第一章 Introduction to International Trade 《国际贸易实务》PPT课件

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• Some nations export only to expand their domestic market or to aid economically depressed sectors within the home economy.
• Other nations depend on trade for a large part of their national income and to supply goods for domestic consumption.
FDI
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is the buying of permanent property and business in foreign nations. It can take the form of either direct or portfolio investment. Direct investment occurs when acquisition of equity interest in a foreign company is made. This interest may vary between a small percentage and a controlling interest of a company’s equity. (Ownership of more than 50% is not necessary in securing a controlling interest in a company). Controlling interest in a foreign company represents a high level of commitment to foreign operations and is usually accompanied by personnel and technology transfers abroad. The appeal of direct investment lies with the access to market and resources as well as rationalization of global production afforded by such an arrangement.
What is the origin of international trade?
The story of the caveman takes place on an international basis.
Why trade with other nations? Advantages
• International trade leads to more efficient and increased world production, thus allowing countries (and individuals) to consume a larger and more diverse bundle of goods.
In contrast, portfolio or indirect investments, are chiefly motivated by short- to medium-term profits. They may include equity investments that do not involve an active role in management or bonds and other debt instruments issued by foreign companies and governments. As financial markets around the world become increasingly integrated in recent years, international portfolio investments have become popular with investors as a vehicle of diversification further hastening the process of international financial integration.
• The balance of payments can be used as an indicator of a nation's economic stability. Changes in the balance of payments can affect the exchange rate of a country's currency. For example, a deficit in merchandise trade means that the currency of that nation is flooding the world economy, since it is being used to buy the imports that cause the deficit. Unless government controls are used, the value of the currency will most likely depreciate.
• A nation possessing limited natural resources is able to produce and consume more than it otherwise could.
• the establishment of international trade expands the number of potential markets in which a country can sell its goods.
Balance of Payments The balance of payment = the difference between money coming into a country and money going out of the country + money flows coming into or leaving a country from other factors. favorable balance of payments VS unfavorable balance of payments
• In recent years foreign trade has also been viewed as a means to promote growth within a nation's economy. Developing countries and international organizations have increasingly emphasized such trade.
• Because the balance of payments is one reflection of a nation's financial stability in the world market, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) uses these accounts to make decisions such as qualifying a country for a loan. The IMF also provides the information to its members so that they can make informed decisions about investments and trade.
More…
The Reasons for FDI
• The decline of barriers to foreign ownership in most countries of the world.
• Liberalization of trade and financial markets • Decline in transportation and communication costs that resulted
About FDIFra bibliotekThe Balance of Payment
• relationship between the amount of money a nation spends abroad and the income it receives from other nations. The balance of payments is officially known as the Statement of International Transactions and includes two main accounts: First, the current account, tracks activity in merchandise trade—exporting and importing; income earned from investments abroad; money paid to foreign investors; and transactions on which the government expects no returns. Second, the capital account, tracks both loans given to foreigners and loans received by citizens.
• Competition from international trade can also force domestic firms to become more efficient through modernization and innovation.
Why Trade With Other Nations? Importance
• The increased international demand for goods translates into greater production and more extensive use of raw materials and labor, which in turn leads to growth in domestic employment.
Chapter 1.2 How Is International Trade Measured
How Is International Trade Measured a) Balance of Trade b) Balance of Payments c) FDI
Balance of Trade The balance of trade is a nation’s relationship of exports to imports. favorable balance of trade = trade surplus unfavorable balance of trade = trade deficit
Chapter1 Introduction to International Trade
1.1Why Do Countries Trade? a) The Origin of International Trade b) Resource Reasons c) Economic Reasons d) Preference Reasons e) Other Reasons 1.2 How Is International Trade Measured? a) Balance of Payments b) FDI
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