第一章 Introduction to International Trade 《国际贸易实务》PPT课件

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国际物流导论AnIntroductiontoInternationalLogistics

❖
储存保管的作用：克服外贸商品使用价值在时间上的矛盾，创造商
品的时间价值。
❖ （三）进出口商品装卸与搬运子系统
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国际物流装卸与搬运作业，是商品短距离的搬移，是仓库作业和运
输作业的纽带和桥梁，也实现物流的空间效益，保证商品运输和保管的
连续性。
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❖ （四）进出口商品的流通加工与检验子系统
国际展品物流：指以展览、展示为目的，暂时将商品运如一国境内，待展览结束后再复运出境的物流活动。（有去有回）
国际邮政物流：指通过国际邮政运送系统办理的包裹、函件等递送活动（门到门或手到手）。
国际逆向物流：指对国际贸易中回流的商品进行改造和重修的活
2020/动10/2，7 包括循环利用容器和包装材料、退货、调货等，是目前物流
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❖ （二）全球化生产
❖ 企业在全球化范围内组织生产具有的优势：（1）可以更好地接近目标市场，满足当地消费者的需求（2）可以获取资源优势，降低生产成本；（3）可以避开东道国的贸易壁垒限制，更顺利地进入国际市场；（4）降低物流费用，降低成本，提升产品的国际竞争力
❖ （5）可以获取先进的技术和管理经验；（6）可以获得东道国的优惠政策。
❖ 流通加工与检验的作用：使商品发生一定的物流和化学以及形状变化的加工过程，促进销售，提高物流效率，保证产品质量。
❖ （五）商品包装子系统
❖ 包装标志：便于识别货物和计数，主要有运输标志和指示性、警告性标志两种。
❖ 1.运输标志：习惯称为唛头或唛。通常由三部分组成：收货人及发货人名称的代用简字或代号和简单图形；目的港（地）名称；件号。有的还列入合同号码、信用证号码或进口许可证号码等。

Chapter 1 Introduction to International Trade Prac

ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
7 Section One Modes of International Business
●Minimize Risk To minimize swings in sales and profits, companies may seek out foreign markets to take advantage of business cycle--recessions and expansions--differences among countries．
1
Chapter 1
Introduction to International Trade
Practices
2
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, students should ensure their understanding of the following:
1. Definition:
International business is all commercial transactions -- private and governmental-between two or more countries．
Private companies undertake such transactions for profit; governments may or may not do the same in their transactions.
5 Section One Modes of International Business
2. Why Companies Engage in

《国际贸易》unit 1

• Invisible Trade Revenue and expenditure incurred by exchange of services and other nonmaterial commodities. • Income and expenses concerning the import and export of commodities, e.g. freight, premium, processing charges. • Income and expenses irrelevant to the import and export of commodities, e.g. traveling expenses, diplomatic agent expenses, overseas remittances, franchise fees, dividends paid to foreign investors, etc. • As invisibles do not go through customs clearance, they are not indicated in customs statistics, but on a country’s statement of balance of payments.
What is international trade?
International trade is the fair and deliberate
exchange of goods and services across national boundaries. International trade vs. foreign trade
Teaching objectives:

Chapter 1 Introduction to International Trade

No one can be free from the influence of international trade
International trade refers to trading activities conducted overseas or over long distances , that is , trade among different nations. It has a long history , which can be traced back to the times of the Silk Route.
（2）Service exports and imports (also referred to as invisible trade)： Tourism, transportation, performance of services and use of assets are some examples.
The Contents of Chapter 1
1.1 What Is International Trade? 1.2 Why International Trade? 1.3 Risks and Barriers to International Trade 1.4 Basic International Trade Theories 1.5 Laws and Regulations Governing International Trade 1.6 International organizations involved in Foreign Trade
The practice of trade among nations is growing by leaps and bounds. There is hardly a person on the earth who has not been influenced in some way by international trade , nor is there a nation. Take China as an example . Since the breakout of “ Financial Tsunami” , our export has been decreasing drastically. Thousands of companies are losing orders from overseas, They have to close their doors and dismiss their employees. As a result, thousands of Chinese people become jobless over night and the new labor force , college graduates , are hard to get job opportunities.

chapter 1 introduction to International_Logistics

Part 1
Logistics Management – Boundaries & Relationships

Logistics Management activities typically include transportation management, warehousing, materials handling, order fulfillment, logistics network design, inventory management, supply/demand planning, and management of third party logistics services providers. To varying degrees, the logistics function also includes sourcing and procurement, production planning and scheduling, packaging , and customer service. It is involved in all levels of planning and execution – strategic, tactical and operational. Logistics Management is an integrating function, which coordinates and optimizes all logistics activities, as well as integrates logistics activities with other functions including marketing, sales manufacturing, finance and information technology.

国际贸易双语教程(英文版)

Unit 1 A brief introduction to international trade KeyI. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition anddiversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seek out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms as follows: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports andImports, Investment, and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarily for financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonyms are NNC (the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested ina firm’s products and services and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right1. J2.A3.E4.B5.C6.D7.I8.G9.F 10.HIII Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买力11经济复苏；恢复2潜在销售量12 经济衰退3加价，涨价13间接投资4国内市场14有形货物5制成品15有形进出口6边际利润16收入及支出；岁入及岁出7市场占有率17超额能力8贸易歧视18贸易中间人（商）；经纪人9时机选择19全部包建的工程承包方式10经销周期20许可证协定IV Case Study1 [Answer]：Batteries called "white elephant" exported from China were very popular in Southeast Asia, because "white elephant" was a lucky thing in Southeast Asia, but no one was interested in it in the market of Europe and the United States. The boss of the company was very strange that the quality of the battery or the price of。

国际贸易第一章(英文)

1.3.4 Direct Trade / Indirect Trade / Entrepot Trade
Direct Trade：the goods are diretly transported from the producer to the consumer. Indirect Trade:Goods are sold through the third country or other intermediary distribution to the consumer EXP: A—B B– C Entrepot trade:A State or regions import commodities not for consuming but for further exporting to other countries.
International Trade
Arrangement:
1.Introduction to International Trade:The
definition of international trade ;the classification and some important concept 2. The theory:mainly introduce the traditional western theory and it’s Opposition ; New International Trade Theory 3.The policy:analyzing the Tariff measures , Non-tariff measures and the Economic impact on a country ;introducing the WTO and International trade treaties

外贸新人培训教程英文版

外贸新人培训教程英文版IntroductionWith the rapid development of international trade, the demand for foreign trade talents is constantly increasing. However, as a newcomer to foreign trade, it's important to know the basics of the industry, including trade terms, payment methods, logistics, and legal issues. Therefore, this document aims to provide a training course for newbies in the industry to help them master the basic knowledge and skills necessary for foreign trade.Lesson 1: Introduction to International TradeIn this lesson, we will introduce the basic concepts of international trade, including export and import, balance of payments, protectionism and free trade, exchange rates, tariffs, and quotas. Students will learn the definitions of these key concepts and the importance of a healthy trade balance for a country's economic growth.Lesson 2: Trade TermsIn this lesson, we will explore the frequently used trade terms, such as FOB, CIF, EXW, DDU, and DDP. Students will learn how to understand these terms and use them properly in tradenegotiations and contracts. We will also explain the difference between Incoterms 2010 and Incoterms 2020.Lesson 3: Payment MethodsIn this lesson, we will discuss the different payment methods used in international trade, including letters of credit, telegraphic transfer, documentary collection, and open account. We will cover the advantages and disadvantages of each method and explain how to choose the appropriate method for different trade scenarios.Lesson 4: LogisticsIn this lesson, we will talk about the logistics and transportation procedures in international trade, including booking freight, customs clearance, inspection, warehousing, and delivery. Students will learn how to arrange logistics operations and avoid potential risks in the process.Lesson 5: Legal IssuesIn this lesson, we will examine the legal issues in international trade, including contract law, intellectual property rights, product liability, and dispute resolution. Students will learn how to draft legally binding contracts and deal with disputes in an international trade context.ConclusionThis foreign trade training course covers essential knowledge and skills for newbies in the foreign trade industry. Through the curriculum, students can acquire a comprehensive understanding of the international trade industry and improve their competence in practical applications. With the help of this training course, we believe any newbies in international trade have the potential to become successful foreign trade professionals.。

国际贸易第1章(经济全球化英文版)

国际贸易第1章(经济全球化英文版)International Trade Chapter I. Globalization LEARNING OBJECTIVES After you have read this chapter you should: LO1 Understand what is meant by the term globalization. LO2 Be familiar with the main drivers of globalization. LO3 Appreciate the changing nature of the global economy. LO4 Understand the main arguments in the debate over the impact of globalization. LO5 Appreciate have the process of globalization is creating opportunities and challenges far business managers. Flat Panel Televisions and the Global Economy They begin as glass panels that are manufactured in high-technology fabrication centers in South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan.Operating sophisticated tooling in environments that must be kept absolutely clean, these factories produce sheets of glass twice as large as king size beds to exacting specifications. From there, the glass panels travel to Mexican plants located alongside the border. There they are cut to size, combined with electronic components shipped in from Asia and the United States, assembled into finished TVs, and loaded onto trucks bound for retail stores in the United States. It’s a huge business. In 2006, consumers spent some $ billion on flat panel TVs, a 63 percent increase over the amount spent in 2005. Projections call for sales to hit $37 billion by 2008-despite the fact that due to intense competition, prices for flat panel displays have been tumbling and are projected to continue doing so. During 2006 alone, prices for 40-inch flat panel TVs fell from $3,000 to $1,600, bringingthem within the reach of many more consumers. In 200? half of all TVs sold in the United States will be flat panel TVs. The underlying technology for flat panel displays was invented in the United States in the late 1960s by RCA. But after RCA and rivals Westinghouse and Xerox opted not to pursue the technology, the Japanese company Sharp made aggressive investments in flat panel displays. By the early 1990s Sharp was selling the first flat panel screens, but as the Japanese economy plunged into a decade-long recession, investment leadership shifted to South Korean companies such as Samsung. Then the 1997 Asian crisis hit Korea hard, and Taiwanese companies seized leadership. Today, Chinese companies are starting to elbow their way into the flat panel display manufacturing business. As production for flat panel displays migrates its way around the globe tolow-cost locations, clear winners and losers have emerged. One obvious winner has been U. S. consumers, who have benefited from the falling prices of flat panel TVs and are snapping them up Other winners include efficient manufacturers who have taken advantage of globally dispersed supply chains to make and sell low-cost, high-quality flat panel TVs. Foremost among these has been the California-based company, Vizio. Founded by a Taiwanese immigrant, in just four years sales of Vizio flat panel TVs ballooned from nothing to $700 million in 2006. The company is forecasting sales as high as $2 billion for 2007. Vizio, however, has only 75 employees. These employees focus on final product design, sales. and customer service, while Vizio outsources most of its engineering work, all of its manufacturing, and much of its logistics. For each of its models, Vizio assembles ateam of supplier partners strung across the globe. Its 42-inch flat panel TV, for example, contains a panel from South Korea, electronic components from China, and processors from the United States, and it is assembled in Mexico. Vizio’s managers scour the globe continually for the cheapest manufacturers of flat panel displays and electronic components. They sell most of their TVs to large discount retailers such as Costco and Sam’s Clu b. Good order visibility from retailers, coupled with tight management of global logistics, allows Vizio to turn over its inventory every three weeks, twice as fast as many of its competitors which is a major source of cost saving in a business where prices are falling continually. If Vizio exemplifies the winners in this global industry, the losers include the employees of manufacturers who make traditional cathode ray TVs in high-costlocations. In 2006, for example, Japanese electronics manufacturer Sanyo laid off 300 employees at its factory, and another Japanese company, Hitachi, closed its TV manufacturing plant in South Carolina, laying off 200 employees. Both Sony and Hitachi, of course, still make TVs, but they are flat panel TVs assembled in Mexico from components manufactured in Asia. Introduction A fundamental shift is occurring, in the world economy. We are moving away from a world in which national economies were relatively self-contained entities, isolated from each other by barriers to cross-border trade and investment; by distance, time zones, and language; ard by national differences in government regulation, culture, and business systems. And we are moving toward a world in which harriers to cross-border trade and investment are declining; perceived distance is shrinking,due to advances in transportation and telecommunications technology; material culture is starting to look similar the world over; and national economies are merging into an interdependent, integrated global economic system. The process by which this is occurring is commonly referred to as globalization. What is happening, in the fiat panel TV Industry, which was profiled in the Opening Case, is a classic illustration of the impact of globalization. Production of flat panel TVs is migrating around the globe to low-cost locations. TVs that Vizio sells in the United States, for example, ale assembled in Mexico from flat panels manufactured in South Korea, electronic components made in China, and microprocessors made in the United States. By dispersing different activities around the globe to where they can be performed most efficiently, and then coordinating, the entire productionprocess, companies like Vizio can deliver flat panel TVs to American consumers at much lower prices than would otherwise be possible. American consumers benefit from the lower price, as doe; Vizio and its strategic partners in South Korea, China, the United States. and Mexico. The process of globalization also has losers, however, and the losers in this case are workers in high cost locations who have lost their jobs. As we will see in this bookwhether globalization benefits or harms national economies. We will look at what economic theory has to say about the outsourcing of manufacturing and service jobs to places such as India and China and at the benefits and costs of outsourcing, not just to business firms and their employees, but also to entire economies. First, though, weneed to get a better overview of the nature and process o f globalization, and that is the function of the current chapter. What Is Globalization? As used in this book, globalization refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. Globalization has several facets, including the globalization of markets and the globalization of production. THE GLOBALIZATION OF MARKETS The globalization of markets refers to the merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace. Falling barriers to cross-border trade have made it easier to sell internationally. It has been argued for some time that the tastes and preferences o f consumers in different nations are beginning to converge on some global norm, thereby helping to create a global market. Consumer products such asCitigroup credit cards, Coca-Cola soft drinks. Sony PlayStation video games, McDonald’s hamburgers, Starbucks coffee, and IKEA furniture are frequently identified as prototypical examples of this trend. Firms such as these are more than just benefactors of this trend: they are also facilitators of it. By offering the same basic product worldwide, they help to create a global market. A company does not have to be the size of these multinational giants to facilitate and benefit from the globalization of markets. In the United States, for example, nearly 90 percent of firms that export are small businesses employing less than 100 people, and their share of total US exports has grown steadily over the last decade to now exceed 20 percent. Firms with less than 500 employees accounted for 97 percent of all US exporters and almost 30 percent of all exports by value. Typical of these isHytech, a New York based manufacturer of solar panels that generates 40 percent of its $3 million in annual sales from exports to five countries, or B&S Aircraft Alloys, another New York company whose exports account for 40 percent of its $8 million annual revenues. The situation is similar in several other nations. In Germany, for example, which is the world’s largest exporter, a staggering 98 percent of small and mid-sized companies have exposure to international markets, either via exports or international production. Despite the global prevalence of Citigroup credit cards, McDonald’s hamburgers, Starbucks coffee, and IKEA stores, it is important not to push too far the view that national markets are giving way to the global market. As we shall see in later chapters, significant differences still exist among national markets along many relevant dimensions, including consumertastes and preferences, distribution channels, culturally embedded value systems, business systems, and legal regulations. These differences frequently require companies to customize marketing strategies, product features, and operating practices to best match conditions in a particular country. The most global markets currently are not markets for consumer products-where national differences in tastes and preferences are still often important enough to act as a brake on globalization-but markets for industrial goods and materials that serve a universal need the world over. These include the markets for commodities such as aluminum, oil, and wheat. For industrial products such as microprocessors, DRAMs(computer memory chips), and commercial jet aircraft, for computer software, and for financial assets from US. Treasury bills toEurobonds and futures and futures on the Nikkei index or the Mexican peso. In many global markets, the same firms frequently confront each other as competitors in nation after nation. Coca-Coca’s rivalry with PepsiCo is a global one, as are the rivalries between General Motors and Toyota, Boeing and Airbus, Caterpillar and Komatsu in earthmoving equipment, and Sony, Nintendo, and Microsoft in video games. If a film moves into a nation not currently serves by its rivals, many of those rivals are sure to follow to prevent their competitor from gaining an advantage. As firms follow each other around the world, they bring with them many of the assets that served them well in other national markets-including their products, operating strategies, marketing strategies, and brand names-creating some homogeneity acrossmarkets. Thus, greater uniformity replaces diversity. In an increasing number of industries, it is no longer meaningful to talk about the German market, the American market the Brazilian market, or the Japanese market, for many firms there is only the global market. THE GLOBALIZATION OF PRODUCTION The globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (such as labor, energy, land, and capital). By doing this, companies hope to lower their overall cost structure or improve the quality or functionality of their product offering, thereby allowing them to compete more effectively. Consider the Boeing 777, a commercial jet airliner. Eight Japanese suppliers make parts for the fuselage, doors and wings, a supplier inSingapore makes the doors for the nose landing gear, three suppliers in Italy manufacture wing flaps, and so on. In total, some 30 percent of the 777, by value, is built by foreign companies. For its most recent jet airliner, the 787 Boeing has pushed this trend even further, with some 65 percent of the total value of the aircraft scheduled to be outsourced to foreign companies, 35percent of which will go to three major Japanese companies. Part of Boeing’s rationale for outsourcing so much production to foreign suppliers is that these suppliers are the best in the world at their particular activity. A global web of suppliers yields a better final product, which enhances the chances of Boeing winning a greater share of total orders for aircraft than its global rival Airbus Industries. Boeing also outsources some production to foreign countries to increase the chance that it will winsignificant orders from airline based in that country. For another example of a global web of activities, consideragain the example of Vizio given in the Opening Case. Vizio, an American company with just 75 employees, has become one of the largest sellers of flat panel TVs in the United States in just four years by coordinating a global web of activities, bringing together components manufactured in South Korea, China and the United States, arranging for their assembly in Mexico, and then selling them in the United States. Early outsourcing efforts were primarily confined to manufacturing activities, such as those undertaken by Boeing and Vizio, increasingly, however, companies are taking advantage of modern communications technology, particularly the Internet, to outsource service activitiesto low-cost producers in other nations. Many software companies, including IBM, now use Indian engineers to perform maintenance functions on software designed in the United States. The time difference allows Indian engineers to run debugging tests on software written in the United States when US engineers sleep, and the corrected code is transmitted back to the United States over secure Internet connections so it is ready for us engineers to work on the following day. Dispersing value-creation activities in this way can compress the time and lower the costs required to develop new software programs. Other companies, from computer makes to banks, are outsourcing customer service functions, such as customer call centers, to developing nations where labor is cheaper. Robert Reich, who served as secretary of labor in the Clinton administration, hasargued that as a consequence of the trend exemplified by companies such as Boeing, IBM, and Vizio, in many cases it is becoming irrelevant to talk about American products, Japanese products, German products, or Korean products. Increasingly, according to Reich, outsourcing productive activities to different suppliers’results in the creation of products that are global in nature, that is global products, but as with the globalization of markers, companies must be careful not to push the globalization of production too far. As we will see in later chapters, substantial impediments still make it difficult for firms to achieve the optimal dispersion of their productive activities to locations around the globe. These impediments include formal and informal barriers to trade between countries, barriers to foreign direct investment, transportation costs, and issuesassociated with economic and political risk. For example, government regulations ultimately limit the ability of hospitals to outsource the process of interpreting MRI scans to developing nations where radiologists are cheaper.Nevertheless, the globalization of markets and production will continue. Modern firms are important actors in this trend, their very actions fostering increased globalization. These firms, however, are merely responding in an efficient manner to changing conditions in their operating environment-as well they should. The Emergence of Global Institutions As markets globalize and an increasing proportion of business activity transcends national borders, institutions are needed to help manage, regulate, and police the global marketplace and to promote the establishment of multinational treaties to govern the global business system. Overthe past half century, a number of important global institutions have been created to help perform these functions, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization(WTO),the International Monetary Fund(IMF) and its sister institution, the World Bank and the United Nations. All these institutions were created by voluntary agreement between individual nation-states, and their functions are enshrined in international treaties. The World Trade Organization(like the GATT before it) is primarily responsible for policing the world trading system and making sure nation-states adhere to the rules laid down in trade treaties signed by WTO member states. As of 2007,150 nations that collectively accounted for 97 percent of world trade were WTO members, therebygiving the organization enormous scope and influence. The WTO is also responsible for facilitating the establishment of additional multinational agreements between WTO member states. Over its entire history, and that of the GATT before it, the WTO has promoted lowering barriers to cross-border trade and investment. In doing so, the WTO has been the instrument of its member states, which have sought to create a more open global business system unencumbered by barriers to trade and investment between countries. Without an institution such as the WTO, the globalization of markets and production is unlikely to have proceeded as far as it has. However, as we shall see in this chapter and in Chapter 6 when we look closely at the WTO, critics charge that the organization is usurping the national sovereignty of individual nation-states. The InternationalMonetary Fund and the World Bank were both created in 1944 by 44 nations that met at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The IMF was established to maintain order in the international monetary system; the World Bank was set up to promote economic development. In the 65 years since their creation, both institutions have emerged as significant players in the global economy. The World Bank is the less controversial of the two sister institutions. It has focused on making low-interest loans to cash-strapped governments in poor nations that wish to undertake significant infrastructure investments (such as building dams or roads). The IMF is often seen as the lender of last resort to nation-states whose economic are in turmoil and currencies are losing value against those of other nations. Repeatedly during the past decade, for example, the IMF has lent money to thegovernments of troubled states, including Argentina, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, and Turkey. IMF loans come with strings attached, however, in return for loans, the IMF requires nation-states to adopt specific economic policies at returning their troubled economies to stability and growth. These requirements have sparked controversy. Some critics charge that the IMF’s policy recommendations are often inappropriate, others maintain that by telling national governments what economic policies they must adopt the IMF, like the WTO, is usurping the sovereignty of nation-states. We shall look at the debate over the role of the IMF in Chapter 10. The United Nations was established October 24 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today nearly every nation in theinternational phone call is rapidly plummeting toward just a few cents per minute. The Internet and World Wide Web The rapid growth of the World Wide Web is the latest expression of this development. In 1990, fewer than 1 million users were connected to the Internet. By 1995, the figure had risen to 50 million. By 2006, the Internet had 747 million users. The WWW has developed into the information backbone of the global economy. In the alone, some $250 billion of goods and services are expected to be sold online to retail customers in 2007, up from almost nothing in 1997. Viewed globally, the Web is emerging as an equalizer. It rolls back some of the constraints of location scale, and time zones. The Web makes it mucheasier for buyers and sellers to find each other, wherever they may be located global presence at a lower cost than ever before. Transportation technology In addition to developments in communication technology, several major innovations in transportation technology have occurred since World War Ⅱ. In economic terms, the most important are probably the development of commercial jet aircraft and super freighters and introduction of containerization, which simplifies transshipment from one mode of transport to another. The advent of commercial jet travel, by reducing the time needed to get from one location to another, has effectively shrunk the globe. In terms of travel time, New York is now “closer” to Tokyo than it was to Philadelphia in the Colonial days. Containerization has revolutionized the transportation business, significantly lowering the cost of shippinggoods over long distances. Before the advent of containerization, moving goods from one mode of transport to another was vary labor intensive, lengthy, and costly. It could take days and several hundred longshoremen to unload a ship and reload goods onto trucks and trains. With the advent of widespread containerization in the 1970s and 1980s, the whole process can now be executed by a handful of longshoremen in a couple of days. Since 1980, the world’s containership fleet has more than quadrupled, reflecting in part the growing volume of international trade and in part the switch to this mode of transportation. As a result of the efficiency gains associated with containerization, transportation costs have plummeted, making it much more economical to ship goods around the globe, thereby helping to drive the globalization of markets and productions. Between 1920 and 1990, theaverage ocean freight and port charges per ton of export and import cargo fell from $95 to $29(in 1990 dollar). The cost of shipping freight per ton-mile on railroads in the United State fell from cents in 1985 to cents in 2000, largely as a result of efficiency gains from the widespread use of containers. An increased share of cargo now goes by air. Between 1955 and 1999, average air transportation revenue per ton-kilometer fell by more than 80 percent. Reflecting the falling cost of airfreight, by the early 2000s air shipments accounted for 28 percent of the value of trade, up from 7 percent in 1965. Implications for the Globalization of Production As transportation costs associated with the globalization of production declined, dispersal of production to geographically separate locations become more economical. As a result of the technological innovationsdiscussed above, the real costs of information processing and communication have fallen dramatically in the past two decades. These developments make it possible for a firm to create and then manage a globally dispersed production system, further facilitating the globalization of production. A worldwide communications network has become essential for many international businesses. For example, Dell uses the Internet to coordinate and control a globally dispersed production system to such an extent that it holds only three days’worth of inventory at its assembly location. Dell’s Internet-based system records orders for computer equipment as they are submitted by customers via the company’s Web site, then immediately transmits the resulting orders for components to various suppliers around the world, which have a real-time look at Dell’s order flow and can adjusttheir production schedules accordingly. Given the low cost of airfreight, Dell can use air transportation to speed up the delivery of critical components to meet unanticipated demand shifts without delaying the shipment of final product to customers. Dell also has used modern communications technology to outsource its customer service operations to India. When customers call Dell with a service inquiry, they are routed to Bangalore in India, where English-speaking service personnel handle the call. The Internet has been a major force facilitating international trade in services. It is the Web that allows hospitals in Chicago to send MRI scans to India for analysis, accounting offices in San Francisco to outsource routine tax preparation work to accountants living in the Philippines, and software testers in India to debug code written by developers in Redmond,Washington, the headquarters of Microsoft. We are probably still in the early stages of this development. As Moore’s Law continues to advance and telecommunications bandwidth continues to increase, almost any work processes that can be digitalized will be, and this will allow that work to be performed wherever in the world it is most efficient and effective to do so. The development of commercial jet aircraft has also helped knit together the worldwide operations of many international businesses. Using jet travel, an American manager need spend a day at most traveling to his or her firm’s Europe or Asian operations. This enables the manager to oversee a globally dispersed production system. Implications for the Globalization of Markets In addition to the globalization of production, technological innovations have also facilitated theglobalization of markets. Low-cost global communications network such as the World Wide Web are helping to create electronic global marketplaces. As noted above, low-cost transportation has made shipping products around the world more economical, thereby helping to create global markets. For example, due to the tumbling costs of shipping goods by air, roses grown in Ecuador can be sold in New York two days later while they still fresh. This has given rise to an industry inEcuador that did not exist 20 years ago and that now supplies a global market for roses. In addition, low-cost jet travel has resulted in the mass movement of people between countries. This has reduced the cultural distance between countries and is bringing about some convergence of customer tastes and preferences. At the same time, globalcommunication networks and global media are creating a worldwide culture. Many countries now receive television networks such as CNN, MTV, and HBO, and Hollywood films are shown the world over. In any society, the media are primary conveyors of culture; as global media develop, we must expect the evolution of something akin to a global culture. A logical result of this evolution is the emergency of global markets for consumer products. The first signs of this are already apparent. It is now as easy to find a McDonald’s restaurant in Tokyo as it is in New York, to buy an iPod in Rio as it is in Berlin, and to buy Gap jeans in Paris as it is in San Francisco. Despite these trends, we must be careful not to overemphasize their importance. While modern communication and transportation technologies are ushering in the “global village,” significant national differencesremain in culture, customer preference, and business practices. A firm that ignores differences between countries does so at its peril. We shall stress this point repeatedly throughout this book and elaborate on it in later chapters. The Changing Demographics of the Global Economy Hand in hand with the trend toward globalization has been a fairly dramatic change in the demographics of the global economy over the past 30 years. As late as the 1960s, four trends described the demographics of the global economy. The first was dominance in the world economic and world trade picture. The second was dominance in world foreign direct investment. Related to this, the third fact was the dominance of large, multinational firms on the international business scene. The fourth was that roughly half the globe －the centrally planned economies of the。

国际贸易学(英)第1章 Introduction to International Trade

1.4 . Another basic concepts about international trade
1.4.1. amount of foreign trade total amount of import and export for a country in
definite period. 1.4.2. amount of international trade total amount of export for all countries in definite period.
Keyboard
Japan
Case and final Assembly U.S
Even the Boeing 777 Isn’t All American
The suppliers come from U.S. ,Japan, France, Canada, Italy, Australia, South Korea, United Kingdom So it is increasingly difficult to say what is a “U.S.” product; what is “Japanese” product.
1.2. The history of international trade development The first beginning of international trade
The development of international trade in different social period
$625 73%
Distribution of Manufacturing Parts
Monitor
Korea

国际贸易Chapter_1_Introduction_to_International_Trade

1.1 What Is International Trade?
INTERNATIONAL TRADE: The economic interaction among different nations involving the exchange of goods and services, that is, exports and imports. The guiding principle of international trade is comparative advantage, which indicates that every country, no matter their level of development, can find something that it can produce cheaper than another country.
Some concepts:
Foreign Trade: From the perspective of one country, international trade is also called ‘foreign trade’. Export and Import: International trade can also understood as ‘export and import of goods or technology or service’. Tangible goods: Goods that can be seen and touched. They account for the most percentage of international trade. Visible Trade: Trade in goods which can be actually seen passing through ports or airport, entering or leaving one country. Invisible trade: Trade in services and technologies

国际商法第一章introduction_to_international_and_comparative_law

四、案件争议焦点德克萨斯州地方法院、联邦法院是否享有该案的管辖权。五、判决理由 1.该案件的争议行为和侵害事实都发生在厄瓜多尔。 2.原告均居住于厄瓜多尔，但是被告不是居住在德克萨斯，故德克萨斯州地区法院的管辖权有异议。 3.对该案的管辖将侵犯厄瓜多尔对于其领土内的环境和资源的控制权，即侵犯其国家主权。
Examples of Public and Private International Law
Schools of Thought Defining The Basis of International Law (IL)
Cosmopolitans argue that IL is based upon universal human rights. Positivists say that IL is based on the sovereign equality of all states and state consent to IL through treaties or custom. Hobbesians claim that states will make agreements and abide by IL only when it suits their self-interests.
to not harass witnesses involved in the case. Court of Appeals overturned the order. Held that a court could request compliance by a foreign sovereign as a matter of comity, but could not order compliance. Comity requires that we respect other countries’ sovereignty and law so that they will respect ours.

英文版国际贸易实务第一课导论

BREAD PPT
1.2 Why International Trade？
1）Resources reasons (5) Geographical location and transport costs
US VS Canada
EU
BREAD PPT
1.2 Why International Trade？
国际贸易（International Trade）是指不同国家（和/或地区）之间的商品和劳务的交换活动。国际贸易是商品和劳务的国际转移。国际贸易也叫世界贸易。国际贸易由进口贸易（Import Trade）和出口贸易(Export Trade)两部分组成，故有时也称为进出口贸易。
BREAD PPT
Some concepts:
• Foreign Trade（对外贸易）: From the perspective of one country, international trade is also called ‘foreign trade’. • Visible Trade(有形贸易）: Trade in goods which can be actually seen passing through ports or airport, entering or leaving one country. • Invisible Trade（无形贸易）: Trade in services and technologies
C5 International Trade Terms
C6 International Cargo Transport C7 Cargo Transport Insurance C8 International Payment

国际商法第五版第一章PPT——ray·august著

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
1-1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc publishing as Prentice Hall
1-3
Schools of Thought Defining The Basis of International Law (IL)
Cosmopolitans argue that IL is based upon universal human rights. Positivists say that IL is based on the sovereign equality of all states and state consent to IL through treaties or custom. Hobbesians claim that states will make agreements and abide by IL only when it suits their self-interests.
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
1-2
What is International Law?
Historically, dealt with the rules and norms regulating the relationships between states (countries) This law between nations is called public international law With growth of relationships between persons and corporations in different states, private international law developed to govern their conduct

国际商法（英）第一章答案和解析1_testbank

国际商法（英）第⼀章答案和解析1_testbankChapter 1Introduction to International and Comparative LawA. WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL LAW?1. International law is the body of rules and norms that regulates activities carried onoutside the legal boundaries of nations.Answer: True 2. In contemporary international law, the division between public and private law isprecise and well defined.Answer: False 3. International law is not really law since there is no worldwide legislature to enact it. Answer: False 4. Comity is the practice, or courtesy, between nations of treating each other withgoodwill and civility.Answer: True 5. Comity is not law because countries do not regard it as something they are requiredto respect.Answer: True6. International law regulates relationships between:a. states and states.b. states and persons.c. persons and persons.d. All of the above.e. Both a. and b. above.Answer: d 7. Which of the following is an example/are examples of the subject matter of public international law?a. Contracts and sales.b. Securities regulations.c. State succession.d. All of the above.e. None of the above.Answer: c8. Which of the following is an example/are examples of the subject matter of private international law?a. Antitrust.b. Nationality.c. State responsibility to aliens.d. All of the above.e. Both a. and b. above.Answer: e9. Law is:a. a rule established by authority, society, or custom.b. a body or system of rules.c. the control or authority imposed by a system of rules.d. All of the above.e. None of the above.Answer: dB. THE MAKING OF INTERNATIONAL LAW10. Despite the lack of international law-making machinery, states function informally asboth lobbyists and legislators.Answer: True 11. International law exists when there is a consensus of the international community.Answer: True 12. Unratified treaties and reports of international agencies are sometimes cited asevidence of a trend toward the development of a rule of international law.Answer: True 13. Case law derived from the decisions of arbitration tribunals hearing disputes betweenprivate parties is never used as a source of international law rules.Answer: False 14. Evidence of the general consent of the international community to the existence of a rule of international law can be found in:a. decisions of the International Court of Justice.b. resolutions passed by the UN General Assembly.c. the conduct and practices of states in their dealings between themselves.d. All of the above.e. Both a. and c.Answer: dC. SOURCES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW15. The sources of international law which Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice states that the court is permitted to use in settling disputes are:a. general principles of law.b. international conventions.c. the case law of municipal courts.d. All of the above.e. Both a. and b. aboveAnswer: d 16. In determining whether a practice has become a rule of international customary law, Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice states that the court is permitted to look to:a. economic trends.b. historical records.c. teachings of legal writers.d. All of the above.e. Both a. and b. above.Answer: c 17. Which of the following sources of international law does the International Court of Justice normally regard as the most authoritative?a. Customary international law.b. General principles of law.c. International conventions.d. Judicial decisions.e. Teachings of legal writers.Answer: c 1. Treaties and Conventions18. The customary rules that govern treaties are now codified in the Vienna Conventionon the Law of Treaties.Answer: True19. Treaties and conventions have binding effect because:a. one country fears that if it does not respect its promises, other countries will notrespect their promises.b. states that fail to observe them may be fined or otherwise punished by theInternational Court of Justice.c. states that fail to observe them will lose their membership in the United Nations.d. All of the above.Answer: a20. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties applies to treaties and conventions that:a. are governed by municipal law.b. are in writing.c. are made orally.d. relate to international organizations.e. All of the above.Answer: b 2. Custom21. Once adopted, customary rules of international law are seldom changed.Answer: False 22. To establish the existence of a customary rule of international law, one must showthat the international community has observed the rule for a long period of time.Answer: False 23. To establish the existence of a customary rule of international law, one must showthat the entire international community has given its consent to the rule.Answer: False24. To establish the existence of a customary rule of international law, one must show:a. opinio juris et necessitatis.b. pacta sunt servanda.c. rebus sic standibus.d. waiver.e. None of the above.Answer: a 25. In The Lotus Case, Turkey had begun prosecution of the officers on a French ship who had been involved in a collision with a Turkish ship. France brought suit in the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) claiming that customary international law allowed only the state whose ship the officers were aboard to prosecute them. The PCIJ ruled against France because:a. in previous similar cases, the states which had acted as France suggested had notdone so because they thought they were obliged to do so.b. the rule which France suggested had become custom had only been observed bya few states.c. the rule which France suggested had become custom had only been observed fora few years.d. All of the above were reasons given by the PCIJ.e. None of the above is a correct answer.Answer: a26. Which of the following states is not required to observe a particular rule of customary international law?a. A persistent objector.b. A state that has recently acquired its independence following the division of itspredecessor state.c. A superpower.d. All of the above.Answer: a 3. General Principles27. General principles of international law are based on legal rules that are common toboth (or all) the state parties to a dispute.Answer: TrueD. THE SCOPE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW IN ACTUAL PRACTICE1. The Practice in International Tribunals28. In international tribunals, municipal law is regarded as being correlative withinternational law.Answer: False 29. International tribunals generally regard states as having an obligation to bring theirmunicipal law into compliance with international norms.Answer: True30. In international tribunals,a. municipal laws are treated as “mere facts.”b. municipal laws will not be declared either void or valid.c. municipal laws will not be interpreted.d. the parties must prove what the municipal law is.e. All of the above.Answer: e 2. The Practice in Municipal Courts31. In municipal courts, international law is generally treated as being subservient.Answer: False 32. According to the doctrine of incorporation, customary international laws are treatedas adopted by a municipal court to the extent that they are not inconsistent with prior municipal legislation or judicial decisions of final authority.Answer: True33. According to the doctrine of transformation, customary international laws are notapplicable in a municipal court until they are clearly adopted by legislative action,judicial decision, or established local usage.Answer: True 34. A self-executing treaty is one that contains a provision that says the treaty will applyin the parties’ municipal courts once the parties have adopted domestic enablinglegislation.Answer: False 35. Once a municipal court determines that a particular rule of international law isapplicable in a particular case, that law will be treated as law and not as a fact.Answer: True 36. When a municipal court acts to determine if a particular rule of international law has been received into the local jurisprudence, it will (in most countries) apply the doctrine of:a. immaculate conception.b. incorporation.c. resuscitation.d. transformation.Answer: b 37. In the United States, a treaty adopted by authority of the President alone (i.e., without the consent of the Senate) is known as a/an:a. constitutional convention.b. executive agreement.c. presidential treaty.d. Truman treaty.e. None of the above.Answer: b38. In the United Kingdom, treaties are made by:a. the Crown (i.e., the executive).b. the prime minister with the approval of the foreign secretary.c. the prime minister with the approval of the queen.d. None of the above.Answer: aE. INTERNATIONAL PERSONS1. States39. Recognition of a government is usually made in a bilateral agreement.Answer: False 40. Recognition implies that the recognized state or government is entitled to all of therights and privileges granted by international law.Answer: True 41. To avoid any possible connotation that recognition also means approval, manygovernments have adopted the Estrada Doctrine of never formally recognizing other governments.Answer: True 42. Territorial sovereignty is the absolute and unqualified right of a state to exercise itsfunctions within a territory.Answer: False 43. Title to newly acquired territory may be confirmed by estoppel.Answer: True 44. A successor state is not bound by the “dispositive” treaties made by its predecessor.Answer: False 45. When State A and State B merge to form State C, State C and the other state partiesto a treaty made by State A can agree either to terminate the treaty or extend it to the whole territory of the new state. Answer: True46. When State A and State B merge to form State C, State C will no longer be bound bya treaty made by State A if its object and purpose can no longer be accomplished.Answer: True 47. When a part of the territory of State X shifts and becomes part of the territory ofState Y, the treaties made by State X continue to apply to that territory.Answer: False 48. Nationals of a territory that is acquired by a successor state will keep the nationalityof the predecessor state unless a different result is agreed to in a treaty of cession or by municipal legislation. Answer: True49. State A disintegrates into States B and State C. The public property of State Alocated in State D becomes the property of D.Answer: False 50. Private property rights of individuals do not lapse because of a change in government. Answer: True 51. A successor state is not bound by the private contractual obligations of itspredecessors.Answer: False 52. State Q disintegrates into State R and State S. State R and State S are bothresponsible for State Q’s national debt.Answer: True53. A state is an international person with:a. a government.b. a population.c. a territory.d. All of the above.e. Both a. and b.Answer: d 54. A state that lacks some attribute (i.e., territory, population, or government) required for it to be treated as a fully independent state is known as a/an:a. dependent state.b. developing state.c. inchoate state.d. non-state.e. underdeveloped state.Answer: c 55. “The legal existence of a government happens automatically by operation of law whenever a government is capable of controlling a territory and its people.” This is a statement of the:a. constitutive doctrine.b. declaratory doctrine.c. Estrada doctrine.d. recognitive doctrine.e. None of the above.Answer: b56. “A government does not truly come into existence until such time as it is recognized by other states and participates in the internati onal arena.” This is a statement of the:a. constitutive doctrine.b. declaratory doctrine.c. Estrada doctrine.d. participatory doctrine.e. None of the above.Answer: a57. The right of all states to transit the Suez and Panama canals is an example of a/an:a. easement.b. license.c. negative servitude.d. positive servitude.e. profit a prendre.Answer: d58. States may lawfully acquire territory by:a. force from another state.b. occupying land not claimed by another sovereign.c. the mutually agreed to transfer from another sovereign.d. All of the above.e. Both b. and c. above.Answer: e 59. State A and State B merge to form new State C. As to the treaties that had been in force in State A,a. only those that were dispositive treaties continue to be in force.b. they are in force throughout State C.c. they are no longer in force.d. they continue to be in force in that part of State C that used to be State A.e. None of the above.Answer: d 60. “When a new state comes into being through decolonization, the ex-colony starts with no obligation to succeed to the treaties of its former colonial power.” This is known as the:a. clean slate doctrine.b. divorcement policy.c. ex parte doctrine.d. fresh start rule.e. None of the above.Answer: a61. State Q disintegrated into State R and State S. As to the treaties that had been in force in State Q,a. only those that were dispositive treaties continue to be in force.b. they are no longer in force.c. they are no longer in force if State Q was a colonial power.d. they continue to be in force in both State R and State S to the extent they areapplicable.e. None of the above.Answer: d2. International Organizationsa. Intergovernmental Organizations62. An intergovernmental organization is a permanent organization set up by two ormore states to carry on activities of common interest.Answer: True 63. The capacity of an intergovernmental organization to carry on diplomatic relationswith a state or to sue or be sued in an international or municipal court is acquired by recognition.Answer: True 64. According to most authorities, an intergovernmental organization is not to berecognized as having the capacity of an international person by one of its member states until the government of that state certifies that it has such capacity.Answer: False 65. According to most authorities, an intergovernmental organization is not to berecognized as having the capacity of an international person by a non-member state until the government of that state certifies that it has such capacity.Answer: True 66. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic common to intergovernmental organizations?a. They are created by two or more states.b. They are meant to pursue interests common to their creators.c. They function autonomously as independent international persons.d. They operate through branches and subsidiaries around the world.e. None of the above is a correct answer.Answer: d1) United Nations67. The general philosophy underlying the Charter of the United Nations is that therelationships of the nations of the world are to be governed by the rule of law.Answer: True 68. The phrase “United Nations System” refers to the rules of international law enactedby the General Assembly of the United Nations.Answer: False69. Which of the following are goals of the United Nations?a. Maintenance of peace and security in the world.b. Promotion of economic and social cooperation.c. Protection of human rights.d. All of the above.e. Both a. and c. above.Answer: d 70. Which of the following organs of the United Nations may authorize the use of armed force?a. Economic and Social Council.b. General Assembly.c. International Court of Justice.d. Secretariat.e. Security Council.Answer: e 71. Which of the following organs of the United Nations is primarily responsible for promoting respect for human rights?a. Economic and Social Council.b. General Assembly.c. International Court of Justice.d. Secretariat.e. Security Council.Answer: a2) European Union72. The Council of the European Union is the principal European Union rule maker.Answer: True 73. The Council of the European Union may enact rules without consulting the EuropeanParliament.Answer: False74. The Council of the European Union may only act on proposals brought to it by theEuropean Commission.Answer: True 75. The European Parliament must approve all of the international treaties that theEuropean Union enters into.Answer: True 76. The European Parliament lacks true legislative powers.Answer: True 77. The European Committee of Regions must be consulted on matters dealing withdefense, internal security, and public policy.Answer: False 78. The European Economic and Social Council can adopt rules and issue directivesindependently of the Council of the European Union and European Commission.Answer: True 79. The European Court of Justice can hear appeals from the European Court of FirstInstance.Answer: True 80. The European Central B ank is responsible for carrying out the European Union’smonetary policy.Answer: True 81. The European Court of Auditors hears disputes involving the amount of taxes owedby private persons.Answer: False82. Which of the following is not a member state of the European Union?a. Austria.b. Belgium.d. Norway.e. Portugal.Answer: d83. Which of the following is a constituent treaty of the European Union?a. European Atomic Energy Community Treaty of 1957.b. European Coal and Steel Community Treaty of 1951.c. European Economic Community Treaty of 1957.d. All of the above.e. Both b. and c. above.Answer: d84. When one speaks of the “supernational powers” of the European Union, one means that:a. within its scope of applicability, EU law is superior to the laws of the memberstates.b. member states are required to bring their internal laws into compliance with EUlaw.c. EU law may be directly effective within the member states.d. All of the above.e. Both a. and c.Answer: d85. The European Union’s European Commission:a. proposes measures to the European Council.b. is a consultative body made up of representatives from local and regional governments.c. is located in Strasbourg, France.d. All of the above.e. None of the above.Answer: a86. The European Court of First Instance may hear disputes:a. brought by the European Union Commission against European Union member states.b. brought by European Union member states against the European Unionc. brought by private persons against European Union institutions.d. All of the above.e. None of the above.Answer: e 87. The European Court of Justice may hear requests to annul European Union legislation brought by:a. the European Union Commission.b. a member state.c. private persons.d. All of the above.e. Both a. and b. above.Answer: eb. Other Intergovernmental Organizations88. Which of the following intergovernmental organizations has a parliament whose representatives are directly elected by the national parliaments of its member states?a. African Union (AU).b. Arab League.c. Council of Europe.d. Organization of American States (OAS).e. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).Answer: c 89. Which of the following intergovernmental organizations has established regional human rights systems that are supervised and enforced by both judicial and quasi-judicial organs?a. Arab League.b. British Commonwealth of Nations.c. Council of Europe.d. Warsaw Treaty Organization.e. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).Answer: cF. THE RIGHTS OF INDIVIDUALS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW90. Traditionally, an individual’s rights under international law are only protected by hisstate of nationality.Answer: True 91. Traditionally, the decision whether or not to take any action to enforce anindividual’s rights under international law is left entirely up to the individual’snational state.Answer: TrueG. COMPARISON OF MUNICIPAL LEGAL SYSTEMS1. The Romano-Germanic Civil Law System92. The Roman law was first codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis around the year 534A.D.Answer: True93. The law followed in much of Europe at the end of the medieval period was known asthe jus commune.Answer: True 94. The pepou drous (or “piepowder”) courts were the courts of the medieval guilds andmerchants’ associations.Answer: True 95. The law created by the pepoudrous (or “piepowder”) courts evolved into the “lawmerchant.”Answer: True 96. The goals of the national codes that replaced the jus commune were to establishlegal unity within a single kingdom and to codify the political and philosophicalideals of the time.Answer: True 97. The French Civil Code (the Code Napoleon) of 1804 attempted to break up the oldfeudal estates of the aristocracy by prohibiting restraints on the sale of land as well as restraints on its transfer in a will. Answer: True 98. The German Pandectists studied the text of jus commune with the aim ofdiscovering its “latent” or underlying princip les and organization.Answer: False 99. The German Civil Code of 1896 is noted for being precise and technical.Answer: True 100. Which of the following used historical analysis and philology (i.e., the tracing out of the development of the usage of word s) to “desanctify” the study of law?a. Commentators.b. Glossators.c. Humanists.d. Naturalists.e. Pandectists.Answer: c 101. The jus commune was replaced by national codes that first appeared in:a. Austria.b. France.c. Prussia.d. Russia.e. Scandinavia.Answer: e102. Which of the following ideas of the French Revolution was/were incorporated into the French Civil Code (the Code Napoleon) of 1804?a. The autonomy of the patriarchal family.b. The freedom to contract.c. The right to possess private property.d. All of the above.e. Both b. and c. above.Answer: d 103. Which of the following were influential in the drafting of the French Civil Code (the Code Napoleon) of 1804?a. Academic writings.b. French customary law.c. French royal ordinances.d. Jus commune.e. All of the above.Answer: e 104. Which of the following were most influential in the development of the German Civil Code of 1896?a. Academic writers.b. Commentators.c. Humanists.d. Naturalists.e. Pandectists.Answer: e 105. Which of the following legal subjects are not found in the French or German civil codes?a. Administrative regulations.b. Contracts.c. Crimes.d. Delicts.e. Inheritances.Answer: a 2. The Anglo-American Common Law System106. The name “common law” (as it is used in England) is derived from the theory that the king’s courts represented the common custom of the realm, as opposed to thelocal customary law practiced in the county and manorial courts.Answer: True 107. Equitable remedies are available only when legal remedies are unavailable or inadequate.Answer: True108. The Statute of Westminster of 1285 encouraged the English law courts to create new writs, including writs in equity. Answer: False 109. New York’s “Field Code” of 1848 merged law and equity into one jurisdiction and required law suits to be tried in a single class of courts using a single procedure.Answer: True 110. Which of these medieval English courts handled cases of direct royal interest?a. Common Pleas.b. Equity.c. Exchequer.d. King’s Bench.e. Manorial.Answer: d 111. Which of these medieval English courts assumed jurisdiction to control the abuses of the King himself (and thereby established the doctrine of the supremacy of the law)?a. Common Pleas.b. Equity.c. Exchequer.d. King’s Bench.e. Manorial.Answer: d 112. Which of the following is not a remedy available from a court of equity?a. Damages.b. Injunction.c. Restitution.d. Specific performance.e. None of the above is a correct answer.Answer: a 113. The common law’s adoption in other countries was primarily facilitated by:a. a historical linkage between the country and England.b. its simple terminology.c. its use of both case law and statutes.d. its use of the doctrine of the supremacy of the law to limit the actions andpowers of the government.e. its use of the jury system.Answer: a3. The Islamic Law System114. The closing of the door of ijtihad (independent reasoning) refers to contemporary efforts of Islamic fundamentalists to return to the original principles of law laiddown by the Prophet Muhammad.Answer: False 115. The Shari’a is primarily a moral and ethical code.Answer: True 116. Which of the following is the most important source of Islamic law?a. The consensus of the legal community.b. The Koran.c. The Sunnah.d. Writings of Islamic scholars.e. None is more important - they are all equally important.Answer: b ESSA YS1. Compare and contrast the three major municipal law systems.Answer: Students should discuss the Romano-German civil law, the Anglo-American common law, and Islamic law systems. In brief: the first two are secular, the last is religious. The civil law is primarily based on codified rules while the common law is based on precedent. Both are flexible and undergoing continuous change, as compared to Islamic law which stopped developing in the tenth century A.D.2. Evaluate the adequacy in contemporary international law of the definition of the sources of international law that is given in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.Answer: It is probably quite adequate. Its ranking of conventions, then customs, and then general principles as sources the court should look at reflects actual practice. It also allows the court to use both case law and academic writings as sources, which also reflects contemporary practice. In addition, the court is allowed to turn to equity in appropriate circumstances. The definition may be somewhat inadequate when it comes to defining general principles. It speaks of the general principles of “civilized nations,” which may be somewhat insulting to Third World states who often feel that international law is overly European. These two words might best be deleted if the Statute is ever revised.3. After a civil war in State A, approximately half of the territory breaks away and forms State B.(a) Before the war, State A had lent money to Cee Company. State B now claims that it is entitled to half of that money.(b) Before the war, State A had granted a mining concession to Dee Company for a 50-year period on land that is now within the territory of State B. That concession still has20 years to run. State B claims that it is no longer valid.(c) Before the war, State X had concluded a treaty with State A in which State X granted State A “most favored nation” trade status. State B now claims that it is entitled to the same treatment.Is State B correct in each of its contentions? Explain.Answer:(a) No, a successor state may not interfere with contractual rights. Moreover, the contracting parties were State A and Cee Company. State B was not a party (it could not have been since it did not exist at the time). Also, neither State A nor Cee Co. intended for State B to be a beneficiary. State B has no rights in the contractual rights of State A.(b) Again, a successor state may not interfere with preexisting contractual rights. However, all states may nationalize or expropriate property. Assuming State B does so and Dee Co. has recourse to an international tribunal to settle the dispute, State B will probably have to provide prompt, adequate, and effective recourse (i.e., fair market value) for the concession it has taken from Dee Co.(c) When a state divides, the existing treaties of the predecessor states bind both successor states. When the treaties are neither dispositive nor descriptive of international law, they are only valid to the extent that third party states (e.g., State X) wish to continue to be bound by them.Note, also, that if State B claims that it is a colony having achieved its independence from a colonial power (a likely possibility), then the clean slate doctrine applies. This means that State B is not bound by any of the treaties of the colonial power (State A) unless both State A and the third party states (e.g., State X) agree to keep them in force. (The result, in any event, is the same.)4. You are a foreign student studying abroad in the State of Ecstasy. Ecstasy is a member of the United Nations, but of no other international organizations. It has not signed nor ratified any international human rights treaties.When you arrived in Ecstasy, you bought a small house on a small piece of land near the university where you are now about to graduate. Recently, as you planned to return home, you put your property up for sale. At that time, you discovered that Ecstasy has a law that makes it illegal for aliens to own real property (i.e., houses and land) and that any such property escheats (i.e., is automatically forfeited) to the state. No one, of course, would buy your property (since your title is defective) and now the state has taken it from you. You have brought suit in a local Ecstasy court. You claim that Ecstasy's law making it illegal for aliens to own land is discriminatory and a violation of the provisions of the UN Charter. You seek to have the Court order that the state's seizure of your property was improper and that you do have good title. Will you be successful? Explain.。

国际经济与贸易课件第一章：Introduction

CDUT Commercial College
Joan Lee
2008年版
Chapter 1
2. Benefits Acquisition
1. With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for nations to trade, i.e. economic benefits. 2. It has been found that a country benefits more by producing goods it can make most cheaply and buying those goods that other countries can make at lower costs than by producing everything it needs within its own border. 3. The theory of comparative advantage
CDUT Commercial College Joan Lee 2008年版
Chapter 1
International Trade and Foreign Trade
1. 国际贸易(International Trade)
是指世界各国(或地区)之间在商品和服务方面的交换活动，它是各个国家(或地区)在国际分工的基础上相互联系的主要形式。
1. Resource Acquisition No nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Some countries are abundant in certain resources, while other nations may be lack of them.

国际商务英语chapter1 Introduction to International Trade

Workers can face pay-cut demands from employers, who can threaten them with the possibility of sending jobs abroad.
Competitive pressure often makes service and white-collar jobs vulnerable to operations moving overseas.
Invisible Trade
Revenue and expenditure incurred by exchange of services and other nonmaterial commodities. Income and expenses concerning the import and export of commodities, e.g. freight, premium, processing charges. Income and expenses irrelevant to the import and export of commodities, e.g. traveling expenses, diplomatic agent expenses, overseas remittances, franchise fees, dividends paid to foreign investors, etc. As invisibles do not go through customs clearance, they are not indicated in customs statistics, but on a country’s statement of balance of payments.

Chapter 1 introduction to international trade

7. packing and marking of goods
8. price of goods 9. delivery of goods 10. cargo transportation
11. cargo insurance
12. payment of goods 13. disputes, claim and arbitration 14. trade forms- agency, tenders, counter trade, auction and e-commerce
Sophie Yu
Chapter 1 Introduction to International Trade

Orientation Discussing activities International trade – definitions International trade – reasons International trade – indicators Language points Business terms Assignment – case study

Discussing activities
1.
2.
Байду номын сангаас3.
What is the implication of such huge trade surplus for China? What do you think are the major contributions to China’s trade surplus? Some people hold “the more exports, the better for China”, do you agree? Why, or why not?

international logistics英文教材

international logistics英文教材International Logistics TextbookIntroductionInternational logistics is a critical component of global trade and supply chain management. It involves the transportation, storage, and distribution of goods across international borders. To understand the complexities of international logistics, students and professionals need to have a solid foundation in the principles and practices of the field. This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of international logistics, covering key concepts, processes, and challenges.Chapter 1: Introduction to International LogisticsThis chapter introduces the concept of international logistics and its importance in the global economy. It discusses the key players in the international logistics industry, including shippers, carriers, freight forwarders, and customs brokers. The chapter also covers the impact of globalization on international logistics, emphasizing the need for efficient supply chain management in today's interconnected world.Chapter 2: International Trade RegulationsIn this chapter, students learn about the regulations governing international trade, including tariffs, quotas, and trade agreements. The chapter also covers customs procedures, import/export documentation, and compliance requirements. Students gain an understanding of the legal framework that governs international trade and the role of government agencies in enforcing regulations.Chapter 3: Modes of TransportationThis chapter explores the various modes of transportation used in international logistics, including air, sea, road, and rail. Students learn about the advantages and disadvantages of each mode, as well as the factors that influence mode selection. The chapter also covers intermodal transportation and the importance of efficient multimodal transportation networks.Chapter 4: International Warehousing and Inventory ManagementThis chapter focuses on the role of warehousing and inventory management in international logistics. Students learn about the functions of warehouses, including storage, order picking, and packing. The chapter also covers inventory control techniques, such as just-in-time inventory management and cycle counting. Students gain an understanding of theimportance of efficient warehousing and inventory management in optimizing supply chain performance.Chapter 5: Global Supply Chain ManagementThis chapter discusses the principles of supply chain management in the context of international logistics. Students learn about the key components of a global supply chain, including sourcing, production, distribution, and customer service. The chapter also covers supply chain design and optimization, emphasizing the importance of collaboration and coordination among supply chain partners.Chapter 6: Global Logistics OperationsThis chapter covers the day-to-day operations of international logistics, including order processing, transportation management, and freight forwarding. Students learn about the technologies and systems used in global logistics operations, such as transportation management systems and warehouse management systems. The chapter also discusses the challenges of managing global logistics operations, including language barriers, cultural differences, and political instability.Chapter 7: Risk Management in International LogisticsThis chapter explores the various risks associated with international logistics, including supply chain disruptions, natural disasters, and geopolitical conflicts. Students learn about risk management strategies, such as supply chain resilience, contingency planning, and insurance. The chapter also covers the impact of risk management on supply chain performance and the importance of proactive risk mitigation strategies.Chapter 8: Sustainability in International LogisticsThis chapter discusses the role of sustainability in international logistics, including environmental, social, and economic considerations. Students learn about sustainable practices in transportation, warehousing, and supply chain management. The chapter also covers the benefits of sustainability in international logistics, such as cost savings, brand reputation, and stakeholder engagement. Students gain an understanding of the increasing importance of sustainability in today's global economy.ConclusionInternational logistics is a dynamic and evolving field that plays a critical role in the global economy. This textbook provides students and professionals with a comprehensive overview of international logistics, covering key concepts,processes, and challenges. By developing a solid foundation in the principles and practices of international logistics, students can enhance their knowledge and skills in this important field.。

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• Some nations export only to expand their domestic market or to aid economically depressed sectors within the home economy.
• Other nations depend on trade for a large part of their national income and to supply goods for domestic consumption.
FDI
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations. It can take the form of either direct or portfolio investment. Direct investment occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is made. This interest may vary between a small percentage and a controlling interest of a company’s equity. (Ownership of more than 50% is not necessary in securing a controlling interest in a company). Controlling interest in a foreign company represents a high level of commitment to foreign operations and is usually accompanied by personnel and technology transfers abroad. The appeal of direct investment lies with the access to market and resources as well as rationalization of global production afforded by such an arrangement.
What is the origin of international trade?
The story of the caveman takes place on an international basis.
Why trade with other nations? Advantages
• International trade leads to more efficient and increased world production, thus allowing countries (and individuals) to consume a larger and more diverse bundle of goods.
In contrast, portfolio or indirect investments, are chiefly motivated by short- to medium-term profits. They may include equity investments that do not involve an active role in management or bonds and other debt instruments issued by foreign companies and governments. As financial markets around the world become increasingly integrated in recent years, international portfolio investments have become popular with investors as a vehicle of diversification further hastening the process of international financial integration.
• The balance of payments can be used as an indicator of a nation's economic stability. Changes in the balance of payments can affect the exchange rate of a country's currency. For example, a deficit in merchandise trade means that the currency of that nation is flooding the world economy, since it is being used to buy the imports that cause the deficit. Unless government controls are used, the value of the currency will most likely depreciate.
• A nation possessing limited natural resources is able to produce and consume more than it otherwise could.
• the establishment of international trade expands the number of potential markets in which a country can sell its goods.
Balance of Payments The balance of payment = the difference between money coming into a country and money going out of the country + money flows coming into or leaving a country from other factors. favorable balance of payments VS unfavorable balance of payments
• In recent years foreign trade has also been viewed as a means to promote growth within a nation's economy. Developing countries and international organizations have increasingly emphasized such trade.
• Because the balance of payments is one reflection of a nation's financial stability in the world market, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses these accounts to make decisions such as qualifying a country for a loan. The IMF also provides the information to its members so that they can make informed decisions about investments and trade.
More…
The Reasons for FDI
• The decline of barriers to foreign ownership in most countries of the world.
• Liberalization of trade and financial markets • Decline in transportation and communication costs that resulted
About FDIFra bibliotekThe Balance of Payment
• relationship between the amount of money a nation spends abroad and the income it receives from other nations. The balance of payments is officially known as the Statement of International Transactions and includes two main accounts: First, the current account, tracks activity in merchandise trade—exporting and importing; income earned from investments abroad; money paid to foreign investors; and transactions on which the government expects no returns. Second, the capital account, tracks both loans given to foreigners and loans received by citizens.
• Competition from international trade can also force domestic firms to become more efficient through modernization and innovation.