语言学教程术语
语言学核心术语
语言学核心术语1. 音位音位就像是语言里的小密码。
你知道吗？在英语里，/p/和/b/就是不同的音位。
比如“pat”（轻拍）和“bat”（蝙蝠），就因为这一个音位的差别，意思完全不同呢。
这就像在密码锁里，一个小数字的改变，锁就打不开啦。
2. 语素语素呀，是语言的小零件。
拿汉语来说，“天”就是一个语素，它有自己的意义。
就好像搭积木，每个语素都是一块小积木。
像“天空”这个词，就是由“天”和“空”这两个语素组合起来的，多神奇呀！3. 语义场语义场就像一个大家族。
在水果这个语义场里，有苹果、香蕉、橘子等等。
哎呀，这就好比在一个家族里，有叔叔、阿姨、伯伯一样，它们都有各自的特点，但又同属于一个家族。
要是说“我想吃语义场里的东西”，那肯定不行，得具体到像苹果这样的成员才行。
4. 句法结构句法结构就像建筑的框架。
在“我吃饭”这个句子里，“我”是主语，就像建筑的根基；“吃”是谓语，如同房子的支柱；“饭”是宾语，就好比房子里的家具。
如果句法结构乱了，就像房子盖歪了一样，“饭吃我”这听起来多奇怪呀！5. 词类词类可有意思了呢！名词就像是一个个小标签，像“猫”“桌子”，它们是用来命名事物的。
动词呢，就像一个个小行动家，像“跑”“跳”。
形容词就像是小化妆师，把事物描绘得更生动，像“美丽的花”里的“美丽”。
这就好比一场角色扮演游戏，每个词类都有自己的角色呢。
6. 语用语用啊，就是看话怎么用得合适。
比如说“你可真行啊！”这句话，在不同的语境下，意思可完全不一样。
如果是朋友完成了一件很难的事，那就是夸奖；要是带着讽刺的语气说，那可就是贬低了。
这就像同样的一件衣服，在不同的场合穿，给人的感觉就不同。
7. 方言方言就像地方的小特产。
我有个朋友从四川来，他说的四川方言可有趣了。
“要得”就是“好的”的意思。
方言就像每个地方独特的文化密码，每个地方的方言都带着当地的风土人情。
要是全中国都只有一种语言，就像所有地方都只卖同一种特产一样，多没意思呀。
语言学术语——精选推荐
语⾔学术语abbreviation缩写法acculturation语⾔⽂化移⼊acoustic phonetics声学语⾔学acronym词⾸字母缩略词address term称谓语addresser发话⼈addressee受话⼈adjacency毗邻Adjacency Condition毗邻条件Adjacency Parameter毗邻参数Affix词缀Affixation加词缀法Affricate塞擦⾳Afroasiatic⾮亚语系agreement rule⼀致关系规则allophone⾳位变体alveolar齿龈⾳alveolus齿龈angular gyrus⾓形脑回antonymy反义现象antonym反以词apocope词尾⾳脱落aphasia失语症aphasic失语症患者applied linguistics应⽤语⾔学arbitrariness任意性argument论元articulatory phonetics发⾳语⾳学articulatory variable发⾳变项aspiration送⽓assimilation同化approximation近似化auditory phonetics听觉语⾳学Austronesian…语系Babbling咿呀学语back-formation逆向构词法back vowel后元⾳Behaviorism⾏为主义Behaviorist learning theory⾏为主义学习理论Behaviorist Psychology⾏为主义⼼理学Bilabial双唇⾳Bilingualism双语现象Black English⿊⼈英语Blending混合法Borrowing借⽤bound morpheme黏着语素brain lateralization⼤脑左右半球侧化branching node分叉点broad transcription宽式⾳标Broca’s area布罗卡区caretaker speech保姆语case格Case Condition格条件case marking格标志causative verb使役动词central vowel中元⾳cerebral cortex⼤脑⽪层cerebral plasticity⼤脑弹性channel渠道classical language古典语⾔clipping略写法closed class word封闭类词code代码code-switching代码切换cognate同源词co-hyponyms并列下义词coinage创新词color word⾊彩词combinational rule组合规则commissives承诺类communicative competence交际能⼒comparative reconstruction⽐较重建法competence语⾔能⼒complement补语complement construction补⾜语complementarity互补性反义现象complementary distribution互补分布complex sentence复合句componential analysis成分分析法components of meaning意义成分compound word复合词compounding复合法computational linguistics计算语⾔学concept概念conceptualist view意念观consonant辅⾳constituent成分constituent structure成分结构constraint制约construction结构content word实词context语境;上下⽂contextualism语境论Contrastive Analysis对⽐分析法conversational implicature会话含义co-operative principle合作原则coordinate sentence并列句creativity创造性critical period关键期;临界期cultural transmission⽂化传播declaration宣告类deep structure深层结构dental齿⾳derivation派⽣法derivational morpheme派⽣语素derivative派⽣词descriptive linguistics描写语⾔学design feature识别特征determiner限定词diachronic linguistics历时语⾔学diacritics变⾳符号dialect⽅⾔dialectal synonym⽅⾔同义词dichotic listening test两⽿分听测试diglossia双⾔现象diphthong复合元⾳Directionalilty Parameter⽅位参数Directives指令类Displacement不受时空限制的特性distinctive feature区别性特征D-structure深层结构duality of structur结构⼆重性e double articulation结构⼆重性embedded clause⼦句emotive meaning表情意义entailment含义entity实体epenthesis插⼊⾳Error Analysis错误分析法euphemism委婉语evaluative meaning评价意义expressives表达类factive predicate叙述性谓词family tree谱系树feature symbol特征标记features of meaning意义特征finite clause定式字句finite verb定式动词formalize形式化fossilization语⾔僵化framework框架free morpheme⾃由语素fricative擦⾳front vowel前元⾳function word虚词functional shift功能性转换functor element起功能作⽤成分gender性Generative Grammar⽣成语法Generative Semantics⽣成语义学genetic predispotion基因先天条件genetic relationship亲缘关系glide滑⾳glottal喉⾳glottis声门graddabl opposites可分等级的反义词grammaticality语法性grammatical meaning语法意义Great Vowel Shift元⾳⼤变位hard palate硬腭head核⼼词hemispheric dominance for language⼤脑半球的语⾔优势hierarchical structure层次结构high variety⾼层次变体historical comparative linguistics历史⽐较语⾔学historical linguistics历史语⾔学holophrastic sentence独词句homography同形homonymy同⾳异义；同形异义homophony同⾳异义hyponymy下义关系hyponym下义词idiolect个⼈语⾔特点illocutionary act⾔外形为inconsistency⾃相⽭盾Indo-European印欧语系infinitive marker不定式标记inflection曲折变化inflectional morpheme曲折语素input输⼊instrumental motivation⼯具性学习动机intake接受integrativ emotivation介⼊性学习动机interference⼲扰interlanguage语际语internalize内在化International Phonetic Alphabet国际⾳标interpersonmal communication⼈际交际intuition语调labeled (unlabeled) tree diagram加标记树形图labial唇⾳LAD语⾔习得机制language acquisition语⾔习得language behavior语⾔⾏为language center语⾔中枢language faculty语⾔机制language family语系language perception语⾔感知language planning语⾔规划language variation语⾔变异larynx喉lax vowel松元⾳level层；平⾯level of language语⾔层次lexical category词类lexical structure词汇结构lexicology词汇学lexicon词汇linear structure线性结构linguistic competence语⾔能⼒linguistic determinism语⾔决定论linguistic lateralization语⾔侧化linguistic performance语⾔运⽤linguistic relativism语⾔相对论linguistic repertoire全部语⾔变体linguistic taboo禁忌语linguistics语⾔学liquid流⾳loan word外来词localization定位locutionary act⾔内⾏为low variety低层次变体manner of articulation发⾳⽅法matrix clause主句maxim of manner⽅式准则maxim of quality质量准则maxim of quantity数量准则maxim of relation关联准则meaning意义meaningfulness有意义meaning relation意义关系mentalism⼼理主义mentalistic theory精神论message信息metathesis语⾳变位Middle English中世纪英语minimal pair最⼩对⽴对Modern English现代英语Monophthong单元⾳Morpheme词素morphlogical rule形态学规则morphology形态学mother tongue母语Move α移动α规则movement rule移位规则naming theory命名论narrow transcription严式⾳标narrowing of meaning词义缩⼩nasal cavity⿐腔nasality⿐⾳化nasalize⿐⾳化natural route of development⾃然发展轨道negator否定词neurolinguist神经语⾔学家neuron神经元no-place predication空位述谓结构object宾语Old English古英语one-place predication⼀位述谓结构optimum age最佳学习年龄oral cavity⼝腔overextension扩展过度overgeneralization概括过度overt thought有声思维palatal腭⾳paralinguistic副语⾔学的parameter参数performance语⾔运⽤performance error语⾔运⽤错误perlocutionary act⾔后⾏为pharyngeal cavity咽腔phone⾳素phoneme⾳位phonemic contrast⾳位对⽴phonetic feature语⾳特征phonetics语⾳学phonological rule⾳位规则phonology⾳位学phrasal category词组类phrase structure rule短语结构规则pidgin洋泾浜语place of articulation发⾳部位plosive爆破⾳polysemy多义性postpone后移prepose前移postvocalic元⾳后的pragmatics语⽤学predicate谓语predication述谓结构predication analysis述谓结构分析prefix前缀presprictive (grammar)规定语法presupposition前提proposition命题prepositional content命题内容protolanguage原始语psycholinguistics⼼理语⾔学puberty青春期qualifying predication修饰性述谓结构Received Pronunciation标准发⾳Recursiveness循环性Reference所指语义referring expression所指名词register语域relational opposites关系反义词representation表达；呈现representatives阐述类response反应retroflex卷⾆⾳rewrite rule重写规则rounded vowel圆唇元⾳SAE标准美国英语sapir-Whorf hypothesis…假设second language acquisition第⼆语⾔习得segment切分成分semantic anomaly语义异体semantic deviation语义变异semantic broadening语义⼴义化semantic narrowing语义狭义化semantic shift语义演变semantics语义学semantic structure语义结构semantic triangle语义三⾓sense意义sequential rule序列规则setting背景；环境sexist language性别歧视语sibilant咝⾳simple sentence简单句Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系situational dialect语域⽅⾔sociolect社会⽅⾔sociolinguistics社会语⾔学soft palate软腭species-specific capacity物种特有能⼒specifier指⽰语spectrograph频谱仪speech act⾔语⾏为speech community⾔语社区speech variety⾔语变体S-structure表层结构standard language标准语stem词⼲stimulus刺激stop爆破⾳stress重⾳structural constituency结构成分性structural linguistics结构主义语⾔学subject主语subordinate predication主从述谓性结构subscript下标subvocal predication⽆声⾔语suffix后缀superordinate上坐标词suprasegmental feature超切分特征surface structure表层结构synchronic linguistics共时语⾔synonymy同义词syntactic ambiguity句法歧义syntactic category句法类型syntactic rule句法规则syntax句法taboo word禁忌词target language⽬标语tautology同义反复teeth ridge齿龈隆⾻telegraphic speech电报式⾔语tense and aspect时和体tense vowel紧元⾳tone⾳调；声调tone language声调语⾔topic话题；主题transfer转移Transformational-Generative Grammar转换⽣成语法transformational rule转换规则tree diagram树形图two-place predication双位述谓结构unaspirated不送⽓underextension扩展不⾜Universal Grammar普遍语法Utterance话语utterance meaning话语意义uvula⼩⾆validity有效性variable变项velar软腭⾳velum软腭vernacular本地话；本国语vocal cord声带voiced浊⾳化的voiceless不带⾳的，清⾳的voicing带⾳化，浊⾳化vowel元⾳Wernicke’s area韦尼克区widening of meaning词义扩⼤X-bar theory X标杆理论。
语言学常用术语
语言学常用术语Language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistics: linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Phonetics: phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonology: phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.（研究语音和音节的结构，分布和序列，将音位视为起点，来处理语音系统）Morphology: morphology, as a part of linguistics, is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.（研究词的内部结构和构词原则）Syntax: syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Semantics: semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning. Pragmatics: pragmatics can be defined in various ways. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Sociolinguistics: sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.Psycholinguistics: psycholinguistics is the study of the mental processes of listening, speaking and acquisition of language by children.Prescriptive:Descriptive:Langue: langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by.（语言是指语言系统的整体，这个政体相对比较稳定，言语是指代某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出来的具体话语）Parole: parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（语言能力是指理想语言使用者有关语言规则的知识储备）Performance: Chomsky defines performance as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（语言应用是指真实的语言使用者在实际场景中的语言使用）Design features: design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.Arbitrariness: language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.Productivity: language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.Displacement: language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.Cultural transmission: while human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, but instead have to be taught and learned.Phone: a phone is a phonetic unit or segment.Phoneme: a phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but phonetic context.Morpheme: the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme.Prefix(suffix): it occurs only before other morphemes.(it occurs only after other morphemes)Root: a root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.Category: category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same of similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase of a verb.Transformation: transformation is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.Deep (surface) structure: formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s subcategorization properties is called deep structure. Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations is called surface structure.Performatives (constative): constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable; performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Synonymy: synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.Antonymy: antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.Homonymy: homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.Polysemy: while different words my have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.Hyponymy: hyponymy refers to the tense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.Dialect (7 types): regional dialect, sociolect, language and gender, language and age, ldiolect, ethnic dialect.Register: the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register.Field (tenor, mode) of discourse: field of discourse refers to what is going on: to the area of operation of the language activity. Tenor of discourse refers to the role of relationship in the situation in question: who the participants in the communication groups are and in what relationship they stand to each other. Mode of discourse mainly refers to the means of communication.Learning strategy (3 types): cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, and affect / social strategies.Personality: a number of personality characteristics have been proposed as likely to affect second language learning, but it has been notoriously difficult to demonstrate the effects in empirical studies, it is largely due to the difficulty in identification and measurement.Culture: culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.Context: the notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.Acquisition: language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.Learning: learning is a conscious learning of the second language knowledge by learning the rules and talking about rules.Transfer (2 types): positive transfer, negative transferError (mistake): the errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt.Interlanguage (fossilization): the concept of interlanguage was established as learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. Fossilization is defined as a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.Language aptitude: language aptitude here refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.Motivation (4 types): instrumental motivation, integrative motivation, resultative motivation, and intrinsic motivation.。
语言学教程相关名词翻译和解释
语言学教程相关名词翻译和解释Teaching aims: let the students have the general idea about language and linguistics.Teaching difficulties: design features of language ; some important distinctions in linguistics T eaching procedures1. language1.1 Why study language?为什么学习语言A tool for communication交流的工具An integral part of our life and humanity 人类生活和人性中不可或缺的一部分.If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.如果不能完全理解语言的本质和结构,我们就会对人类的本质一无所知.1.2 What is language?什么是语言1.2.1 different senses of language 语言的不同意义1. what a person says( concrete act of speech)a person?s consistent way of speaking or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial languagean abstract system2. A web ster?s New Dictionrary offers a frequently used sense of the word “language”:a. human speech 人类的言语b. the ability to communicate by this means 通过言语来交流的能力c. a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; 用来表达或交流思想和感觉的一套声音及这些声音互相结合的系统d. the written representation of such a system 系统的文字表达3. the barest of definition, language is a means of verbal communication.最简洁的定义:语言是言语交流的一种方式.Language is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiostic and communication can only take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles. Language distinguishes us from animals.因为说和写的交流方式是一种有目的的行为,所以语言是实用性的;因为语言是社会符号,语言的交流只能在所有参与者广泛理解了人类的那些非言语的暗示,动机,社会文化角色等等互相关联的因素之后才能有效进行,因此语言又是社会的,约定俗成的.语言使人嗲鹩诙?1.2.2 definitions一.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.What is communication?A process in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiver or listener).A system----since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather than randomly. They cannot be arranged at will. e.g. He the table cleaned. (×) bkli (×) Why do we say language is arbitrary?Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. This explains and is explained by the fact that different language havedifferent words for the same object, it is good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language . it is only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the arbitrary of language is a famous quotation from shakepeare’s play:”Romeo and Juliet: A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.一朵玫瑰不管它叫什么名字,闻起来都是一样香的.Symbols----words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or voval forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to.V ocal-------- the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak and listen before they write or read also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written.Writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms.People with little or no literacy can also be competent language users.Human ----language is human-specific.Human beings have different kinds of brains and vocal capacity.“Language Acquisition Device”(LAD)二.What characteristics of langauge do you think should be included in a good ,comprenhensive definition of language?Language is a rule-governed system; langauge is basically vocal; langauge is arbitrary ; langague is used for human communication.1.3 Design features of language 语言的结构特征Design features------ refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, creativity/ productivity, displacement, clutural transmission and interchangeability.Design features----- are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc.(指决定了人类语言性质的特征.例如任意性,二重性,创造性,移位性,文化转移性等.)The American linguist Charles Hockett specified twelve design features.What is arbitrariness?任意性a. arbitrariness---- arbitrariness(任意性): one design feature of human language,which refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.(人类语言的本质特征之一,指语言符号的形式与意义之间没有自然的联系.) It was discussed by Saussure first.The link between them is a matter of convention.E.g. “house” uchi (Japanese)Mansion (French)房子(Chinese)(1) arbitrary between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning语言的音和义之间的任意性a. By “arbitrary”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. 语言的意义和语音之间没有逻辑关系。
语言学术语整理
语言学常用术语整理1、传统语法：传统语法是指代表前语言学时期语言研究的特征、特别是18和19世纪欧洲学校语法特征的一系列的看法、程序和规定的语法。
后来被结构主义语言学取代，现代中学教学所用的语法都是传统语法。
传统语法的内容：①把语法分为形态学（词法）和造句法（句法）两大部分，以词法为主，详细讲解各类词在句子中的形态变化和语法作用。
句法往往比较简单，主要为词法服务。
②建立了形态学，研究语法形态和语法意义的对应关系。
③建立了句法成分，主语、谓语、为主要成分，宾语、补语是次要成分，定语、状语是附加成分。
传统语法的特点：①它是规范性的语法，由语法学家订立一些条文，规定人们应该怎么说，不应该怎么说，不顾语言事实。
②它重视书面语，比较少或干脆不考虑口语。
③以拉丁语为楷模，它研究语法照搬拉丁语法框架。
④语言分析中重视意义，忽视形式。
⑤忽视语言结构层次。
贡献：虽然传统语法有许多缺点，但它作为语言学史上的第一个语法学派奠定了语法学基础，对普及语法知识起到了巨大的作用；虽然现在语法学派林立，但名词、动词、形容词、语法形式、语法意义、语法手段、主语、宾语等语法范畴在各学派的体系中仍然使用，所以说传统语法对语法学具有开创作用。
2、结构主义语法：结构主义语法是在对传统语法评判的基础上建立起来的，创始人是瑞士语言学家索绪尔，经典著作是《普通语言学教程》，提出了一整套语言学理论。
后来发展成三个分支学派：布拉格学派、哥本哈根学派和美国描写语言学派。
其中以美国描写语言学派的影响最大，代表人物是布龙菲尔德，集大成者是哈里斯。
结构主义语法的基本主张：①语法只能是描写语言，即说明人们怎样说一种语言，而不能像传统语法那样规定人们该怎么说。
②语法必须从形式出发描写语言，而不是像传统语法那样从意义出发来探讨语言。
提出根据分布划分词类。
③强调语言的内部层次，提出用“直接成分分析法”对句法结构进行分析。
④语言单位切分的方法：替代法、分布、转换法、对比分析法。
语言学教程
1.定义特征：那些决定了人类语言性质的特征被我们称为定于特征。
P32.任意性（索绪尔）：指语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系。
P33.所谓句法学，是指依据句法规定建构句子的方法。
P44.二层性是指拥有两层结构的这种特性，上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成，每层都有自身的组合规则。
—Lyons P5、P295.音节是讲话时的最小单位，是成百上千词语的片段—语素的承载者。
P56.移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、时间或观点。
P67.雅格布逊认为，语言像任何符号系统一样，首先是为了交际。
P78.音位是语言中能够区分意义的最小的语音单位，英语大概有四十五个音位。
P139.辅音根据发音部位和发音方式进行描写，元音依据它们位置的前后进行描写。
P4110.区别特征—雅格布逊—20世纪40年代P4111.超音段特征指语音问题中涉及超出单音音段以上的方面，超音段特征主要有音节、重音、声调和语调。
P4412.形态学是涉及语素的系统研究，是语言学的一个分支。
它研究词的内部结构和构造规则。
P5813.屈折变化指通过附加屈折词缀（如数、人称、有定性、体和格）来表现语法关系；附加词缀并不会改变被附加词的语法类。
P6114.英语中，每个词通常有一个生成性的屈折词缀，但可能有多个派生词缀。
P6415.音位变化是指因为语音上的变化而导致的形式变化。
P77（脱落、添加、换位、同化）16.和树形图相比，括号法不那么常用，但不失为一种标注语法单位成分结构的便捷方法。
P8917.句法功能是指一种语言形式和同一句型中的其他部分之间的关系。
功能的名称通常有主语、宾语、谓语、修饰语、补语等。
P9218.递归性和开放性一般被看作语言创造性的核心。
P10119.嵌入：从句的三种基本类型包括宾语从句、状语从句和关系从句。
P10220.把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫做指称论。
语言学术语
语言学术语介绍本文档旨在介绍一些常见的语言学术语，以帮助读者更好地理解语言学领域的相关概念和术语。
术语解释以下是一些常见的语言学术语及其解释：1. 语言学：语言学是研究语言的科学。
它涵盖了语言的结构、历史、使用和变化等方面。
语言学：语言学是研究语言的科学。
它涵盖了语言的结构、历史、使用和变化等方面。
2. 语音学：语音学是研究语音的学科，它关注语音的产生、传播和感知。
语音学：语音学是研究语音的学科，它关注语音的产生、传播和感知。
3. 语法：语法是研究句子结构和语法规则的学科。
它涉及词类、短语和句子的形成和组织。
语法：语法是研究句子结构和语法规则的学科。
它涉及词类、短语和句子的形成和组织。
4. 词汇学：词汇学是研究词汇的学科。
它关注词汇的构成、意义和使用。
词汇学：词汇学是研究词汇的学科。
它关注词汇的构成、意义和使用。
5. 句法学：句法学是研究句子结构和句法关系的学科。
它探讨句子中词汇和短语的排列和组合方式。
句法学：句法学是研究句子结构和句法关系的学科。
它探讨句子中词汇和短语的排列和组合方式。
6. 语义学：语义学是研究语义（意义）的学科，它涉及词汇和句子意义的形成和解释。
语义学：语义学是研究语义（意义）的学科，它涉及词汇和句子意义的形成和解释。
7. 语用学：语用学是研究语言使用情境和交际的学科。
它关注语言在特定情境中的意义和目的。
语用学：语用学是研究语言使用情境和交际的学科。
它关注语言在特定情境中的意义和目的。
8. 语音：语音是指语言中的声音单元。
它包括语音音素、音节和音调等。
语音：语音是指语言中的声音单元。
它包括语音音素、音节和音调等。
9. 音标：音标是用来表示语音的符号系统。
它可以用来记录和描述各种语音发音。
音标：音标是用来表示语音的符号系统。
它可以用来记录和描述各种语音发音。
10. 文字：文字是指用来书写语言的符号系统。
不同语言使用不同的文字系统。
文字：文字是指用来书写语言的符号系统。
不同语言使用不同的文字系统。
《语言学教程》(胡壮麟)术语索引
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Glossary and IndexAabbreviation 缩写词，略语3.3.1Abercrombie 10.3.2ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1abstractness 抽象性1.3.2accent 重音（符）2.4.4；2.4.5accuracy 正确性11.6.4accusative 宾格4.1.1achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1 acquisition 习得6.1.2acronym 缩略语3.3.1action process 动作过程12.2.3actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3addition 添加3.3.2address form 称呼形式7.2.3addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3adverb 副词3.1.2affix 词缀3.2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1affixation词缀附加法7.1.4affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系4.1.3airstream 气流2alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1allophone 音位变体2.8allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3allophony音位变体现象2.8.3alveolar ridge 齿龈2.2alveolar 齿龈音2.4.4；2.4.5ambiguity 歧义4.2.2；4.3.1；6.2.3；8.2.2；8.3.2 ambiguous歧义的5.5.2；6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学12.3 American English 美式英语10.3.5American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言12.3 American structuralism 美国结构主义10.3.2；12.3 analogical creation 类推造字3.3.1anapest 抑抑扬格9.3.3anaphor 前指替代4.3.3anaphoric reference 前指照应4.3.2Anderson 6.3.1Animal communication system 动物交际系统1.2；1.3 animate 有生命的4.2.1annotation 注解10.3.4；10.3.5antecedent 先行词；前在词4.3.2anthropological 人类学的12.3.1anthropological linguistics 人类语言学1.8.3；7.1.1 anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音2.6.1 antonomasia 换称；代类名7.1.4antonym 反义词5.4antonymy 反义(关系) 5.3.2appellative 称谓性4.4.2applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学7.2.4 appropriacy 适宜性11.6.4appropriateness 适宜性；得体性11.2.5approximant 无摩擦延续音2.4.3；2.4.5Apte 7；7.2.1aptitude test 素质测试11.6.2Arabic 阿拉伯语3.3.1；4.4.1arbitrariness 任意性1.3.1；12argument 中项；中词；主目4.3.3；5.5.2article 冠词3.1.2；4.1.1；4.2.1articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官2.4.2；2.4.3articulatory phonetics 发音语音学1.7.1；2.1 artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体4.1.2aspirated 吐气；送气2.6.2；2.8.2assimilation 同化2.9.1；3.2.4；3.3.2；6.2.4associative 联想4.2.1associative meaning 联想意义5.3assonance 准压韵；半谐音9.3.2；9.3.6Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive 属性；修饰语；定语4.2.2；12.2.3auditory phonetics 听觉语音学1.7.1；2.1Austin, John Langshaw 8.1；8.1.2authentic input 真实投入11.4.2authorial style 权威风格9.4.3authoring program 编程10.1.3autonomy 自主性1.8auxiliary 助词3.1.2；12.4.3auxiliary verb 助动词3.1.2；12.2.3Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段12.4.1back-formation 逆构词法3.3.1Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-Hillel 10.2.1Barnhart & Barnhart 7.1.4base component 基础部分4.3.2；12.4。
语言学术语表
语言学术语表
以下是一些常见的语言学术语及其解释：
1. 语言：人类沟通和表达思想的系统，由声音、符号和语法组成。
2. 语言学：研究语言的科学，探讨语言的结构、历史演变、语音、语义、句法等方面。
3. 语音学：研究语言音素（声音单元）的科学，包括语音产生、感知和语音单位的分类等。
4. 语义学：研究语言意义的学科，涉及词义、句子意义和语言表达的逻辑关系等。
5. 语法学：研究语言结构和句子构成的学科，包括词法、句法、语法规则和句子解构等。
6. 语用学：研究语言用法和语境影响的学科，探讨话语的目的、推理和指称等。
7. 词法：研究词汇形态学和词汇构成规则的学科，包括词的形态变
化和词缀的作用等。
8. 句法：研究句子结构和句子成分之间关系的学科，包括主谓宾结构、短语结构和句子类型等。
9. 语言变化：研究语言随时间变化的学科，包括语音变化、词汇演
变和语法变异等。
10. 语言联系：研究多种语言之间相互影响的学科，包括语言接触、语言借用和二语习得等。
11. 语言族系：相互关联的语言的系统分类，根据语音、词汇和语
法等特征划分。
12. 语言地理分布：各种语言在地理上的分布情况，包括语言家族
的分布和方言的分布等。
13. 联系语言学：比较和对比多种语言的学科，探索语言之间的共
性和差异。
14. 语言规范：对语言使用的标准和规则的规范，包括正式语法规范和标准发音等。
15. 语言习得：人类掌握和使用语言的过程，包括婴儿语言习得和二语习得等。
这些是一些常见的语言学术语，涵盖了语言学的各个方面。
[语言学]胡壮麟版《语言学教程》名词解释
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胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表第一章phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology词源Active articulator积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音Bilateral consonant双边辅音Non-lateral非边音Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音rolled consonant滚辅音Labal-velar唇化软腭音Interdental齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar后齿龈音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization软腭音化Voicing浊音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel纯元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音Word stress词重音Lexical tone词汇声调Nuclear tone核心声调Tonetics声调学Intonation contour语调升降曲线Tone units声调单位Intonology语调学Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison连音contracted form缩写形式frequency count词频统计a unit of vocabulary词汇单位a lexical item词条a lexeme词位hierarchy层次性lexicogrammar词汇语法morpheme语素nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可变词invariable words不变词paradigm聚合体grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词closed-class words封闭类词opened-class words开放类词word class词类particles小品词pro-form代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词central determiners中置限定词post determiners后置限定词ordinal number序数词cardinal number基数词morpheme词素morphology形态学free morpheme自由词素bound morpheme黏着词素root词根affix词缀stem词干root morpheme词根语素prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀bound root morpheme黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix派生词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素word-formation构词compound复合词endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节polysyllabic多音节phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形态的限制coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation类比构词法borrowing借词法loanword借词loanblend混合借词loanshift转移借词loan translation翻译借词loss脱落addition添加metathesis换位assimilation同化contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化theory of least effort省力理论non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化distant assimilation远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化morphological change形态变化syntactical change句法变化finite element有定成分semantic change语义变化multisemous多种意义broadening词义扩大narrowing词义缩小meaning shift词义转移class shift词性变换folk etymology俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain范围/领域meaning shift意义转移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语clipping截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmatic relations聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram语标register语域passive vocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(ICanalysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command forshort)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative兵格genitive属格dative与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成体concord/agreement一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified能指signifier所指syntagmatic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(ICanalysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substituability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression(referential-expression)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统=derivational procedure推导系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程empiricism经验主义（洛克，白板说）rationalism 理性主义（笛卡尔）mentalism心灵主义new empiricism新经验主义(Bloomfield)priori先天综合判断（康德Kant）Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派Syntactic structure (SS)早期转换句法时期Standard theory (ST)标准理论时期Extended Standard theory (EST)扩展的标准理论Revised Standard theory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论The theory of government and binding(GB theory)管辖和约束理论时期（管约论）Minimalist program (MP)最简方案时期Structural description结构描写式Performance system应用系统Modular theory模块理论Spell-out拼写Language faculty语言机制/官能Mental organ心智器官Knowledge of language 语言知识Meaning potential 意义潜势Context culture 文化语境Field语场Tenor语旨Mode语式pivot words轴心词mental construct心理构念theoretical cognitive psychology理论认知心理学psychological faculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系统性, self-containedness自足性)typological functionalism类型学功能主义extreme functionalism极端的功能主义external functionalism外部功能主义integrative functionalism一体化功能注主义exceptional case marking例外格标记specifier标定成分fall-category maximal projection全语类的最大投射two-segment category两节语类complement domain补足语区域minimal domain最小区域internal domain内部区域checking domain检验区域sisterhood姐妹关系minimizing chain link最小语链联结representational system表达系统strict cyclic principle严格的层级条件structure-preserving principle结构保存原则C-commanding condition成分统领条件articulatory-perceptual system发音-听音系统conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系统interface conditions中介条件full-interpretation完全解释原则procrastination逻辑形式操作优先原则greed句法操作自利原则the shortest linkage principle最短联接原则the shortest movement principle最短移位原则primarycomplement/modifier(referential NP)一级补语位/修饰语位(定指名词短语)secondary complement(non- referentialNP) 二级补语位(非定指名词短语)empty category principle空范畴原则aspect checking特征验证aspect feature基本体貌特征ASPP is functional projection .ASPP是功能投射.crossing branch交叉分支across the board extraction抽取跨界移动principles-and-parameters framework原则与参数语法head parameter中心语参数logical form(LF)逻辑形式phonetic form(PF)语音形式spell-out拼读phonological component音韵部分overt component显性部分covert component隐性部分core computation核心运算asymmetric c-command不对称成分统制linear correspondence axiom线形对应定理adjunction加接determiner限定词concatenate联结linearization线性化functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设right-branching右向分支X’(V,N,A,P)词项X’’=XP=Xmax是X的二阶投射结构Y’’=指示语specifierZ’’=补述语complementIP=屈折短语inflection phraseXP=general phrase structureC HL人类语言的运算系统=computational system for humanlanguageLCA线性对应定理=linearcorrespondence axiomXmin=X0=最小投射。
语言学术语表
语言学术语表介绍语言学是研究语言的科学，涉及语音、语法、语义、语用等多个方面。
在语言学研究中，使用了许多专门的术语来描述和分析语言现象。
本文将介绍一些常见的语言学术语，以帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
一、语音学术语1.音素音素是语音的最小单位，是指语言中不同的声音单位。
不同语言中的音素种类和特点有所不同。
2.音位音位是一种理论上的概念，用来表示在一个语音系统中与其他音位有明显对立关系的音素。
音位通常用方括号括起来表示。
3.音节音节是语音的基本单位，由一个或多个音素组成，包括一个音节核和零个或多个音节边界。
4.重音重音是指在词语或短语中重读的音节，通常用音节上的符号’表示。
1.词类词类是用来分类词语的一种方式，常见的词类包括名词、动词、形容词、副词等。
2.句子句子是用来表达完整意义的语言单位，通常包括主语、谓语和宾语等成分。
3.短语短语是由词语组成的一个语言单位，包括名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语等。
4.主谓一致主谓一致是指主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致，是语法中一个重要的原则。
三、语义学术语1.词义词义是指词语所具有的意义，包括字面义和引申义两种。
2.同义词同义词是指具有相同或相近词义的词语，可以在一定程度上互换使用。
3.反义词反义词是指意义相对、相反的词语，可以用来表达相反的概念。
4.上下位词上下位词是指表示具体事物和一般概念之间的关系的词语，如“苹果”和“水果”的关系。
1.语用语用是指语言在具体交际实践中的使用和理解。
2.语用推断语用推断是指通过上下文和语境等信息来推断语言表达的意义。
3.语用失误语用失误是指由于不当的语言使用导致的交际上的错误或误解。
4.言外之意言外之意是指在言辞之外所蕴含的意义，需要通过语境等信息进行理解。
以上仅是语言学中的一部分学术术语，通过学习和应用这些术语，可以更好地认识和分析语言现象，提高语言能力和语言理解的水平。
希望本文能够帮助读者理解和运用这些语言学术术语，进一步探索语言学的奥秘。
语言学教程生词
语言学教程生词9月20日晚Phonetics n. 语音（学）；发音学；语音学Phonology n. 音韵学，语音体系Articulatory adj. 分节的，关节的Acoustic adj. 听觉的；声学的；原声的；音响的Perceptual adj. 知觉的，有知觉的；感性Auditory adj. 听觉的，听觉器官的n. 听众；礼堂Pattern n. 模式；花样，样品；图案；榜样，典范vt. 模仿；以图案装饰vi. 形成图案Organ n. 机构；器官；风琴；元件Involve vt. 包含；使参与，牵涉；围绕，缠绕；使专心于Cavity n. 腔，洞；蛀牙，龋洞Association n. 协会，社团；联合，联系；联想Consonant n. 辅音，子音；辅音字母adj. 一致的；符合的；协和音的；和音的Vowel n. 元音；母音adj. 元音的；母音的Pulmonic adj. 肺的，有肺的，由肺进行地Diacritic adj. 可区别的，读音符号的Obstruction n. 障碍物；阻碍的行为或例子；阻碍，受阻；妨碍议事Nasal adj. 鼻的；鼻音n. 鼻音字母，鼻音；鼻骨Fricative adj. 摩擦产生的，摩擦音的n. 摩擦音Approximate adj. 约莫的，大概的；极相似的；[植]相近但不连接的vi. 接近于；近似于vt. 靠近；使接近；使结合Approximant 近似式，近似值Lateral adj. 侧面的；横向的；[语]边音的n. 侧部的东西；边音Trill n. 颤声，抖音，啭声v. 用抖动的声音说，用卷舌发音，发出抖动的声音Schwa n. 中性元音的名称Monoththong n. 单元音Phoneme n. 音位，音素Complementary adj. 互补的；补充的，补足的Distribution n. 分配，分布；[法]（无遗嘱死亡者的）财产分配；[无线]频率分布；[电]配电Assimilation n. （食物等的）吸收；消化；（被）吸收或同化的过程；[生理]同化作用phonological adj. 音系学的；（一种语言的）语音（或音位）体系的Epenthesis n. 插字，插音Distinctive dj. 有特色的，与众不同的；区别的，鉴别性的；独特；特异Feature n. 特征，特点；容貌，面貌；（期刊的）特辑；故事片vt. 使有特色；描写…的特征；以…为号召物vi. 起主要作用；作重要角色Aspect n. 方面；面貌；方位，方向；形势9月22日晚Morpheme n. 形态素，词素morphology n. 形态学（尤指动植物形态学或词语形态学）Sememe n. 义素，义位Allomorphe n. 同词素的异形词；语素变体；词素变体；形位变体9月23日晚Fusion n. 融合；熔解，熔化；融合物；[物]核聚变Derivation n. 引出，导出；衍生，衍生物；[语]词源，派生；出处，由来，起源课后题定义Drastically adv. 大大地，彻底地；激烈地Alter vt. 改变；更改；改建（房屋）；（人）变老vi. 改变；修改Lexical adj. 词汇的；具词典性质的，词典的Grammatical adj. 语法上的，符合语法规则的Manifestation n. 表示，显示；示威Inflectional adj. 抑扬的，屈曲的，屈折的Affix vt. 附加；粘贴；加以；盖（印章）n. 附加物；添加物；附件；<语法>词缀finiteness有限性Aspect 体n. 方面；面貌；方位，方向；形势Case 格Indicate vt. 表明，标示，指示；象征，暗示，预示；[医]显示需要做…的治疗attachvt.& vi. 贴上，系；附上vt. （有时不受欢迎或未受邀请而）参加；把…固定；把…归因于；（使）与…有联系vi. 从属；附着；伴随而来；联在一起(to, upon)stemn. 词干、（花草的）茎；词干；（高脚酒杯的）脚；烟斗柄vt. 遏制[阻止]（液体的流动等）；阻止；封堵；遏止Collective adj. 集体的；共同的；集合的；集体主义的n. [统]集体；[语]集合名词；集团Analyze vt. <美>分析；分解；解释；对…进行心理分析Identity n. 身份；[逻]同一性；个性；[数]恒等（式）Constitute vt. 构成，组成；制定，设立；等同于；指派。
语言学名词解释汇总
语言学名词解释汇总
以下是一些语言学常用的术语及其解释：
1. 语言：人类特有的沟通工具，通过语音或其他形式传递信息。
2. 语音：语言中的声音单元，用来进行交流和表达意思。
3. 语法：语言中组织和表达意义的结构体系。
4. 词汇：语言中的单词和词组。
5. 语义学：研究词汇和句子的意义和推理。
6. 句法：语言中句子的结构和组成方式。
7. 语用学：研究语言使用的情境和目的。
8. 方言：语言的地区变体。
9. 双关语：一个词或短语在不同语境中具有不同的意义。
10. 偏见：对某些人群或事物的主观偏好或偏见。
11. 语音学：研究语音的产生、传播和感知的学科。
12. 语素：一个词中最小的有意义的单位。
13. 外语：一个人不作为母语使用的语言。
14. 语义角色：句子中表示动作的参与者和受益者的角色。
15. 同音异义词：发音相同但意义不同的词。
16. 语体：语言在不同社会和文化环境下的变体。
17. 口音：由不同语音特征引起的发音差异。
18. 父语：一个人从小学习和使用的第一种语言。
19. 旁观者理论：社会心理学概念，指的是观察者对特定语言
和文化的理解。
20. 叙事学：研究叙述结构和故事生成的学科。
这只是一些常用的语言学术语，语言学是一个非常广泛的学科，还有很多其他的术语可供学习和研究。
最新新编语言学教程名词解释(部分重点)
(1) linguistics: （语言学）the scientific or systematic study of language.(2) language: （语言）a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.(3) arbitrariness: （任意性）the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign andwhat it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does not look like a dog.(4) duality:（双重性）the way meaningless elements of language at one level (soundsand letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.(5) competence:（语言能力）knowledge of the grammar of a language as a formalabstraction and distinct from the behavior of actual language use, i.e. performance.(6) performance:（语言运用）Chomsky’s term for actual language behavior as distinct from theknowledge that underlies it, or competence.(11) synchronic linguistics: （共时语言学）the study of language and speech as they are used ata given moment and not in terms of how they have evolved over time.(12) diachronic linguistics: （历时语言学）the study of linguistic change over time in contrastto looking at language as it is used at a given moment.(6) phoneme:（音位）the abstract element of a sound, identified as being distinctive in aparticular language.(7) phonetics（语音学）: the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they areproduced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(8)phonology: （音位学）the study of the abstract systems underlying the sounds of language.(1) morphology:（形态学）the study of the structure of words.(2) morpheme:（词素）the smallest unit of language that carries meaning or serves agrammatical function.(3) free morpheme: （自由词素）a morpheme that can stand alone as a word.(4) bound morpheme: （黏着词素）a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word,e.g. ment (as in establishment), and -er (as in painter).(5) morph:（语素变体）the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the levelof parole.(6) allomorph: a phonetic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. -s, -es, and en are allallomorphs (in writing) of the plural morpheme.(1) syntax: the term used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentencestructure.（句法学）(5) IC analysis:（Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法）the approach to divide thesentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining itsultimate constituents.(11) ideational function（概念功能）: the use of language as a means of giving structure to ourexperience of the real or imaginary world.(12) interpersonal function（人际功能）: the use of language for maintaining social roles andinteracting with others.(13) textual function（语篇功能）: to create written or spoken texts which cohere withinthemselves and which fit the particular situation in which they are used.(1) semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.语义学(14) synonymy:(同义) the sense relations of equivalence of meaning between lexicalitems, e.g. small/little and dead/deceased.(15) antonymy:(反义关系) the sense relation of various kinds of opposing meaning betweenlexical items, e.g. big/small, alive/dead and good/bad.(16) hyponymy:（上下义关系）the sense relation between terms in a hierarchy,where a more particular term (the hyponym) is included in the more general one (thesuperordinate): X is a Y, e.g. a beech is a tree, a tree is a plant.(17) meronym:（整体部分关系）the sense relation between body and its parts which are notonly sections of the body but defined in terms of specific functions. For example, thehead is the part of the body which carries the most important sense organs, i.e. eyes, ears, nose and tongue.(1) pragmatics:（语用学）a branch of linguistics that studies language in use.(2) deixis:（指示）the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situations withrespect to certain points of reference such as the place (here/there) and time (now/then) of utterance.(1) sociolinguistics: the study of the relationship between language and society, that is, howsocial factors influence the structure and use of language.（社会语言学）(8) diglossia:（双语） a situation when two distinct varieties of the same languageare used, side by side, for two different sets of functions.(9) bilingualism:（双语现象）the use of at least two languages either by an individual or by agroup of speakers, such as the inhabitants of a particular region or a nation.(11) taboo:（禁忌）a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from generaluse.(12) euphemism:（委婉语）a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoidreference to certain acts or subjects, e. g. “powder room” for “toilet”.(1) cognitive linguistics: a new approach to the study of language and mind. According to thisapproach, language and language use are based on our bodily experience and the way we conceptualize it.（认知语言学）。
语言学术语
Aabsolute universals 绝对共性[廖328] absolute case 通格[廖204]abstract construct 抽象结构[廖235] accessibility hierachy 辨认度[廖27] acceptability 可接受性[廖373] accommodation 让步，适应[陶] accompaniment adverb 交与副词[吕239] accomplishment 结束[陈147 159] accusative 受事格[廖346]accusative object 受事宾语[吕240] achievement 成就[陈147]act 行为[廖236]act sequence 信息内容与形式[陶] actional predicate 动作谓语[吕240] activated 被激发的[廖396 402]active 主动格[陈108]activity 活动[陈147 157]actual 实际[廖375]adequacy 切应性[陈51]adjacency 邻接关系[吕240]adjacency pairs 语对[陶]adjective 形容词[吕240]adjunct string 附加语符列[陈45] adjuncts 修饰语[廖27]adjusment model 调整模式[陈41] adposition 介词[吕240]advanced 高等[陶]adverb 副词[吕240]adverb-fronting 副词前移[吕240] adverb-lowering 副词下降[吕240] affective 表情(作用)[陈9]affix 词缀[吕240]Afrikanns 阿富堪斯[陶]age grading 年龄级差[陶]agent 施事[吕240]agglutinating 粘着型[廖331]agglutinative 粘着型[陈107]agreement 一致[吕240]agreement maxim 同意的准则[廖369]AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能[廖235]allocation of function 功能的分配[陶]allocation of use 用途的分配[陶]ambiguity 歧义[吕240]ambiguity maxim 歧义准则[廖370]American Council on Teaching Foreign Languages (ACTFL) 美国外语教学委员会[陶]American Institutes of Research 美国研究所[陶]analogues 模拟词[廖408]analytic 分析型[陈107]analytic causative 分析式使成式[廖345]anaphor 回指对象[陈182]anaphora 指称替代[廖236] 回指形式[陈182]anaphoric reference 回指[陈121 181][吕240]animacy 生命度[廖326 332 347 352]antecedent 先行词[陈182] 被代词[吕240]anterior 先事时[陈173]anterior future 先事将来时[陈174]anterior past 先事过去时[陈174]anterior present 先事现在时[陈174]anthropological 人类学的[廖235]anthropology 人类学[陶]Antigua 西印度群岛上的安梯瓜[陶]antipodals 对跖词[廖413]antonym 两极词[廖412]antonymy 两极关系[廖417]apparent time 显象时间[陶]appositive clause 同位小句[吕240]approbation maxim 表扬的准则[廖369] appropriateness 合适性[廖374]得体性[陶]arbitrary 任意的[陶]archiphoneme 原音位[陈10]argument 论元[陈84 196] 参与者[吕240]argument position 论元位[陈104]argumentation 论辩体[廖124]argumentative 论证[廖236]argumentative structure 论证结构[廖237] Aroucanians 智利的阿劳卡尼人[陶]article 冠词[吕240]aspect 时态[陈143] 态[吕240] 体[陶]assert 肯定[吕240]assertion 肯定[吕240]assertive 断言的[廖425]assign 分配[吕240]associated typology 关联类型学[廖331]atomic structure of sentences 句子的原始结构[吕240] attach to 系附于[吕240]attenuated 较单薄的[廖61]attributes 属性[廖435 449]attributive relative clause 修饰性关系小句[吕240] audience design 听众设计[陶]augmented transition network 扩展的转移网络[廖379] authentic 真实材料[陶]automatic translation 自动翻译[陈96]autonomous syntax 自主的句法[廖236] Autosegmental Phonology 自分音系理论[陶] auxiliary verb 助动词[吕240]BBaby Talk娃娃腔[陶]back-channel 衬托型反馈形式[陶]backgrounding 抑退[吕240]Bahasa Indonesia 巴萨印尼话[陶]ballooning(of rules) (规则)膨胀[吕240]banter principle 逗乐原则[廖369]bare noun 光杆名词[陈129]basic level 基本层次[廖417]basic level terms 典型层次词[廖436]Basque 巴斯克语[陶]Bazaar Malay 集市马来话[陶]begging 乞求[陶]behavioral norm 行为规范[陈106]Berber 柏柏尔语[陶]beyond sentence grammar 超句语法[廖234]bi-cultural 双文化[陶]bidialectalism 双方言[陶]bilingual 说双语的人[陶]bilingualism 双语[陶]biunique 一一对应[陈11]bounded 有界的[陈168]boundedness 封闭性[廖438]bracketing 加括[吕241]brand new 全新的[廖399]bundle of features 特征束[陈10]Ccamaraderie 同志式的[陶]cardinal reference-point 主要元音参考点[廖318] case-marker 格标记[吕241]case marking 格标记[廖340]Catalan 加泰窿语[陶]cataphoric reference 反指[陈206] catastrophic change 剧变，灾变[陶] catastrophism 剧变说，灾变说[陶]categorize 类化[陈103]categorization 范畴化[廖449]category 范畴[廖449][吕241]causal 因果性[陈117]causative construction 使成结构[廖326 344] cause adverb 原因副词[吕241]causee 使成者[廖345]causer 肇事者[廖345]center string 中心语符列[陈45]change in progress 进行中的变化[陶]chunk 信息块[陈89]circumstantial role 附带成分[陈183] circumstantials 随遇成分[廖27]citation 引用[廖359]clarity principle 清楚原则[廖370]class 类[陈128]classical 古语[陶]class-inclusion 类包括[吕241]classes of words 词类[吕241]classification 分类体[廖124]clause 小句[廖236][吕241]clause-internal rules 小句内部规则[吕241]cleft sentence 分裂句[陈240]clefting 分裂[吕241]closed network 封闭网络[陶]cluster 词群[廖408]code 代码[吕241]code norm 代码规范[陈105]code-switching 语码转换[陶]codification 标准的健全[陶]coding 表现[陈163]coding device 编码手段[吕241]cognitive content 认识内容[吕241]cognitive correspondence 认知对应原则[陈104]cognitive function 认识功能[吕241]cognitive information 认知信息[陶]cognitive representation theory 认知表现理论[陈104] cognitive science 认知科学[廖380]cognitive synonymy 认知同义关系[廖406]coherence 意义连贯[廖373]cohesion 形式连贯[廖373]cohesive relationship 连贯关系[廖399]collaborative finish 合作完成式[陶]collocational restrictions 习惯性搭配限制[廖408]command 统御[陈68]comment 论述,陈述[廖333 396][陈187] 说明[吕241] commissives 承诺[廖423]common focus 共喻圈[吕242]common knowledge 共同知识[吕242]communication 传信[廖379]communication accommodation theory, CAT 交际适应理论[陶] communicative competence 交际能力[廖278] communicative force 实际用义[廖357]communicative language teaching 交际语言教学[陶] compactness 简洁[吕242]comparative 比较[吕242]compatibility 并存关系[廖407]competence 语言能力[陈18] 能耐[吕242] complementaries 互补词[廖411]complements 补足成分[廖27] 补语[吕242] complementizer 成形剂[吕242]complex change 复变[陈160]complex-NP-shift 复杂NP移位[吕242]complex sentence 复杂句[吕242]componentialist 要素分析者[廖438]compound interdependent 合成型[陶]compression rules 压缩规则[吕242]conative function 使动功能[廖313]conceptual dependency 概念从属(语法)[陈101]concord 一致[吕242]conditional adverb 条件副词[吕242]conditional coherence 条件连贯[陈83]configuration 构型[廖438]configurationality 组合性[陈108]congruence relations 一致关系[廖406]congruent 一致性[陶]congruent meronym 一致部件[廖407]conjoinability 可连接性[廖27]conjunction 连词/联合[吕242]conjunction-reduction 省并[吕242]connectivers 连接成分[廖451]constituency rules 组成成分规则[廖314]constituent class 成分类别[陈41]constituent ellipsis 成分省略[廖14]constituent insertion 成分插入[陶]constituent order 结构成分顺序[廖334]constitutive principles 构成原则[廖373]constant 常量[吕242]constraints 限制[廖328] 约束[吕242]construction grammar 结构语法[廖281]containment 包含[廖483]contemporary 当代[陶]content form 内容形式[陈9]content mode 内容表达式[廖359]content substance 内容实体[陈9]context 语境,上文[廖236 395]context of situation 言语情景；情景的上下文[陶]context-dependent structure/system 依靠语境的结构/系统[廖236] context-free rule 不受上下文约束的规则[吕242]context of situation 语境[廖319]context-sensitive rule 受上下文约束的规则[吕242]contextual relations 语境关系[廖404]contextual style 场合语体[陶]contextualization cues 语境线索[陶]continuity 连续性[陈187]continuous variable 连续变量[陶]continuum 连续体[陈64 162]contraction 语音省缩[吕242]contrary 指反[陈217]contrastive prominence 对比重音[吕242]control 自控力[廖332]convergence 靠近[陶]conversation 会话[廖236]conversational analysis,CA 对话分析[廖235] 会话分析[陶] conversational implicatures 话语蕴含[陶]conversational postulates 对话原则[廖361]converse 逆反词[廖413]co-occurrence constraint 共现约束[吕242]cooperative principle 合作原则[廖179 357]co-ordinate independent 并存型[陶]coordinate structure 并列结构[吕242]copula verb 系词[吕242]coreference 同一性关系[陈182]corpus planning 语型规划[陶]corrected mean 修正均值[陶]correspondence 对应[廖365]co-taxonyms 同类分类词[廖409]counteractive 反动关系[廖412]counterparts 对应词[廖413]covert prestige 隐威信[陶]creole 克里奥语,混合语[陶]criterial 判别性的[廖404]cross-cultural communication 跨文化的交际[陶] crossover 超越[陶]cultivation 培养[陶]current 邻接的[廖399]cycle 轮转[吕243]cyclic application 循环使用[廖317]contrastive features 区别特征[陶]Ddata 数据[廖236]dative 与格[廖346]Davidian 达罗毗荼[陶]declaratives 宣告句[廖420]declarative sentence 陈述句[吕243]de-creolization 克里奥尔脱化[陶]de-creolization continuum 克里奥尔脱化连续体[陶]deep structure 深层结构[吕243]default 常规选择[廖373]deferent 敬重[陶]Deficit Hypothesis 语言缺陷论[陶]definite 有定[廖40]definiteness 定指度[廖342]definiteness of subject and object 主语和宾语的限定[廖237] degree-terms 程度词[廖411]deictic 指示词[吕243]deixis 指示词[廖195]deletion rules 消除规则[吕243]delicacy 精细度[廖319]demonstrative structure 论证结构[廖451]deontic modality 义务情态[廖419]dependency relation 依赖关系[吕243]derivational morphology 衍生构词[廖316] 构词形态[吕243] derived sentence 派生句[吕243]derived structure 派生结构[吕243]description 描写体[廖124]descriptive structuer 描写结构[廖237]descriptivists 描写学派[廖308 322][陈11 35]design features 图案成分[廖309]destressing 轻音化[吕243]determiner 区别词[吕243]deviation 偏离[陶]diachronic derivability 历时可导性[陈116]diagram 图解[吕243]dialect 方言[陶]dialect geography 方言地理学[廖264]dialectology 方言学[廖262]dialogic 对话性[陶]dialogue 对话[廖234 236]differentiable 可区分的[廖408]diglossia 双言制[陶]dimension 标度[廖211]dimensional model 层面模式[陈109]direct illocutions 直接表达式[廖361]direct object 直接宾语[吕243]directional adverb 趋向副词[吕243]directives 指令[廖423]direct speech 直接句[廖360]discourse 对话[廖379] 言谈[吕243]discourse analysis 篇章分析[廖181 234 310][陈25 55] discourse connectedness 篇章连贯[廖236]discourse connectives 篇章连接[廖236 237]discourse for special occasions 特别场合的篇章[廖236] discourse-functional syntax 篇章-功能句法[廖236] discourse-functionally motivated structure/system有篇章-功能理据的结构/系统[廖237]discourse genres 篇章类型[廖236]discourse intonation 篇章语调[廖236]discourse organization 篇章结构[廖236]discourse particles 篇章词[廖236]discourse perspective on syntax 篇章观点看句法[廖237] discourse predicate 篇章谓词[廖236 237]discourse scope 篇章管界[廖236 237]discourse units 篇章单位[廖236]discovery procedure 发现过程[廖309] 发现程序[陈11 43] discrete 离散的[廖332]displaced 间隔的[廖399]dissonance 不和谐[廖416]distant 距离，保持距离[陶]distinctive features 区别成分[廖317]distinctive feature theory 区别成分理论[廖313] distributionalists 分布学派[陈11]distribution universals 分布共性[廖338]divergence 分离[陶]Document Design Project, DDP 文献设计计划[陶]doing 做事[陶]domain 认知领域[廖438]domain of predication 表述界域[吕243]domain of transformations 转换界域[吕243]domain theory 语域理论[陶]dominances 处理中心[廖373]dominant 显性[陈115]double articulation 双重分节[陈113]doublet 词对[廖408]dummy filler 傀儡成分[吕244]durative 持续[陈152]dynamic process 动态过程[陈64]Eearly modern 现代早期[陶]ease of processing 循索的便利[吕244]eclectic 折中调和[陈70]economy principle 简练原则[廖370]effectiveness 有效性[廖374]efficiency 简易性[廖373]efficient 高效性[陈40]elaborated code 复杂语码[陶]elaboration 标准的扩建[陶]elementary sentence 初级句[陈45]ellipsis 省略[廖14 236]ellipsis of arguments and frams 主目和框架的省略[廖237] embed sentence 嵌入句[吕244]embedded construction 嵌套结构[陶]empirical evidence 立论依据[陈16]empty category 空语类[陈17]encode 表现[陈22]end-focus maxim 焦点在尾准则[廖359 370]endocentric 内中心[吕244]endoglossic 本土的[陶]endonym 被包含词[廖408]ends 目标与效果[陶]end-scope maxim 辖域在尾准则[廖370]end-weight maxim 重心在尾准则[廖359 370]entail 包含[廖194]entailment 包含关系[廖404]entity 实体[廖435][陈120]episodic memory 情节记忆[廖376]epistemic modality 知识情态[廖419]equi-NP-deletion 等名消除[吕244]equipollent antonyms 均等词[廖412]ergative-absolutive system 施-受格系统[廖333]ergative case 作格[廖204][陈108]ergativity 作格格局[廖196]ethnicity 民族[陶]ethno- 民族，民俗[陶]ethnographical 人群学的[廖235]ethnography of communication 交际民族志学[陶] ethnography of speaking 言语民族志学；交际人种志学[陶] ethnomethodological 民族学的[廖235]ethnomethodology 民俗方法论[陶]European Community 欧洲共同体[陶]evaluated participation, EP 参与估价[陶]evaluation 评价体[廖124] 评价[陶]evaluatives 评价[廖423]event 事件[廖236]evidence 验证[吕244]evoked 激发的[廖399 402]exchange 交换[廖236]excluded 排斥的[廖404]exemplar 样本[廖435]existential sentence 存在句,呈现句[吕244]exocentric 外中心[吕244]exoglossic 外来的[陶]exonym 包含词[廖408]expansion rule 扩展规则[吕244]expected 预期的[廖404]experiencer 感受者[廖332]expert category 专业范畴[廖437]explicit 明确[陈37]expository 说明,说明体[124 236]exposition 说明体[廖124]expression form 表达形式[陈9]expression substance 表达实体[陈9]expressive discourse 抒情体[廖124]expressive function 表情功能[廖313]expressity principle 表达力原则[廖370]extended performative hypothesis 扩展表述句式假说[廖361] extraposition 外位[吕244]Ffactive 叙实[吕244]factivity 实事性[吕244]falsification 证伪[陈26]family resemblance 家庭成员相似性[廖434]family resemblance category 家庭成员相似范畴[廖439] family tree theory 家族树理论[陈5]feature 特征[廖449]feature norm 特征规范[陈106]feedback 反馈[陶]field 场域[陈79] 范围[陶]figure 人物[廖161]finished product 成品[陈86]finite-state grammar 有限状态语法[陈49]first pair part 上联[陶]flagged 插旗式，标记性[陶]flectional 融合性[廖331]Flemish 荷兰语的佛来米语[陶]focus 焦点[廖332][陈65]focus of information 信息焦点[陈235]focusing rules 聚焦规则[吕244]folk category 通俗范畴[廖437]folk taxonomy 民俗分类结构[廖409]force 动力,用意[廖332 357 360]foregrounding 突出[吕244]Foreign Service Institute美国外交学院[陶]foreigner talk 外国人腔[陶]formalism 形式主义[廖452]formalist 形式主义学派[陈14]formalist functionalism 形式功能主义[廖357]formal universals 形式共性[廖327]formation rules 成形规则[吕244]formulaic 套语性[陈112]forms of communication 交际形式[陶]forms of speech 言语形式[陶]fossilize 僵化[陶]frame 框架[廖400 438 451][陈82] 交际框架[陶]framing 框架[陶]frequency adverb 频次副词[吕245]fronting 前化[陈6]fronting rules 移前规则[吕245]full turn 正式的话轮[陶]function assignment 功能分配[陈96]function of communication 交际功能[陶]functional coherence 功能连贯[廖236][陈83]functional communicative activities 功能性交流活动[陶] functionalism 功能主义[廖452]functionalist 功能主义学派[陈14]functional sentence perspective 功能的句子透视[廖374][陈56] function yield 功能值[廖313]functor-content hierarchy 虚-实词等级[廖338]future 将来时[陈173]Ggapping 缺略[吕245]gender 性[吕245]general 普遍性[陈40]general linguistics 普通语言学[廖274 320]general linguistic theory 普通/遍语言理论[廖275]general pragmatis 普通语用法[廖365]Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar 普遍短语结构语法[陈14] generate 概括,定义,规范[廖314 322] 生成[吕245]generation difference 代差[陶]generative grammar 生成语法[廖322]generative phonology 生成音系学[廖318]generative sementics 生成语义学[廖345][陈19 59]generative syntax 生成句法学[廖318]genres 言语体裁[陶]generic 通指[陈119 167]generic level 属层[廖409]generosity maxim 宽宏的准则[廖369]genetic 起源性[陈116]genetic linguistics 谱系语言学[陈109]gerund formation 动名词形成[吕245] gerundivization 动名词化[吕245]given information 已知信息[陈78 187 234] global coherence 总体连贯[陈83]globally 总的[廖359]glossematics 语符学[廖316 322]glosseme 语符[陈9]goal 对象[吕245]Government and Binding 支配与约束理论[陈14] grade-terms 渐变词/成分[廖411][陈162] gradualism 均变说[陶]grammar 语法[廖357 371]grammaticality 合乎语法[廖314] grammaticality judgement 语法判别能力[陶] grammaticalization 语法化[陈23] grammaticalness 合语法性[吕245]Great Vowel Shift 元音大换位[陶]HHausa 豪萨语[陶]head 中心语[陈45]hearsay 听说[廖421]heavier element principle 大块头原则[吕245] hedge 模棱话[陶]hedges 边界词[廖437]heterogeneity 复杂性或异质性[陶] heterogeneous 异质的[陈152]hierarchical structure 层次构造/结构[陈28 39] hierarchy 等级结构[廖328 408]hierarchy of accessibility to relativization关系子句化的可即度等级[廖343]hierarchy of individuation 个体化等级[廖348] hierarchy of saliency 显著性等级[廖348]high key 高音[廖441]high variety 高变体[陶]higher mental function 高级智力功能[陶]higher-order predicate 高次位词[陈196]Hindi 印地语[陶]historical linguistics 历史语言学[廖349]holistic typology 整体类型[廖331] homogeneous 均质的[陈152] 同质的[陶] hortatory 规劝/诱导体[廖124 236] hypercorrection 矫枉过正[陶]hypoconverse 下逆反词[廖407]hyponymy 下义关系[廖406]IICAO 国际民航组织[陶]idea unit 思想单位[陈102]ideal speaker 理想的说话人[廖308]ideational 表义部分[廖358] 意念成分[陈78] ideational function 表义功能[廖364]identical deletion 承前删除[廖14]identifiable 定指[陈119]identifying function 鉴别功能[吕246]idiolect 个人语言[陈26]idiomaticity 惯用性质[陈111]ill-formed 非完美形式[陈48] 不协调[吕246] illocutions 行事作用[陈96]immediate constituents 直接成分[陈36] imperative sentence 命令句[吕246] imperfective 不完全态[陈177] 未完成态[吕246] Implementation 标准的实施[陶]implicate 蕴含[陶]implicational hierarchy 蕴含层级[廖433]implicational universals 蕴含共性[廖327 328][陈108] implicature 会话蕴含,含义,蕴含义[廖195 365 395][陈65] improbability 不可能[廖416]inappropriateness 不合适[廖408]inceptive 始事态[吕246]inclusive 包容性[陈40]incompatibility 排斥关系[廖407]incongruence 不调合[廖408]incongruent非一致性[陶]incoroporating 聚合型[廖331]incrementation 增长[吕246]indefinite-agent-deletion 无定施事消除[吕246] indefinite article 无定冠词[吕246]indefinite-NP-deletion 无定名词短语消除[吕246]in-depth 深探式[陈27]index 指标[陶]index of fusion 融合度[廖331]index of status characteristics, ISC地位特征指数[陶] index of synthesis 合成度[廖331]indexical information 特征信息[陶]indexical meaning 检索意义[陶]indexicality of sign 符号的引得属性[陶]indicative 直陈语气[吕246]indicator 指示项[陶]indirect converse 间接逆反词[廖413]indirect illocutions 间接表达式[廖361]indirect speech 间接句[廖360]indirect speech act 间接讲话行为[廖361]individual 单指[陈119] 个体[陈128]inference 推论[廖395]inferrable 可推导的[廖399]inflected 曲折型[陈107]inflection 构形变化[吕246]inflectional morphology 构形形态[吕246] information structure 信息结构[陈66] information theory 信息论[陶]information unit 信息单位[陈66 78] informativity 信息度[廖373]inherent 固有的[陶]inner city 内城[陶]innateness 天赋论[廖328]insertion rules 插入规则[吕246]instantiate 例示[廖435]instrumental adverb 工具副词[吕246] instrumentalities 交际工具[陶]instantiation 体现[陈77]intellectual revolution 知识革命[陶] intelligibility 可懂度[陶]intensifier 强度副词[吕246]intensional verb 愿望副词[吕246]intention 意图[吕246]intentionality 有目的性[廖373]interaction 相互影响[廖236] 交流，互动[陶] interactional 相互作用的[廖394] 交流大纲[陶] interactive 互动关系[廖412]interest principle 有趣原则[廖369] interjection 叹词[吕246]interlanguage 中介语[陶]interlinguistics 语际语言学[陈96] intermediate 中等[陶]interpersonal 人际成分[陈78]interpersonal rhetoric 人际修辞[廖358 363] inter-personal variation 个人之间的变异[陶] interpretive semanticists 解释语义学派[陈19] interr。
语言学教程术语索引
语言学术语〔英-汉对照〕表Glossary and IndexAabbreviation缩写词，略语3.3.1Abercrombie 10.3.2ablative 夺格，离格4.1.1abstractness 抽象性1.3.2accent 重音〔符〕2.4.4；2.4.5accuracy正确性11.6.4accusative 宾格4.1.1achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3acoustic phonetics 声学语音学1.7.1；2.1 acquisition 习得6.1.2acronym 缩略语3.3.1action process 动作过程12.2.3actor 动作者4.4.2；12.2.3addition 添加3.3.2address form称呼形式7.2.3addressee 受话人1.4；9.4.1addresser 发话人1.4；9.4.1adjective 形容词3.1.2；4.1.1；5.5.2adjunct 修饰成分；附加语12.2.3adverb 副词3.1.2affix 词缀3.2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃4.3.1affixation词缀附加法7.1.4affricate 塞擦音2.4.3；2.4.5；2.9.1agreement 一致关系4.1.3airstream 气流2alliteration 头韵9.3.2；9.3.6allomorph 词/语素变体3.2.4；4.3.1allophone 音位变体2.8allophonic variation 音位变体2.8.3allophony音位变表达象2.8.3alveolar ridge 齿龈2.2alveolar 齿龈音2.4.4；2.4.5ambiguity 歧义4.2.2；4.3.1；6.2.3；8.2.2；8.3.2 ambiguous歧义的5.5.2；6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学12.3 American English 美式英语10.3.5American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言12.3 American structuralism 美国构造主义10.3.2；12.3 analogical creation 类推造字3.3.1anapest 抑抑扬格9.3.3anaphor 前指替代4.3.3anaphoric reference 前指照应4.3.2Anderson 6.3.1Animal munication system 动物交际系统1.2；1.3 animate 有生命的4.2.1annotation 注解10.3.4；10.3.5antecedent 先行词；前在词4.3.2 anthropological 人类学的12.3.1 anthropological linguistics 人类语言学1.8.3；7.1.1 anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音2.6.1 antonomasia 换称；代类名7.1.4antonym 反义词5.4antonymy 反义(关系) 5.3.2appellative 称谓性4.4.2applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学7.2.4 appropriacy 适宜性11.6.4appropriateness 适宜性；得体性11.2.5 approximant 无摩擦延续音2.4.3；2.4.5Apte 7；7.2.1aptitude test 素质测试11.6.2Arabic 阿拉伯语3.3.1；4.4.1arbitrariness 任意性1.3.1；12argument 中项；中词；主目4.3.3；5.5.2article 冠词3.1.2；4.1.1；4.2.1articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官2.4.2；2.4.3articulatory phonetics 发音语音学1.7.1；2.1 artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体4.1.2aspirated 吐气；送气2.6.2；2.8.2 assimilation 同化2.9.1；3.2.4；3.3.2；6.2.4 associative 联想4.2.1associative meaning 联想意义5.3assonance 准压韵；半谐音9.3.2；9.3.6 Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive属性；修饰语；定语4.2.2；12.2.3 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学1.7.1；2.1 Austin, John Langshaw 8.1；8.1.2authentic input 真实投入11.4.2authorial style 权威风格9.4.3authoring program 编程10.1.3autonomy 自主性1.8auxiliary 助词3.1.2；12.4.3auxiliary verb 助动词3.1.2；12.2.3Bbabbling stage婴儿语阶段12.4.1back-formation 逆构词法3.3.1Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-Hillel 10.2.1Barnhart & Barnhart 7.1.4base ponent 根底局部4.3.2；12.4。
语言学术语表
语言学术语表语言学术语表语言学术语表是一个收录了语言学领域中常用术语及其解释的资源。
它旨在帮助学习语言学的人更好地理解和运用这些术语。
以下是一些常见的语言学术语及其解释：1. 语音学：研究语音及其在语言中的功能和规律的学科。
研究的内容包括音位、音素、音节、音系等。
2. 语法学：研究语言的结构和规则的学科。
研究的内容包括句法、词法、语义等。
3. 语义学：研究语言的意义和符号的学科。
研究的内容包括词义、句义、逻辑等。
4. 语用学：研究语言使用的学科。
研究的内容包括言语行为、会话分析、言外之意等。
5. 语言变体：指同一语言在不同地区、社会群体或语言社群中具有的差异。
这些差异可能涉及发音、词汇、语法等方面。
6. 语言接触：指两种或多种不同语言之间的相互影响。
这种影响可能产生语言借用、语言迁移等现象。
7. 语言演化：指语言随着时间的推移而发生变化的过程。
语言演化可能包括语音演化、语法演化、词汇演化等方面。
8. 语言习得：指个体从婴儿期开始学习一种或多种语言的过程。
语言习得可能包括语音习得、词汇习得、语法习得等方面。
9. 语言教学：指通过各种教学方法和技术帮助学习者习得一种或多种语言的过程。
语言教学可能包括听说读写、文化交流等方面。
除了上述术语之外，语言学术语表还可以包括更多的专业术语，如音韵学、文字学、翻译学、语料库等。
这些术语的解释可以帮助读者更好地理解语言学的相关概念和理论。
语言学术语表的创建旨在方便学习语言学的人查阅和学习相关术语。
通过对术语的解释和说明，读者可以更全面地了解语言学的知识和研究领域。
此外，语言学术语表还可以促进语言学研究者之间的交流和合作，提供一个共享和讨论语言学术语的平台。
常见语言学术语大全
常见语言学术语大全本文档旨在提供对常见语言学术术语的全面概述，以帮助读者更好地理解语言学领域的相关内容。
1. 语言学基础- 语言学：研究人类语言的科学领域。
语言学：研究人类语言的科学领域。
- 语音学：研究语言中声音的产生、传播和接收的学科。
语音学：研究语言中声音的产生、传播和接收的学科。
- 语法学：研究语言中句子和词的结构和组织规则的学科。
语法学：研究语言中句子和词的结构和组织规则的学科。
- 语义学：研究语言中词义和句义的学科。
语义学：研究语言中词义和句义的学科。
- 语用学：研究语言在特定上下文中的使用和理解的学科。
语用学：研究语言在特定上下文中的使用和理解的学科。
- 词汇学：研究词汇及其形成、使用和组织的学科。
词汇学：研究词汇及其形成、使用和组织的学科。
- 文字学：研究文字和书写系统的学科。
文字学：研究文字和书写系统的学科。
2. 语音学术语- 音素：语言中的最小语音单位。
音素：语言中的最小语音单位。
- 音位：在特定语言中有区别意义的音素。
音位：在特定语言中有区别意义的音素。
- 音节：由一个或多个音素组成的发音单位。
音节：由一个或多个音素组成的发音单位。
- 语调：声音的音高和音量的变化模式，用于传达陈述、疑问、感叹等语气。
语调：声音的音高和音量的变化模式，用于传达陈述、疑问、感叹等语气。
- 重音：在一个词中或一个句子中某个音节的发音强调。
重音：在一个词中或一个句子中某个音节的发音强调。
3. 语法学术语- 句子：由一个或多个词组成的完整语言表达。
句子：由一个或多个词组成的完整语言表达。
- 主语：动作的执行者或者状态的拥有者。
主语：动作的执行者或者状态的拥有者。
- 谓语：陈述主语的动作或状态。
谓语：陈述主语的动作或状态。
- 宾语：动作的承受者或者状态的受事者。
宾语：动作的承受者或者状态的受事者。
- 定语：修饰名词或代词的词或词组。
定语：修饰名词或代词的词或词组。
- 状语：修饰动词、形容词或者副词的词或词组。
【最新】语言学术语
【最新】语言学术语absolute universals 绝对共性[廖328] absolute case 通格[廖204]abstract construct 抽象结构[廖235]accessibility hierachy 辨认度[廖27]acceptability 可接受性[廖373]accommodation 让步，适应[陶]accompaniment adverb 交与副词[吕239]accomplishment 结束[陈147 159]accusative 受事格[廖346]accusative object 受事宾语[吕240]achievement 成就[陈147]act 行为[廖236]act sequence 信息内容与形式[陶]actional predicate 动作谓语[吕240]activated 被激发的[廖396 402]active 主动格[陈108]activity 活动[陈147 157]actual 实际[廖375]adequacy 切应性[陈51]adjacency 邻接关系[吕240]adjacency pairs 语对[陶]adjective 形容词[吕240]adjunct string 附加语符列[陈45]adjuncts 修饰语[廖27]adjusment model 调整模式[陈41]adposition 介词[吕240]advanced 高等[陶]adverb 副词[吕240]adverb-fronting 副词前移[吕240]adverb-loalay 集市马来话[陶]begging 乞求[陶]behavioral norm 行为规范[陈106]Berber 柏柏尔语[陶]beyond sentence grammar 超句语法[廖234] bi-cultural 双文化[陶] bidialectalism 双方言[陶]bilingual 说双语的人[陶]bilingualism 双语[陶]biunique 一一对应[陈11]bounded 有界的[陈168]boundedness 封闭性[廖438]bracketing 加括[吕241]brand neorphology句法学 synta_语义学 semantics语用学 pragmatics4. 现代结构主义语言学创始人:Ferdinand de saussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一:语言与言语language and parole ,语言之语言系统的整体,言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5. 语法创始人:Noam Chomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competence and performance1. ents can be used to describe displacement. one ofthe unique properties of language:a. e thing.c. ething not presentd. portant function of language?a. interpersonalb. phaticc. informatived.metallingual3.The function of the sentence ;A nice day, isn__39;t it ?;is __a informativeb. phaticc. directive_语言学术语。
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语言学教程术语第一章语言学导论phonology音系学grammar语法学morphology形态学syntax句法学lexicology词汇学general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistics历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学anthropology人类学stylistics文体学signifier能指signified所指morphs形素morphotactics 语素结构学/形态配列学syntactic categories句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列sub-structure低层结构super-structure上层结构open syllable开音节closed syllable闭音节checked syllable成阻音节rank 等级level层次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论sing-song theory唱歌说yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说pooh-pooh theory感叹说ta-ta theory模仿说animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说Prague school布拉格学派Bilateral opposition 双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition 孤立对立Private opposition表缺对立Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-functional grammar系统功能语法Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词Presupposition预设Speech acts言语行为Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言Applied linguistics应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学第二章语音trachea/windpipe气管tip舌尖blade舌叶/舌面front舌前部center舌中部top舌顶back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals喉音laryngealization喉化音vocal cords 声带vocal tract声腔initiator启动部分pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流机制glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流机制velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机制Adam’s apple喉结Voiceless sound清音Voiceless consonant请辅音Voiced sound浊音Voiced consonant浊辅音Glottal stop喉塞音Breath state呼吸状态Voice state带音状态Whisper state耳语状态Closed state封闭状态Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼气音Glottalised stop喉塞音Impossive内爆破音Click/ingressive吸气音Segmental phonology音段音系学Segmental phonemes音段音位Suprasegmental超音段Non-segmental非音段Plurisegmental复音段Synthetic language综合型语言Diacritic mark附加符号Broad transcription宽式标音Narrow transcription窄式标音Orthoepy正音法Orthography正字法Etymology词源Active articulator 积极发音器官Movable speech organ能动发音器官Passive articulator消极发音器官Immovable speech organ不能动发音器官Lateral边音Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音Resonant共鸣音Central approximant中央无摩擦延续音Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音Unilateral consonant单边辅音Bilateral consonant双边辅音Non-lateral非边音Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音rolled consonant滚辅音Labal-velar唇化软腭音Interdental齿间音Post-dental后齿音Apico-alveolar舌尖齿龈音Dorso-alveolar舌背齿龈音Palato-alveolar后齿龈音Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音Dorso-palatal舌背腭音Pre-palatal前腭音Post-palatal后腭音Velarization软腭音化Voicing浊音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel纯元音Diphthong二合元音Triphthong三合元音Diphthongization二合元音化Monophthongization单元音化Centring diphthong央二合元音Closing diphthong闭二合元音Narrow diphthong窄二合元音Wide diphthong宽二合元音Phonetic similarity语音相似性Free variant自由变体Free variation自由变异Contiguous assimilation临近同化Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化Regressive assimilation逆同化Anticipatory assimilation先行同化Progressive assimilation顺同化Reciprocal assimilation互相同化Coalescent assimilation融合同化Partial assimilation部分同化Epenthesis 插音Primary stress主重音Secondary stress次重音Weak stress弱重音Stress group重音群Sentence stress句子重音Contrastive stress对比重音Lexical stress词汇重音Word stress词重音Lexical tone词汇声调Nuclear tone核心声调Tonetics声调学Intonation contour语调升降曲线Tone units声调单Intonology语调学Multilevel phonology多层次音系学Monosyllabic word 多音节词Polysyllabic word单音节次Maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则第三章词汇liaison连音contracted form缩写形式frequency count词频统计a unit of vocabulary词汇单位a lexical item词条a lexeme词位hierarchy层次性lexicogrammar词汇语法morpheme语素nonomorphemic words单语素词polymorphemic words多语素词relative uninterruptibility相对连续性a minimum free form最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words可变词invariable words不变词paradigm聚合体grammatical words(function words)语法词/功能词lexical words(content words)词汇词/实义词closed-class words封闭类词opened-class words开放类词word class词类particles小品词pro-form代词形式pro-adjective(so)代形容词pro-verb(do/did)代副词pro-adverb(so)代动词pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词determiners限定词predeterminers前置限定词central determiners中置限定词post determiners后置限定词ordinal number序数词cardinal number基数morpheme词素morphology形态学free morpheme自由词素bound morpheme黏着词素root词根affix词缀stem词干root morpheme词根语素prefix前缀infix中缀suffix后缀bound root morpheme 黏着词根词素inflectional affix屈折词缀derivational affix派生词缀inflectional morphemes屈折语素derivational morphemes派生语素word-formation构词compound复合词endocentric compound向心复合词exocentric compound离心复合词nominal endocentric compound名词性向心复合词adjective endocentric compound形容词性向心复合词verbal compound动词性复合词synthetic compound综合性复合词derivation派生词morpheme语素phoneme音位morphonology形态语音学morphophomemics形态音位学morphemic structure语素结构phonological structure音素结构monosyllabic单音节polysyllabic多音节phonological conditioned音位的限制morphological conditioned形态的限制coinage/invention新创词语blending混成法abbreviation缩写法acronym首字母缩写法back-formation逆序造次/逆构词法analogical creation类比构词法borrowing借词法loanword借词loanblend混合借词loanshift 转移借词loan translation翻译借词loss脱落addition添加metathesis换位assimilation同化contact assimilation接触性同化contiguous assimilation临近性同化theory of least effort省力理论non- contiguous assimilation非临近性同化distant assimilation远距离同化morpho-syntactic change形态-句法变化morphological change形态变化syntactical change句法变化finite element有定成分semantic change语义变化multisemous多种意义broadening 词义扩大narrowing词义缩小meaning shift词义转移class shift词性变换folk etymology俗词源orthographic change拼写的变化conversion变换/变码domain范围/领域meaning shift意义转移split infinitives分裂不定式(She was told to regularly classes)calque仿造词语clipping截断法metanalysis再分化finiteness定式proximate(this)近指代词obviative(that)远指代词non-productivity/unproductive非多产性semiotics符号学paradigmatic relations聚合关系associative relations联想关系syntagmatic relations组合关系sequential relations序列关系logogram语标register语域passive vocabulary消极词汇lexis/vocabulary词汇表第四章句法number数gender性case格nominative主格vocative呼格accusative宾格genitive属格dative 与格ablative离格tense 时aspect体perfective完成体imperfective未完成concord/agreement 一致关系/协同关系government支配关系the governor支配者the governed被支配者signified 能指signifier所systematic relationship组合关系paradigmatic relationship聚合关系associative relationship联想关系animate noun有生名词the two axes两根坐标坐标轴immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure线性结构hierarchical structure层级结构construction结构体constituent成分substitutability替换性labeled tree diagram标签树形图endocentric/headed construction向心结构/中心结构exocentric construction离心结构subordinate construction主从结构coordinate construction并列结构recapitulation再现the declarative陈述句the interrogative疑问句dative movement与格移位morph-phonemic rule形态音位规则constituent morphemes成分规则affix hopping词缀越位nominalization名物化object-deletion宾语删除subject-deletion主语删除categories语类lexicon词库temporal subject表时间的主语syntactic limitation句法限制standard theory标准理论trace theory语迹理论the same index带同标志government管辖binding约束a rule system规则系统a principle system原则系统constituent command(C-command for short)成分统制plain English普通英语anaphor照应语pronominal指代语r-expression_r(referential-expression_r)指称语INFL(inflection)形态变化reciprocals(each other)相互代词accessible subject可及主语local domain局部语域binding domain约束语域logophoricity主人公视角CS(computational system)计算系统Merger合并move移动theme主位rheme述位empty subject空主语objective order客观顺序subjective order主观顺序actual sentence division实义句子切分法functional sentence perspective功能句子观communicative dynamism (CD)交际动力bipartition二分法tripartite classification三分法representative function表达功能expressive function表情功能appellative/vocative function称呼功能conative function意欲功能poetic function诗学功能ideational function概念功能interpersonal function人际功能textual function语篇功能transitivity及物性actor动作者mood system语气系统the finite verbal operator限定部分residue剩余部分indicative直陈语气imperative祈使语气mental-process(a process of sensing)心理过程（感觉过程）relational process(a process of being)关系过程（属性过程）verbal process(a process of saying)言语过程（讲话过程）existential process生存过程empiricism经验主义（洛克，白板说）rationalism 理性主义（笛卡尔）mentalism心灵主义new empiricism新经验主义(Bloomfield)priori先天综合判断（康德Kant）Cartesian linguistics笛卡尔语言学派Syntactic structure (SS)早期转换句法时期Standard theory (ST)标准理论时期Extended Standard theory (EST)扩展的标准理论Revised Standard theory(REST)扩展的休正标准理论The theory of government and binding (GB theory)管辖和约束理论时期（管约论）Minimalist program (MP)最简方案时期Structural description结构描写式Performance system应用系统Modular theory模块理论Spell-out拼写Language faculty语言机制/官能Mental organ心智器官Knowledge of language 语言知识Meaning potential 意义潜势Context culture 文化语境Field语场Tenor语旨Mode语式pivot words轴心词mental construct心理构念theoretical cognitive psychology理论认知心理学psychological faculty心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow语法自主(arbitrariness任意性,systemacity系统性, self-containedness自足性)typological functionalism类型学功能主义extreme functionalism极端的功能主义external functionalism外部功能主义integrative functionalism一体化功能注主义exceptional case marking例外格标记specifier标定成分fall-category maximal projection全语类的最大投射two-segment category两节语类complement domain补足语区域minimal domain最小区域internal domain内部区域checking domain检验区域sisterhood姐妹关系minimizing chain link最小语链联结representational system表达系统strict cyclic principle严格的层级条件structure-preserving principle结构保存原则C-commanding condition成分统领条件articulatory-perceptual system发音-听音系统conceptual-intentional system概念-意旨系统interface conditions中介条件full-interpretation完全解释原则procrastination逻辑形式操作优先原则greed句法操作自利原则the shortest linkage principle最短联接原则the shortest movement principle最短移位原则primary complement/modifier(referential NP)一级补语位/修饰语位(定指名词短语)secondary complement(non- referential NP) 二级补语位(非定指名词短语)empty category principle空范畴原则aspect checking特征验证aspect feature基本体貌特征ASPP is functional projection .ASPP 是功能投射.crossing branch交叉分支across the board extraction抽取跨界移动principles-and-parameters framework原则与参数语法head parameter 中心语参数logical form(LF)逻辑形式phonetic form(PF)语音形式phonological component音韵部分overt component显性部分covert component隐性部分core computation核心运算asymmetric c-command不对称成分统制linear correspondence axiom线形对应定理adjunction 加接determiner限定词concatenate联结linearization线性化functional parameterization hypothesis功能参数设定假设right-branching右向分支X’(V,N,A,P)词项X’’=XP=Xmax是X 的二阶投射结构Y’’=指示语specifier Z’’=补述语complement IP=屈折短语inflection phraseXP=general phrase structureCHL人类语言的运算系统=computational system for human languageLCA线性对应定理=linear correspondence axiom Xmin=X0=最小投射。