托福写作基础讲义
托福综合写作讲义
断言声称：allegation/ claim/ assertion
B. 语言
提示观点，递进： in addition/ furthermore in the same manner another reason is... that brings us to... what I want to talk about is that...
B. 语言
研究调查：(further/ closer/ other) studies/ researches
TOEFL iBT
Integrated Writing
By Joe
考什么
• 1. note taking • 2. summarizing • 3. paraphrasing
Reading & Lecture
1. 驳斥
1.1 L完全反对R中的结论、观点； 1. 2 L指出R中未提及的缺陷、不利之处等； 2. 延续 2.1 L支持R结论、观点； 2. 2 L解释R中的原因、结果等；
B. 语言
驳斥、反对 •refute, disagree with, cast doubt on, challenge, oppose, conflict with, deny the statement of, contradict, differ from, in contrast
B. 语言
Reading 读什么
TOEFL写作讲义-胡旭辉
独立写作讲义（1）对立观点题型。
Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.It has been said, "Not all learning takes place in the classroom." Compare and contrast knowledge gained from personal experience with knowledge gained from classroom instruction. In your opinion, which source is more important? Why?引言段思路：阐述背景，明确表明自己支持的观点。
模板：Nowadays it is widely acknowledged that __ has played an essential role in peoples life, (可具体描述该主题的重要性)As a result the question is often raised as to whether___________________ or _______________. To this question, people’s opinions vary, with some claiming that it is much better to ______________and others holding that ________ is a better choice. (背景阐述)Taking into account the major factors involved, I cast my vote for the former/latter opinion, and this essay will explore the reasons for my stance（明确立场）.可以用自己的语言来开头，尤其是背景阐述，可以针对论题进行简单描述。
托福英语写作讲义
Adapted from J. David Velleman, “The Genesis of Shame” Assignment: Should people make more of an effort to keep
some things private? Plan and write an essay in which you
6
SAT
Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below.
Nowadays nothing is private: our culture has become too confessional and self-expressive. People think that to hide one’s thoughts or feelings is to pretend not to have those thoughts or feelings. They assume that honesty requires one to express every inclination and impulse.
7
SSAT
A or D: Honesty is always the
best policy.
托福写作讲义_暑假班
托福写作讲义_暑假班新托福写作讲义,4,作文的连贯与衔接“启”,首先,first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, to start with, in the beginning,at first,一方面,on the one hand (…on the other hand) For one thing…, for another…一般说来,generally speaking, in general现在,目前,at present, now, currently最近,recently“承”第二/第三,second, secondly / third, thirdly此外,besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more, moreover, in addition to, moreover 而且,also, too例如,for example, for instance, as an example, as another example 即,也就是说,namely, in other words, (In other words, she must give up singing.换言之, 她必须放弃唱歌。
) that is to say, it means that, that is,同样地,in the same way, similarly,用于句首,= likewise后来,from now on, later on, after a few days, after a while, then, 与此同时,meanwhile,此时,by this time1新托福写作讲义不久,soon因此,as a result, consequently, so同样重要,equally important“转”虽然,though, as, although,尽管,nevertheless,后面跟句子,, despite, in spite of ,后面加名词或代词,但是,but, yet,however即使,even though/even if ,后面加从句,相反,on the contrary, conversely ,相反地,颠倒地,, rather than, instead of…另一方面,on the other hand不幸地,unfortunately仍然,still与…不同,unlike“合”因此,hence,as a result, so, for this reason, as a result of总之,in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, briefly最终,eventually, at last,如我所说,as I have said, as has been said于是,accordinglye.g. He was told to speak briefly; accordingly he cut short his remarks.2新托福写作讲义人家叫他说话简短, 于是他就长话短说了。
托福独立写作讲义2文章结构
一．开头段落——分析论题法& 引人入胜法二．主体段落1. 整体结构——三段式& 两段式Ⅰ主题句（topic sentence）根据下列主题写出主题句Topic:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Business should do anything they can to make a profit. →I disagree!The most important thing that business need to realize is that they have to give priority to the rights of the customers.Equally important, the benefits of the employees must be respected.Business ought to pay careful attention to the quality of nature environment.Ⅱ支持性细节★常规事例法：Topic1:Some famous athletes and entertainers earn millions of dollars every year.Do you think they deserve that high salary?In the first place, famous entertainers or athletes are more talented than common people. Their high incomes are rewards for their talents. We may take Yao Ming, a Chinese NBA superstar, for example. It was reported that Yao made nearly 20 million dollars in 2006. Why could Yao get such a high salary?It is because Yao has huge talents. With a height of 2.26 meters, Yao is considered one of the most powerful centre forwards of the NBA. That is to say, he is the best player and he deserves the best salary.还想进一步拓展段落▲总结原因：Why + (问题) …The reason why…▲总结结果：Consequently, Therefore, As a result,Topic2：2008.2.24 同2006.10.29Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Renewable resources of energy (sun, wind, water) will soon replace resources of fossil fuels (gas, oil and coal).▲可再生能源能否在不久之后替代化石燃料？中心论点：同意：会替代！因为：替代，有利于人类生存和发展。
托福写作讲义
（一）综合写作All the more 尤其At best 充其量姑且Hold water （理论、计划等）证明正确合理，说得通，（容器）不漏水;言之有理综合写作（1+3）综合写作流1、Direction(1min)2、Reading(3min)——230-300 words academic articles3、Listening(2min)——the topic is same as reading4、Writing(20min)——200-220 words best综合写作要求：1、topic: academic2、不能写自己的观点3、写阅读和听力之间的联系（OPPOSE 三驳三）驳斥的种类：（1）优点被驳斥（2）缺点被驳斥（3）证据被驳斥应试攻略：（1）找例子：typically, suppose, for example, take..example, especially, actually, in fact （2）找原因：since, because, the reason why, due to, thank to, owing to（3）找结构性连词：a)“结果”: so, therefore, hence, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a resultb)“让步”和”转折”：in contrast, on the contrast, nevertheless, still, yet阅读要义读完一句，用简洁中英文或符号记下大意重点关注两类词：（1）文中反复出现的词（2）实义动词听力要义（1）阅读中出现过的词（2）听具有知己意义的词（实义动词、形容词）写作要义（1+3）1、开头段：写一段表明Reading 和Lecture 的联系（1）综合写作话题（2）阅读中心论点（3）听力中心论点2、主体部分：写三段（1）每段一对一的阐述（2）每段结构：过渡性连词（首先，其次，再次）句群1：阅读的分论点+阅读的细节句群2：听力的分论点+听力的细节开头段框架:The reading and listening materials have a conflict of opinions about……The writers believe that ………...which is contradicted by the following lecture.（1）Conflict——>debate/argument/discussion/dispute/controversy（2）About——>concerning/regarding/as to/with regards to/pertaining to（3）Believe——>consider/deem/advocate/insist（4）Contradicted——>disagree/oppose/refute/retort每段框架表达句（1）The reading states that…….On the contrary, the lecture points out that….（2）Although it is said in the passage that…..The lecture holds the view point that…..（3）The passage maintains that…..However, professor offers a different idea about….（4）The writer contends that……..while the speaker views this issue from an oppo site angle.According to her/him…..（5）The author asserts that….Nevertheless, the speaker oppose this claim by saying that……（6）The passage argues that…..By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the writer’s view does not hold water.综合写作框架：The reading and listening materials have a debate of opinions concerning that……The writers support that ………...which is opposed by the following lecture.First of all, the reading maintains that………However, the lecture points out that……Secondly, although it is said in the passage that ………., the speaker holds the view that……. Finally, the author asserts that ………..By contrast, in accordance with the speaker, the writer’s view does not hold water.综合写作注意点：1、阅读材料的论点和细节的关键信息都要写！2、重点写听力的内容（越多越好）3、要更加注意整体篇章的把握，不要过于注重细小的错误。
《托福写作教程新》课件
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托福写作练习与提高
写作练习：独立写作
总结词
培养独立思考和表达能力
详细描述
独立写作部分要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇完整的议 论文，就某一话题表达自己的观点和论证。考生需要 通过大量的练习，提高自己的思维速度和表达能力， 培养独立思考和有逻辑地表达观点的能力。
写作练习：综合写作
要点一
总结词
培养阅读理解和信息整合能力
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托福写作技巧
写作技巧：结构与逻辑
总结词
结构清晰、逻辑严密是托福写作的重要技巧。
详细描述
在托福写作中，考生需要合理安排文章结构，包括开头、主体和结尾。开头部分应简洁明了，提出论点；主体部 分应分为2-3段，每段围绕一个分论点展开，并使用恰当的过渡词或短语保持逻辑连贯；结尾部分应对全文进行 总结，呼应开头。
监考要求
考生必须服从监考人员的指示，不得在考试期间离开考场或与他人交 流。如果需要离开，必须向监考人员报告并得到允许。
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写作技巧：论证方法
总结词
批判性思维在托福写作中至关重要。
详细描述
在托福写作中，考生应具备批判性思维能力，对题目进行分析、判断和评价的能力。考 生在写作过程中应注重分析问题、提出观点、进行评价和反思等环节，通过合理的推理 和判断来增强论证的说服力。同时，考生还应注重论点的独特性和创新性，尽可能从不
同的角度和层面来探讨问题，提出新的观点和见解。
模拟考试部分提供完整的托福写作考试流程，让考生体 验真实的考试环境和压力。通过模拟考试，考生可以更 好地了解自己的应试能力和不足之处，从而有针对性地 制定改进计划。同时，模拟考试的反馈可以帮助考生更 好地了解自己在各个部分的得分情况，为后续的复习和 提升提供指导。
TOEFL写作讲义
TOEFL写作讲义（主讲：戴云）第一章总体介绍一、我的赏与罚封赏与晋升：普通教徒---罗汉---金刚---护法---菩萨---佛---高级佛---教主助理---副教主---常务副教主课堂可以获得最高功名为护法考试95及以上为菩萨，100分以上佛，105分以上高级佛，110分以上教主助理，115 分以上副教主，118分以上常务副教主，121分以上教主。
批评与惩戒：Curse---赠送白绫---开除出教二、托福写作圣经要多记笔记：1、可以保证focus on my lecture，不会absent-minded2、保证将来会有复习的clues写作的第一要务是把观点表达清楚。
1、写作必须有观点2、要给出一个清楚的观点写作考试不基于考生的真实身份。
托福作文中所有的例子和细节可以是真的，也可以是假的。
写作考试只考察语言水平，不考察思想水平。
举例：建工厂不同意的理由有三：1、造成污染；2、交通堵塞；3、物价上涨写作考试不测试考生的真实想法。
作文不是写想写的，而是写好写的、能写的。
举例：父母是最好的老师，你同意吗？同意的理由：1、how to behave myself；2、value system；3、experience上述理由都不能证明该题目“后天的知识是老师教的，而不是父母教的”存在逻辑错误，将老师与父母并列起来，应该在老师前面加上修饰语“学校的”。
写作是基于表达，而不是基于翻译。
举例：婀娜多姿：beautiful；妩媚动人：lovelyY ou are extremely smart. extremely means very托福考试30分钟最低要写300字，一般要求写400到500字写作内容和语言同等重要。
把内容表达清楚可以拿到高分clarity高于variety，variety高于complexityclarity is the priority观点的层次比观点的数目更重要。
逻辑错误比语法错误更严重。
托福写作基础讲义
写作高频场景词汇：School and Education1) 作为团队工作 work as/ in a team2) 在... 的帮助下 with the help of3) 穿校服 wear a school uniform4) 使用学校设备 use the school facilities/ equipment5) 参加... 的新生引导课程 take an orientation course6) 与小组一起学习 study with a group7) 出国留学 study abroad8) 与某人分享观点 share a idea/ ideas with someone9) 与某人同住一室 share a room with sb10) 现实生活经验 real life experience11) 优先考虑... put a priority on12) 追求个人兴趣pursue one’s individual interest13) 提倡创造性思维 promote/ advocate creative thinking/ critical thinking14) 预防校园暴力 prevent school violence15) 参与课堂讨论 participate in a class discussion16) 理清思路organize one’s thoughts17) 选修科目 optional subjects18) 提供教育机会 offer/ provide an educational opportunity19) 在...方面改变 make a change in...20) 主修 major in21) 住宿舍 live in a dormitory/ dorm22) 讲座 lectures23) 通过...学习 learn by/ via/ through + doing24) 自学 learn by myself/ teach myself25) 增加教育预算 increase the education budget26) 增加某人的潜力increase one’s potential/ 能力 capability27) 有机会... have the opportunity to do sth28) 对...有很大的影响 have a strong impact on sth29) 对...有强烈的好奇心 have a strong curiosity about30) 进行关于... 的讨论 have a discussion about31) 有...文凭/学历 have a diploma/ certification in32) 有... 的选择 have a choice of33) 从学校毕业 graduate from34) 上私立学校 go to a private/ public school35) 经历青春期 go through puberty36) 因...给某人奖励 give someone a prize37) 取得好成绩 get a good grade38) 收到良好的教育 get good education39) 获得最新的信息 gain/ receive the latest information/ news40) 从...获得知识 gain knowledge from41) 组成学习小组 form a study group42) 感到来自同龄个人的压力 feel peer/ contemporaries pressure43) 面对问题 face a problem44) 课外活动 extracurricular activities45) 拓展知识 expand/ gain/ acquire/ obtain/ get/ accumulate one’s knowledge46) 获得学分 earn a credit47) 培养在...方面的专长 develop expertise in...48) 必修科目 compulsory subjects49) 职业准备 career preparation50) 建学校 build/ establish school51) 开始正规教育 begin formal education52) 必须... ，被要求 .... be required/ suppose to do53) 参与户外活动 participate/ take part in/ join in/ attend outdoor activities54) 在...方面有能力;能胜任... be competent/ capable in55) 上大学 attend college/ university56) 上课 attend classes57) 参加夏令营 participate/ engage in/ , be/ get involved in a summer camp58) 给某人布置家庭走也 assign homework to somebody59) 中学、大学 a primary/ middle/ high school. Secondary school.60) 研究领域 a field of study写作高频场景词汇：Family and Society1) 拜访邻居visit one’s neighborhood2) 使用公共交通工具 use public transportation3) 没有做... without doing4) 把某人看作... treat someone as, treat them as competitor5) 青少年犯罪 teenager delinquencies/ juvenile delinquency6) 养家 support a family, feed one’s family7) 对...表示尊敬 show respect to8) 展现领导才能 show leadership skills9) 解决问题 solve problems10) 使某人想起某事 remind sb of something11) 信仰某种宗教 believe in a particular religion12) 宣誓对...效忠 pledge loyalty to13) 将某人的价值观传递给... pass on one’s values to...14) 参加社区活动 participate in community activities15) 做出重要决定 make an important decision16) 对...做出贡献 make a contribution to17) 住在郊区 live in suburban/ suburb areas18) 跟上 keep up with19) 记住某事 keep sth in mind20) 照看、留心 keep an eye on21) 普遍认同 it is generally agreed that...22) 改善公共交通 improve public transportation23) 有高标准 have high standards24) 有... 的倾向 have a tendency to do25) 有社区意识 have a sense of community26) 有 ...感 have a sense of achievement/ fulfillment/ accomplishment; humor; belonging; happiness27) 与...有密切的关系 have a close relationship with28) 与...相处 get along with29) 获得... 的支持 gain the support of sb/ some organization30) 建立组织 set up/ form an organization31) 形成舆论 form public opinion/ lead public opinion32) 效仿某人imitate sb; follow in one’s footsteps33) 感到安全 feel security34) 感觉被...吸引 be attracted to/ feel an attraction to35) 顺便去购物中心 drop in at a shopping center36) 为生计做某事 do something for a living37) 负担得起... afford to do38) 建立信任 build up trust39) 培养社会技能 cultivate/ develop social skills40) 从... 中获益 benefit from41) 建立人脉 build social connections/ social circles42) 成为... 的居民 become a resident of43) 孤立于.... be isolated from44) 需要帮助 be in need of help45) 对...友好 be hospitable to46) 情感上依附于 ... be emotionally attached to47) 致力于... be committed to/ commit oneself to/ devote oneself to48) 因...而著名 be celebrated for/ be famous for/ be famous as 做为。
托福写作讲义
托福写作讲义复习建议敲字和单词量，电脑上听写、写字板里练习写作反复阅读官方指南第五章249-293和321-343分类读185题库，列提纲，落实具体细节，查字典分类写文章，修改到完美，准备机经练习3分钟看一篇短文，做笔记然后重述的能力练习听学术段子，重述能力，建议93篇学术段子练习可以从不计时到计时，量变到质量三角和巴朗的练习一、独立写作评分标准An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:●Ef fective addresses the topic and task●Is well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplification,and/or details●Displays unity, progression, and coherence●Displays consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.OG 325-343effectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful resultorganized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structuredeveloped:to make an idea clearer by explaining it furtherexplanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for sthunity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing wayprogression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to anothercoherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a wholeconsistent:always behaving in the same way ,or having the same opinions standard评分规则关键的部分1、细节、例子和原因有效上支持了观点、切题2、不要说没有意义的套话和没有观点和主旨的话3、逻辑和结构上的联系并不等于第一第二第三4、宏观和微观上内容统一、逻辑结构渐进连贯5、避免重复的观点6、句子结构的变化、合适的单词选择、允许少量的语法或者拼写错误，前提是这些错误不影响意思的理解7、句子结构的复杂程度、以及词汇的复杂程度一个能力五个误区能力：清楚恰当举例的能力，切题就能写出文章，体现语言运用能力误区：1、没有一定要书面化和地道，托福是为英语是非母语的人设计的，不可能做到，见官方指南5分作文评论289页2、没有说要有观点新颖独特，是语言考试，并不是作文竞赛，在语言上下功夫，而不是在观点上下功夫。
托福基础写作讲义参考答案
托福基础写作讲义参考答案第二章：一般功能词汇（P10-P19）1 逻辑关系表示因果关系(1)because(2)owing to(3)As a result(4)so(5)thereby(6)thus(7)His illness/sickness resulted from eating bad food.(8)Industrial Revolution originated in/from the invention of steam engine.(9)gives rise to(10)is responsible for(11)prompted表示类比与对比关系(1)Similarly(2)Boys demanded total loyalty from girls, but by the same token boys gave total loyalty in return.(3)Unlike(4)She doesn't seem ugly to me; on the contrary, I think she is rather beautiful.(5)In contrast to their pessimism, I was feeling a remarkable euphoria.(6)The policy will promote rather than hinder reformInstead of hindering reform, the policy will promote it.表示让步关系(1)Nonetheless(2)Although I was tempted to various benefits, I still insist on my principles.(3)despite表示限定关系(1)In terms of/in terms of(2)When it comes to2.2 事物数量表示很多(1)a host of(2)legions of(3)Innumerable(4)Government met a vast number of difficulties when treating water pollution.(5)A large amount of(6)A great deal of Sprite was left in the bottle.(7)Liu Qian performed plenty of magic shows to entertain audiences at Spring Festival Gala.表示很少(1)A small number of(2)few表示各种各样(1)The two doctors made different diagnoses of my disease.(2)various(3)diverse(4)diverse表示相同的(1)Bill Gate’s achievements are not comparable to Edison’s.(2)similar(3)alike(4)The two systems are, in fact, identical.2.3 变化(1)boost(2)grew(3)rise(4)has risen(5)increases(6)The volume of business of Baidu Inc. has grown dramatically in the past five years.(7)has dwindled(8)deplete(9)The number of students attending college entrance exam has dwindled quickly for four years insuccession.2.4 事物/事件属性表示重要的(1)crucial/fundamental(2)integral parts of(3)be significant(4)In the American system of values，patience is not a high priority.表示次要的(1)secondary(2)Sex education has always been a low priority in schools, and parents are often reluctant to talk about thetaboo issue.(3)takes a back seat.表示昂贵的/便宜的(1)costly(2)Asians are major purchasers of world famous luxurious brand such as Louis Vuitton, Gucci and Dior.(3)The price of houses located within the 3rd ring road in Beijing is exorbitant.(4)He kept his first love letter since it was pretty precious to him.(5)cheap(6)Although Mark Zuckerberg is a billionaire, he lives a frugal life such as taking subway in Beijing.表示必要的/非必要的(1)necessary(2)imperative(3)Without doubt, when it comes to international terrorism, a new spirit of common resolution isindispensable.(4)We usually pay attention to some inessential details, but throw away what are more valuable .(5)Mutual distrust is the cause for unnecessary arguments between many couples.表示合适的/不合适的(1)A focus on climate change is entirely appropriate.(2)Horror movies are not proper to teenagers. Even so, many of them are still keen on this kind of movies.(3)When visiting National September 11 Memorial, loud laughter seems inappropriate.(4)improper(5)Due to the unsuitable climate, it's impossible to play the winter games like skiing in Britain.表示传统的(1)Dragon Boat Festival, a Chinese traditional festival, is to commemorate Qu Yuan, the great politician,thinker and poet.(2)Mother told us many conventional ideas that we can get pregnant holding hands with boys when I was ayoung girl.(3)It is a conventional culture to put cheeks against others when people great each other in Belgium.表示可能的/不可能的(1)There is a huge likelihood that transoceanic missile can be built right now.(2)It is conceivable that economists believe that a new economic crisis will sweep around the world.(3)possible(4)The level of unemployment in America is unlikely to decline in the next five years.表示明显的(1)Helping the enemies of one’s own country is an apparent treason.(2)Big banks have obvious advantages over small ones.(3)The design of this website delivered distinct sense of visual stimulation.表示普遍存在的/罕见的(1)prevalent(2)Nowadays, plastic products are ubiquitous in our lives.(3)Wild pandas are quite rare in China.(4)Due to massive usage of paper products, forest vegetation are becoming gradually sparse.表示强制的/可选择的(1)are required to(2)mandatory(3)She will choose French as an elective course next year.第三章：特殊背景词汇（P22-P63）School EducationA:1. have a strong impact on2. work as a team3. share a room with4. prevent school violence5. making a change in6. Learning by yourself7. With the help of8. offer an educational opportunity9. gain updated information10. face your problem11. expand your knowledge12. get involved in outdoor activitiesB（略）Translation:1. Teachers and students all have to participate with enthusiasm in a class discussion.2. It costs a lot of money for parents to make their children study abroad.3. Besides pursuing knowledge, people also attend a university to do their career preparation.4. All the students should have the opportunity to do outdoor activities.5. Schools provide students with opportunities to increase their potential capabilities.6. The goal of writing a book report is to share ideas with others about the book you read.7. As you write, you will be able to organize your thoughts better.8. Sometimes, people learn by making a mistake.9. Some students do not want to go to school because they feel peer pressure.10. I believe that every student should be required to read a book every week.11. In order to promote creative thinking, some people explore nature.12. Real life experience is as important as knowledge from school.13. School life includes not only attending classes but also getting along with other students.14. The government should increase the education budget so that every school can have its own library.15. Every person has a choice of whether to live or to die.16. If we have a long summer vacation, we can use it to develop expertise in a certain field.17. In my opinion, every elementary school teacher should have a diploma in psychology.18. I prefer watching TV to reading books because I can gain knowledge from TV more easily than from books.19. Once you form a study group with others, you should follow the rules of the group.20. Some people commit crimes because they only put a priority on personal gains.Family & SocietyA:1. get along with2. form an organization3. make a contribution to4. has a tendency to5. have more of a sense of community6. feel secure7. follow in a same-sex parent’s footsteps8. show respect to9. use public transportation10. participate in community activities.11. making important decision for12. reminds me ofB（略）Translation:1. Students have to decide what to do for a living in the future before they graduate from school.2. It is hard to support your family without making sacrifices yourself.3. Once you make a promise, you should be committed to keeping it.4. Young children treat their pets like toys.5. Since we have freedom of speech, we can form public opinion regardless of our age.6. Parents have high standards for their children because they love their children.7. As a way to improve public transportation, I suggest running the subway 24 hours a day.8. Some people say teenage delinquency is not necessary for the mental development of adolescents.9. I want to have a close relationship with all of my classmates.10. In Korean culture, people usually do not build a monument to a living person.11. Dependent children are often too emotionally attached to their parents.12. It is our duty to pass on our good values to our children.13. In order to practice a particular religion, you have to obey the rules of that religion from the bottom of your heart.14. You cannot be a good teacher until you show leadership skills to your students.15. In my view, people have to live in different places before putting down their roots in one place.16. People tend to be hospitable to a member of their group.17. If you live in a suburban area, you will have a lot of chances to know your neighbors.18. Children usually build their social skills for the first time in kindergarten.19. Before trying to gain the support of your family, you should try to do without their help.20. If you visit a friend’s neighborhood, you may understand your friend better.Economy & BusinessA:1. have a positive attitude towards2. obtains an entry-level position3. encourage competition4. work overtime5. leave your job6. make up for their losses7. Getting a promotion/ Climbing corporate ladder8. cannot a promotion9. returning corporate profits to society10. get a refund on11.charges higher prices12. lower the interest rateB（略）Translation:1. It is important to understand the market principles to be successful in a business.2. Some companies never fire employees but allow them to retire from their jobs.3. Interest rates are one of the most important factors to boost the economy.4. If a company does not have enough money to pay back a loan, it may end up going bankrupt.5. It is essential to increase productivity to keep a good work environment.6. If you want to hire a person in your department, you have to explain a job description.7. A number of people should work very hard in order to make a living.8. One of the best aspects of having a job is earning money.9. Public schools would lack revenue if we did not pay taxes.10. You must compete with others in order to climb the corporate ladder.11. In a group project, you can feel a sense of accomplishment and share it with others.12. A lack of communication with your family is not beneficial to your mental health.13. You have to minimize your cost of living to save money for the future.14. It is more effective to complain in writing than to complain in person.15. When two companies work together, they can split the cost of production.16. I prefer getting paid by the hour to getting paid by the day, because my job requires me to work overtime all the time.17.Everyone’s effort is needed to overcome the economic recession.18. If you call in sick every week, nobody will believe you.19. Many people want to be self-employed these days.20. A company cannot urge its employees to devote their whole lives to the company.Living & ThinkingA:1. plan ahead2. go on a shopping spree/ get stressed out3. take advantage of4. look up to5. endure hardship6. get into trouble7. after careful thought8. lives by a rule9. save money for a rainy day10. look down on11. take a short rest12. takes my sideB（略）Translation:1. If you have a lot of things to do, you should set your priorities before taking action.2. Some people are afraid of speaking in public because they are not confident in themselves.3. If you take the risk of starting over, you will not be afraid of failure.4. Because of peer pressure, some students cannot stay out of trouble.5. If you take the risk of starting over, you will not be afraid of failure.6. Some people cannot break their bad habits because they are addicted to those habits.7. It is not wise to judge others by their appearances.8. Sometimes, slowing down is the fastest way.9. Keeping a secret does not always make you a good person.10. Immigrants have difficult times because they should adapt to a new situation.11. Some people are extremely critical of others but very generous in evaluating themselves.12. A lack of communication with your family is not beneficial to your mental health.13. I have a sociable character, so I cannot put up with staying at home alone.14. It is better to consult with your doctor before taking medicine if you are worried about any side effects.15. Being sincere to yourself means telling the truth to yourself.16. Frustration is only a rite of passage to adolescents if they are equipped with courage.17. Everyone’s effort is needed to overcome the economic recession.18. You should make a careful decision when you choose your major in university.19. The world would be boring if everyone had the same taste in everything.20. Optimistic people try not to have regrets about what they cannot change.Culture & LeisureA:1. respect cultural differences2. dress in the traditional costumes3. a guided tour4. make a film about5. save face6. lead public opinion7. make history8. take a break from their routines9. giving (or expressing) an opinion10. be attracted to11. appreciate art12. become an idol to teenagersB（略）Translation:1.When you travel abroad, you may experience jet lag.2. Some people do not want to go traveling because they get severe motion sickness.3. Camping is better than staying at a hotel because I like to make a bonfire.4. You should make a reservation in advance for a live performance.5. Nowadays, television decides what is in vogue tomorrow.6. To make many friends, you should carry on a variety of activities.7. It is cheaper to subscribe to a newspaper than to buy it on newsstands.8. Even if I dress in the costume of a queen, it does not make me a queen.9. Every person has a knack for something.10. If you exercise your imaginative power, you can communicate with children better.11. A couch potato would not understand the beauty of nature.12. Parents should recommend their children to make their own rules.13. Students should not be allowed to use their cell phones during recess.14. If you live in a rural area, it will be hard to attend a live performance.15. It can be dangerous to give a ride to a stranger on the street.16. You may not know why you should celebrate national holidays if you do not learn history.17. When someone speaks a different language from you, you have to be more attentive.18. I believe that students can show creativity in art or music classes.19. In my opinion, violent movies have a less effect on copycat crimes than television news does.20. If I have an opportunity to go abroad, I want to go to Europe.Health & EnvironmentA:1. am allergic to2. a desperate food shortage3. cure a patient of a disease4. receive sufficient nutrition5. Educating the public6. adapt to the environment7. preserving the environment8. cause damage to the environment9. gets a physical checkup10. urban sprawl11. be short of12. sustainableB（略）Translation:1. We should prohibit smoking in public places to protect non-smokers.2. Hygiene education is very important to protect people from being infected with disease.3. Natural resources like charcoal or petroleum are nonrenewable resources.4. Healthy eating habits can decrease the risks of heart-related illness.5. Using less water and carrying one’s own cup help to preserve the environment.6. Eating les and doing daily exercise are the best ways to diet.7. While it is easy to pollute the air, it is very hard to purify polluted air.8. Getting sleep when you are stressed out is not always good for your mental health.9. A dense population has caused a serious increase in the temperature in our city.10. Every living thing consumes energy, but humans consume the most energy.11. It is more important to prevent a disease than to heal the disease.12. The next generation will not be able to consume as many natural resources as we do.13. Students should learn at school how we can care for the handicapped.14. Even though life expectancy has increased over the years, many people still die at a young age.15. Our government is managing public medical facilities very well to compete with private medical facilities.16. Due to careless exploitation, the tropical rainforests of the Amazon are currently in critical condition.17. Optimistic people rarely come down with illnesses.18. People who eat foods which are high in calories must exercise regularly.19. If we can relieve the overpopulation of our city, the traffic problems will be also solved.20. People living in urban areas are more exposed to car exhaust than people living in rural areas.Science & TechnologyA:1. Exploring outer space2. create online communities3. download software from4. shutting down a computer5. make a long-distance call6. made progress7. develop nuclear weapons8. expose children to9. making an in-depth analysis of10. peer-to-peer sharing11. provide us with a chance12. turn off the TVB（略）Translation:1. The purpose of space exploration is to find other planets which humans can control.2. Before signing up for a website, you should read the terms of membership carefully.3. Many people can keep in touch with their old friends through the Internet.4. Radical advances in technology are considered one cause of recent environmental problems.5. The government should make it easier for the handicapped to gain access to information.6. It is necessary for us to change the power resources of electronic appliances to protect the environment.7. Some people do not know how to program a computer though they use it every day.8. It is hard to stay up to date with technology as it progresses so rapidly.9. Genetic engineering has made a great difference in many aspects of our lives.10. We can do more things with our cell phones than just making wireless communications.11. People have used the Internet to get information and interact with others.12. Without the aid of cutting-edge technology, ancient people could build great walls and pyramids.13. Reading more books and watching less television is the key to deep thinking.14. Modern technology is so advanced that we may not be able to make a significant breakthrough any more.15. Computer technology could reach the current state since people did not stop making adjustments.16. Our government should explain why we need to conduct research on outer space.17. Because of the negative consequences of globalization, some countries do not want to keep in step with globalization.18. People without the basic knowledge of computers are called computer illiterate.19. Our government has spent a fortune to advance medical science.20. Since cellular phones are now an integral part of modern life, many people think they cannot do without their cell phones.第四章：必备表达（P64-P103）Agree/ Disagree ITranslation:1. I agree that a feeling of accomplishment is more important than a salary.2. In my opinion, automobiles have done us more good than harm.3. To sum up, it is good for children's emotional development to read fiction.4. There is no question that making quick decisions often gives us the wrong answers.5. It is evident that borrowing money from a friend can damage the friendship.6. I firmly believe that it is a good rule to prohibit smoking in public places.7. In short, homemade food costs less than the food at restaurants.8. I do not hold with the idea that people do not need to travel because they can explore the world through9. I am in favor of the idea that students should learn more than two foreign languages at school.10. I disagree with the opinion that technological development isolates people from each other.11. I firmly believe that water pollution is one of the most serious problems we have.12. I go along with the idea that capital punishment should be terminated.13. There is no doubt that we can learn many things from the elderly.14. Personally, I think that school uniforms prevent students from expressing their personalities.15. I do not hold with the notion that the government is not responsible for poverty at all.16. I agree that teachers should give students daily homework.17. In brief, I prefer staying home to going outside on holidays.18. In summary, people earn money in order to be happy in the end.19. I agree that the government should prohibit the advertising of alcohol and tobacco on television.20. I do not agree that it is more important to learn knowledge from studying than it is to develop creativity.21. In my view, people can get healthier if they do not eat junk food.22. It is evident that violent movies can incite adolescents’ aggressive behavior.23. I firmly believe it is more important to spen d time with one’s family than it is to spend time at work.24. I go along with the opinion that our ancestors enjoyed life more than we do.A:1. people succeed by luck, not by hard work.2. watching television has a negative effect on children.3. middle and high school students should learn art and music as compulsory subjects.4. only the rich can be considered successful.5. childhood is the most important period in one’s life.B:1. movies are as entertaining as novels and short stories.2. teachers’ salaries should be determined by their students’ achievements.3. dancing has played a huge role in enriching our cultures.4. children’s academic achievements are more affected by their peers than by their parents.5. In my view, there is nothing people can learn from fictional stories.C:1. experiences gained through hardships become the foundation for a successful future.2. people can communicate more effectively only when they see each other in person.3. modern technology helps students to learn more things in a short period of time.4. you do not need to feel pressured to do what you do not want to do.5. we can learn valuable lessons from fictional books.Writing:1. Agree:I firmly believe that universities should spend as much money on sports activities as they spend on libraries. Knowledge is of no use if students lose their health, so it would be helpful for universities to invest money in sports facilities and encourage students to take part in sports activities.I disagree that students’ sports activities are important enough for universities to spend the same amount of money as they do on libraries. Not every student enjoys sports activities, but all the students need a good facility where they can concentrate on their studies2. Agree:I go along with the idea that traveling in a group led by a tour guide is the best way to enjoy a trip. There are two reasons for this. First, you do not need to worry about getting lost. Also, you can save a lot of money by traveling in a group with other people.Disagree:I do not hold with the opinion that the best way to travel is a guided tour. In my view, traveling alone is more fun because you can go to anywhere you want.3. Agree:I agree that high school students should be able to choose their courses without any limitations. Students will pay more attention to their classes if they are learning what they want to know.Disagree:It is evident that students should not be allowed to take only the courses that they want to study. If they are given such options, students will take only easy courses and avoid possibly boring but important courses.4. Agree:I firmly believe that clothes change people’s behavior. Students try not to g et into trouble when they are wearing their school uniforms because they can be easily identified by their uniforms.Disagree:There is no question that human behavior has nothing to do with one’s clothes. If we could change people’s behavior with clothes, we would be able to reform criminals by changing their clothes.5. Agree:I am in favor of the idea that the mass media tends to dig excessively into the personal lives of famous people.I believe that we do not have to know that they do in their free time unless they commit crimes or harm others’ lives.Disagree:1. In my view, it is unavoidable for public figures and celebrities to be exposed to the mass media. The media would not be interested in the private lives of those people if they were not famous.Agree/ Disagree IITranslation:1. I support the idea that students can develop their imaginations by reading novels.2. I do not think it is impossible for universities to give a scholarship to every student.3. As a result of globalization, people d on’t feel many cultural differences these days.4. There is a saying, “A friend in need is a friend indeed.”5. In my experience, parents can be the best friends for their children because they always take their side.6. I am against the opinion that women should stay at home to take care of their children.7. I question whether it is educational to allow children to watch TV commercials.8. For example, passive viewers prefer entertaining programs to informative ones.9. To give you an idea, I will explain how an optimistic attitude can change a person’s life.10. I object to the notion that people who take risks are the only ones who can get good chances.11. I support the idea that it is important to participate in extracurricular activities.12. Consequently, I believe that people who are attracted to dangerous sports cannot stand their daily routines.13. I am against the opinion that people can hardly learn some points from one’s experience.14. It is said that people should be able to take care of themselves when they are isolated.15. I object to the notion that it is a waste of time to listen to popular music.16. It is reported that many parents make their children read biographies.17. I question whether people acknowledge the importance of moral education or not.18. To give you an idea, I will give several reasons why we need a hospital in our community.19. There are several reasons why some students are more successful at language learning than others.20. In my experience, people do not always tell the truth.21. For instance, we can observe animals at a short distance in zoos.22. I am against the opinion that museums are the best places where children can learn about their ancestors.23. As a result of the invention of the light bulb, people can read books at night without their eyesight being damaged.24. Studies indicate that junk foods are one of the major causes of obesity.A:1. playing games has nothing to do with learning how to live one’s life.2. it is more advantageous to be a group member than to lead a group.3. companies should guarantee lifelong employment.4. older people cannot learn lessons from younger people.5. our judgment of someone should not be based on how he or she looks.B:1. teenagers learn how to make important decisions either by making mistakes or through their own experiences.2. recent research, coeducation is more helpful for both male and female students for several reasons.3. we can get a lot of information about a country by watching commercials for that country.4. external appearances are not reliable when you judge a person’s character.5. why children should learn a foreign language in elementary school.C:1. why people are treated differently when they wear different clothes, I will present two examples.2. nobody will work hard to raise his productivity if a company never fires its employees.3. I will discuss how much children can enjoy nature by living in rural areas.4. there have always been bad consequences whenever we destroy ecosystems.5. children can share their opinions about what they saw on TV with their friends.Writing:。
(3)托福写作讲义
TOEFL Independent Writing1.句子扩充：将一个简单句扩充，增加到15,25,35个字。
2.句式变化：3.如何将一个论点展开成一段？多问自己为什么？4.ETS作文评分标准：✓观点鲜明，论点清晰✓文章结构完整、恰当、漂亮〔首段+中间三段+尾段〕✓论点论证充分〔不讲大道理，要examples, reasons, details, 而且数量越多越好〕✓句式、词汇变换丰富〔长短句、陈述疑问句、简单复杂句变换使用〕✓语法、拼写无误✓力戒表意不清，题外罗嗦话5.如何写好TOEFL作文：✓语法正确✓高超的衔接手段✓充足的词汇量✓各种表达手段综合运用的能力✓清晰的逻辑和结构✓高超的笔记能力✓良好的阅读习惯和听力水平6.TOEFL作文的要求：✓3种时态：✓语态：✓语气：✓词汇量：✓阅读训练：✓听力：7.熟悉写作题库8.TOEFL作文的写作原则：✓正式文体✓完成结构✓明确观点✓精彩纷呈✓正式形式✓通顺连贯✓扬长避短9.TOEFL 作文题库题型分类：✓观点选择类：✓比较比照类：✓自主定义类：✓10.TOEFL作文的审题：1)确定题目的类别，确定切入点：【驳论方法一】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论方法二】先承认钱是工作中的重要因素；【驳论】有时候是可以凭外表判断一个人的；11.TOEFL作文驳论点的写法：TOEFL作文驳论据的写法：12.TOEFL作文论点的写法：13.TOEFL作文论据的写法：(黄金规则二)✓健康安全✓便利✓交流✓习惯与心理✓亲情✓成就感✓环保✓经济✓品格✓科技✓教育TP:15.寻找理由的方法：✓有什么条件可以这样？凭什么✓如果这样有何好处或害处？✓如果不这样有什么好处或害处？✓如果要这样，人们必须怎么办？可行么？✓如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？PDERCR：TOEFL 文章结构：✓“2-1”A型：✓“2-1”B型：✓折中方案：16.关于TOEFL写作人称问题：17.TOEFL文章的开篇第一段写法：1)背景法：背景+反方观点及理由+过渡+正方观点+作者观点及理由2)实例法：事例+论题+各方观点及理由+作者观点及理由3)实例的三种来源：18.主题句：19.TOEFL作文结尾段的写法：20.TOEFL作文段落的实现：1)例证法2)因果法3)比较法✓整体比较4)分项比较5)分类法6)定义法21.TOEFL作文的衔接手段：1)使用连词和短语2)使用代词3)使用语意粘连22.TOEFL 黄金句型〔黄金规则四〕✓强调句(emphasis)✓The more… the more(more)✓倒装句(reversion)✓比较结构和倍数关系(compare)✓修辞问句〔question〕✓并列结构(parallel)✓虚拟语气〔if〕✓插入语(insertion)23.T OEFL Integrated Writing1.综合写作评分标准：✓Successfully select the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately present this information in relation to the relevant information presented inthe reading✓The response is well organized✓And occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections2.TOEFL综合作文注意事项：✓听力部分的内容是最重要的✓不能表达重复，不清楚或者与文章无关✓听完后要尽最大努力去回忆并补全听力材料内容的笔记，写的越全越好✓只要听力内容丢掉一个key point，最高只能得3分✓只出现在综合阅读材料的专有名词一定不重要；在阅读和演讲材料中都出现的专有名词是重要的✓把注意力放在带来分数的点上，而不是均衡放在所有内容上✓千万不能发表个人的观点✓写作采用一般现在和一般过去时态3.TOEFL综合写作出题方式：✓Points in the lecture contradict, refute, depart from, challenge or cast doubt on points in the reading4.综合写作听力材料内容要点通常包括：〔黄金规则四〕✓主题句✓被重复的语意✓因果、比较、比照、比喻✓定义✓✓强调✓问题及答案✓态度词汇✓转折后的内容✓结论5.综合写作阅读材料的读法：✓不需要做笔记；但是需要把专有名词的首字母提炼出来✓阅读材料里面的客观描述〔如故事情节；历史；史实；发展历程等〕是不可能被驳倒的，所以不是阅读的重点6.综合写作考前训练步骤：✓看阅读听力材料，寻找要点〔3-5篇〕✓真实模考〔5-10篇〕7.综合写作文章框架✓“总-分-总”=“1+3+1”模式✓中间每段都要有阅读观点，演讲观点及二者的关系8.综合写作精彩句型：✓The lecture discuss...which differs from the main idea in the reading that…(首段)✓The professor made the point that…; on the contrary/however, the writer demonstrated a contradictory idea that…✓Contrary to the belief in the reading passage that…, the professor says that…(中)✓The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that…by saying that…〔中〕✓The lecture contradicts the idea in the reading by saying that…(中)✓First of all, the professor, in the listening passage, made the point that… The reading materials, in contrast, held a different view by stating that…✓Another important point shows in the listening material is that…, but the reading material presents a conflicting idea that…✓In terms of …, the listening material contradicts the reading material✓Finally, the professor states that…, which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who says that…✓In general, the professor discussed the issue of … that the reading viewed in a contrary/different angle. (结尾)9.综合写作材料的指称：✓The speaker/lecturer/professor/listening material/lecture✓The writer/author/reading material/passage【注意】1、例子一定要specific一个example，一个research2、记得用些ly副词3、用插入语4、长短句结合5、句式变换6、每个例子，就是每段最后一句话必须是总结。
《托福写作教程》课件
托福写作的评分标准是什么？
A1
托福写作的评分标准主要包括内容、组织和语言三个方 面。内容方面要求观点明确、逻辑清晰；组织方面要求文 章结构合理、段落分明；语言方面要求语法准确、表达流 畅。
Q2
如何提高托福写作的语言表达能力？
A2
提高语言表达能力的有效方法是多读、多写、多听。多 读可以培养语感，熟悉常用表达方式；多写可以锻炼语言 组织能力，提高写作技巧；多听可以增强语感，熟悉英语 表达方式。
综合写作范文解析
总结词
综合写作范文解析部分主要介绍托福考 试中综合写作题型的答题技巧和范文示 例。
VS
详细描述
这部分内容将重点讲解如何进行有效的阅 读、听力和写作的整合，并提供一些综合 写作题型的答题技巧。同时，将提供一些 优秀的范文示例，帮助考生更好地理解综 合写作的评分标准和要求。
05
CATALOGUE
《托福写作教程》ppt课 件
CATALOGUE
目 录
• 托福写作简介 • 托福写作技巧 • 托福写作题型解析 • 托福写作范文解析 • 托福写作模拟试题及答案 • 学生常见问题解答
01
CATALOGUE
托福写作简介
托福写作考试目的
01
评估非英语母语者的英语写作能力
02
确保考生具备足够的英语表达能力，以适应国外大 学的学习和生活
独立写作题型解析
总结词
独立写作要求考生在30分钟内完成一篇150-225词的作文，就某一话题阐述自己的观 点。
详细描述
独立写作题目通常涉及教育、文化、科技、社会等话题，要求考生在有限时间内清晰、 有条理地表达自己的观点，并使用具体例子和细节支持论点。
评分标准
独立写作的评分主要依据内容、语言、结构和例子四个方面，要求考生在文章中展现出 良好的语言表达能力和逻辑思维能力。
吴俭托福写作讲义3.10
托福写作讲义Teaching Plan (10)第一次课⏹托福写作考试整体介绍⏹作文理论Briefing⏹学习目的及课堂安排第二次课⏹词法：30组托福经典词汇⏹语法：20组常犯语法错误⏹改错练习第三次课⏹独立写作综述⏹Beginning Paragraph的写法第四次课⏹Topic Sentence的写法⏹How to develop sentence (1)第五次课⏹Supporting Ideas的写法第六次课⏹解题思路的扩展与总结⏹佳句赏析第七次课⏹让步式的写法⏹How to develop sentence (2)第八次课⏹结尾段的写法⏹写作流程总结及思路培养第九次课⏹综合写作综述⏹综合写作阅读及听力技巧⏹综合写作文章结构⏹综合写作模板使用第十次课⏹综合写作练习⏹托福写作最新考题分析⏹新托福考场备考策略及全攻略第一次课课程安排⏹托福写作考试整体介绍⏹作文理论Briefing⏹学习目的及课堂安排◆托福作文考试简介50分钟/2篇作文（综合写作、独立写作）☐综合写作（150字）5种关系（_____________________________________）☐独立写作（350字）3种出题方式3种基本话题◆作文理论Briefing作文考试目标☐☐☐☐1._____________________________________________✓✓✓✓✓✓2.______________________________________________✓说明文（两段式）✓议论文（三种传统理论）☐传统段☐对称式☐让步式本课堂的学习内容1、2、3、4、第二次课课程安排⏹词法：30组托福经典词汇⏹语法：20组常犯语法错误⏹改错练习雅思四大话题－30组经典词组和句子1.action/activityThe police took immediate _______when they realized the situation was getting out of hand. Economic________ stagnated as the recession took hold.2.advice/adviseCan you________ me on the best course of action to take?He offered me some excellent ____________3.affect/effectCuts in spending will have a serious_______ on the National Health Service.The strikes will seriously_______ train services.4.appreciable/appreciativeThere is an_______ difference between slaughter and murder.She was very_______ of our efforts to help.5.assumption/presumptionThey raised taxes on the_______ that it would help control spending.It’s sheer_____ for the government to suggest things have improved since they came to power.6.avoid/preventRapid government reforms managed to_______ a revolution taking place.He’s always trying to_______ taking a decision if he can help it.7.besides/besideThe office is just_______ the railway station._______ their regular daytime job, many people do extra work in the evening.8.briefly/shortly_______ before the conflict began, the army pulled down the border post.The minister spoke _______ about the need for political reform.9.channel/canalThe television________ received a formal complaint about the program.The Suez________ was built in the second half of the nineteenth century.10.conscientious/conscious_________ workers always take their work seriously.Most people are__________ of the need to protect the environment.11.continual/continuousA_________ trade embargo has badly affected the economic infrastructure.The computer has given us___________ problems ever since we installed it.12.control/inspectEnvironmental health officers regularly________ kitchens and other food preparation areas. The government plans to_________ the price of meat to make sure it doesn’t go up too much.13.criticism/objectionsThey didn’t raise any_________ when we insisted on inspecting the figures.The government’s plan was met wi th severe _________.14.damage/injury/harmIt was a severe __________ which needed immediate hospital treatment.A lot of____________ was caused to buildings along the coast during the storm.There is no _________ in working out the details right now.15.during/for/whileShops were closed _________ the duration of the conflict.______the transition from a dictatorship to democracy, the country experienced severe strikes. The bomb went off_________ the president was making his speech.16.however/moreoverThe plan was good in theory. ________, in practice it was extremely difficult to implement. The plan was excellent. ____, it was clear from the beginning that it was going to be a success.17.inconsiderate/inconsiderableAn ______________ amount of money was wasted._________ behavior makes life unpleasant for everybody.18.intolerable/intolerantI consider his behavior to be quite ______________The government is _____________ of other political parties.19.job/workEverybody has the right to a decent __________________ with good pay.Following the recession, many people are still looking for _________________y(s)/lie(s)The city of Guito ___________ near the equator.The manager made it clear he intended to _____________ down some strict rules.21.look at /watchWe must ___the situation in Lugumba carefully, and be prepared to act if violence flares again. We need to ____________ the problem carefully and if there is anything we can do about it. 22.permission/permitI’m afraid can’t__________ photography in here.They received _________ to attend the sessions as long as they didn’t interrupt.23.possibility/chanceThere is always the ___________ that the government will reverse its decision.If we act now, we have a good _____________ of finding a cure for the disease.24.practice / practiceIt’s important to _____________your English whenever possible.You need more ___________ before you take the exam.25.priceless/worthless_______ paintings by artists like Van Gogh should not be in the hands of private collectors. At inflation spiraled out of control, paper money suddenly became___________26.principal/principleThe____________ of the college is an ardent non-smoker.The country’s ________________ products are paper and wood.Not many people are familiar with the ____________ of nuclear physics.27.process/processionThe________ made its way down the avenue.Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrating______________28.raise/riseAs prices ___________ , demand usually drops.In response to the current oil shortage, most airlines plan to _____________ their fares.29.respectable/respectfulThe delegates listened in________ silence as the chairman spoke.They want to bring up their children in an area which is considered to be ____________30.treat/cureHospitals are so understaffed that they find it impossible to ___ patients with minor injures. They were unable to_____________ the disease, and hundreds died as a result.1. There be结构错误表达：There have many people believe that computers are useful.正确表达：2. 情态动词（情态动词必须加一个动词原形）错误表达：We should be take some effective measures.正确表达：3. 不一致不一致包括主谓不一致，也包括数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等错误表达：When one have money, he can do what he want to.正确表达：4. 时态问题错误表达：Some people argued that women should join the army.正确表达：5. 语态问题错误表达：Some people think that old buildings should preserve.正确表达：6. 悬垂修饰语错误表达：To solve this problem, proper measures should be taken.正确表达：错误表达：Serving in the army, self-respect and confidence can be cultivated.正确表达：7. 词性使用错误表达：Nobody can negative the importance of education.正确表达：8. 介词短语加了句号错误表达：With the development of society. People begin to realize the importance of education.正确表达：9. 句子不完整错误表达：The question whether the internet is a blessing or a curse.正确表达：10. 固定词组的搭配错误表达：There is a great deal of violence shown in media to the purpose of making people relaxed.正确表达：11. 指代不清指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致错误表达：However, the internet also has their disadvantages.正确表达：12. such as和for example的区别错误表达：Computers enjoy a host of merits for example high speed, easy accessibility and great efficiency.正确表达：错误表达：Studying with teachers is beneficial. Such as, we can acquire both useful knowledge and practical skills.正确表达：13. 逗号隔开了两个完整的句子错误表达：The human race has entered a marvelous age, the world is developing at an amazing rate.正确表达：14. 用词不当是指在特定的句子中如何适当的选用词语的问题，我们在作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是错误表达：The use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also gives rise to pollution.正确表达：15. 不连贯不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不通顺错误表达：As I see it, water shortage, it is the most pressing problem of the earth.正确表达：16. 名词单复数使用错误错误表达：Living in this information-explosion society, we can obtain an increasing number of informations. 正确表达：17. 正式原则一般不能出现缩写形式错误表达：As is known to all, we can’t do without advertisement.正确表达：特例：18. 大小写的错误每句开头第一个字母都得大写错误表达：as we all know, life is hope and hope is life.正确表达：19. 从句引导词错误错误表达：As is widely-accepted, that there are many people which fail to take into account the fact that the diversity of species is the greatest charm in the world.正确表达：20. 介词使用不当错误表达：There is no yet absolute agreement in the question whether schools are of no use in the Computer Age.正确表达：错误表达：On a nutshell, we can conclude that media will still exert positive impacts on the societal development.正确表达：Correction Exercises1.The invention of computers makes people live more comfortable and convenient.2.Don’t put hand in pocket.3.Many traffic accidents occurred is the result of careless.st night was too cold.5.By comparison, nuclear energy has some distinctive advantages, such as it is very clean and cheap.6.Some people claim that fast food will instead of traditional food.7.Despite he is very diligent at study, he still cannot pass the TOEFL test.8.I finished homework and went out of dormitory for a drink.9.Though the Internet has many benefits, but it also has some drawbacks.10.If you are convenient, please give me a hand.11.In the past, the price of milk was so expensive that few people could hardly afford it.12.I forgot my watch at home.13.Smoking is harmful to your body.14.Under his help, we past the IELTS test.15.The two types of designs exist difference.16.The true fact is he never offers help to others.17.There are many people plan to study abroad.18.Keep pets are very popular among people live in big city.19.If let alone at home, many old people are very dangerous.20.The society should pay more attention to the problems of education, poverty and disease; however, theyseldom do so.21.Today is very hot, I stay home.22.When talking to the interviewer, my heart was beating very fast.23.He gave the rose to the lovely lady that he had bought for his wife.parison with the performance of Linda, Kent’s performance is far from perfect.25.The big noise makes me can’t sleep well.26.My suggestion is more attention should be attached to the issue of youth drug abuse.27.The price of milk is more expensive than rice.28.The amount of bikes will declines in ten years.29.Smoking is harmful to one’s body. On the one hand, it can cause lung cancer. On the other hand, it canincrease the chances of having a miscarriage if a woman is pregnant.30.The reason why people choose to live in cities is because the city life is more convenient and colorful.31.People think develop space research will spend a huge number of money.32.Now people go abroad becomes very easy.puter is a useful tool for student to learn English.34.Raising pets are good for old people and child.35.Pet like dog and cat accompany them.36.Keep pet in big city is not allowed.37.There are many medical reports reveal that keeping pet can prevent heart disease and help patient to feelcomfortably.38.Keep a pet would affect familial relationship.39.It arises a public debate as to whether we humans should carry out experiments on animals.40.Pursuit of fashion spends much money and waste much time.41.However, others people suggest that college students do the part-time job is quite beneficial.42.Young people live and study by themselves is of great significance to their future career.43.On the whole, computer games have both advantages and disadvantages. But fairly speaking, everyonehas to admit that its disadvantages far overweight it’s advantages.44.I find myself difficult to work and study there due to my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior.45.I am very difficult to write essays in English.46.When one is over 70 years old, he is very dangerous if left alone at home.47.I hope this letter would draw your attention and look into the case.st year saw a rapid raise in the volume of output.49.A small thief entered into my room and my room was stolen last night.50.I would like a single room to live and study.51.I am sorry for my abrupt departure that day, for I received a telephone that day asking me to return backhome immediately.52.I and my sister like pets very much. Therefore we are strongly against the ban on pet-raising.53.They maybe very busy so that they can not spare some time for their aged parents.54.The curve rose upward sharply in the past few days.55.After three days’ meeting, we draw a final conclusion that Tom is a dishonest man.第三次课课程安排⏹独立写作综述⏹Beginning Paragraph的写法Beginning Paragraph三大要素：（__________________________________________）Sample 1: When asked about the ongoing uproar involving the increasing divorce rate, most people say the affair involves a purely private matter. But many other people regard this as a side effect of the drop of social moral standards. I personally think the latter can hold water. The explanation for this problem involves interrelated factors, such as family and social instability, lack of proper guidance as well as juvenile delinquency.Sample 2: When it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in the cities, some people think that use should be limited. Others argue that the opposite is true. As for me, there is probably some truth to both arguments, but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles. My argument stems from the fact that our living environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate, that the global warming is becoming a serious threat to the human beings, and that the pollution is creating a side effect on the economy.Sample 3: There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers. Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasing numbers lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability. But people who favor the influx of the cheap labor force, on the other hand, maintain that migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction.Question 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.Question 2: (56) A company is going to give some money either to support the arts or toimprove the public facilities. Which do you think the company should choose? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.（5分范例）It might not be very difficult to discover an obvious phenomenon that more and more college graduates encounter difficulties in finalizing a job nowadays, which, one way or another, brings forth certain doubts as well as discussions over the issue, giving rise to different points of views from distinctive levels of people. As far as I am concerned, the knowledge that has been acquired in schools can’t very well match the r equirements of this fast-developing and competitive world. (78)家庭作业：(70) Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others think that the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answers.A好坏宏观宏观微观微观第四次课课程安排⏹Topic Sentence的写法⏹How to develop sentence (1)Topic Sentences主题句写作5步走：1、2、3、4、5、三个过程：今天的重点是:Sample 1: (107) Some people believe that a college or university education should be available to all students. Others believe that higher education should be available only to good students. Discuss these views. Which view do you agree with? Explain why.1、确认关键词2、思维两分三种不同出题方式的思维两分图形。
托福讲义-10-托福写作-词汇与句型
younger paternal uncles
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People are delighted to talk about their relatives. As for me, I will definitely mention my uncle Luis whenever the name fits the topic of a conversation. He is my father’s younger brother, tightly-closed to my family by dropping in on my house every weekend. As he is sturdy, grey-haired, sparsely-bearded, and freckled, my neighbors always laugh at him. But he never gets angry; instead, he smiles happily when hearing the rumors and derisive words against him. Such an affable character makes him the hero of my daily conservation.
上下义词13
各类修饰成分
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写作高频场景词汇：School and Education1) 作为团队工作work as/ in a team2) 在...的帮助下with the help of3) 穿校服wear a school uniform4) 使用学校设备use the school facilities/ equipment5) 参加...的新生引导课程take an orientation course6) 与小组一起学习study with a group7) 出国留学study abroad8) 与某人分享观点share a idea/ ideas with someone9) 与某人同住一室share a room with sb10) 现实生活经验real life experience11) 优先考虑... put a priority on12) 追求个人兴趣pursue one’s individual interest13) 提倡创造性思维promote/ advocate creative thinking/ critical thinking14) 预防校园暴力prevent school violence15) 参与课堂讨论participate in a class discussion16) 理清思路organize one’s thoughts17) 选修科目optional subjects18) 提供教育机会offer/ provide an educational opportunity19) 在...方面改变make a change in...20) 主修major in21) 住宿舍live in a dormitory/ dorm22) 讲座lectures23) 通过...学习learn by/ via/ through + doing24) 自学learn by myself/ teach myself25) 增加教育预算increase the education budget26) 增加某人的潜力increase one’s potential/ 能力capability27) 有机会... have the opportunity to do sth28) 对...有很大的影响have a strong impact on sth29) 对...有强烈的好奇心have a strong curiosity about30) 进行关于...的讨论have a discussion about31) 有...文凭/学历have a diploma/ certification in32) 有...的选择have a choice of33) 从学校毕业graduate from34) 上私立学校go to a private/ public school35) 经历青春期go through puberty36) 因...给某人奖励give someone a prize37) 取得好成绩get a good grade38) 收到良好的教育get good education39) 获得最新的信息gain/ receive the latest information/ news40) 从...获得知识gain knowledge from41) 组成学习小组form a study group42) 感到来自同龄个人的压力feel peer/ contemporaries pressure43) 面对问题face a problem44) 课外活动extracurricular activities45) 拓展知识expand/ gain/ acquire/ obtain/ get/ accumulate one’s knowledge46) 获得学分earn a credit47) 培养在...方面的专长develop expertise in...48) 必修科目compulsory subjects49) 职业准备career preparation50) 建学校build/ establish school51) 开始正规教育begin formal education52) 必须...，被要求.... be required/ suppose to do53) 参与户外活动participate/ take part in/ join in/ attend outdoor activities54) 在...方面有能力;能胜任... be competent/ capable in55) 上大学attend college/ university56) 上课attend classes57) 参加夏令营participate/ engage in/ , be/ get involved in a summer camp58) 给某人布置家庭走也assign homework to somebody59) 中学、大学 a primary/ middle/ high school. Secondary school.60) 研究领域 a field of study写作高频场景词汇：Family and Society1) 拜访邻居visit one’s neighborhood2) 使用公共交通工具use public transportation3) 没有做... without doing4) 把某人看作... treat someone as, treat them as competitor5) 青少年犯罪teenager delinquencies/ juvenile delinquency6) 养家support a family, feed one’s family7) 对...表示尊敬show respect to8) 展现领导才能show leadership skills9) 解决问题solve problems10) 使某人想起某事remind sb of something11) 信仰某种宗教believe in a particular religion12) 宣誓对...效忠pledge loyalty to13) 将某人的价值观传递给... pass on one’s values to...14) 参加社区活动participate in community activities15) 做出重要决定make an important decision16) 对...做出贡献make a contribution to17) 住在郊区live in suburban/ suburb areas18) 跟上keep up with19) 记住某事keep sth in mind20) 照看、留心keep an eye on21) 普遍认同it is generally agreed that...22) 改善公共交通improve public transportation23) 有高标准have high standards24) 有...的倾向have a tendency to do25) 有社区意识have a sense of community26) 有...感have a sense of achievement/ fulfillment/ accomplishment; humor; belonging; happiness27) 与...有密切的关系have a close relationship with28) 与...相处get along with29) 获得...的支持gain the support of sb/ some organization30) 建立组织set up/ form an organization31) 形成舆论form public opinion/ lead public opinion32) 效仿某人imi tate sb; follow in one’s footsteps33) 感到安全feel security34) 感觉被...吸引be attracted to/ feel an attraction to35) 顺便去购物中心drop in at a shopping center36) 为生计做某事do something for a living37) 负担得起... afford to do38) 建立信任build up trust39) 培养社会技能cultivate/ develop social skills40) 从...中获益benefit from41) 建立人脉build social connections/ social circles42) 成为...的居民become a resident of43) 孤立于.... be isolated from44) 需要帮助be in need of help45) 对...友好be hospitable to46) 情感上依附于... be emotionally attached to47) 致力于... be committed to/ commit oneself to/ devote oneself to48) 因...而著名be celebrated for/ be famous for/ be famous as做为。
而出名49) 同意遵守agree to obey/ follow...写作高频场景词汇：Economy and Business1) 面临巨大挑战face significant challenges.2) 加班work overtime3) 尊敬respect. / receive enough respect. Act respectfully4) 兼职work part-time/ take part-time jobs5) 敦促/极力主张某人.... urge/ advocate sb to sth6) 了解市场原则understand the market principle7) 将某人调任到另一个部门transfer sb to another department/ education department8) 递交简历submit one’s resume10) 开始一项业务start a business11) 平均分摊费用split the cost12) 找...领域的工作seek a career in13) 将企业盈利回报给社会return corporate profits to society14) 退休retire from a job15) 提高...声望raise the prestige/ reputation of16) 缴税pay taxes17) 偿还贷款pay back a loan18) 克服经济衰退overcome an economic recession crisis19) 获得最底层职位obtain an entry-level position20) 将生产费降到最低minimize the cost/expense of production21) 合格meet the qualifications22) 弥补损失make up a loss23) 收支平衡strike a balance of payments/24) strike a balanced payments/ budget(平衡预算).25) 做到生态、经济、社会协调发展, to strike a balance of ecological, economic and social development.26) 获利make a profit/ profits.27) 谋生make a living28) 对...投诉make a complaint about29) 为...做预算make a budget for...30) 降低利率lower the interest rate31) 辞职leave/ quit a job; be fired32) 保持一个良好的工作环境keep a good work environment33) 投资于invest in/ investment34) 在履行职责时be in the line of duty35) 对...持积极态度have a positive/ negtive/ optimistic/ pessimitic36) 拥有...的市场占有率have a market share37) 破产go bankrupt38) 按小时/天/周去的报酬get paid by the hour/ day/ week39) 获得....的退款receive a refund40) 得到提升get promotion41) 找到工作get/ find a job; find employment42) 有成就感feel a sense of accomplishment43) 就业enter the workforce/ 解决就业solve the problem of umemployment44) 鼓励竞争encourage competition45) 挣钱earn money46) 生产力下降reduced productivity47) 培养处理人际关系的技能cultivate/ develop interpersonal skills48) 写信/亲自投诉complain in writing/ person49) 赔偿compensate for50) 升职progress to a higher position/ get a promotion51) 索价较高charge higher prices52) 无法负担cannot afford to do sth/ unaffordable53) 打电话请病假call in sick54) 因迟到打电话请假call in late55) 建立事业build one’s career56) 指示某人boss someone around57) 促进经济发展boost the economy; economic crisis/ recession58) 愿意... be willing to do sth59) 不愿... be unwilling to do sth60) 自主经营be self-employed61) 出售，上市be on the market62) 需求旺盛be in great demand63) 人口的增长increase in population64) 职位描述 a job description65) 次品 a defective product66) 拥有...的市场占有度have a positive/ negative/ optimistic/ pessimistic写作高频场景词汇：Living and Thinking1) 适应形式adapt to a situation/ the environment2) 认真考虑后after careful thought/ consideration3) 作为...的征兆as a token of (economic crisis)4) 承担责任shoulder/ assume responsibility for...5) 对...有益be beneficial to...6) 对...有信心be confident in../ have confidence in...7) 批判态度critical thinking8) 灵活的flexible9) 对...负责be responsible for10) 以不同的方式表现behave in a different way11) 改掉坏习惯break/ get rid of a bad habit12) 按常规做某事do something as a routine13) 承受磨难endure hardships14) 惹上麻烦get into trouble/ stay out of trouble15) 压力过大be/ get stressed out/ too much stress16) 疯狂购物go on a shopping spree17) 伤害友谊harm a friendship18) 锻炼do exercises/ sports19) 有常识have common sense/ knowledge20) 有幽默感have a sense of humor/ accomplishment/ achievement/ fulfillment/ belonging/ happiness/ honor21) 喜欢社交have a sociable character22) 持乐观/悲观的态度have a/ an positive/ negative/ optimistic/ pessimistic attitude.23) 没有/有很大/没多大关系have nothing/ much/ little to do with24) 对...感到遗憾have regrets about25) 有品位have a taste in/for26) 相信trust/ believe in27) 磨练技巧hone a skill28) 提高某人的生活质量enhance/ increase the quality of life29) 根据某事物判断某人/某事judge sb/ sth by30) 保守秘密keep a secret31) 按规律生活live by a role32) 过某人自己的生活live one’s own life33) 轻视，瞧不起look down upon/ look up to34) 尊敬respect35) 谨慎的做决定make a careful decision36) 给...留下好/坏印象make a good/ bad impression37) 犯错误make mistakes38) 搬到新地方move to a new place39) 提前计划plan in advance/ plan ahead40) 为...提供良好的营养provide good nutrition for41) 忍受put up with/ stand/ bear42) 到达转折点reach a turning point43) 减轻压力relieve one’s pressure/ stress44) 存钱以备不时之需save money for a rainy day/ for an emergency45) 设定目标set goals46) 设定优先级put/ set a priority on: government should put a priority on the development of education.47) 放慢速度slow down48) 远离麻烦stay out of troubles49) 熬夜stay up late50) 失眠sleeplessness, insomnia51) 冒...的险take risks52) 采取行动take action53) 利用use/ make use of/ take advantage of54) 休息一下take/ have a rest55) 吃药take medicine56) 支持某人support sb/ take one’s side57) 从容不迫take one’s time to so sth58) 带头take the initiative to do sth59)说实话tell the truth写作高频场景词汇：Culture and Leisure1) 出国旅游travel abroad/ overseas tourism2) 从日常事务中得到片刻休息get a moment to rest from the daily routine3) 订阅报纸/杂志subscribe to the newspaper/ magzine/ journal4) 说与...不同的语言speak another language5) 表现创造力perform creative power/ ability6) 保全面子save one’s face7) 尊重文化差异respect differences8) 以...代替... substitute by...9) 建议某人suggest/ advise/ persuade10) 充电charge a battery11) 演奏乐器play an instrument12) 以某人做榜样take... as example/ model.13) 创造历史make history14) 预定book/ reserve/ make a reservation for...15) 拍...电影make films16) 点燃篝火light a bonfire17) 引导公共舆论guide the public opinion18) 备有急救箱first aid boxes/ emergency kit19) 举办聚会have a party20) 有机会have an opportunity to do...21) 有空be available22) 对...有影响have postive/ negative impact on...23) 有...的技能have ... skills24) 传承传统pass on the tradition25) 表达观点give/express an opinion26) 让某人搭载give a ride to sb27) 有运动病(指晕车、晕船、晕机等)car sickness, ship sickness, air sickness, motion sickness28) 遵守规则obey/ follow a rule29) 遵循当地风俗follow/ obey local custom30) 经历时差jet leg31) 发挥某人的想象力use one’s imagination32) 享受户外的活动enjoy outdoor activities33) 参加、从事文化活动engage in the cultural activities34) 休息时间during recess35) 穿...衣服dress in the costume of36) 穿传统服装traditional costume37) 建立研究中心research center38) 发展文化develop a culture39) 庆祝法定假日national holiday40) 开展活动carry on activities41) 成为青少年的偶像become an idol to teenagers42) 在...方面是某人的对手one’s opponent (i n the general selection)43) 展览be holding/ putting on an exhibition44) 流行，时髦vogue/ fashion45) 被...吸引，沉迷于... be attractive to/ be addicted to46) 去现场看演出attend a live performance47) 欣赏、鉴赏艺术appreciate arts48) 影响某人的行为affect / impact / influence one’s behavior/ have… on sth.49) 接纳另一个国家的风俗adopt a custom from another country50) 有导游陪同的旅游guided tour51) 文化遗产cultural legacy/ heritage52) 整天坐着看电视的人 a couch potato53) 模仿犯罪a copycat crime写作高频场景词汇：Health and environment1) 密集的人口dense population2) 适应环境adjust to the environment3) 濒危动物endangered species/ endangered animals4) 对...过敏be allergic to…5) 有益于心理健康good for mental health6) 身体健康physical fitness7) 感染病毒infect with the virus8) 缺少... lack of/ be short of9) 汽车尾气automobile/ vehicle exhaust10) 照顾残疾人care for the disables11) 导致不正常的气候lead to abnormal climate12) 对环境造成破坏damage to the environment13) 染上...病catch… disease/ get ill/ get infected by AIDS/ bacteria/ virus14) 从事医学研究study on/ engage in medical research15) 消耗能量dissipate energy (dispend驱散-dispensable-indispensable)16) 消耗自然资源consume natural resources/ the consumption of …17) 保护环境protect the environment18) 至于某人的疾病as for someone’s disease19) 严重的食物短缺the serious shortage(excess) of food20) 发展医疗技术develop medical technology21) 每天做运动do sports everyday22) 倾倒工厂废料factory waste dumping/ dump industrial waste23) 教育公众educate the public24) 环境污染environmental pollution/ contamination25) 体检physical examination26) 战胜疾病overcome illness/ fight illness27) 健康的饮食习惯healthy eating habit28) 高热量high heat/ calorie29) 在危急情况下in emergent/ crisis situations30) 在某人的自然状态下In someone's natural state31) 保持均衡的饮食Maintain a balanced diet32) 平局寿命average lifetime33) 降低某人的血压reduce someone’s blood pressure34) 降低某人的压力水平reduce someone’ stress levels35) 管理医疗机构medical institution management36) 不可再生资源non-renewable resources37) 凭处方script(手记) prescription38) 保护环境protect the environment39) 预防疾病prevent disease40) 禁止吸烟no smoking/ smoking prohibited41) 净化污染的空气purify(pure) the air pollution42) 摄取充足的营养absorb/ take in adequate/ abundant nutrition(nutritional)43) 痊愈，恢复recover/ restore44) 缓解人口过剩问题alleviate the problem of overpopulation45) 用尽资源use up/ run out of resources46) 挽救热带雨林save tropical rainforest47) 保持身体健康keep fit/ keep in good health/ maintain physical fitness48) 可持续能源sustainable energy/ lasting energy resources.49) 吃药take medicine/ pills50) 城市扩张urban/ city expansion; urban sprawl写作高频场景词汇：Science and Technology1) 发展医学medical development2) 科技发达developed/ advanced technology3) 将文件附加到电子邮件中attach files to e-mails4) ....的关键plays a key role in…5) 在...重力的作用下under gravity6) 不能没有cannot do without7) 查收电子邮件check e-mails8) 电脑盲the computer-illiterate9) 对...进行研究research on…10) 开创新趋势create a new trend11) 创建网络社区create/ set up an online community.12) 阻拦垃圾邮件block spam/ junk mails13) 尖端科技high-tech/ cutting-edge technology/ sophisticated technology14) 开发核武器develop nuclear weapon15) 发展计算机技术develop computer technology16) 亲自动手do it yourself17) 从...下载软件download software from18) 电子设备electronic equipment19) 提高生活质量improve life quality20) 探索外太空explore outer space21) 使某人面临某事make sb face someting22) 促进交流to promote the communication23) 获得信息gain/ get/ receive information24) 某事处理的不当deal with/ handle something improperly25) 检索信息retrieve information26) 相互影响influence each other/ interaction effects/ interplay(n.v)27) 给电脑编程program computers28) 紧跟全球化的步伐keep pace with the globalization29) 在这全球化的时代in the era/ age of globalization30) 与...保持联系keep close contact with…. / keep in touch.31) 把...输入电脑input … into computers32) 开展太空任务carry out space tasks.33) 连接到互联网connect to the internet34) 有影响，起作用have an influence on/ effect on35) 打长途电话sb is making a long distance call.36) 做出重大突破have a major breakthrough37) 调整adjust/ rectify38) 深入分析further analysis/ in-depth analysis of39) 网上购物shopping online40) 进步make great progress in English/41) 无线连络通信wireless communication42) 用计算机处理信息process information with computers.43) 为某人提供某物offer sb sth/ provide sb with sth. provide sth for sb.44) 到达遥远的地方reach remote place/ reach somewhere tremendously remote45) 向...发射太空探测器human space probe/ detector launch into space46) 缩短距离shorten the distance47) 注册网站sign up for websites/ register for websites/ the website.48) 太空探索the exploration of/ in space; space exploration49) 紧跟科技潮流keep up with/ keep pace closely with/ follow/ the trend of technological development50) 上网spend sb’s time online/ contact to the internet/ surf on the internet/ search… online.51) 捷足先登let sb. get ahead/ beat sb. to the draw.52) 科技发展technology development53) 传送文件send messages54) 打开、关上电脑turn on/ start the computer; turn off/ shut down55) 通讯工具communication tools56) 上市公司listed company。