信管专业毕业外文翻译
图书信息管理毕业设计含外文翻译
1 导论一直以来人们使用传统的人工方式管理图书馆的日常工作，对于图书馆的借书和还书过程，想必大家都已很熟悉。
在计算机尚未在图书馆广泛使用之前，借书和还书过程主要依靠手工。
一个最典型的手工处理还书过程就是：读者将要借的书和借阅证交给工作人员，工作人员将每本书上附带的描述书的信息的卡片和读者的借阅证放在一个小格栏里，并在借阅证和每本书贴的借阅条上填写借阅信息。
这样借书过程就完成了。
还书时，读者将要还的书交给工作人员，工作人员根据图书信息找到相应的书卡和借阅证，并填好相应的还书信息，这样还书过程就完成了。
以上所描述的手工过程的不足之处显而易见，首先处理借书、还书业务流程的效率很低，其次处理能力比较低，一段时间内，所能服务的读者人数是有限的。
利用计算机来处理这些流程无疑会极大程度地提高效率和处理能力。
我们将会看到排队等候借书、还书的队伍不再那么长，工作人员出错的概率也小了，读者可以花更多的时间在选择书和看书上。
为方便对图书馆书籍、读者资料、借还书等进行高效的管理，特编写该程序以提高图书馆的管理效率。
使用该程序之后，工作人员可以查询某位读者、某种图书的借阅情况，还可以对当前图书借阅情况进行一些统计，给出统计表格，以便全面掌握图书的流通情况。
本次毕业设计题目：“图书管理系统”主要目的是利用数据库软件编制一个管理软件，用以实现图书、读者以及日常工作等多项管理。
同时对整个系统的分析、设计过程给出一个完整论证。
图书管理系统是一种基于集中统一规划的数据库数据管理新模式。
在对图书、读者的管理，其实是对图书、读者数据的管理。
本系统的建成无疑会为管理者对图书管理系统提供极大的帮助。
本系统的设计主要从以下几方面做起：系统业务流程分析、系统的功能设计、系统的数据库结构设计、系统输入/输出设计等。
作这些工作需对数据库知识有足够认识，并深入的了解的使用和管理系统的相关知识。
在信息时代的今天，人类需要对在政治、经济、军事、文化、科研、教育等领域产生的大量信息进行管理，并对数据进行加工处理，数据库技术则是信息管理与数据处理的先进技术。
图书馆学情报学及信息管理专业英语英汉对照
图书馆学情报学及信息管理专业英语英汉对照absolute frequency 绝对词频acceptable term 有效词Activity Based Classification ABC分类法adversarial IR 对抗性信息检索AHP A nalytical Hierarchy Process 层次权重决策分析方法AI A rtificial Intelligence 人工智能ASP A pplication Service Provider 应用服务外包assignment indexing 赋词标引Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) 自动仓储系统automatic extraction indexing 自动抽此标引B/S B rowser/Server 浏览器/服务器B2B B usiness to Business 企业对企业的电子商务B2C B usiness to Customer 企业对消费者的电子商务B2G B usiness to Government 企业对政府机构的电子商务back file 备份文档Balanced Scorecard 综合计分表bandwidth 带宽Bayesian networks 贝叶斯网络benchmark 行业标准BI Business Intelligenc 商业智能Bill of Lading (B/L) 托运单BOM B ill of Material 物料清单BPM Business Process Management业务流程管理BPR B usiness Process Re-engineering 业务流程重整broken link detectors 断链检测工具browsing behavior agent 浏览行为代理Business Integration 业务集成C/S C lient/Server 客户机/服务器C/S结构 Client/Server，客户端/服务器C2G C ustomer to Government 消费者对政府机构类型电子商务caching 高速缓存CAD C omputer-aided Design 计算机辅助设计CASE C omputer Aided Software Engineering 计算机辅助软件工程centralized server 中央服务器certification schemes 认证方案Chief Logistics Officer (CLO) 物流主管CIS C ompetitive Intelligence System 企业竞争情报系统CIS C ustomer Integrated Systems 客户集成系统clue word 提示词CMM C apability Maturity Model 软件能力成熟度模型Collaborative Commerce 协同商务compare with 匹配Competitive Forces Model 竞争力模型composition 资源的构成compressed file 压缩文件Computer Assisted Ordering (CAO) 计算机辅助订货系统concept heading 概念标题configurable options 可配置的选项context information 背景信息Continuous Replenishment Program (CRP) 连续库存补充计划controlled vocabulary 受控词表co-occurrence value 同现值Core Competency 核心竞争力CRM C ustomer Relationship Management 客户关系管理CRP C apacity Requirement Planning 能力需求计划CSF C ritical Success Factor 关键成功因素Customer Care 客户关怀cutoff point 截止界data mining 数据挖掘Data Redundancy数据冗余data warehouse数据仓库DBMS Database Management System数据库管理系统descriptor 描述词叙词discriminator 鉴别词Distributed Resource Planning (DRP) 分销资源计划Distribution Resource Planning (DRPⅡ) 配送资源计划DM D ata Mining 数据挖掘DRP Disaster Recovery Planning 灾难恢复计划DSS D ecision Support System 决策支持系统DW D ata Warehouse 数据仓库dynamic data 动态数据EAI Enterprise Application Integration 企业应用集成EAP E nterprise Application Portal 企业应用门户Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) 经济订货批量EDI E lectronic Data Interchange 电子数据交换efficiency/ expressiveness tradeoffs 兼顾效率和可表达性Efficient Customer Response (ECR) 有效客户反应EIP E nterprise Information Portal 企业信息门户EIS (executive information systems) 经理信息系统EKP E nterprise Knowloge Portal 企业知识门户Electronic Business 电子商业或广义电子商务Electronic Commerce电子商务Electronic Order System (EOS) 电子订货系统EP E nterprise Portal 企业门户ERP E nterprise Resource Planning 企业资源计划ES E xpert System 专家系统ESS (executive support systems)经理支持系统EUD E nd User Development 最终用户开发exponential growth 指数级增长external links 外部链接file-type view 文件类型视图Fixed Quantity System (FQS) 定量订货方式FTP file transfer protocol文件传输协议fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑GDSS G roup Decision Support System 群体决策支持系统genetic algorithms 遗传算法GIS(Group information systems)集群信息系统Global Positioning System (GPS) 全球定位系统GUI G raphical User Interface 图形用户界面human indexing 人工标引IAP I nternet Access Provide 服务接入商ICP I nternet Content Provide 内容服务提供商information isolated island 信息孤岛Information Management信息管理informational ,navigational, transactionalinverted file 倒排文档IP I nternet Protocol I nternet 协议IRP I nformation Resource Planning 信息资源规划ISP I nternet Service Provide 服务提供商IT Outsourcing 信息技术资源外包JAD J oint Application Development 联合应用开发会议JIT J ust in time 及时生产Just-in-time (JIT) 准时制KM K nowledge Management 知识管理knowledge economy 知识经济knowledge management 知识管理KWS K nowledge Work Systems 知识工作系统levels of directories 路径名link-checking sofiware package 链接检测软件包link-type view 链接类型视图load times 加载次数log files 日志文件Logistics Resource Planning (LRP) 物流资源计划machine-aided indexing 机器辅助索引machine-readable form 机器可读模式manual indexing 手工标引Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP Ⅱ) 制造资源计划Material Requirements Planning (MRP) 物料需要计划MDS M anagement Decision System 管理决策系统MIS M anagement Information System 管理信息系统MIT(management information technology)管理信息技术model 建模modules 模块MRP M aterial Resources Planning 物料需求计划MRPⅡ M anufacturing Resources Planning 制造资源计划multimedia data 多媒体数据neural networks 神经网络news postings 新闻发布nonsubstantive word 非实义词OA Office Automation 办公自动化OLAP(on-line analytical processing)联机分析处理online display 联机显示OOM O bject-Orient Method 面向对象方法Order Point System (OPS) 定货点法out-of-stock 缺货outsourcing 外包overassignment 过量赋词PDM Product Data Management 产品数据管理PERT P rogram Evaluation and Review Technique 计划评审技术pervaded with 充满着pin down 约束、控制PM project management项目管理PMC = Product Material Control 生产及物料控制poll 轮流询问practical setting 实际环境precision ceiling 最高查准率precision coefficient 查准率precision 查准率printed index 书本式索引probability 概率pros and cons 优劣势Prototyping 原型法quality indicators 质量指标query language 查询语言Quick Response (QR) 快速反应RAD (rapid application development)快速应用开发recall level 查全率recall performance 查全性redirected links 重新分布的链接relative frequency approach 相对词频方法repository of data= data warehouse 数据仓库representation of subject matter 对文献主题的描述RFP R equest For Proposal 方案征询书rough sets 粗集SA S tructured Analysis 结构化分析SCM S upply Chain Management 供应链管理SD S tructured Design 结构化设计方法SDLC S ystem Development Life Cycle 系统开发生命周期search engine spam 搜索引擎垃圾semantic data 语义数据semantic vocabulary 语义词汇表server clusters 服务器群server load balancing 服务器加载平衡shareware 共享的signal 标识single-user 单用户版本siteprofile 网络概况SMTP S imple Mail Transfer Protocol 简单邮件传输协议soft computing 软计算SP S tructured Programming 结构化编程SSO S ingle Sign-On 单点登录stoplist 停用词表straightforward = simplestreaming media 流媒体structured data 结构化数据subdirectories 子目录Supply Chain Management (SCM) 供应链管理syntactic criteria 句法规则System Analysis系统分析System Maintenance系统维护TCP T ransmission Control Protocol 传输控制协议the interactive graphical Web chart 交互性的图形网络图the source code 源代码thesaurus 叙词表Third Part Logistics (TPL) 第三方物流throughput 信息吞吐量time-out 超时的，超时间的TPS T ransaction Processing System 事务处理系统TQM T otal Quality Management 全面质量管理traffic analysis 信息流量分析traffic pattern 消息的传递模式UAT U ser Acceptance Testing 用户接受测试underassignment 欠量赋词Value Chain Model 价值链模型Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) 供应商管理库存visual inspection 可视化检查web mining 网络挖掘weighted approach 加权法wild card characters 通配符WMS (Warehouse Management System)仓库管理系统XML E xtensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言。
信息管理与信息系统专业英语词汇总结
Lesson1distributed applications 分布式应用程序competitive advantage 竞争优势data warehouses 数据仓库incompatible databases 不兼容数据库decision support systems 决策支持系统executive information systems 执行信息系统DBMS——database management systems 数据库管理系统entry 款目metadata 元数据mainframe computer大型计算机desktop computer台式计算机laptop computer膝上型计算机spreadsheet 电子表格LAN ------local area network 局域网database server 数据库服务器user views 用户视图data security 数据安全性data integrity 数据完整性concurrent user 并发用户data updating 数据更新data redundancy 数据冗余consistency of data and metadata 数据和元数据的一致性distributed database 分布式数据库telecommunications network 远程通讯网Lesson2automatic indexing自动标引human indexing 人工标引extraction indexing 抽词标引assignment indexing赋词标引controlled vocabulary 受控词表non-substantive words 非实意词index terms 标引词automatic stemming 自动抽取词干weight 权值clue words 提示词inverted file 倒排文档absolute frequency 绝对词频relative frequency 相对词频information retrieval 信息检索syntactic criteria 句法规则word string 词串NLDB——Natural Language DataBase 自然语言数据库MAI——machine-aided indexing 机器辅助标引recall ratio 查全率precision ratio 查准率descriptor 叙词thesaurus 叙词表semantic vocabulary 语义词表concept headings 概念标题consistency of indexing 标引的一致性underassignment 欠量赋词overassignment 过量赋词back file 备份文件main heading 主标题subheading 副标题access point 检索点Lesson3machine-readable form 机读形式source document 源文献subject indexing 主题标引back-of-the-book indexing书后标引indexing scheme 标引方案NFAIS——National Federation of Abstracting and Information Services （美国）国家文摘与信息服务联合会scope notes 范围注释permuted list 轮排词表CAS——Chemical Abstracts Service 化学文摘社character set 字符集statistical correlation 统计关联ISI——Institute for Scientific Information （美国）科学情报社co-citation indexing 共引文标引SCI——Science Citation Indexes 科学引文索引SSCI——Social Science Citation Indexes 社会科学引文标引bibliometric analysis 书目计量分析Lesson4performance enhancement 性能改善scarce resources 稀缺资源proxy servers 代理服务器JAVA executables JAV可执行程序source code 源代码streaming media 流媒体outsourcing 业务外包wild card characters 通配符real-time traffic analysis 实时流量分析static web pages 静态网页ISDN——Integrated Services Digital Network 综合服务数据网URL——Uniform Resource Locator 统一资源定位符HTML——Hypertext Markup Language 超文本标识语言CGI——Common Gateway Interface 公共网关接口XML——Extension Markup Language 扩展标识语言OR——Operation Record 操作记录IIS——Internet Information Services 网络信息服务Lesson5IR——information retrieval 信息检索search engine spam 搜索引擎垃圾soft computing 软计算data mining 数据挖掘information fusion 信息融合classification 分类clustering 聚类thesaurus construction 词表构建Web page categorization 网页分类JPG——Joint Photographic Experts Group 图像文件格式GIF——Graphics Interchange Format 可交换的图像文件格式PNG——Portable Network Graphic 可移植的网络图像文件格式the WWW Consortium 万维网联盟HTTP——Hypertext Transfer Protocol 超文本传输协议TCP——Transfer Control Protocol 传输控制协议ASCII——American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息互换标准代码CPUCentral Processing Unit 中央处理器Lesson6black－box services 黑箱服务delivering information 传递信息videoconferencing 视频会议cross reference互见，相互参照timeliness 及时性cross check 交叉检查，核对knowledge framework 知识结构Lesson7IP——intellectual property 知识产权electronic holdings of libraries 电子馆藏information infrastructure 信息基础设施copyright 版权patent 专利exclusive right 专有权subsequent editions 后续版本Lesson8encryption technologies 加密技术decrypted digital version 解密数字版本fair use doctrine 公平利用原则authenticity and integrity of the information 信息的可靠性和完整性DMCA——the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 数字千年版权法DVD——digital video diskencyclopedias 百科全书Lesson9CKO——chief knowledge officer 知识主管knowledge sharing 知识共享manual 手册competitive intelligence 竞争情报search engine 搜索引擎artificial intelligence 人工智能drill-down access 深度查询accessibility 可获得性knowledge discovery 知识发现quantitative data 定量数据qualitative data 定性数据virtual warehouses 虚拟(数据)仓库virtual library 虚拟图书馆relational database 关系数据库research and development 研发（研究与开发）directory 指南newsletter 简讯intelligent search agents 智能检索代理information resources 信息资源performance evaluation 性能评价Lesson10CIO——chief information officer信息主管ERP——Enterprise Resource Planning 企业资源规划CRM——Customer Relationship Management 客户关系管理Collaborative Applications Environment 协同应用环境workflow package 工作流软件包Lesson11rights of information users 信息用户的权利obligations of information users 信息用户的义务terms and conditions 条款。
信息管理与信息系统 毕业设计 外文翻译
当我做毕业设计的时候我遇到过这样或那样的问题，苦于手上没有本专业的毕业设计的参考文本。
现在毕业都快一年了，本着推己及人的态度将我的毕业设计所有资料放出，方便后来者翻阅，仅供参考，善哉，善哉……B-to-C电子商务多维信任形成模式：概念框架、学术角度和从业者角度的内容分析1.说明信任在社会关系中是一个很重要的组成，在商务上也是如此。
作为一种人际关系，信任一个人就更容易被那个人伤害。
作为一种在社会上的人与人之间的结构关系，信任是共有体制属性。
信任在商务领域有利于长久的合作。
交易可能存在于个人与个人之间，个人与企业之间，或者企业和企业之间。
信誉已被确认为在市场营销和电子商务论文中的重要组成部分。
信任问题从不同的角度被提出，包括技术，多主体的方法。
巴里认为信任是最强大的营销工具。
根据厄邦的研究，消费者在互联网上以商家信誉为基础做出购买的决定。
毫无疑问，信誉在任何涉及金钱的商业活动中扮演着重要的角色。
电子商务的信任是建立在消费者对该事物的信心。
与此截然不同的是，对实体店的信任是建立在个人与企业之间的关系和消费者与商家的互动，以及个人或公司的水平的基础上的。
皮特在其关于信任在线平台的文章中支持在线商务的成功的关键是建立信任。
所以，在线销售商应该创造一种让潜在消费者感到轻松而且有信心的环境。
为了创造一个能够信任的电子商务环境，了解影响消费者信任形成的因素是极其必要的。
尽管知道信任对于电子商务的重要性，但是相关的研究比较少，尤其是在了解影响消费者的信任形成的因素。
在本文中，我们试图填补这一空白。
首先，我们提出一个全面的、多层面的信任形成的模式，从电子商务交易复杂的现象中捕捉并精简地描绘形成的信任。
其次，根据调查的层面，我们利用内容分析和网上调查比较和对照律师和学者以了解不同的专家的观点。
他们的观点反映了在电子商务领域信誉的概念如何运用，哪些因素需要强调以促进电子交易。
2.面向过程的信任形成的多维模型信任本身很难直接地观察和测量。
信息管理专业英语教程
信息管理专业英语教程Information Management Major English Course (1000 words)1. Introduction to Information Management:In this course, students will receive a comprehensive overview of the field of information management. They will learn about the importance of managing data and information efficiently in modern organizations and how it contributes to their success. The course will cover various topics such as information systems, data analysis, knowledge management, and digital transformation.2. Information Systems and Technologies:This module will focus on the different types of information systems and technologies used in organizations. Students will learn about database management systems, enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and more. They will understand how these systems capture and store data to support decision-making processes.3. Data Analysis and Visualization:In this module, students will learn how to analyze and visualize data effectively. They will be introduced to various data analysis techniques such as data mining, regression analysis, and clustering. Students will also learn how to use popular data visualization tools to present their findings in a meaningful way.4. Knowledge Management:Knowledge management plays a crucial role in organizations as it involves capturing, storing, and sharing knowledge throughout the organization. In this module, students will learn about knowledgemanagement systems and strategies. They will understand how to develop a knowledge sharing culture and use technologies to facilitate knowledge sharing.5. Digital Transformation:In the digital age, organizations need to adapt to technological advancements to stay competitive. This module will focus on digital transformation and its impact on organizations. Students will learn about emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT). They will explore how these technologies can be leveraged to enhance business processes and decision-making.6. Managing Information Security:Information security is a critical aspect of managing data and information. In this module, students will learn about the different types of security threats and vulnerabilities that organizations face. They will understand the importance of implementing security measures and best practices to protect sensitive information. Students will also learn about legal and ethical considerations in information management.7. Project Management:Effective project management is essential for successful implementation of information management initiatives. In this module, students will learn about project management methodologies and tools. They will understand how to plan, execute, and monitor information management projects within the given scope, time, and budget constraints.8. Future Trends in Information Management:This final module will explore the future trends and challenges in information management. Students will discuss topics such as big data, cloud computing, cybersecurity, and the role of artificial intelligence in information management. They will reflect on the skills and knowledge they have acquired throughout the course and consider how they can apply them in their future careers.In conclusion, this Information Management Major English Course provides students with a comprehensive understanding of the field. By covering topics such as information systems, data analysis, knowledge management, digital transformation, information security, project management, and future trends, students will develop the necessary skills and knowledge to thrive in this rapidly evolving industry.。
信管专业英语复习部分试题(第一部分)
一、翻译(课本P1-3)1、The study of information systems is usually a commerce and business administration discipline. “and frequently involves software engineering, but also distinguishes itself by concentrating on the integration of computer systems with the aims of the organization.2、Information systems support business processes and operations by the ways 1) Processing these accounting records into income statements, balance sheets,ledgers，management reports,and other forms of financial information 2) Recording and storing inventory data,work in process data, equipment repair and maintenance data,supply chain data,and other production/operations records3、More sophisticated programs often seamlessly incorporate statistical decision making tools like sensitivity analysis,Monte Carlo analysis.risk analysis, breakeven analysis and Bayesian analysis．4、If，for example,you are using the information system to decide about a new product introduction，the program should incorporate tools like logic analysis, conjoint analysis, contribution margin analysis.multi-dimensional scaling,multi-factor analysis. factor analysis,cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, Quality Function Deployment,preference regressions,and preference-rank translations。
(11)Unit 5《信息管理与信息系统专业英语》networked economy
网络经济给我们的生活带来许多变化。一个重大 变化就是像消费者广泛关注的土地，劳力，资金， 这些已成为稀少性商品的界定的变化。因此寻求 通过网络经济方式去做生意的公司必须要把这种 变化考虑进去。
安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系
Networked Economy
《 SQL Server 数据库管理与开发》
安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系
《 SQL Server 数据库管理与开发》
Networked Economy
词汇(Vocabulary)
1. 2.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7.
Networked Economy Take…into account Digital divide (p.98) Sales tax/tax revenue Power plant (power station) Global positioning system (GPS) Personal digital Assistants (PDAs)
In addition to this new version of scarcity, the networked economy has created or amplified (扩大) other economic issues, including the division (separation) between those who have access to the internet and electronic commerce(??) and those who do not, and whether and how to tax electronic commerce.
31. 安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系
信息管理与信息系统专业 英语
信息管理与信息系统专业英语英文回答：Information Management and Information Systems.Information management is the collection, storage, organization, and dissemination of information. It is a critical function for any organization, as it allows for the effective use of information to make decisions and achieve goals. Information systems are the tools and technologies used to manage information. They can range from simple spreadsheets to complex enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems.The field of information management and information systems is constantly evolving, as new technologies emerge and new ways of working are developed. This has led to a growing demand for professionals with the skills and knowledge to manage information effectively.Skills and Knowledge Required for Information Management and Information Systems Professionals.Professionals in the field of information management and information systems typically need to have the following skills and knowledge:A strong understanding of information management concepts and principles.Proficiency in a variety of information systems software applications.Excellent communication and interpersonal skills.The ability to work independently and as part of a team.A strong work ethic and a commitment to excellence.Career Opportunities for Information Management and Information Systems Professionals.There are a wide range of career opportunitiesavailable for professionals with skills and knowledge in information management and information systems. Some of the most common job titles include:Information manager.Information systems manager.Database administrator.Systems analyst.Business analyst.Project manager.Professionals in these roles can work in a variety of industries, including healthcare, finance, manufacturing, and government.Education and Training for Information Management and Information Systems Professionals.There are a variety of educational and training programs available for professionals who want to work inthe field of information management and information systems. Some of the most common programs include:Bachelor's degree in information management or information systems.Master's degree in information management orinformation systems.MBA with a concentration in information management or information systems.Certificate programs in information management or information systems.Professional Development for Information Management and Information Systems Professionals.In order to stay up-to-date on the latest trends and technologies in the field of information management and information systems, professionals should pursue ongoing professional development. This can be done through a variety of activities, such as:Attending conferences and workshops.Reading industry publications.Taking online courses.Participating in online forums and discussion groups.中文回答：信息管理与信息系统专业。
(6)Unit 3《信息管理与信息系统专业英语》E-C
Part I--E-commerce I--E
《 SQL Server 数据库管理与开发》
--Limitations of electronic commerce --Limitations
Because electronic commerce relies on computer networks, the shipment (the action of sending, carrying, and delivering goods) of any physical good purchased using electronic commerce must still take place through traditional means, that is , when you buy a physical goods over the Web, it must be picked from a shelf in a warehouse, packed for shipment, and physically moved from the warehouse to the customer via a package delivery service.
sqlserver数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院计算机系parteecommercecommerce电子商务electroniccommerce计算机应用软件computerapplications在网络上通信communicatingovernetworks交易双方twoparties整个交易或部分交易atransaction电子通信手段进行交易electroniccommunicationselectronicdatainterchange安全交易协议securetransactionagreement网络的成熟与普及thematuritywideadoption信用卡的普及thepermeationcreditcards作为assqlserver数据库管理与开发安徽财贸职业学院计算机系parteecommercecommerce电子商务定义为
信息管理与信息系统专业英语：专业词汇的中英文翻译和具体英文介绍
1. informationInformation, in its most restricted technical sense, is a sequence of symbols that can be interpreted as a message. Information can be recorded as signs, or transmitted as signals. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system. Conceptually, information is the message (utterance or expression) being conveyed. This concept has numerous other meanings in different contexts.[1] Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, representation, and especially entropy.(信息,在其最受限制的技术意义上,是一个序列的符号,可以被解释为一个消息。
信息可以被记录为标志,或传输信号。
信息是任何类型的事件,影响一个动态系统的状态。
从概念上讲,信息是信息(话语或表达式)的表达。
这一概念具有许多其他在不同语境下的含义。
[1]此外,信息的概念密切相关的概念约束、通信、控制、数据、形式、指令、知识、意义,精神刺激,模式,感知的代表性,尤其是熵。
毕业生信息管理系统_外文翻译(范文)
外文文献资料Buses and InterfacesThe buses and interfaces are the fabric that connects the CPU to the peripherals that are part of the system. Each bus and interface has its own intricacies, and the level of support provided by Linux to the different buses and interfaces varies accordingly. The following is a rundown of the buses and interfaces found in embedded systems and a discussion of their support by Linux. Linux supports many other buses, such as SBus, NuBus, TurboChannel, and MCA, but these are workstation or server-centric.1. ISAThe Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus was designed for and occupied the core of PC-AT architecture. It was odd even for its time, as it did not provide many of the facilities other buses offered, including ease of mapping into normal processor physical address space. Its simplicity, however, favored the proliferation of many devices for the PC, which, in turn, favored the use of PCs in embedded applications.ISA devices are mostly accessed through the I/O port programming already available in the x86's instruction set. Therefore, the kernel does not need to do any work to enable device drivers to use the bus. Instead, the various device drivers access the appropriate I/O ports directly using the in/out assembly functions. Although the kernel provides support for Plug and Play (PNP) devices, this capability is of little use for embedded applications. Instead, embedded systems that do need to support hardware variations will be based on buses that support runtime hardware addition and removal, such as CompactPCI, PCMCIA, and USB. The kernel also supports Extended ISA (EISA) devices, but this bus has not been very popular and has been superseded by the PCI bus.2. PCIThe Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, managed by the PCI Special Interest Group (PCI-SIG), is arguably the most popular bus currently available. Designed as a replacement for ISA, it is used in combination with many different architectures, including the PPC and the MIPS, to build different types of systems,including embedded devices.Unlike ISA, PCI requires software support to enable it to be used by device drivers. The first part of this support is required to initialize and configure the PCI devices upon bootup. On PC systems, this is traditionally done by the BIOS. However, the kernel is capable of carrying out this task itself. If the BIOS has carried out the initialization, the kernel will browse the BIOS's table to retrieve the PCI information. In both cases, the kernel provides device drivers with an API to access information regarding the devices on the PCI bus and act on these devices. There are also a number of user tools for manipulating PCI devices. In short, the level of support for PCI in Linux is fairly complete and mature.3.PCMCIAPersonal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) is both the common name of a bus and the name of the organization that promotes and maintains related standards. Since the publication of the initial standard, which supported only 16-bit cards, other standards have been published, including the 32-bit CardBus and the USB CardBay specifications. When part of an embedded system, PCMCIA renders it flexible and easy to extend. On the iPAQ, for instance, it enables users to connect to a LAN using a wireless networking card. In other systems, it makes large permanent storage space available through the use of CompactFlash cards.The extent of Linux support for PCMCIA can be confusing. First and foremost, there is the main Linux PCMCIA project, which is hosted on SourceForge at :/// and is maintained by David Hinds. The package made available by this project supports a large number of cards, Linux support for PCMCIA is quite mature for the i386 architecture and available in part for the PPC, but unfortunately, it's still in its infancy for other chips at the time of this writing. Apart from the package maintained by Hinds, the official kernel contains support for a portion of the PCMCIA cards supported by the Hinds' package. The developers' intent is to have the official kernel become the main source for PCMCIA support. Until then, the best choice is to use Hinds' distribution for production systems. It includes the necessary system tools to configure the automatic loading and unloading of the appropriate PCMCIA device drivers when a card is inserted or removed from a PCMCIA slot.4. PC/104Although simple, the ISA bus is not well adapted to the rugged environments where embedded systems are deployed. The PC/104 form factor was introduced toaddress the shortcomings of ISA's mechanical specification. PC/104 provides a bus whose electrical signals are identical to those of the ISA bus, but with a different mechanical specification that is more adapted to embedded system development by providing ease of extensibility and ruggedness. Instead of using slots where cards are inserted, as in a regular ISA setup, PC/104 specifies the use of pin connectors. When PCI became popular, the PC/104+ specification was introduced to provide a PCI-signal-compatible bus as an addition to the PC/104 specification. Both PC/104 and PC/104+ are managed by the PC/104 Consortium, which includes more than a 100 member companies.The PC/104 is identical to ISA and the PC/104+ is identical to both ISA and PCI from the signal perspective and, therefore, from the software's perspective. Therefore, Linux requires no special functionality to support these buses. However, this does not mean that Linux supports all PC/104 and PC/104+ devices. As with any other ISA or PCI device, you should seek exact information about Linux compatibility with the PC/104 device you are evaluating.5. VMEThe VME bus is largely based on Motorola's VERSA backplane bus, which was developed specifically for the 68000 in 1979. At the time, VERSA was competing with buses such as Multibus, STD, S-100, and Q-bus, although it is rarely used today. Striving to provide a new bus that would be microprocessor independent, Motorola, Mostek, and Signetics agreed that the three companies would support a new bus. This came to be the VME bus based on the VERSA's electrical signals and the Eurocard mechanical form factor. In the Eurocard form factor, VME boards are loaded vertically into a VME chassis and connected to its backplane using pin connectors, unlike common computer boards that use edge connectors inserted into slots. Since its introduction, the VME bus has become widely adopted as the preferred bus for building powerful and rugged computers. One factor that has helped the VME bus' popularity is that it is an open standard that isn't controlled by any single organization.As the VME bus can accommodate multiple VME boards, each with its own CPU and OS, no central OS controls the bus. Instead, arbitration is used to permit a board to become bus master momentarily to conduct its operations. The job of Linux on a VME board is therefore to interact properly with its VME hardware interface to obtain the appropriate functionality.pactPCIThe CompactPCI specification was initiated by Ziatech and was developed by members of the PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturer's Group (PICMG), which oversees the specification and promotes the use of CompactPCI. The CompactPCI specification provides an open and versatile platform for high-performance, high-availability applications. Its success is largely based on the technical choices made by its designers. First, they chose to reuse the Eurocard form-factor popularized by VME. Second, they chose to make the bus PCI-compatible, hence enabling CompactPCI board manufacturers to reuse low-cost PCI chips already available in the mainstream market.Technically, the CompactPCI bus is electrically identical to the PCI bus. Instead of using slot connections, as found in most workstations and servers, pin connectors are used to connect the vertically loaded CompactPCI boards to the CompactPCI backplane, much like VME. As with PCI, CompactPCI requires a single bus master, in contrast with VME, which could tolerate multiple bus masters, as explained earlier. Consequently, CompactPCI requires the permanent presence of a board in the system slot. It is this board that arbitrates the CompactPCI backplane, just as a PCI chipset would arbitrate a PCI bus in a workstation or a server.In addition, the CompactPCI specification allows for the implementation of the Hot Swap specification, which describes methods and procedures for runtime insertion and removal of CompactPCI boards. This specification defines three levels of hot swapping. Each level implies a set of hardware and software capabilities. Here are the available levels and their requirements: Basic hot swapThis hot swap level involves console intervention by the system operator. When a new card is inserted, she must manually inform the OS to power it up and then configure and inform the software of its presence. To remove a card, she must tell the OS that the board is about to be removed. The OS must then stop the tasks that are interacting with the board and inform the board to shut down.Full hot swapIn contrast to basic hot swap, full hot swap does not require console intervention by the operator. Instead, the operator flips a microswitch attached to the card injector/ejector to notify the OS of the impending removal. The OS then performs the necessary operations to isolate the board and tell it to shut down. Finally, the OS lights an LED to notify the operator that the board can now be removed. On insertion, the OS carries out the inverse operations when it receives the appropriate insertion signal.High AvailabilityIn this level, CompactPCI boards are under complete software control. A hot swap controller software manages the state of all the boards in the system and can selectively reverse these individual boards according to the system's state. If a board fails, for example, the controller can shut it down and power up a duplicate board that is present within the same chassis for this very purpose. This hot swap level is called "High Availability," because it is mostly useful in what are known as high-availability applications，such as telecommunications, where downtime must be minimal.Linux accommodates the basic CompactPCI specification, through the PCI support it already provides. Support for dynamic insertion and removal of devices in Linux also exists in different forms. Primarily, Version 2.4 of the kernel includes the required kernel functionality.That said, this level of support is insufficient to accommodate all the complexities of CompactPCI systems. In addition, there are few drivers within the main kernel tree for mainstream CompactPCI boards, although CompactPCI board manufacturers may provide Linux drivers. This caveat has led to the emergence of a number of commercial solutions that provide high-availability Linux solutions on CompactPCI, including Availix's HA Cluster and MontaVista's High Availability Framework. The ongoing High-Availability Linux Project, found at :///, aims at providing the open source components needed to build high-availability solutions using Linux. The project isn't restricted to a specific hardware configuration and is, therefore, not centered around CompactPCI.In the future, we may see more open source software accommodating the various complexities of CompactPCI-based systems, both in terms of hot swap capabilities and in terms of software support for communication, resource monitoring, cluster management, and other software components found in high-availability systems. For now, however, if you want to use Linux for a CompactPCI-based high-availability application, you may need to work with one of the existing commercial solutions to obtain all the features described by the CompactPCI specification.7. Parallel PortAlthough not a bus in the traditional sense, the parallel port found in many computers can be used to connect a wide range of peripherals, including hard drives, scanners, and even network adapters. Linux support for parallel port devices is extensive, both in terms of the drivers found in the kernel and the ones providedby supporting projects. There is no central authority or project, however, that directs Linux's support for parallel port devices, since the parallel port is a ubiquitous component of computer systems. Instead, there are good resources that describe which devices are supported. These include the Hardware Compatibility HOWTO found at the LDP and the Linux Parallel Port Home Page found at :// /linux-pp.html. It is worth noting that Linux supports the IEEE1284 standard that defines how parallel port communication with external devices is carried out.As the parallel port can be used for many purposes besides attaching external devices, I will discuss parallel port programming when explaining the use of the parallel port as in an I/O interface in Section 3.3.8. SCSIThe Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) was introduced by Shugart Associates and eventually evolved into a series of standards developed and maintained by a series of standard bodies, including ANSI, ITIC, NCITS, and T10. Although mainly thought of as a high-throughput interface for hard drives for high-end workstations and servers, SCSI is a general interface that can be usedto connect various hardware peripherals. Only a small segment of embedded systems ever use SCSI devices, though. These systems are typically high-end embedded systems such as the CompactPCI-based high-availability systems discussed earlier.In those cases, a CompactPCI SCSI controller inserted in the CompactPCI backplane provides an interface to the SCSI devices.If you consider using SCSI in an embedded system, note that although Linux supports a wide range of SCSI controllers and devices, many prominent kernel developers believe that the kernel's SCSI code requires major work or even a complete rewrite. This doesn't mean that you shouldn't use SCSI devices with Linux.It is only a warning so that you plan your project's future updates in light of such possible modifications to the kernel's SCSI layer. At the time of this writing, work on the SCSI code has not yet started. It is expected that such work wouldbe undertaken during the 2.5 development series of the kernel. For now, the SCSI hardware supported by Linux can be found in the Hardware Compatibility HOWTO from the LDP. As with the parallel port, there is no single reference point containingall information regarding Linux's support for SCSI, since the SCSI interface isan established technology with a very large user base.Discussion of the kernel's SCSI device drivers architecture can be foundat :// /sg/, at :// /scsi.html, and in theLinux 2.4 SCSI subsystem HOWTO from the LDP. This should be the starting point for the development of any SCSI driver for Linux, along with the Linux Device Drivers book by O'Reilly. For a broad discussion about SCSI, The Book of SCSI: I/O For The Millennium by Gary Field and Peter Ridge (No Starch Press) is a good start. As with other standards, there are always official standards documents provided by the standard bodies, but again, such documentation often makes for dry reading material.9. USBThe Universal Serial Bus (USB) was developed and is maintained by a group of companies forming the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). Initially developed to replace such fragmented and slow connection interfaces as the parallel and serial ports traditionally used to connect peripherals to PCs, USB has rapidly established itself as the interface of choice for peripherals by providing inexpensive ease of use and high-speed throughput. Although mainly a mainstream device-oriented bus, USB is increasingly appearing in hardware used in embedded systems, such as SBCs and SoCs from several manufacturers.USB devices are connected in a tree-like fashion. The root is called the root hub and is usually the main board to which all USB devices and nonroot hubs are connected. The root hub is in charge of all the devices connected to it, directly or through secondary hubs. A limitation of this is that computers cannot be linked in any form of networking using direct USB cabling.There are also USB network adapters, including Ethernet adapters, that can be used to connect the computers to a common network.Support within Linux for behaving as a USB root hubis quite mature and extensive, comparing positively to the commercial OSes that support USB. Although most hardware vendors don't ship Linux drivers with their USB peripherals, many have helped Linux developers create USB drivers by providing hardware specifications. Also, as with other hardware components, many Linux drivers have been developed in spite of their manufacturers' unwillingness to provide the relevant specifications. The main component of Linux's support for USB is provided by the USB stack in the kernel. The kernel also includes drivers for the USB devices supported by Linux. User tools are also available to manage USB devices. The user tools and the complete list of supported devices is available through the Linux USB project web site at :// /.Support within Linux for behaving as a USB device is limited in comparison to its support for behaving as a USB root hub. While some systems running Linux,such as the iPAQ, can already behave as devices, there is no general agreed-upon framework yet for adding USB device capabilities to the Linux kernel.Development of USB drivers is covered by the Programming Guide for Linux USB Device Drivers by Detlef Fliegl, available through the Linux USB project web site. The Linux Device Drivers book also provides guidelines on how to write Linux USB drivers. There are a number of books that discuss USB, which you can find by looking at the various online bookstores. However, the consensus among developers and online book critics seems to indicate that the best place to start, as well as the best reference, is the original USB specification available online from the USB-IF.10. IEEE1394 (FireWire)FireWire is a trademark owned by Apple for a technology they designed in the late 80s/early 90s. They later submitted their work to the IEEE and it formed the basis of what eventually became IEEE standard 1394. Much like USB, IEEE1394 enables devices to be connected using simple and inexpensive hardware interfaces. Because of their similarities, IEEE1394 and USB are often considered together. In terms of speed, however, it is clear that IEEE1394's architecture is much more capable than USB of accommodating throughput-demanding devices, such as digital cameras and external hard drives. Recent updates to the USB standard have reduced the gap, but IEEE1394 still has a clear advantage in regards to currently existing high-throughput devices and future capabilities. Although only a small number of embedded systems actually use IEEE1394, it is likely that the need for such a technology will increase with the demand in throughput.In contrast to USB, IEEE1394 connections do not require a root node. Rather, connections can be made either in a daisy-chain fashion or using an IEEE1394 hub. Also, unlike SCSI, connections do not need any termination. It is also possible to connect two or more computers directly using an IEEE1394, which isn't possible with USB. To take advantage of this capability, there is even an RFC specifying how to implement IP over IEEE1394. This provides an inexpensive and high-speed network connection for IEEE1394-enabled computers.Linux's support for IEEE1394 isn't as extensive as that provided by some commercial OSes, but it is mature enough to enable the practical, every day use of quite a number of IEEE1394 hardware devices. The kernel sources contain the code required to support IEEE1394, but the most up-to-date code for the IEEE1394 subsystem and the relevant user utilities can be found at the IEEE1394 for Linux project web site at :// /. The list of supported devices canbe found in the compatibility section of the web site. The number and types of devices supported by Linux's IEEE1394 can only increase in the future.Support for running an IP network over IEEE1394 in Linux is currently in its infancy. In due time, this may become a very efficient way of debugging embedded Linux systems because of the quantity of data that can be exchanged between the host and the target.Documentation on how to use the IEEE1394 subsystem under Linux with supported hardware can be found on the IEEE1394 for Linux project web site. The web site also includes links to documentation regarding the various specifications surrounding IEEE1394. The main standard itself is available from the IEEE and is therefore expensive for a single individual to purchase. Although the standard will be a must for any extensive work on IEEE1394, the FireWire System Architecture book by Don Anderson (Addison Wesley) is a good place to start.11.GPIBThe General-Purpose Interface Bus (GPIB) takes its roots in HP's HP-IB bus, which was born at the end of the 1960s and is still being used in engineering and scientific applications. In the process of maturing, GPIB became the IEEE488 standard and was revised as late as 1992. Many devices that are used for data acquisition and analysis are, in fact, equipped with a GPIB interface. With the advent of mainstream hardware in this field of application, many GPIB hardware adapters have been made available for such mainstream hardware and for PCs in particular.GPIB devices are connected together using a shielded cable that may have stackable connectors at both ends. Connectors are "stackable" in the sense that a connector on one end of a cable has the appropriate hardware interface to allow for another connector to be attached to it, which itself allows another connector to be attached. If, for instance, a cable is used to connect a computer to device A, the connector attached to A can be used to attach the connector of another cable going from A to device B.12. I2CInitially introduced by Philips to enable communication between components inside TV sets, the Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) bus can be found in many embedded devices of all sizes and purposes. As with other similar small-scale buses such as SPI and MicroWire, I2C is a simple serial bus that enables the exchange of limited amounts of data among the IC components of an embedded system. There is a broad range of I2C -capable devices on the market, including LCD drivers, EEPROMs, DSPs, and so on. Because of its simplicity and its hardware requirements, I2C can beimplemented either in software or in hardware.Connecting devices using I2C requires only two wires, one with a clock signal, serial clock (SCL), and the other with the actual data, serial data (SDA). All devices on an I2C bus are connected using the same wire pair. The device initiating a transaction on the bus becomes the bus master and communicates with slaves using an addressing scheme. Although I2C supports multiple masters, most implementations have only one master.The main kernel tree includes support for I2C, a number of devices that use I2C, and the related System Management Bus (SMBus). Due to the heavy use of I2C by hardware monitoring sensor devices, the I2C support pages are hosted on the Linux hardware monitoring project web site at ://www2.lm-sensors.nu/~lm78/. The site includes a number of links, documentation, and the most recent I2C development code. Most importantly, it contains a list of the I2C devices supported along with the appropriate driver to use for each device.中文翻译稿应用技术学院06计算机（0616403062）管玲玲2010年2月总线和接口总线和接口是连接CPU到系统的部分外设的组织。
毕业设计外文资料及译文(模板
一般来说，应选择业务价值贡献大、最容易让企业所有员工都能使用的信息系统作为优先建设的系统，如供销存系统、财务系统和办公自动化系统等。员工体会到信息系统价值贡献，就会主动推进下阶段的信息化建设。
2.怎么选？
以业务战略为指针，避免盲目选型。
信息化不是一个简单的技术问题，它的核心在于，适应和支持业务发展战略而进行的管理模式变革和业务流程优化。因此，企业信息化选型应以业务战略为指导。例如，如果企业战略核心是国际化，那就应优先选择具有国际最佳实践经验的产品。总之，业务战略匹配是信息化选型中最先考虑的因素。
同样，用户与IT厂商的沟通也应当分工明确，业务人员应与IT厂商的业务需求分析人员进行沟通，IT人员与IT厂商的设计和实施人员进行沟通。
5.权衡好一步到位和分步实施的关系
很多企业把信息化理解成为一次性的工程，因而觉得一步建设到位有利于长远发展，但事实上，制造企业信息化的复杂性是不能仅靠一次性投入就到位的，信息系统需要随着商业环境的变化不断进行调整和更新，因此，是一个持续的过程，决不可能一蹴而就，一步到位。当然，初次建设中加大投资力度是可行的。
以业务需求为主导，避免被动选型
制造企业多属于传统产业，对IT技术较为陌生，因此早期的信息化工程基本上是被技术主导的。企业信息化选型始终处于一种被动的地位，这直接导致了很多企业CIMS和ERP应用示范工程的失败。信息化规划和选型应当以业务需求为导向，要选择最能满足业务需求的产品。有些产品尽管技术水平领先、功能完备，但如果它不能很好地满足业务需求，就不能作为首选的对象。
信息管理专业英语翻译
1 A vulnerability is a weakness that a person can eXploit to accomplish something that is not authorized or intended as legitimate use of a network or system.一个漏洞是一个软弱,一个人要有所成就,能利用未被授权或打算作为合法使用网络或系统。
When a vulnerability is exploited to compromise the security of systems or information on those systems，the result is a security incident,Vulnerabilities may be caused by engineering or design errors，or faulty implementation.当一个漏洞是利用妥协的安全系统或信息在这些系统中,其结果是一个安全漏洞事件,可能是由于工程或设计错误,或错误的实现。
Why the Internet Is Vulnerable（为什么互联网是脆弱）2 Many early network protocols that now form part of the Internet infrastructure were designe without security in mind.许多早期的网络协议,现在互联网基础设施的组成部分是不安全的理念,设计。
Without a fundamentally secwre infrastructure，network defense becomes more diffcult.没有从根本上安全的基础设施、网络防御变得更加困难。
Furthermore, the Internet is an extremely dynamic environment, in terms of both topology and emerging technology。
信息管理外文翻译
Establishing a management information system Information is a critical resource in the operation and management of organizations. Timely availability of relevant information is vital for effective performance of managerial functions such as planning, organizing, leading, and control. An information system in an organization is like the nervous system in the human body: it is the link that connects all the organization's components together and provides for better operation and survival in a competitive environment.The term information system usually a computer-based system, one that is designed to support the operations, management, and decision functions of an organization. Information systems in organizations thus provide information support for decision makers. Information systems encompass transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and strategic information systems.Information consists of data that have been processed and are meaningful to a user. A system is a set of components that operate together to achieve a common purpose. Thus a management information system collects, transmits, processes, and stores data on an organization's resources, programmes, and accomplishments. The system makes possible the conversion of these data into management information for use by decision makers within the organization. A management information system, therefore, produces information that supports the management functions of an organization (Davis & Olson, 1985; Lucas, 1990; McLeod, 1995).Basic conceptsData versus InformationData refers to raw, unevaluated facts, figures, symbols, objects, events, etc. Data may be a collection of facts lying in storage, like a telephone directory or census records.Information is data that have been put into a meaningful and useful context and communicated to a recipient who uses it to make decisions. Information involves the communication and reception of intelligence or knowledge. It appraises and notifies, surprises and stimulates, reduces uncertainty, reveals additional alternatives or helps eliminate irrelevant or poor ones, and influences individuals and stimulates them to action. An element of data may constitute information in a specific context; for example, when you want to contact your friend, his or her telephone number is a piece of information; otherwise, it is just one element of data in the telephone directory.Characteristics of InformationThe characteristics of good information are relevance, timeliness, accuracy, cost-effectiveness, reliability, usability, exhaustiveness, and aggregation level. Information is relevant if it leads to improved decision making. It might also be relevant if it reaffirms a previous decision. If it does not have anything to do with your problem, it is irrelevant. For example, information about the weather conditions in Paris in January is relevant if you are considering a visit to Paris in January. Otherwise, the information is not relevant.Timeliness refers to the currency of the information presented to the users. Currency of data or information is the time gap between the occurrence of an event in the field until its presentation to the user (decision maker). When this amount of time is very short, we describe the information system as a real-time system.Accuracy is measured by comparing the data to actual events. The importance of accurate data varies with the type of decisions that need to be made. Payroll information must be exact. Approximations simply will not suffice. However, a general estimate of how much staff time was devoted to a particular activity may be all that is needed.Value of InformationInformation has a great impact on decision making, and hence its value is closely tied to the decisions that result from its use. Information does not have an absolute universal value. Its value is related to those who use it, when it is used, and in what situation it is used. In this sense, information is similar to other commodities. For example, the value of a glass of water is different for someone who has lost his way in Arctic glaciers than it is to a wanderer in the Sahara Desert.Economists distinguish value from cost or price of a commodity incurred to produce or procure the commodity. Obviously, the value of a product must be higher than its cost or price for it to be cost-effective.The concept of normative value of information has been developed by economists and statisticians and is derived from decision theory. The basic premise of the theory is that we always have some preliminary knowledge about the occurrence of events that are relevant to our decisions. Additional information might modify our view of the occurrence probabilities and consequently change our decision and the expected payoff from the decision. The value of additional information is, hence, the difference in expected payoff obtained by reduced uncertainty about the future event.Information supports decisions, decisions trigger actions, and actions affect the achievementsor performance of the organization. If we can measure the differences in performance, we can trace the impact of information, provided that the measurements are carefully performed, the relationships among variables are well defined, and possible effects of irrelevant factors are isolated. The measured difference in performance due to informational factors is called the realistic value or revealed value of information.For most information systems, particularly those supporting middle and top management, the resulting decisions often relate to events that are not strictly defined and involve probabilities that cannot be quantified. The decision-making process often is obscure and the outcomes are scaled by multiple and incomparable dimensions. In such cases, we may either attempt to perform a multiattribute analysis or derive an overall subjective value. The subjective value reflects people's comprehensive impression of information and the amount they are willing to pay for specific information (Ahituv, Neumann, & Riley, 1994).Information as an Aid to Decision MakingSimon (1977) describes the process of decision making as comprising four steps: intelligence, design, choice, and review. The intelligence stage encompasses collection, classification, processing, and presentation of data relating to the organization and its environment. This is necessary to identify situations calling for decision. During the decision stage, the decision maker outlines alternative solutions, each of which involves a set of actions to be taken. The data gathered during the intelligence stage are now used by statistical and other models to forecast possible outcomes for each alternative. Each alternative can also be examined for technological, behavioural, and economic feasibility. In the choice stage, the decision maker must select one of the alternatives that will best contribute to the goals of the organization. Past choices can be subjected to review during implementation and monitoring to enable the manager to learn from mistakes. Information plays an important role in all four stages of the decision process. Classification of Management Information SystemsThere are various types of management information systems. Mason and Swanson (1981) describe four categories of management information systems: (1) databank information system, (2) predictive information system, (3) decision-making information system, and (4) decision-taking information system. The classification is based on the level of support that the information system provides in the process of decision making. Sachdeva (1990) comprehensively presents these four types of systems:Databank Information System.The responsibility of this information system is to observe, classify, and store any item of data which might be potentially useful to the decision maker.Predictive Information System. This system moves beyond pure data collection and the determination of trends over time. Predictive information systems provide for the drawing of inferences and predictions that are relevant to decision making. If data from the above examples were to be used in this way, it is possible to obtain information useful for making predictions or for drawing inferences.Decision-Making Information System. This system goes one step further in the process of decision making and incorporates the value system of the organization or its criteria for choosing among alternatives. An extension organization's values are many and varied. They include concerns for resolving farmer problems, increasing and providing for stability of farmer incomes, and improving the quality of farm life. But they also including and providing for stability of farmer incomes, and improving the quality of farm life. But they also include an intent to provide well for staff members (training, adequate salaries, etc.) and to aid in the process of bringing about rural economic development.Decision-Taking Information System. Examples of decision-taking information systems are not usually found in an extension organization. This is a decisionsystem in which the information system and the decision maker are one and the same. Management is so confident in the assumptions incorporated in the system that it basically relegates its power to initiate action to the system itself. Airplanes carry automatic pilot systems, which are an example of a decision-taking system. Once activated, the system itself keeps the plane on course and at the proper speed and altitude (according to parameters determined by the pilot). Another example of decision-taking information systems is found in modem factory production. In automobile production, continuous inventories of parts are maintained by computer as cars move down an assembly line. Orders are placed automatically by the computer when additional parts are needed. This is done without the intervention of a manager.Role of MIS in the management of agricultural extension programmersNational agricultural extension systems, especially in developing countries, tend to be very large. For example, in India, the national agricultural extension system employs about 125,000 people. Extension managers at various levels need relevant information in order to make effective decisions. In the absence of such information, they act only on the basis of their intuition and pastexperience. Data that have been processed, stored, and presented properly will aid them in analysing situations and to make effective decisions.As suggested above, at every phase of the management process, managers need information in order to make effective decisions. This we call management information. It does not include purely functional information or technical information, such as packages of practices for rice or wheat cultivation. Management information is the information required by managers as they make their decisions, such as the number of extension personnel employed by category, their training requirements, career development plans, job descriptions, budgets, forecasts, benchmark surveys, reports on socioeconomic conditions of people served, and existing facilities (Ramesh Babu & Singh, 1987).Need for automationAn automated MIS system contains data just as a manual system does. It receives input, processes input, and delivers the processed input as output. Some input devices allow direct human-machine communication, while others require data to be recorded on an input medium such as a magnetizable material (specially coated plastic flexible or floppy disks and magnetic tapes). The keyboard of a workstation connected directly to a computer is an example of a direct input device. Use of automation makes it possible to store immense quantities of information, to avoid many of the errors that find their way into manual records, and to make calculations and comparisons that would be practically impossible in a manual system.Organization of a databaseData are usually generated at the field level through transaction-processing systems, but once the data are captured, any echelon along the organizational hierarchy may use them, provided that information requirements have been well defined, appropriate programmers have been implemented, and a means has been arranged for the sharing of the data. This would imply that the same data can be used by different sets of programmers; hence we distinguish between the database (a set of data) and the applications (a set of programmers). In a decision support system (DSS), this set of programmers is the model base (Keen & Morton, 1978).The term database may refer to any collection of data that might serve an organizational unit.A database on a given subject is a collection of data on that subject that observes three criteria: comprehensiveness (completeness), nonredundancy, and appropriate structure. Comprehensiveness means that all the data about the subject are actually present in the database.Nonredundancy means that each individual piece of data exists only once in the database. Appropriate structure means that the data are stored in such a way as to minimize the cost of expected processing and storage (Awad & Gotterer, 1992).The idea of a large corporate database that can be flexibly shared by several applications or model bases has been realized by means of software packages specially devised to perform such tasks. These packages, called database management systems (DBMSs), are available in the market under different trade names such as ORACLE, SYBASE, INGRES, FOXBASE, and dBASE. Illustrative computer-based MISA national agricultural extension system is a nationwide system managed by the national government. In India, agriculture is a state subject under the division of powers between the national and the state levels. Nevertheless, the national government supplements the financial resources of the states and provides coordination at the national level. The state's administrative machinery is divided into districts, districts into subdivisions, subdivisions into blocks. A block is a group of villages and the basic unit for the administration of an agricultural extension programmer. Data collected at the block level need to be integrated at higher administrative levels to provide an integrated view at the district and state levels to support planning, monitoring, and decision making.However, the actual design may vary with the size of the state and other considerations. An integrated database for the entire state may be supported by a mainframe/minicomputer at the state headquarters. Suitable programmes for the analysis of data may be designed to provide an interactive decision support system at the state level. Each district and subdivision may be provided with a mini/micro computer, depending on the volume of data to be handled. The computers in the districts and subdivisions may be networked with the state computer. The local data may be stored and processed in the district/subdivision, and the shared data with appropriate level of aggregation may be transmitted to the state headquarters to update the integrated database. The districts and subdivisions would have direct access to the integrated database with proper authorizations assigned to them through their passwords. The blocks may have only theinput-output terminals connected to the subdivision computer to feed data to the subdivision and make on-line inquiries as and when necessary.。
信息管理与信息系统专业数字图书馆的宏观管理大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：数字图书馆的宏观管理文献、资料英文题目：The macro-management of the DigitalLibrary文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：信息管理与信息系统班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：经济管理学院专业：信息管理与信息系统姓名：学号：外文出处：[J]. IBM Systems Journal(用外文写)2013,64(3):93-137附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文数字图书馆的宏观管理随着多媒体技术和通信技术的进步，Internet网络的飞速发展，数字图书馆的研究与建设已取得很大的成就。
这必将导致图书馆组织机构、工作模式和工作机理以及图书馆管理理念等方面的深刻的管理变革。
但是人们的注意力大多集中在各种载体文献的数字化技术、数字图书馆信息资源组织和检索技术等方面，对于数字图书馆的管理问题仍末引起足够的重视。
因此，数字图书馆的宏观管理越来越成为数字图书馆发展建设必需解决的重大问题。
1 数字图书馆宏观管理的新理念数字图书馆是一个数字化的信息系统，它通过计算机技术、通讯网络、信息处理等各种技术，将分散于各种载体、不同地理位置的信息资源以数字化的方式储存，以网络化的方式互相连接，提供及时利用，实现资源共享。
因此，数字图书馆的管理与传统图书馆的管理有很大的区别，应确立新的管理理念。
首先是确立“集成管理”理念。
也就是将集成思想创造性地用于数字图书馆管理实践的过程，其核心是强调运用集成的思想和观念指导数字图书馆的管理实践，实现信息技术、信息资源、信息规范、人力资源等各种资源要素的全方位优化、组合，促进各项要素、功能和优势之间的互补与匹配，最终促进整个管理效率的提高。
其次要确立“知识是数字图书馆管理最重要的资源”理念。
(13)Unit 7《信息管理与信息系统专业英语》information technology
安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系
Information Technology
--DBMS&MIS
《 SQL Server 数据库管理与开发》
A DBMS can organize, process, and present (show) selected data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers to search, probe*, and query database contents in order to extract answers to nonrecurring（no happen or appear again） and unplanned questions that aren’t available in regular reports. These questions might initially be vague(不清楚) and poorly defined, but people can “browse” through the database until they have the needed information.
从我们的意向上来讲，更倾向于把一个管理信息 系统定义成组织机构中开发的基于计算机网络的 数据处理程序。它集成了如何实时提供有效信息 所必需的操作手册和流程，而这些有效信息正是 支持决策制定和其它必需的管理功能所需要的。
安徽财贸职业学院 计算机系
Information Technology
--DBMS&MIS(重点和难点)
For our purposes，an MIS can be defined as a network of computer-based data processing procedures developed in an organization and integrated as necessary with manual and other procedures for the purpose of providing timely and effective information to support decision making and other necessary management functions．
信息管理专业英语 unit1-12 单词以及句子翻译
专业英语一、专业术语RFID射频识别IOT物联网Cloud Computing云计算ANN神经网络BI商业智能E-business /Web-business / e-commerce电子商务KM知识管理GIS地理信息系统PDA掌上电脑Bluetooth蓝牙技术CAD计算机辅助设计CMD计算机辅助制作branch manager部门经理binary format二进制格式USB（Universal Serial Bus）通用串行总线computer case计算机机箱temporary storage of information临时存储信息floppy disk软盘CD-ROM只读光盘textual源代码video card视频卡，显卡sound card音频卡，声卡DVD数字化视频光盘SISP战略信息系统计划Project Management项目管理Human Resources人力资源End-User Systems Development最终用户系统开发rolling business plans流动业务计划MIS(management information system)管理信息系统DB（database）数据库DBMS（database Management system）数据库管理系统DSS（decision support system）决策支持系统operational manager运营经理Senior manager 高级经理semi-structured decision半结构化决策ANS（Advanced Network&Service）高级网络及服务公司TPS（Transaction Processing systems）事务管理系统KWS（Knowledge Work Systems）只是工作系统GRASP绘制机器人技术应用软件包OAS（Office Automation Systems）办公自动化系统ESS（Executive Support Systems）经理支持系统EIS（Executive Information Systems）经理信息系统OLAP（on-line analytical processing）联机分析处理GIS（Group Information Systems）集群信息系统GDSS（Group Decision Support Systems）集群决策支持系统MIT（Management Information technology）管理信息技术RAD（rapid application development）快速应用开发Two-way communications 双工通讯client-server environment 客户服务环境Data warehouse 数据仓库logistics information systems 物流信息系统ERP（Enterprise resource planning）企业资源规划CRM（customer relationship Management）客户关系管理OOD（Object-Oriented design）面向对象设计OOP（Object0Oriented Programming）面向对象编程HLLs（High Level Languages）高级语言ADTs（Abstract Data Types）抽象数据类型Software Ics软件的组成单元machine code机器码op-code输出码EDI（Electronic Data interchange）电子数据交换SMEs（small and medium sized enterprises）中小企业B2B企业对企业电子商务B2C企业对用户电子商务CERT(Character Error Rate Tester)字符出错率测试器CIAS（Communication Link Analyzer System）通信链路分析系统IMS（Information Management System）管理信息系统NDMS（Netware Data Management System）网络数据管理系统二、翻译Unit 11. Management is the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources.管理是组织目标通过计划、组织、领导、控制组织资源实现的有效方式。
信息资源管理专业外语
信息资源管理“专业英语”Professional ReadingsIn Information Management Lesson 4“Control Web Site Content”Complement补足Dynamic动态的Exposure揭露，陈列Relatively passive 被动地Assuming假定，假设Evaluators评价者Institution机构Accessibility可获取性Virtually事实上Pervade遍及，弥漫Determinant决定因素Inaccessible难达到的Organism有机体Adaptability适应性Innovation创新，革新Telecommunication无线电通讯Distribution传播Criterion（批评、判断等的）标准，准则；规范Equivalent等价物Checkout Line 付款队伍Out-of-stock脱货，脱硝Physical-world现实世界Frustrating令人沮丧的Counterpart副本，配对物Oblige义务Maintain保证Reliability可能性Efficiency有效性Attractiveness吸引性Caching朝高速缓存Pursue继续Previously以前，预先Capacity of the network pipe网络输送Raw如实的Be identified as 被认为是Bottleneck瓶颈Allocate分配Scarce Resources稀缺资源Proxy Serves代理服务器All-in-one一体化LivePage Enterprise 网页企业ColdFusion 应用服务器Integrated完整地Commitment承诺Conflict-with反对，与······相抵触The pros and cons 正反两面Large-scale大规模的，大范围的Beyond the scope of超出······的范围Cover覆盖Detect发现,j鉴别Content-based基于内容Detract from降低Gauge估测，测量Overall level总体水平In principle原则上，大体上Indicators指标As opposed to与······相反Throughput生产能力Frames柜架Loaded into登陆Browser浏览器Consistently一致的，一贯的Executables执行文件Animating text动态文本Readily容易的Obstacles障碍Resulting from起因于，由······造成Directory目录Culprits犯人，罪犯Broken link 错链Broken page错页Along with与·····一道Sloppy草率的Coding errors编码错误Result in导致As minor as轻则as major as重则Multitude多数Profoundly深刻的Disrupt破坏Vulnerable易受攻击的Obligation义务，责任Notify通知Sail through轻快走过Source code源代码Successive连续的Keep track of跟踪Boundaries边界，范围Filter过滤Excluding排除Including包括Subdirectories子目录Systematically有系统/组织地Traverse穿过Refrain from克制Mundane世俗的Highlight强调，突出Syntax语法Layout布局Property性质，性能Pin down使受约束Criteria标准条件Define···as把···定义为Weight重量，权值Automated自动的Trim down裁剪At great length 详细的Traffic patterns交通模式，信息传输模式Load times存入时间Freshness新颖性Composition合成物Communications network通讯网络Out of the picture不相干的Site navigation网站导航The material容易理解的Transparent透明的，显然的Assessed评价，评估Browsing user网页浏览者Applets小型应用程序Inadequate不充分的，不适当的Simulate模仿Make use of使用，利用Domain领域Capture获得，俘获Minimize使减少到最少Degrade使······降级Loose放纵，释放Refined精炼的Benchmark行业标准At in an early stage在初级阶段Uncover揭示Combine with与······结合Hamper妨碍V olatile可变的，不稳定的Shareware共享软件Freeware免费软件Shoestring小本经营High-end高端Suites一套组件Contender竞争者Submerged淹没，潜入水中Cartridge盒式磁带Monitor监视器Streaming media performance流媒体Server clusters服务器集群Log files日志文件Single-step单步式的Components成分组件Interactive交互式的1.NOTESout-of-stock products 脱销产品Performance enhancement 性能增强Pros and cons 优点和缺点Overall level of competence 能力的整体水平 Syntax checking 检查语法Outsourcing 外包WORDS AND PHRASES ASSIGNMENTTraffic patterns信息传播模式Wild card characters通配符Real-time traffic analysis实时流量分析An enterprisewide set of policies 企业政策体系Static web pages静态网页Semantic content语义内容Lesson6“Adding V alue to Information”Add value to增加价值Play a central role扮演中心者的角色Essential——？Distinction区别，差别Digitized数字化的Intrinsic本质的，固有的Socialization社会化Internalize使·····内在化Fundamental根本的，基本的Interpersonal人际的，人与人之间的Dominant占优势的，支配的Shaping形成，塑造Indefinitely不确定的，无限的Duplicated复制At will任意，随意V ast database大型数据库Fabulous难以置信的，超级好的Motivation积极性Tremendous极大的，巨大的Capital investment资本投资Simultaneously同时的Pervasive普遍的Ratios比例As a means of作为一种····手段Interpersonal communication人际沟通，人际交流Knowledge transfer知识传递In other words换句话说Subtleties微妙Restricted受限制的Videoconferencing视屏会议Cues线索，提示Substantially实质上，大体上Formality礼节，礼仪Tangential立体的Productive多产的，富有成效的Term术语Osmosis渗透Virtual虚拟的Ongoing不间断的Supplant代替Digital economy数字化经济Raw data原始数据Perspective观点Attribute to 把····归因于Be dependent on 取决于Make available使···有用Embark从事，着手E-commerce电子商务Act on 按照···行事Profitability利益率，收益性Specific filed特定情报Overview综述，概述Recommendation推荐，建议V aluation评价，估价Multibillion数十亿的Takeover接管，验收Hundreds of millions of数以百万计的Worth a fortune值钱In terms of 在···方面Internalize使···内在化A glut of 大量的Subtract减去，扣掉Disseminate宣传，散布Key function 主要功能Given context特定环境Revisit重游，再访Differentiating区别，区分Distraction注意力分散Distinguishing区别，区分Discrete离散的，不连续的Clear-cut清晰地Tallies with与···相符合At the heart of位于····的中心Purchase购买Commoditized使商品化Low-margin低利润Differentiation差异化Premium pricing溢价Premium额外费用，奖金Synthesizing合成，综合A long way from离···还差得远In fairly short order立即的，迅速的Existing knowledge现有知识Subsequent后来的，随后的V alue-added增值的，加值的Illustrated图解Principle原则Chief executive officer首席执行官Filtering信息过滤V alidation信息核实Analysis信息分析Synthesis信息综合Presentation信息表述Ease of access and use信息的获取与使用Customization信息定制化Only if只要····就Intended audience目标受众Specificity特征，精确性Agent software代理软件Preference偏好Collaborative合作的，鞋做的Grade评分Pool联合Executive执行者，经理Dedicated专用的，专门的Administrative行政人员，管理人员Write of 把···当作写作题材Serendipity偶然发现珍奇事物的本领Stumbling across偶然发现Unsought未被要求的Come across偶遇Newsletters时事，通讯Parameters系数Strive for争取Serendipitous偶然发现的Trustworthiness确实性Have faith有信心Cross-referencing相互对照Instant action立即行动Reputation名誉，声望Wire services通讯社Perception看法Elaborate详尽的Go out送出The cost of以···为代价Timeliness时间性To a degree在一定程度上In part在某种程度上Manual process人工操作过程Supervision监督，管理Centralized集中的Alternatively此外Cross check交叉检验Consulting firms咨询公司Manipulating操作Categorizing分类Correlating使相互有关系Profitable赚钱的Prime task首要任务Number-crunching machine数值密集计算机Quantitative数量的Proprietary私人拥有的Analytical分析的Credit rating agencies信用评级机构。