金融学课后答案米什金货币金融学课后答案1、假如我今天以5000美元购买一辆汽车，明年我就可以赚取10000额外收入，因为拥有了这辆车，我就可以成为推销员。

假如没有人愿意贷款给我，我是否应该从放高利贷者拉利处以90%的利率贷款呢你能否列出高利贷合法的依据我应该去找高利贷款，因为这样做的结果会更好。

我支付的利息是4500（90%×5000）,但实际上，我赚了10000美元，所以我最后赚得了5500美元。

因为拉利的高利贷会使一些人的结果更好，所以高利贷会产生一些社会效益。

（一个反对高利贷的观点认为它常常会造成一种暴利活动）。

2、“在没有信息和交易成本的世界里，不会有金融中介机构的存在。

”这种说法是正确的、错误的还是不确定说明你的理由。

正确。

如果没有信息和交易成本，人们相互贷款将无成本无代价进行交易，因此金融机构就没有存在的必要了。

3、风险分担是如何让金融中介机构和私人投资都从中获益的风险分担是指金融中介机构所设计和提供的资产品种的风险在投资者所承认的范围之内，之后，金融中介机构将销售这些资产所获取的资产去购买风险大得多的资产。

低交易成本允许金融中介机构以较低的成本进行风险分担，使得它们能够获取风险资产的收益与出售资产的成本间的差额，这也是金融中介机构的利润。

对投资者而言，金融资产被转化为安全性更高的资产，减少了其面临的风险。

4、在美国，货币是否在20世纪50年代比70年代能更好地发挥价值储藏的功能为什么在哪一个时期你更愿意持有货币在美国，货币作为一种价值储藏手段，在20世纪50年代比70年代好。

因为50年代比70年代通货膨胀率更低，货币贬值的贬值程度也较低。

货币作为价值储藏手段的优劣取决于物价水平，因为货币价值依赖于价格水平。

在通货膨胀时期，物价水平迅速上升，货币也急速贬值，人们也就不愿意以这种形式来持有财富。

因此，人们在物价水平比较稳定的时期更愿意持有货币。

5、为什么有些经济学家将恶性通货膨胀期间的货币称做“烫手的山芋”，在人们手中快速传递在恶性通货膨胀期间，货币贬值速度非常快，所以人们希望持有货币的时间越短越好，因此此时的货币就像一个烫手的山芋快速的从一个人手里传到另一个人手里。

米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter1英文习题

米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter1英文习题Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 1 Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets?1.1 Why Study Financial Markets?1) Financial markets promote economic efficiency byA) channeling funds from investors to savers.B) creating inflation.C) channeling funds from savers to investors.D) reducing investment.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Financial markets promote greater economic efficiency by channeling funds from ________ to ________.A) investors; saversB) borrowers; saversC) savers; borrowersD) savers; lendersAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking3) Well-functioning financial markets promoteA) inflation.B) deflation.C) unemployment.D) growth.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) A key factor in producing high economic growth isA) eliminating foreign trade.B) well-functioning financial markets.C) high interest rates.D) stock market volatility.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) Markets in which funds are transferred from those who have excess funds available to those who have a shortage of available funds are calledA) commodity markets.B) fund-available markets.C) derivative exchange markets.D) financial markets.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) ________ markets transfer funds from people who have an excess of available funds to people who have a shortage.A) CommodityB) Fund-availableC) FinancialD) Derivative exchangeAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) Poorly performing financial markets can be the cause ofA) wealth.B) poverty.C) financial stability.D) financial expansion.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) The bond markets are important because they areA) easily the most widely followed financial markets in the United States.B) the markets where foreign exchange rates are determined.C) the markets where interest rates are determined.D) the markets where all borrowers get their funds.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) The price paid for the rental of borrowed funds (usually expressed as a percentage of the rental of $100 per year) is commonly referred to as theA) inflation rate.B) exchange rate.C) interest rate.D) aggregate price level.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Compared to interest rates on long-term U.S. government bonds, interest rates on three-month Treasury bills fluctuate ________ and are ________ on average.A) more; lowerB) less; lowerC) more; higherD) less; higherAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking11) The interest rate on Baa corporate bonds is ________, on average, than interest rates on Treasuries, and the spread between these rates became ________ in the 1970s.A) lower; smallerB) lower; largerC) higher; smallerD) higher; largerAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking12) Everything else held constant, a decline in interest rates will cause spending on housing toA) fall.B) remain unchanged.C) either rise, fall, or remain the same.D) rise.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) High interest rates might ________ purchasing a house or car but at the same time high interest rates might ________ saving.A) discourage; encourageB) discourage; discourageC) encourage; encourageD) encourage; discourageAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) An increase in interest rates might ________ saving because more can be earned in interest income.A) encourageB) discourageC) disallowD) invalidateAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking15) Everything else held constant, an increase in interest rates on student loansA) increases the cost of a college education.B) reduces the cost of a college education.C) has no effect on educational costs.D) increases costs for students with no loans.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking16) High interest rates might cause a corporation to ________ building a new plant that would provide more jobs.A) completeB) considerC) postponeD) contemplateAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking17) The stock market isA) where interest rates are determined.B) the most widely followed financial market in the United States.C) where foreign exchange rates are determined.D) the market where most borrowers get their funds.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) Stock prices areA) relatively stable trending upward at a steady pace.B) relatively stable trending downward at a moderate rate.C) extremely volatile.D) unstable trending downward at a moderate rate.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking19) A rising stock market index due to higher share pricesA) increases people's wealth, but is unlikely to increase their willingness to spend.B) increases people's wealth and as a result may increase their willingness to spend.C) decreases the amount of funds that business firms can raise by selling newly-issued stock.D) decreases people's wealth, but is unlikely to increase their willingness to spend. Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking20) When stock prices fallA) an individual's wealth is not affected nor is their willingness to spend.B) a business firm will be more likely to sell stock to finance investment spending.C) an individual's wealth may decrease but their willingness to spend is not affected.D) an individual's wealth may decrease and their willingness to spend may decrease. Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking21) Changes in stock pricesA) do not affect people's wealth and their willingness to spend.B) affect firms' decisions to sell stock to finance investment spending.C) occur in regular patterns.D) are unimportant to decision makers.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking22) An increase in stock prices ________ the size of people's wealth and may ________ their willingness to spend, everythingelse held constant.A) increases; increaseB) increases; decreaseC) decreases; increaseD) decreases; decreaseAnswer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking23) Low stock market prices might ________ consumers’ willingness to spend and might________ businesses willingness to undertake investment projects.A) increase; increaseB) increase; decreaseC) decrease; decreaseD) decrease; increaseAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking24) Fear of a major recession causes stock prices to fall, everything else held constant, which in turn causes consumer spending toA) increase.B) remain unchanged.C) decrease.D) cannot be determined.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking25) A share of common stock is a claim on a corporation'sA) debt.B) liabilities.C) expenses.D) earnings and assets.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge26) On ________, October 19, 1987, the stock market experienced its worst one-day drop in its entire history with the DJIA falling by 22%.A) "Terrible Tuesday"B) "Woeful Wednesday"C) "Freaky Friday"D) "Black Monday"Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge27) The decline in stock prices from 2000 through 2002A) increased individuals' willingness to spend.B) had no effect on individual spending.C) reduced individuals' willingness to spend.D) increased individual wealth.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking28) The Dow reached a peak of over 11,000 before the collapse of the ________ bubble in 2000.A) housingB) manufacturingC) high-techD) bankingAnswer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge29) When I purchase a corporate ________, I am lending the corporation funds for a specific time. When I purchase a corporation's ________, I become an owner in the corporation.A) bond; stockB) stock; bondC) stock; debt securityD) bond; debt securityAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge30) What is a stock? How do stocks affect the economy?Answer: A stock represents a share of ownership of a corporation, or a claim on a firm's earnings/assets. Stocks are part of wealth, and changes in their value affect people's willingness to spend. Changes in stock prices affect a firm's ability to raise funds, and thus their investment. AACSB: Application of Knowledge31) Why is it important to understand the bond market?Answer: The bond market supports economic activity by enabling the government and corporations to borrow to undertake their projects and it is the market where interest rates are determined.AACSB: Application of Knowledge1.2 Why Study Financial Institutions and Banking?1) Channeling funds from individuals with surplus funds to those desiring funds when the saver does not purchase the borrower's security is known asA) barter.B) redistribution.C) financial intermediation.D) taxation.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) A financial crisis isA) not possible in the modern financial environment.B) a major disruption in the financial markets.C) a feature of developing economies only.D) typically followed by an economic boom.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) Banks are important to the study of money and the economy because theyA) channel funds from investors to savers.B) have been a source of rapid financial innovation.C) are the only important financial institution in the U.S. economy.D) create inflation.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) BanksA) provide a channel for linking those who want to save with those who want to invest.B) produce nothing of value and are therefore a drain on society's resources.C) are the only financial institutions allowed to give loans.D) hold very little of the average American's wealth.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) Banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, and credit unionsA) are no longer important players in financial intermediation.B) since deregulation now provide services only to small depositors.C) have been adept at innovating in response to changes in the regulatory environment.D) produce nothing of value and are therefore a drain on society's resources.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) Financial institutions search for ________ has resulted in many financial innovations.A) higher profitsB) regulationsC) respectD) higher riskAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) Banks and other financial institutions engage in financial intermediation, whichA) can hurt the performance of the economy.B) can benefit economic performance.C) has no effect on economic performance.D) involves borrowing from investors and lending to savers.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) Financial institutions that accept deposits and make loans are calledA) exchanges.B) banks.C) over-the-counter markets.D) finance companies.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge9) The financial intermediaries that the average person interacts with most frequently areA) exchanges.B) over-the-counter markets.C) finance companies.D) banks.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Which of the following is NOT a financial institution?A) A life insurance companyB) A pension fundC) A credit unionD) A business collegeAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) The delivery of financial services electronically is calledA) e-business.B) e-commerce.C) e-finance.D) e-possible.Answer: CAACSB: Information Technology12) What crucial role do financial intermediaries perform in an economy?Answer: Financial intermediaries borrow funds from people who have saved and make loans to other individuals and businesses and thus improve the efficiency of the economy.AACSB: Reflective Thinking1.3 Why Study Money and Monetary Policy?1) Money is defined asA) bills of exchange.B) anything that is generally accepted in payment for goods and services or in the repayment of debt.C) a risk-free repository of spending power.D) the unrecognized liability of governments.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) The upward and downward movement of aggregate output produced in the economy is referred to as theA) roller coaster.B) see saw.C) business cycle.D) shock wave.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) Sustained downward movements in the business cycle are referred to asA) inflation.B) recessions.C) economic recoveries.D) expansions.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge4) During a recession, output declines result inA) lower unemployment in the economy.B) higher unemployment in the economy.C) no impact on the unemployment in the economy.D) higher wages for the workers.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) Prior to almost all recessions since 1950, there has been a drop inA) inflation.B) the money stock.C) the growth rate of the money stock.D) interest rates.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Evidence from business cycle fluctuations in the United States indicates thatA) a negative relationship between money growth and general economic activity exists.B) recessions are usually preceded by declines in bond prices.C) recessions are usually preceded by dollar depreciation.D) recessions are usually preceded by a decline in the growth rate of money.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) ________ theory relates the quantity of money and monetary policy to changes in aggregate economic activity and inflation.A) MonetaryB) FiscalC) FinancialD) SystemicAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge8) A continuing increase in the growth of the money supply is likely followed byA) a recession.B) a depression.C) an increase in the price level.D) no change in the economy.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) It is true that inflation is aA) continuous increase in the money supply.B) continuous fall in prices.C) decline in interest rates.D) continually rising price level.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge10) Which of the following is a TRUE statement?A) Money or the money supply is defined as Federal Reserve notes.B) The average price of goods and services in an economy is called the aggregate price level.C) The inflation rate is measured as the rate of change in the federal government budget deficit.D) The aggregate price level is measured as the rate of change in the inflation rate.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge11) If the prices would have been much higher ten years ago for the items the average consumer purchased last month, then one can likely conclude thatA) the aggregate price level has declined during this ten-year period.B) the average inflation rate for this ten-year period has been positive.C) the average rate of money growth for this ten-year period has been positive.D) the aggregate price level has risen during this ten-year period.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) From 1950-2014 the price level in the United States increased more thanA) twofold.B) threefold.C) sixfold.D) tenfold.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking13) Complete Milton Friedman's famous statement, "Inflation is always and everywhere a________ phenomenon."A) recessionaryB) discretionaryC) repressionaryD) monetaryAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge14) There is a ________ association between inflation and the growth rate of money ________.A) positive; demandB) positive; supplyC) negative; demandD) negative; supplyAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) Evidence from the United States and other foreign countries indicates thatA) there is a strong positive association between inflation and growth rate of money over long periods of time.B) there is little support for the assertion that "inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon."C) countries with low monetary growth rates tend to experience higher rates of inflation, all else being constant.D) money growth is clearly unrelated to inflation.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) Countries that experience very high rates of inflation may also haveA) balanced budgets.B) rapidly growing money supplies.C) falling money supplies.D) constant money supplies.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) Between 1950 and 1980 in the U.S., interest rates trended upward. During this same time periodA) the rate of money growth declined.B) the rate of money growth increased.C) the government budget deficit (expressed as a percentage of GNP) trended downward.D) the aggregate price level declined quite dramatically.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking18) The management of money and interest rates is called________ policy and is conducted bya nation's ________ bank.A) monetary; superiorB) fiscal; superiorC) fiscal; centralD) monetary; centralAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge19) The organization responsible for the conduct of monetary policy in the United States is theA) Comptroller of the Currency.B) U.S. Treasury.C) Federal Reserve System.D) Bureau of Monetary Affairs.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge20) ________ policy involves decisions about government spending and taxation.A) MonetaryB) FiscalC) FinancialD) SystemicAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge21) When tax revenues are greater than government expenditures, the government has a budgetA) crisis.B) deficit.C) surplus.D) revision.AACSB: Application of Knowledge22) A budget ________ occurs when government expenditures exceed tax revenues for a particular time period.A) deficitB) surplusC) surgeD) surfeitAnswer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge23) Budgets deficits can be a concern because they mightA) ultimately lead to higher inflation.B) lead to lower interest rates.C) lead to a slower rate of money growth.D) lead to higher bond prices.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking24) Budget deficits are important because deficitsA) cause bank failures.B) always cause interest rates to fall.C) can result in higher rates of monetary growth.D) always cause prices to fall.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking25) When a budget deficit occurs in the United States, the U.S. Treasury finances this deficit byA) borrowing.B) imposing a moratorium of new government spending.C) increasing the tax rate.D) printing more dollars.AACSB: Application of Knowledge26) What happens to economic growth and unemployment during a business cycle recession? What is the relationship between the money growth rate and a business cycle recession? Answer: During a recession, output declines and unemployment increases. Prior to almost every recession in the U.S. the money growth rate has declined; however, not every decline is followed by a recession.AACSB: Reflective Thinking1.4 Why Study International Finance?1) American companies can borrow fundsA) only in U.S. financial markets.B) only in foreign financial markets.C) in both U.S. and foreign financial markets.D) only from the U.S. government.Answer: CAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments2) The price of one country's currency in terms of another country's currency is called theA) exchange rate.B) interest rate.C) Dow Jones industrial average.D) prime rate.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) The market where one currency is converted into another currency is called the ________ market.A) stockB) bondC) derivativesD) foreign exchangeAnswer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge4) Everything else constant, a stronger dollar will mean thatA) vacationing in England becomes more expensive.B) vacationing in England becomes less expensive.C) French cheese becomes more expensive.D) Japanese cars become more expensive.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) Which of the following is most likely to result from a stronger dollar?A) U.S. goods exported aboard will cost less in foreign countries, and so foreigners will buy more of them.B) U.S. goods exported aboard will cost more in foreign countries and so foreigners will buy more of them.C) U.S. goods exported abroad will cost more in foreign countries, and so foreigners will buy fewer of them.D) Americans will purchase fewer foreign goods.Answer: CAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments6) Everything else held constant, a weaker dollar will likely hurtA) textile exporters in South Carolina.B) wheat farmers in Montana that sell domestically.C) automobile manufacturers in Michigan that use domestically produced inputs.D) furniture importers in California.Answer: DAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments7) Everything else held constant, a stronger dollar benefits ________ and hurts ________.A) American businesses; American consumersB) American businesses; foreign businessesC) American consumers; American businessesD) foreign businesses; American consumersAnswer: CAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments8) From 1980 to early 1985 the dollar ________ in value, thereby benefiting American________.A) appreciated; consumersB) appreciated, businessesC) depreciated; consumersD) depreciated, businessesAnswer: AAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments9) From 1980 to 1985 the dollar appreciated relative to the British pound. Holding everything else constant, one would expect that, when compared to 1980A) fewer Britons traveled to the United States in 1985.B) Britons imported more wine from California in 1985.C) Americans exported more wheat to England in 1985.D) more Britons traveled to the United States in 1985.Answer: AAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments10) When in 1985 a British pound cost approximately $1.30,a Shetland sweater that cost 100 British pounds would have cost $130. With a weaker dollar, the same Shetland sweater wouldhave costA) less than $130.B) more than $130.C) $130, since the exchange rate does not affect the prices that American consumers pay for foreign goods.D) $130, since the demand for Shetland sweaters will decrease to prevent an increase in price due to the stronger dollar.Answer: BAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments11) Everything else held constant, a decrease in the value of the dollar relative to all foreign currencies means that the price of foreign goods purchased by AmericansA) increases.B) decreases.C) remains unchanged.D) either increases, decreases, or remains unchanged.Answer: AAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments12) American farmers who sell beef to Europe benefit most fromA) a decrease in the dollar price of euros.B) an increase in the dollar price of euros.C) a constant dollar price for euros.D) a European ban on imports of American beef.Answer: BAACSB: Diverse and multicultural work environments13) If the price of a euro (the European currency) increases from $1.00 to $1.10, then, everything else held constantA) a European vacation becomes less expensive.B) a European vacation becomes more expensive.C) the cost of a European vacation is not affected.D) foreign travel becomes impossible.Answer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge14) Everything else held constant, Americans who love French wine benefit most fromA) a decrease in the dollar price of euros.B) an increase in the dollar price of euros.C) a constant dollar price for euros.D) a ban on imports from Europe.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge15) From 2000 to 2014, the dollar depreciated substantially against other currencies. This drop in value most likely benefittedA) European citizens traveling in the U.S.B) U.S. citizens traveling in Europe.C) U.S. manufacturers importing parts from abroad.D) U.S. citizens purchasing foreign-made automobiles.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge16) From 1980-1985, the dollar strengthened in value against other currencies. Who was helped and who was hurt by this strong dollar?Answer: American consumers benefitted because imports were cheaper and consumers could purchase more. American businesses and workers in those businesses were hurt as domestic and foreign sales of American products fell.AACSB: Reflective Thinking1.5 How We Will Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets1) The basic concepts used in the analytic framework of this text include all of the following EXCEPTA) the not-for-profit nature of most financial institutions.B) a basic supply and demand analysis to explain the behavior of financial markets.C) an approach to financial structure based on transaction costs and asymmetric information.D) the concept of equilibrium.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) Using a unified analytic framework to present the information in the text keeps the knowledgeA) focused on theories that have little to do with actual behavior.B) theoretical and uninteresting.C) abstract and not applicable to real life.D) from becoming obsolete.Answer: DAACSB: Application of Knowledge1.6 Appendix: Defining Aggregate Output, Income, the Price Level, and the Inflation Rate1) The most comprehensive measure of aggregate output isA) gross domestic product.B) net national product.C) the stock value of the industrial 500.D) national income.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge2) The gross domestic product is theA) the value of all wealth in an economy.B) the value of all goods and services sold to other nations in a year.C) the market value of all final goods and services produced in an economy in a year.D) the market value of all intermediate goods and services produced in an economy in a year. Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge3) Which of the following items are NOT counted in U.S. GDP?A) your purchase of a new Ford MustangB) your purchase of new tires for your old carC) GM's purchase of tires for new carsD) a foreign consumer's purchase of a new Ford MustangAnswer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) If an economy has aggregate output of $20 trillion, then aggregate income isA) $10 trillion.B) $20 trillion.C) $30 trillion.D) $40 trillion.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) When the total value of final goods and services is calculated using current prices, the resulting measure is referred to asA) real GDP.B) the GDP deflator.C) nominal GDP.D) the index of leading indicators.Answer: CAACSB: Application of Knowledge6) Nominal GDP is output measured in ________ prices while real GDP is output measured in ________ prices.A) current; currentB) current; fixedC) fixed; fixedD) fixed; currentAnswer: BAACSB: Application of Knowledge7) GDP measured with constant prices is referred to asA) real GDP.B) nominal GDP.C) the GDP deflator.D) industrial production.Answer: AAACSB: Application of Knowledge8) If your nominal income in 2014 was $50,000, and prices doubled between 2014 and 2017, to have the same real income, your nominal income in 2017 must beA) $50,000.B) $75,000.C) $90,000.D) $100,000.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) If your nominal income in 2014 is $50,000, and prices increase by 50% between 2014 and 2017, then to have the same real income, your nominal income in 2017 must beA) $50,000.B) $75,000.。

货币金融学第11版米什金思考题目答案第16章

它还可以通过提供预期的货币政策约束来限制时间不一致问题。

2.Central bankers might think they can boost output or lower unemployment by pursuing overlyexpansionary monetary policy even though in the long run this just leads to higher inflation with no gains to increasing output or lowering unemployment. Alternatively, politicians may pressure the central bank to pursue overly expansionary policies.央行官员可能认为，他们可以通过推行过度扩张的货币政策来提高产出或降低失业率，尽管从长远来看，这只会导致通胀上升，而不会增加产出或降低失业率。

或者，政治家们可能会向中央银行施压，要求其推行过度扩张的政策。

3.This could pose a problem for a couple reasons. First of all, monetary policy has limited ability toencourage long-run economic growth other than through its ability to maintain low, stable long-run inflation and interest rates. Moreover, a strictly interpreted focus on economic growth may result in an unhealthy focus on keeping short-term interest rates low for a prolonged period of time to raiseinvestment and consumption in the near-term. This could lead to imbalances in the economy that, if not properly addressed, could lead to bubbles and financial crises.这可能会造成一个问题，有几个原因。

米什金货币金融学第九版课后答案

米什金货币金融学第九版课后答案【篇一：货币金融学课后习题答案】>一、关键词1.货币（money；currency）从商品中分离出来固定地充当一般等价物的商品。

现代货币：是指以某一权力机构为依托，在一定时期一定地域内推行的一种可以执行交换媒介、价值尺度、延期支付标准及作为完全流动的财富的储藏手段等功能的凭证。

一般可以分为纸凭证及电子凭证，就是人们常说的纸币及电子货币。

2.信用货币（credit money）由国家法律规定的，强制流通不以任何贵金属为基础的独立发挥货币职能的货币。

目前世界各国发行的货币，基本都属于信用货币。

3.货币职能（monetary functions）货币本质所决定的内在功能。

货币的职能主要包括了价值尺度、流通手段、贮藏手段、支付手段和国际货币这五大职能。

4.货币层次（monetary levels）货币层次的划分：m1=现金+活期存款；m2=m1+储蓄存款+定期存款；m3=m2+其他所有存款；m4=m3+短期流动性金融资产。

这样划分的依据是货币的流动性。

5.流动性（liquidity）资产能够以一个合理的价格顺利变现的能力，它是一种所投资的时间尺度（卖出它所需多长时间）和价格尺度（与公平市场价格相比的折扣）之间的关系。

6.货币制度（monetary system）国家对货币的有关要素、货币流通的组织与管理等加以规定所形成的制度，完善的货币制度能够保证货币和货币流通的稳定，保障货币正常发挥各项职能。

二、重要概念1.价值形式商品的价值表现形式。

商品的价值不能自我表现，必须在两种商品的交换中通过另一种商品表现出来。

2.一般等价物从商品中分离出来的充当其它一切商品的统一价值表现材料的商品，它的出现，是商品生产和交换发展的必然结果。

3.银行券由银行（尤指中央银行）发行的一种票据，俗称钞票。

早期银行券由商业银行分散发行，代替金属货币流通，通过与金属货币的兑现维持其价值。

中央银行产生以后，银行券由中央银行垄断发行，金属货币制度崩溃后，银行券成为不兑现的纸制信用货币。

米什金《货币金融学》笔记和课后习题详解(什么是货币)【圣才出品】

第3章什么是货币3.1 复习笔记1．货币的含义（1）货币（money）是在商品和劳务支付或债务偿还中被普遍接受的东西，包括可用于购物的通货（纸币和硬币）、活期存款和其他形式能用于支付的货币。

（2）财富（wealth）是作为价值储藏的各项财产的总和，不仅包括货币，还包括其他各种资产，比如债券、普通股、艺术品、土地、家具、汽车和房产等。

（3）收入（income）是指在单位时间内收益的流量，而货币是存量概念，是某一特定时点上的一个确定的金额。

2．货币的功能货币在任何经济社会中都有三个基本功能：交易媒介、记账单位、价值贮藏。

（1）交易媒介货币的交易媒介功能是指货币被用来购买产品和服务。

货币的交易媒介功能能够极大地减少花费在交换物品和劳务上的时间，从而提高经济运行效率。

对于任何行使交易媒介功能的商品来说，它必须满足几个条件：①便于标准化，其价值易于确定；②被广泛接受；③易于分割，以方便“找零”；④便于携带；⑤不易变质。

（2）记账单位货币的记账单位功能是指货币用于衡量经济社会中的价值。

由于货币的记账功能的发挥，需要考虑的价格数量减少，从而减少经济社会中的交易成本。

（3）价值储藏价值储藏是一种超越时间的购买力的储藏。

利用货币的价值储藏功能将取得收入和支出的时间分离开来。

流动性，即某项资产转化为交易媒介的相对难易和快慢程度。

货币是所有资产中流动性最高的，因为它本身就是交易媒介，它不需要转换为任何东西，直接就表现为购买力。

其他资产在转化为货币的时候，还涉及到交易成本。

货币是最具流动性的资产这一事实，就解释了为什么人们愿意持有货币，尽管它不是最好的价值储藏手段。

货币作为价值储藏手段的优劣取决于物价水平，因为货币价值依赖于价格水平。

3．支付体系的演进（1）支付体系（payments system）是指经济社会中进行交易的方法。

支付制度在不同的时期一直在发展变化，而货币形式也在随之发展变化。

支付制度的演变过程如下：商品货币→不兑现纸币→支票→电子支付→电子货币。

米什金货币金融学第11版笔记和课后习题答案

第1篇引言第1章为什么研究货币、银行与金融市场1.1复习笔记1.为什么研究金融市场金融市场是指将资金剩余方的资金转移到资金短缺方的市场。

资金供求双方通过金融市场进行资金融通，实现金融资源的有效配置，提高经济效率。

金融市场对个人财富、企业经营、消费者行为以及经济周期等都有直接的影响。

(1)债券市场和利率证券是对发行人未来收入与资产的索取权。

债券是债务证券，它承诺在一个特定的时间段中进行定期支付，债券包括长期债务工具和短期债务工具。

债券市场能够帮助政府和企业筹集所需资金，同时也是决定利率的场所。

利率是借款的成本或为借入资金支付的价格(通常以一定时期内的利息额同本金额的比率来表示)。

利率对整个经济的健康运行有着很大的影响:对于个人来说，利率过高倾向于使其减少消费，增加储蓄;对于企业来说，利率还影响着企业的投资决策，利率的高低决定着企业投资成本的高低。

(2)股票市场普通股(简称为股票)代表持有者对公司的所有权，是对公司收益和资产的索取权。

股票市场是指人们交易股票的市场。

股票市场的价格波动会影响到人们的财富水平，进而对他们的消费意愿产生影响。

股票市场也是影响投资决策的一个重要因素，因为股票价格的高低决定了发行股票所能筹集到的资金数量，从而限制了企业可用于投资的资金。

企业股票的价格高，则他们可以筹集到更多的资金，用于购买更多的生产设施以及装备。

2.为什么研究金融机构和银行银行与其他金融机构是金融市场实现资金由储蓄者向有生产性投资机会的人转移的桥梁，对于经济运行具有十分重要的作用。

(1)金融体系的结构金融体系是由银行与非银行金融机构(保险公司、共同基金等)共同构成的复杂系统。

金融中介是指在金融市场上资金融通过程中，在资金供求者之间起媒介作用的金融机构。

(2)银行与其他金融机构银行是吸收存款、发放贷款的金融机构，包括商业银行、互助储蓄银行等。

金融中介机构中，银行的经济规模最大，但近些年保险公司、财务公司、养老基金、投资银行等其他金融机构的成长速度也很快。

米什金货币金融学第11版笔记和课后习题答案

米什金货币金融学第11版笔记和课后习题答案1.2 课后习题详解二、思考题1. 在通常情况下，3个月期国库券利率、长期政府债券利率与Baa 级企业债券利率之间有什么联系?答:3个月期国债利率的波动通常要比其他两种债券利率的波动剧烈，并且平均来说利率更低些。

Baa级的企业债券的利率平均来说要高于其他两种债券的利率。

2. 股票价格的下降对于企业的投资会产生怎样的影响?答:股票价格可以影响企业通过发行新股所能筹集到的资金规模。

一家企业股票价格高昂意味着它可以筹集到更多的资金用于购置生产设施和设备。

公司股票价格下降，意味着公司可筹集的资金数量越少，因而该公司投资于厂房设备的数量减少。

3. 股票价格的上升对于消费者的支出决策会产生怎样的影响?答:股票价格的巨大波动通过影响投资者的财富规模而作用于他们的支出意愿。

股票价格的升高意味着消费者的财富增加，因此，消费者更可能会增加支出。

4. 为什么金融市场对于经济的健康运行至关重要?答:在现代市场经济中，金融市场和商品市场、劳动力市场、技术市场等共同构架了完整的市场体系。

在整个市场体系中，金融市场处于中枢的地位，对经济的健康运行起着十分重要的作用。

其主要通过发挥以下功能来促进经济的健康运行:(1) 融通资金功能在现实经济生活中，总是存在着资金的供应者和需求者，且具有不同的目标。

金融市场的产生与发展为资金的融通以及资金供应者、需求者目标的实现创造了条件，提供了媒介与场所。

金融市场的发展与完善，使其融通资金功能进一步突显。

(2) 调节资金功能金融市场调节资金功能主要表现在动态过程中。

当资金的供应大于需求时，利率就会下降，利率下降使筹资成本下降，从而刺激需求增加，最终达到资金供求平衡;否则反之。

(3) 资金积累功能金融市场的资金积累功能主要通过长期资金市场的作用，促使储蓄转化为投资而实现的。

在长期资金市场上，资金需求者(主要是企业与政府部门)通过发行股票和债券，将资金集中用于投资，引导物资资料和各生产要素的流动和组合，从而实现资金的价值增值。

米什金《货币金融学》笔记和课后习题详解(为什么研究货币、银行与金融市场)

第1章为什么研究货币、银行与金融市场1.1 复习笔记1．为什么研究金融市场金融市场是指将资金剩余方的资金转移到资金短缺方的市场。

通过债券市场和股票市场等金融市场，资金从没有生产用途的人向有生产用途的人转移，从而提高了经济效率。

此外，金融市场上的变化还直接影响着个人财富、企业和消费者的行为以及经济周期。

（1）债券市场和利率证券是对发行人未来收入与资产的索取权。

债券是债务证券，它承诺在一个特定的时间段中进行定期支付，债券包括长期债务工具和短期债务工具。

债券市场可以帮助政府和企业筹集到所需要的资金，并且是决定利率的场所，因此在经济活动中有着重要的特殊意义。

利率是借款的成本或为借入资金支付的价格（通常以一定时期内的利息额同本金额的比率来表示）。

利率对整个经济的健康运行有着很大的影响：对于个人来说，利率过高倾向于使其减少消费，增加储蓄；对于企业来说，利率还影响着企业的投资决策，利率的高低决定着企业投资成本的高低。

（2）股票市场普通股（简称为股票）代表持有者对公司的所有权，是对公司收益和资产的索取权。

股票市场是指人们交易股票的市场。

股票市场的价格波动会影响到人们的财富水平，进而对他们的消费意愿产生影响。

股票市场也是影响投资决策的一个重要因素，因为股票价格的高低决定了发行股票所能筹集到的资金数量，从而限制了企业可用于投资的资金。

企业股票的价格高，则他们可以筹集到更多的资金，用于购买更多的生产设施以及装备。

2．为什么研究金融机构和银行银行与其他金融机构是金融市场能够运行的关键所在。

没有金融机构，金融市场就无法实现资金由储蓄者向有生产性投资机会的人的转移。

因此，银行和其他金融机构对于经济运行具有十分重要的作用。

（1）金融体系的结构金融体系是由银行、保险公司、共同基金、财务公司、投资银行等不同类型的私人金融机构构成的复杂系统。

金融中介是指向拥有储蓄的个人借入资金并转而贷给其他资金需求者的金融机构。

（2）银行与其他金融机构银行是吸收存款、发放贷款的金融机构，包括商业银行、储蓄与贷款协会、互助储蓄银行与信用社。

米什金《货币金融学》第十一版第一章课后题

19.当美元价值的增加，外国商品相对美国商品变得更便宜，因此，你是更倾向于购买外国制造的牛仔裤，在美国制造的牛仔裤的需求下降，因为强势美元造成伤害美国牛仔裤制造商。生产商更希望看到美元走弱，另一方面，美国的进口牛仔裤贸易公司现在发现，美元价值上升，其产品的需求上升，美元强劲使得它们获利。
20.美元汇率上升，持有美国政府债券和国库券的国外投资者收益会增加，美元债务能够兑换更多的外国货币或外国资产，在外国投资者看来价值升高了。
14.与1950比较，美国政府的预算赤字水平正在不断升高。
15.英国消费会减少购买进口货物，增加购买本国货物。
16. 它使英国商品相对美国商品更加昂贵。因此，美国企业会发现它更容易在美国和国外出售他们的货物，并为他们的产品的需求将上升。
17.外汇汇率变化会影响金融机构持有的外国资产价值，导致资产出现损益，汇率变化也会影响为金融机构工作的外汇市场交易者的利润。
4.金融市场具有调节资金流动，融通资金、优化资金配置，指示国民经济指标，防范金融风险等功能，对于经济的健康运行起着中枢神经一般的调控作用。
5.源于美国次级贷款抵押市场出现大量贷款违约，导致金融机构受到巨大损失，资产负债表恶化，大量银行倒闭，能够发放的投资和贷款减少，这样，整个市场可用于生产的投资来源大大减少，企业不得不缩小生产规模，经济陷入衰退。
18.20世纪70年代中后期，80年代后期和90年代中期。这时候美元相对其他国家货币价值较低，出国旅游成本比较高。在中期到20世纪70年代末，在20世纪80年代末和90年代初，美元的价值低，使得出国旅游相对较昂贵，因此，它是在美国度假的好时机，看到大峡谷。随着美元的价值在20世纪80年代初兴起，出国旅游变得相对便宜，使它成为一个很好的时间来参观伦敦塔。

货币金融学第9版米什金中文答案

货币金融学课后答案米什金第九版第1章为什么研究货币，银行和金融市场？2。

图1，2，3和4的数据表明，实际产出，通货膨胀率和利率都将下降。

4。

你可能会更倾向于购买房子或汽车，因为他们的融资成本将下降，或你可能不太容易保存，因为你赚你的储蓄少。

6。

号的人借钱来购买房子或汽车，这是事实，更糟糕，因为它花费他们更多的资助他们购买，然而，储户的利益，因为他们可以赚取更高的储蓄利率。

7。

银行的基本业务是接受存款和发放贷款。

8。

他们的人不必为他们的生产使用的人的渠道资金，从而导致更高的经济效益。

9。

三个月期国库券利率比其他利率波动更是平均水平。

巴阿企业债券的利率平均高于其他利率。

10。

较低的价格为一个公司的股份，意味着它可以筹集的资金数额较小，所以在设施和设备投资将下降。

11。

较高的股票价格上涨意味着消费者的财富，是更高的，他们将更有可能增加他们的消费。

12。

这使得外国商品更加昂贵，因此，英国消费者将购买较少的外国商品和更多的国内商品。

13。

它使英国商品相对美国商品更加昂贵。

因此，美国企业会发现它更容易在美国和国外出售他们的货物，并为他们的产品的需求将上升。

14。

在中期到20世纪70年代末，在20世纪80年代末和90年代初，美元的价值低，使得出国旅游相对较昂贵，因此，它是在美国度假的好时机，看到大峡谷。

随着美元的价值在20世纪80年代初兴起，出国旅游变得相对便宜，使它成为一个很好的时间来参观伦敦塔。

15。

当美元价值的增加，外国商品相对美国商品变得更便宜，因此，你是更倾向于购买法国制造的牛仔裤比美国制造的牛仔裤。

在美国制造的牛仔裤的需求下降，因为强势美元造成伤害美国牛仔裤制造商。

另一方面，美国公司进口到美国的牛仔裤现在发现，其产品的需求上升，因此它是更好时，美元强劲。

第2章金融体系概述1。

微软股票的份额是其所有者的资产，因为它赋予雇主微软的收入和资产的份额。

份额是微软的责任，因为它是一个由该雇主的份额，其收入和资产的索赔。

米什金《货币金融学》笔记和课后习题详解(理解利率)【圣才出品】

第4章理解利率4.1 复习笔记1．利率的计量（1）现值在普通贷款中，用利息除以贷款额是计量借款成本的标准，这种成本计量称为单利。

计算将来一笔货币收入相当于今天多少数额的过程可以称为对未来的贴现。

现值是从现在算起数年后能够收到的某笔收入的贴现价值。

如果i代表利率水平，PV 代表现值，CF代表未来现金流量，n代表年限，那么计算公式如下：PV＝CF/（1＋i）n （2）四种类型的信用市场工具①普通贷款普通贷款中，借款人获得一定数量的资金（本金），到期归还并向贷款人支付额外的一定量金额，也就是利息。

发放给企业的商业贷款通常属于此种类型。

②固定支付贷款（也称分期偿还贷款）这种贷款给借款人提供一笔资金，在数年以内，借款人每月都必须偿还固定数量的资金（包括部分本金及利息）。

分期付款贷款和抵押贷款通常属于固定支付贷款。

③息票债券息票债券是一种每年向其持有人支付固定利息、到期偿还本金的债券。

息票债券的四要素：面值、发行人、到期日和息票利率。

④贴现发行债券贴现发行债券，也称零息债券，以低于面值的价格购入（贴现），到期日按票面价值偿还。

与息票债券不同，贴现债券不支付任何利息，仅支付票面价值。

这四种类型的信用市场工具对清偿时间的要求不同：普通贷款和贴现发行债券仅要求在其到期日进行支付，而固定支付贷款和息票债券则要求在其期限内定期进行支付。

（3）到期收益率到期收益率，即恰好使债券工具带来的回报的现值与其现在的价值相等的利率。

理解到期收益率计算的关键是使债券工具带来的回报的现值与其现在的价值相等。

①普通贷款普通贷款到期收益率的计算公式：LV ＝（LV ＋I ）/（1＋i ）n ，其中，LV ＝贷款金额，I ＝利息支付额，n ＝贷款年限，i ＝到期收益率。

对于普通贷款，单利率等于到期收益率。

因此，在普通贷款中，同一个i 既用来表示单利率，也用来表示到期收益率。

②固定支付贷款固定支付贷款的到期收益率计算公式：23=1(1)(1)(1)n FP FP FP FPLV i i i i ++++++++其中，LV ＝贷款金额，FP ＝年固定偿付额，n ＝贷款年限，i ＝到期收益率。

米什金货币银行学第九版中文课后题答案

答：根据可贷资金理论，美联储向公众出售债券，就增加了债券供给，使得供给曲线 BS 右移。供给曲线 BS 与需求曲线 Bd 相交于更高的均衡利率点上，使均衡利率上升。根据流动性偏好理论，货币供给减少使得货币供给曲线 Ms 左移，均衡利率上升。根据可贷资金理论得出的答案与根据流动性偏好理论得出的答案一致。 5.7.运用流动性偏好理论和债券的供求理论说明，为什么利率是顺周期的（即，经济扩张时利率上升；经济衰退时，利率下跌）。
答：人们更可能的去购买房产，因为当购买房产时真实利率从 3%*(5%-2%)下降到 1% （10%-9%）。虽然此时抵押贷款利率上升了，但购房融资的实际成本降低了。此外，如果允许对支付的利息来抵免税收，那么人们会更愿意买房产.
第五章 5.6.美联储减少货币供给的一个重要途径是向公众出售债券。运用供求理论说明该行动对利率的影响。这同流动性偏好理论得到的结论是否一致？
答：假如 1 年期债券没有利息收入，则该债券的到期收益率为（1000-800）/800=25%。由于 1 年期债券有利息支付，所以到期收益率必然高于 25%。然而，对于 20 年期债券而言，
-1-
货币金融学
由于当期收益率接近到期收益率（见教材），我们可以估计出该债券的到期收益率近似为 15%。因此，1 年期债券的到期收益率应更高。 4.14 如果抵押贷款利率从 5%上升到 10%，但是预期住宅价格将会从 2%上升到 9%，人们更愿意还是更不愿意购置住宅？
M2：a b d f
M3：a b c d e f
第四章 4.4.如果利率为 10%，一种债券明年向你支付 1100 美元，后年向你支付 1210 美元，第三年支付 1331 美元。如果该债券以 3500 美元出售，其到期收益率是高于还是低于 10%？为什么？

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货币金融学课后答案1、假如我今天以5000美元购买一辆汽车，明年我就可以赚取10000额外收入，因为拥有了这辆车，我就可以成为推销员。

假如没有人愿意贷款给我，我是否应该从放高利贷者拉利处以90%的利率贷款呢？你能否列出高利贷合法的依据？我应该去找高利贷款，因为这样做的结果会更好。

我支付的利息是4500（90%×5000）,但实际上，我赚了10000美元，所以我最后赚得了5500美元。

因为拉利的高利贷会使一些人的结果更好，所以高利贷会产生一些社会效益。

（一个反对高利贷的观点认为它常常会造成一种暴利活动）。

2、“在没有信息和交易成本的世界里，不会有金融中介机构的存在。

”这种说法是正确的、错误的还是不确定？说明你的理由。

正确。

如果没有信息和交易成本，人们相互贷款将无成本无代价进行交易，因此金融机构就没有存在的必要了。

3、风险分担是如何让金融中介机构和私人投资都从中获益的？风险分担是指金融中介机构所设计和提供的资产品种的风险在投资者所承认的范围之内，之后，金融中介机构将销售这些资产所获取的资产去购买风险大得多的资产。

对投资者而言，金融资产被转化为安全性更高的资产，减少了其面临的风险。

4、在美国，货币是否在20世纪50年代比70年代能更好地发挥价值储藏的功能？为什么？在哪一个时期你更愿意持有货币？在美国，货币作为一种价值储藏手段，在20世纪50年代比70年代好。

因为50年代比70年代通货膨胀率更低，货币贬值的贬值程度也较低。

货币作为价值储藏手段的优劣取决于物价水平，因为货币价值依赖于价格水平。

在通货膨胀时期，物价水平迅速上升，货币也急速贬值，人们也就不愿意以这种形式来持有财富。

因此，人们在物价水平比较稳定的时期更愿意持有货币。

5、为什么有些经济学家将恶性通货膨胀期间的货币称做“烫手的山芋”，在人们手中快速传递？在恶性通货膨胀期间，货币贬值速度非常快，所以人们希望持有货币的时间越短越好，因此此时的货币就像一个烫手的山芋快速的从一个人手里传到另一个人手里。

6、巴西在1994年之前经历快速通货膨胀，很多交易时通过美元进行的，而不是本国货币里亚尔，为什么？因为巴西快速的通货膨胀，国内的货币里亚尔实际上的储藏价值很低，所以人们宁愿持有美元，美元有更好的储藏价值，并在日常生活中用美元支付。

7、为了支付大学学费，你获得一笔1000美元的政府贷款。

这笔贷款需要你每年支付126美元共25年。

不过，你不必现在就开始偿还贷款，而是从两年后你大学毕业时才开始。

通常每年支付126美元共25年的1000美元固定支付贷款的到期收益率为12%，但是为何上述政府贷款的到期收益率一定低于12%？如果利润率是12%，由于是在毕业两年后而不是现在开始贷款，那么政府贷款的限期贴现值必然小于1000美元。

因此，到期收益率要低于12%的折现价值这一款项总计才能达到达1000美元。

8、假如利率下跌，你愿意持有长期债券还是短期债券？为什么？哪一种债券的利率风险更大？如果利率下降，你应该持有长期债权。

因为利率下降会使长期债权的价格上升快于短期债券，从而使得持有长期债权能够获得更高的回报率。

9、如果贷款利率从5%上升到10%，但预期房价价格增长率从2%上涨到9%，人们更愿意还是不愿意购买住房？人们更愿意购买住房。

购买住房的实际利率从3%（5%-2%）降低到1%（10%-9%）。

虽然抵押贷款利率上升了，但购房融资的实际成本变小了（假如允许对支付的利息来抵免税收，人们就更可能购买住房了）。

10、20世纪80年代中期的利率低于20世纪70年代晚期，但是很多经济学家都认为20世纪80年代中期的实际利率事实上远高于20世纪70年代晚期。

这种观点有道理吗？你认为这些经济学家的观点正确吗？经济学家是正确的。

原因是：20世纪70年代末；名义利率低于预期通货膨胀率，所以实际利率为负数。

而在80年代中期，由于预期通货膨胀率下降的速度比名义利率快，从而使名义利率超过了预期通货膨胀率，实际利率变为正数。

11、联邦储备体系减少货币供给的一个重要途径是向公众销售债务。

运用债券供给分析来说明这种行为对利率的影响。

这与你采用流动性偏好理论得出的结论是一样的吗？根据可贷资金理论，美联储向公众出售债券，会增加债券供给，从而推动移动曲线Bs向右移。

结果是，供给曲线Bs与需求曲线Bd在较低的价格和较高的均衡利率处（更高的均衡点）相交，使得均衡利率上升。

根据流动性偏好理论，货币供给减少会推动货币供给曲线Ms向左位移，均衡利率上升。

通过根据可贷资金理论得出的答案与根据流动性偏好得出的答案一致。

12、利用债券供求理论和流动性偏好理论，说明当债券风险增加时，对利率产生的影响。

运用这两种理论所得到的分析结果是一样的吗？根据可贷资金理论，债券风险的增加会使债券的需求减少，需求曲线Bd 向左位移，均衡利率上升。

根据流动性偏好理论，可以得出相同的答案。

债券相对于货币的风险增大，会使货币的需求增加，货币需求曲线Md向右位移，均衡利率上升。

可见，两种理论的结论是一致的。

13、假如货币供给保持不变，而下一年物价水平下跌，然后保持不变，那么利率在接下来的两年里会发生什么变化？（提示：同时考虑物价效应和通货膨胀预期效应）价格水平的影响在第一年末达到最大，由于物价水平不再持续下降，在物价水平效应的影响下，利益率不会进一步下降。

另一方面，第二年的预期通货膨胀为零。

因而，预期通货膨胀效应也将为零。

由于导致低利率的影响因素消失了，在第二年中，利息率会在第二年年末的低水平上有所上升。

14、美国总统再一次记者招待会上宣布，他将采取一项新的反通货膨胀计划来对抗高涨的通货膨胀率。

如果公众新任总统，预期利率将会发生什么变化。

如果公众信任总统的计划将会成功，利润率将会下降。

总统的宣布将会降低预期的通货膨胀，这使得实物资产的预期收益率相对与债券减少，引起债券的需求增加和债券需求曲线Bd向右移位，对于一个给定的名义利率，预期通货膨胀率降低意味着实际利率上升，这使得借贷成本上升，债券的供给下降，债券供给曲线向左。

债券供给曲线左移和债券供给曲线右移的结果是均衡利率下降。

15、一些经济学家认为，中央银行应该在故事失控之前，刺破泡沫，以防泡沫破裂后引发更大的灾难。

如何用货币政策在刺破泡沫？利用戈登增长模型来说明如何达到这一目的。

股市泡沫可能发生，如果市场参与者认为，股息将快速增长或如果他们大大降低要求回报他们的股权投资，从而降低分母的戈登模型，从而导致股票价格上升。

通过提高利率，央行可以导致所需的股本收益率提高，从而使股票价格攀升一样。

也可以帮助减缓加息的预期增长率的经济，因此股利，因此也保持股票价格攀升。

16、“预言家对通货膨胀的预测十分不准确，简直就是名声狼藉，因此他们对通胀的预期是非理性的。

”这种说法是正确的、错误的还是不确定？解释你的答案。

错。

预期可能很不准确，但仍然是理性的，因为最优预测不一定是准确的，如果与测试最可能发生的结果，即使误差很大，也仍是最优的。

17、“假如股票价格不遵守随机游走的方式，那么市场上会存在未被利用的盈利机会。

”这种说法是正确的、错误的还是不确定？解释你的答案。

正确。

根据有效市场理论，股票价格总是遵循随机游动：股票价格未来变化情况对任何使用实用而言都是不可预测的。

因为股票市场内有成千上万的精明人士，每一个懂得分析，而且资料流入市场都是公开的，多有人都知道，并无秘密可言。

因此，股票现在的价格反映了市场上所有的公开信息，反映了供求关系，或者本身价值不会太远。

因此，股票价格的随机游动意味着股票市场上不存在未被利用的盈利机会。

如果股票的价格不再遵循随机漫步，则股票的价格可能会存在一定的规律性，人们可以利用自己所掌握的信息，在预测股票的波动规律，从而实现盈利。

如果股票价格大幅度变动能够被预测，股票的最优预测不等于股票的均衡回报。

在这种情况下，市场上有潜在的利润机会，预期将是非理性的。

股票价格的小幅波动将是可以预期的，最优预测等于均衡回报。

在这种情况下，不存在潜在的利润机会。

18、“如果股票市场上大多数的参与者不关心货币总量的变化，那么普通股的价格中就不能完全反映这类信息。

”这种说法是正确的、错误的还是不确定的？解释你的答案。

错误。

根据股票的随机漫步理论，因为股票市场内有成千上万的精明人士，每一个懂得分析，而且资料流入市场都是公开的，多有人都知道，并无秘密可言。

因此，股票现在的价格反映了供求关系，或者本身价值不会太远。

现时股票的价格反映了市场上所有的公开信息。

因此，尽管大多数股民并不注意货币供给总量等变化，但是，只要股民市场存在着许多专业分析师等精明人士，股票的价格就会反映关于他们的相关信息。

19、如果较高的货币增长率与未来较高的通货膨胀率紧密相关，那么若公告的货币增长率很高，但人低于市场预期，你认为长期债权价格会发生何种变化？长期债权的价格将会下降。

如果货币的增长极快，但是低于市场预期时，市场预期的通货膨胀率将高于实际通货膨胀率。

根据费雪效应，实际利率=名义利率-预期的通货膨胀率，当前的实际利率低于长期的实际利率。

从长期看，当前的实际利率将趋向于长期的实际利率。

而债券的价格与实际利率水平成反比，因此，随着当前的实际利率水平向长期的实际利率水平上升，长期债权的价格将会下降。

20、信息不对称的存在如何为政府对金融市场的监管提供理论依据？因为信息不对称和免费搭车的问题，金融市场上的信息不足。

因此，政府就有了通过管理金融市场增加信息的理论基础，以帮助帮助投资者识别好坏公司，减轻逆向选择问题。

政府也可以通过加强会计准则和对欺诈的惩罚来提高金融市场的运行效率，减少道德风险。

21、免费搭车者问题是怎样进一步恶化金融市场中的逆向选择和道德风险问题的？免费搭便车问题意味着信息的私人生产者不能充分获得生产活动的全部收益，因此，信息的生产将会减少。

这意味着用来区分好坏的信息减少，从而使逆向选择问题恶化，并且随着对借款人的监管减少，道德风险问题也将进一步增加。

22、金融危机更可能发生在通货膨胀还是通货紧缩时期？请解释你的答案。

金融危机更容易发生在通货紧缩时期。

当出现通货紧缩时，公司债务的负担加重，但公司资产的实际价值并不会增加。

因此，公司的净值下降，贷方面临的逆向选择和道德风险问题加剧，这就使金融市场不能有效地将资金从储蓄者流入到生产性投资机会的入手中，金融危机就发生了。

余剑答案：金融危机更有可能出现在通货膨胀转向通货紧缩时期。

23、为什么银行家必须具备包打听的特征？对银行家而言，为了减少逆向选择，他必须从预期借款者那里获得尽可能多的信息，以便将风险大的贷款从风险小的贷款中筛选出来。

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