研究生英语读写译教程(上)教材答案
研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)__课文翻译与课后题解答
Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人,那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈,而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时,这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题.[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目,涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功.与此相反,悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败,并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关.位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说："如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考,那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗."[ 3 ]"你的能力固然重要,"匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说,"但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功,"在某种程度上,这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望.[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例.宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察.他们发现,存工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额.机新雇用的推销员中,乐观主义者则多销了20％.[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人.这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％.[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说,乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的"解释方式".出了问题之后,悲观主义者倾向于自责.他说："我不善于做这种事,我总是失败."乐观主义者则寻找漏洞,他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人.他认为,是那个客户当时情绪不好.当一切顺利时,乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸. [ 7 ] 克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话,请他们为红十字会献血¨.当他们的第、二个电话末能得到对方同意时,悲观者说："我干不了这事."乐观主义者则对自己说："我需要试试另种方法."[ 8 ] 无论是消极还是积极,都是一种自我实现的预言.安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望,他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能."[ 9 ] 据安德森看来,有无控制感是成功的试金石.乐观主义者能够掌握自己的命运.如果事情不顺利,他立刻做出反应,寻找解决办法,制定新的行动计划,并且主动寻求指点.悲观者刚感到自己只能由命运摆布,行动拖拉.既然认为毫无办法．他便不去寻求指点．[10 ] 乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己——有时正是这点使他们充满生机.匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究.对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说,两次发病间隔的时间比较长,而这是生存下去的最好预兆.在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中,利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早. [11] 乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈,却有可能预防疚病.在一项长期研究中,研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史.所有这些人部是班上的好学生,并且健康状况良好.他们之中有的是积极思考者,有的是消极思考者.20年后,悲观者中患有中年常见病一高血压、糖尿病、心脏病一的人数要比乐观者多.[ 12 ] 许多研究显示,悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系,即免疫系统.密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己.他消极被动,不会避开生活中的打击,无沦做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临.他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品,逃避体育锻炼,不听医生的劝告,还总是要再贪一杯.[ 13 ] 在多数人身上,乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之,但总是更倾向于其中之一.塞利格曼说,这是一种所谓早在"母亲膝下"就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,积极的或消极的话语.过多的"不许"及危险警告会使一个孩了感到无能、恐惧,以及悲观.[ 14 ] 随着年龄的增长,儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感,如学会系鞋带等.家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感,从而培养出乐观主义. [ 15 ] 悲观是一种很难克服的习惯,但并非不能克服.在一系列具有重大突破的研究中,伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作.她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从"我准是很笨"变成"我学习还不够努力"——他们的学习成绩也随之提高了.[16 ] 匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命.在一次试验性研究中,两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗,但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助.试验结果表明这一作法有一定的效果.现在正计划实施一项重大研究,以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展.[17] 因此,如果你是个悲观主义者,你完全有理由乐观起来.你能改变自己.以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法：[18]一、当坏事发生时,仔细留意自己的想法,把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改.[19] 二、然后,来做一个试验.做一件同任何消极反应相反的事.比如说,你工作XX了问题.你是这么想的吗：我讨厌我的工作,可我再也不会找到比这更好的工作了?这时你应该采取行动,就像完全不是这么回事一样：向外发寄个人简历、去参加面试、看看有没有培训项目并寻找工作门路.[20]三、继续关注事情的发展.你最初的想法是对还是错?霍朗说："如果你的想法使你裹足不前,那就改变这些想法.这是一种试错法,不能确保成功,但应给你自己一个机会."[21]积极的思维导致积极的行动以及积极的反应.如证据所表明的,你对世界抱有什么样的希望,你就很可能得到什么样的结果.4] They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers.划线部分为主谓倒装句,是比较句型常见形式.本句译文：他们发现,在工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考者比消极思考者要多推37％的保险额.参见课文第五段第二句.[5] Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. Impressed在此为过去分词作状语,其逻辑主语为the company.本句译文：公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人.[7] When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, "I can't do this."从句中they指代主句主语pessimists,划线部分意为："When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood."本句译文：当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时,悲观者说："我干不了这事."[10] Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that's what keeps them alive.划线部分意为："overestimate themselves; regard themselves as better than they really are".本句译文：乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己－－有时正是这一点使他们充满活力.[13] It is a pattern of thinking learned "at your mother's knee",says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions orencouragements, negative statements or positive ones.at one’s mother’s knee 意为"在母亲膝下",在此指孩提时代.grow out of 有"产生于"的意思.划线部分为cautions or encouragements 的同位语.本句译文：塞利格曼说,这是一种早在所谓"母亲膝下"就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,积极或消极的话语.[18] Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored.动词censor本意为"检查并删减",uncensored即"无删减的"；unedited和uncensored在此均为过去分词,作the first thing的非限定性定语.本句译文：把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改.Ⅰ. Comprehension1. A2. B3. B4. D5. D6. C7. B8. B9. A 10. D Ⅱ. VocabularyA.1. C2. B3. D4. A5. C6. A7. A8. B9. D 10. CB.11. D 12. D 13. C 14. A 15.B 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. C 20.C Ⅲ. Cloze1. B2. A3. C4. C5. A6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. BⅣ. Translation <English to Chinese>有没有一种"成功性格",即几乎必然使人取得成就的某些性格特征的结合？如果有的话,这一成功的秘诀究竟是什么？并且,这种性格是否能培养出来？在盖洛普公司中,我们最近集中深入研究了成功现象,探查了1500名杰出人物的态度和性格特征.他们是从《美国名人录》中随机抽取的.被收入《名人录》的主要标准不是财富或社会地位,而是一个人当前在某个领域中的成就.我们的研究确认了一些在成就最显著的人身上总是出现的性格特征,其中最重要的五点是：由生活经验得出的判断力、专业知识、自力更生的精神、总的智力水平以及把事情完成的能力.如果你培养这些性格特征,你就很可能会成功.而且,你甚至可能会发现自己的名字有一天也被收进《名人录》.Ⅴ. Translation <Chinese to English>1.1> What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours.2> You can't justify what you did with what you told him.3> What you did cannot be justified by what you said to him.2.1> Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop?2> Do you think they would not persecute him religiously onaccount of his connection with the Bishop?3> Do you think he could enjoy immunity from religious persecution because he is a friend of the Bishop?3.1> Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs.2> Whether you will have the bad dream again depends on how you respond to the advice of the psychiatrist.3> Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist.4.1> The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way.2> The optimists' positive attitude towards disappointments and failures is the recipe for their success.3> Optimists react to disappointments and failures positively, which is the secret to their success.5.1> The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.2> Pessimists are likely to fail partly because one's perception of oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.3> How one looks at oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy, which is part of the reason why a pessimist usually fails.6.1> In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behavior is less consistent than it is in most adults. A child's changing behavior may show his changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand. The person with strong traits and interests is able to persist in what he is doing. Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his behavior.2> Before young children have a chance to develop their personality, they do not act consistently as most grown-ups. If a child changes his behavior, it may indicate that his interest has changed because of the changed features of his activity. He is always interested in what he is doing at the time. A person with a forceful personality and intense interest is able to pursue to the end what he is doing. Only dramatic changes in the environment can alter the direction and purpose of his behavior.3> Unlike most adults, young children do not behave consistently before their personality traits are fully developed. A child's behavior change may show his changed interest brought about by a different kind of activity. He always concentrates on the activityin which he is engaged. A man of strong character and interest is able to carry to the end whatever he is doing. The direction and purpose of his behavior will not alter unless some drastic situational change takes place.Supplementary ReadingⅠ.1. B2. A3. C4. C5. A6. B7. D8. A9. D 10. DⅡ.1. 如果这些想法意味着黑暗和毁灭,那你就会走进黑暗和被毁灭,因为贬低的话语会摧毁你的信心,而不会鼓励你、支持你.2. 苏的理疗医生在初诊时告诉她,草草记录下她的思想活动,特别是夜里她不能入睡时的思想情况.3. 温森特和他的父亲感情很好,但父亲很溺爱他,灌输他满脑子的烦心事.4. 如果你害怕坐飞机,那么在飞机起飞或降落时,你就聚精会神地观看机场附近的灯光和道路吧.5. 应该养成一个习惯：即记住自己最美好的时刻,也就是记住你想做的那种人.Unit two癌症和化学物质——我们走得太远了吗?玛拉·孔恩[ 1 ] 去年,加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会,开始执行第65号提案,即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案.这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.有些人宣称,新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签.[ 2 ] 原来预计,开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语,但加州大学伯克利分校生物化学系系主任布鲁斯·爱姆兹却打算使会议开得更有生气.[ 3 ] 当爱姆兹走入会议室时,他看上去完全是一个典型的科学家形象：金丝边双光眼镜,皱褶的西服,蓬乱的头发,菜色的面庞,显示出他总是呆在实验室里而很少享受加州的阳光.当某人振振有词地大谈致痛机理时,爱姆兹开始打断他,插进来陈述自己的观点.[ 4 ] "整个世界都充满了致癌物",爱姆兹宣称."啤酒中有十亿分之七百的甲醛和百分之五的乙醇,比水中的任何物质都要危险1 000倍.如果你呼出的气息中有啤酒味,那是否意味着你必须向你周围10英尺以内的所有人发出警告?"[ 5 ] 在大肆宣传最新癌症恐怖的时代里,爱姆兹带来了不同的信息：大多数人造致癌物的含量一般来说都很低.与天然致癌物含量相比其危险微乎其微.[ 6 ] 爱姆兹不是个冒充内行的人.他59岁,是全国最受人尊敬的研究致癌问题的权威之一.他的简历中尽是各种荣誉,包括通用汽车癌症研究基金会颁发的查尔斯·莫特奖<这是痛症研究中最富声誉的嘉奖之一>.他还是国家科学院的院士.甚至他的批评者们也承认,爱姆兹试验是一项突出的成就.这种试验是在实验室里进行的一种简单廉价的操作方法,它有助于检测一种物质是否能引起癌症.[ 7 ] 但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东曲.他对环境保护运动的观点提出不同看法,有些人把这一运动称为20世纪最重要的运动.例如,1987年4月,他和两位同事雷纳·玛格和露易·斯沃斯基·戈尔德,在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇报告,列举了各种各样可能引起癌症的危险.以将近1 000种化学物质作的动物试验所得到的数据表明,每日所消耗的普通花生酱XX治中含有的微量黄曲霉素<花生中天然存在的一种霉菌致癌物>比我们每同从食物中摄取DDT的危险大100倍.一杯硅谷污染最严重的井水比一杯葡萄酒或啤酒致癌的危险要小1 000倍.他并不是建议人们停止消费花生酱、葡萄酒和啤酒.他所说的是,大多数人造致癌物的危险比起日常天然物的致癌危险是微不足道的.现在不清楚它们中有多少有真正的危险.这曲种危险都转移了人们对于诸如烟草之类的巨人危险的注意力.[ 8 ] 爱姆兹的癌症研究是25年前以一袋炸薯条开始的.当时他在马里兰全国健康研究所从事研究工作.在看到袋上列出的成分时,他突然想到还没有人知道每种化学物质对人的基因有什么影响,而要了解这些还没有简易的方法.[ 9 ] 那时,科学家为了测试致癌性,不得不在老鼠身上做耗时费钱的实验室试验.细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致痛物很可能就是引起突变的物质.爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验.爱姆兹试验被公认是一项主要的科学成果.现在在世界上已被广泛应用.[ 10 ] 1974年的一天,当时在伯克利任教的爱姆兹建议一些学生对各种各样家用产品进行检测.使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性.当爱姆兹的测试结果导致对某些化学品实行新的规定和禁令时几乎一夜之间,他就成了环保界的英雄.[ 11 ] 随后10年间,公众对致癌物越来越关注.爱姆兹说"于是我开始意识到有些不对头."同样也被检测为致癌物或致突变物而呈阳性的天然物数量太多了：水果汁,芥菜,芹菜,欧芹等.实际上,爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物,当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时,无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用.[ 12 ] 起初,爱姆兹断定他的试验有问题.他的试验并没有错.他的错误在于他象很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的.他现在要问："为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?"[ 13 ] 支持加州65号提案的运动使爱姆兹确信他有义务向公众解释这一点."当人们说某些先天缺陷是由水中十亿分之一的某物质引起时,我认为那是不负责任的."他说, "那是拿人们的害怕心理开玩笑.你总能在水中找到十亿分之一的某种物质."[ 14 ] 在加州参议院委员会作证时,爱姆兹举出丁一个例子：由于用氯消毒,自来水含有致癌物氯仿大约十亿分之八十三．.咖啡含有两种天然致癌物,每一种都是大约[ 15 ] 有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人.情况却并非如此.他不为化学公司、药品公司、食品公司或法律事务所提供咨询.他没有接受来自商界的任何好处.十亿分之四千,而由于正常的新陈代谢,人血平均含有甲醛十亿分之三干.[ 16 ] 环境保护论者反对爱姆兹的观点.他们说,我们有义务在总量上使人们尽可能少地接触致癌物."不知为什么他认为要进行选择."峰峦俱乐部的卡尔·波普这样说："如果我们不得不在饮用水中的TCE<一种可疑的致癌溶剂>和有关吸烟的公共教育之间进行选择的话,可能他是对的.但是我们不是非去选择不可."[ 17 ] 爱姆兹的回答是, "你不想让每家化学公司从后门倒掉自己的垃圾,但是你生活在现代工业社会的代价就是水里会有十亿分之几的化学物质.你能除去它,但花费巨大.如果你把你所有的时间都花在追查微不足道的东西上,你就会看不到重要的危险."[ 1 ] This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer <carcinogens> or birth defects into water supplies.划线部分为本句基本结构.过去分词短语suspected…defects作chemical的定语,cancer or birth defects是causing的宾语.本句译文：这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.[ 2 ] A day of esoteric science and incomprehensible jargon waspredicted.本句可理解为：Some people predicted that on that day, the discussions would be full of esoteric scientific theories and incomprehensible jargons.本句译文：原来预计,开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语. [ 7 ] But Ames slaughters sacred cows. He's taking on the environmental movement, which some have called the single most important social movement of the 20th century.划线部分为非限定性定语从句,修饰the environmental movement.single常与形容词或副词的最高级连用,表示强调.本句译文：但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东西.他正向环境保护运动的观点进行挑战,有些人把环保运动称为20世纪最重要的运动.[ 9 ]Armed with the knowledge that bacteria are sensitive to substances that cause mutation, and that carcinogens were likely to be mutagens, Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria. Armed with the knowledge为过去分词短语,在此作伴随状语.划线部分是两个由连词that引导的从句,作knowledge的同位语.木句译文：细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致癌物很可能就是引起突变的物质.爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验.[ 10 ]To his surprise, many common hair dyes tested positive, asdid a flame retardant used in children's pajamas.划线部分为倒装句,其主语为a flame retardant, used in children’s pajamas为过去分词例组,在此作定语修饰a flame retardant.did替代谓语动词及其表语tested positive.本句译义：使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性.[11] In fact, about half of all chemicals tested by Ames—both natural and man-made—turned out to be potentially carcinogenic when given in enormous doses to rats and mice.划线部分可看作省略的状语从句,完整从句"when they are given…to rats and mice".本句译文：实际上,爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物,当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时,无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用. [12] His error had been making the common, but naive, assumption that only man-made chemicals could be dangerous. 划线部分为had been的表语,形容词common和naive均修饰assumption.本句译文：他的错误在于他像很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的.[12] "Why assume nature is benign?" he now says.划线部分为省略句,完整句为"Why do we assume nature is benign?".本句译文：他现在要问："为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?" [15] Some people assume Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry, which he is not.划线部分为非限定性定语从句,which的先行词为a stooge for the chemical industry.本句译文：有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人.情况却并非如此.Ⅰ. Comprehension1. B2. A3. D4. D5. C6. D7. A8. C9. B 10. A 11. C Ⅱ. VocabularyA.1. B2. A3. D4. C5. C6. C7. A8. C9. B 10. CB.11. C 12.A 13. A 14. B 15. B16. B 17.B 18. A 19. C 20. AⅢ. Cloze1. B2. A3. D4. B5. D6. C7. A8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. DⅣ. Translation <English to Chinese>不论是在青年时夭折还是在老年时死去,都没有是否虚度了年华来得重要.一个人可能在18年中比另一个在80年中活得更有意义.对于生活,我们认为并不是要去不顾一切地积累大量的他人想像为有价值的经验,而是应该过好每天的时光,就好像它是唯一的一天.我们的意思是要寻找平和感和力量感去对付生活中的失意和痛苦,同时坚持不懈地努力去发现能更加增添并维持生活乐趣和喜悦的方法.Ⅴ. Translation <Chinese to English>1.The politician was armed with many facts and figures.The politician cited numerous facts and figures as his weapon. Innumerable facts and figures are used by the politician as ammunition.2.It struck me that we had really learnt a great deal there.I think we did learn much there.I feel we have indeed learned quite a lot there.3.The conditions of workers now, as compared with what they were ten years ago, have been greatly improved.Compared with 10 years ago, the conditions of the workers have improved much in every aspect.The workers are enjoying much better conditions nowadays than they did 10 years ago.4.According to the law of the People's Republic, parents areobligated to send their children to school.Parents have a legal obligation to send their children to school under the law of the People's Republic.The laws of the People's Republic stipulate that parents send their children to school.5.He erred in making his decision before he confirmed the facts. He erred in that he did not check the facts before he made the decision.His mistake lies in his making the decision without confirming the facts.6.①Scientific research continues to open up previouslyundreamed of possibilities. Fifty years ago, few people could even imagine things like computers, lasers and holography.Today, a host of newly-emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and genetic engineering are opening up all kinds of new paths for technologists. Like it or not, our advancing technology has made us masters of the earth.6.②Scientific research continues to bring about new possibilitieswhich were unimaginable before. Few could have dreamedof such things as computers, lasers, and holography 50 years ago. Nowadays, with the emergence of new technologies including artificial intelligence and genetic engineering, new paths are opened up for technologists. No matter one likes it or not, the advancing technology has enabled us to be the masters on Planet Earth.Supplementary Reading1. T2. F3. Because in the report the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date.4. F5. T6. Because the findings of the study were so unlikely that they expected the results to be negative.7. F 8. T 9. TUnit3鼠与人——"不能解决"的问题S. I. 早川[ 1 ] 密执安大学的N·R·F·麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以以诱导鼠产生"神经官能症"的实验.首先训练鼠由平台边缘跳向两个门中的一个.如果鼠向右跳,右门是碰不开的,那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进了网里；如果鼠向左跳,左门就会打开,鼠就会找到一碟食物.等鼠已很熟悉这一反应时,就改变情况：把食物放在另外一扇门后,这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能向左跳,而要向右跳了.<实验者也可采用其他变化形式,比如用不同的方式标记两个门.> 如果鼠弄不懂新规则,它每次跳时都不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻了.最终它就会放弃,拒绝再跳.到这步,麦耶博士说,"许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再作选择."[ 2 ] 第二步,对鼠施以强大气流或电击,赶它,强迫它做出选择."处于不能解决的难题之中而被迫做出反应的动物",麦耶博士说,"最后总是定局到一个特定的反应上<比如只向左跳>,不顾结果如何它都总是做出这一反应.……这种条件下所做出的反应便固定不变了’.……一旦出现了这种固态,动物也就无法学会应变能力了’."一旦<鼠> 向左跳的反应固定下来时,可以敞开右门,使食物呈现在它眼前.可是鼠被驱赶时却仍旧向左跳,并且每次都愈来愈惶恐不安.实验者继续迫使鼠做出选择时,鼠开始惊厥不安,四下狂奔,弄伤爪了,撞上桌椅,然后浑身剧烈颤抖,直到昏迷不醒.在这种被动状态下,鼠拒绝进食,对一切不感兴趣：你可以把它卷成一团或擒住双腿倒挂空中——无论怎样摆布它,它都无动于衷.这时的鼠已是"神经崩溃"了.[ 3 ] 鼠所面临问题的"不可解决性"导致了它的神经崩溃,而麦耶博士对心理失常的小孩和成人所做的研究报告表明,鼠和人经历的各个阶段XX小异.首先是两者都受训练,在面对某一问题时都习惯地做出某一选择；然后,发现条件已改变而原来的选择并不能产生预期的效果时,两者都大吃一惊：在此,不论出于震惊、焦虑还是受挫,两者都会执著于最初的选择,不管结果,一意孤行；接着,悻悻然拒绝采取行动；而。
研究生英语精读教程(第三版 上)--课文翻译及课后题解答
Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。
[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。
”[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。
他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。
机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20％。
[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。
[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。
出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。
他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。
”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。
他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。
研究生英语精读教程(第三版 上)--课文翻译及课后题解答
Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。
[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。
”[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。
他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。
机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20％。
[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。
[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。
出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。
他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。
”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。
他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。
研究生英语读写教程第一册课后答案
Unit OneText AII. VocabularyA. 1. bear 2. haunt 3. bespeak4. approach5. trivial6. self-assertionB.1. A2. B3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8. C9. D 10. CC．1. is afflicted with2. bearing3. press4. elusive5. abandon themselves to6. trivial7. descend8. at lengthIII. Grammar & StructureA.1.don’t leave; will be; get2.was drowning; dived; rescued3.exploded; climbed4.reached; realized; didn’t know5.will be; opens6.will start; return7.makes; has found8.was raining; played/were playing; was trying; didn’t get on/wasn’t getting on; keptB.1. A2. B3. D4. A5. C6. A7. D8. B9. D 10. AIV. Translation1. Research revealed that the bird was on the brink of extinction. It’s every citizen’s obligation toprotect them.2. I felt approaching footsteps. Someone took my hand and I was caught up and held close in thearms of him.3. She had abandoned herself to grief since she heard the news that her husband was killed in the caraccident. Her sister strived to comfort her but in vain.4. According to laws, no one has the right to impose a private will upon others. As long as you followthe laws, you can do whatever you want.5. He opened the door to his parents’ importunities and descended the st airs slowly. Holding up hishead high, he carried himself like an arrogant knight.Text BKey to ExercisesComprehension & AppreciationA.1. B.2. C.3. A.4. D.5. B.6. A.B.1. 天气晴朗时，总有一位画家带着他的画架待在那儿。
(完整word版)当代研究生英语读写教程答案-上册
1，一, 选择2，This book (contains) all the information you need.3，The government (restricts) the number of foreign cars that could be imported.4，As a teacher you should not show (favor) towards any of your students.5，Traffic is (regulated) by police at every intersection.6，How much do you (charge) for this pair of shoes?7，We can (leave off) now and return to work in the morning.8，That matter can be left (over) until our next morning.9，I learned that he was (on) sick leave from a government office.10，It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had even set eyes (on).10, Each week he tried to set (aside) a few dollars of his salary.11, All this ceremony is just (for show); it doesn’t mean a thing.12 ,Bill is afraid to (show his face) since Tom threatens to beat him up.13, She has been behaving foolishly; I hope you will (bring her to senses).14, The classroom is 30 feet (in length) and 20 feet in breadth.15, I’m leaving this job because I’m tried of being (pushed around).16, After the rain, the orchard seems to have (burst into) blossom overnight.17, The two men stood (glaring at) each other, while the crowd looked on with amusement. 18, When you have any problems in your studies, you can always (look to) John for help. 19, Theodore Roosevelt was a (versatile) man ; he was successful as a statesman, soldier…. 20, The small town has (undergone) many changes during last 10 years.21, The old farmer (survived) his wife, living until 105 years of ages.22, Poor eyesight is a (handicap) to many students.23, The wheat crop will be (decimated) with strong spring rains.24, The various parts of the essays do not adequately (interrelate).25, Hot weather (multiplies) the bacteria in the milk rapidly.26, If something very substantial is not done next month , he cannot (retain) his office. 27, We sent him an invitation but he (declined).28, The lifeguard pulled the (inanimate) body out of the pool.29, If you are to be accepted as a member of the club you must (abide) by its rules.30, (Even if) you dislike ancient monuments, Warrick Castle is worth a visit.31, The cites will to be (deflated) and the population distributed in villages.32, He gave a (distorted) account of what has happened.33, His speech (fermented) trouble among the works.34, The criminal was told he would be (immune) from punishment if he said what……35, If you (strain) the elastic band any more, it will break.36, The Egyptians (inhabit) an area equal to France and Spain combines.37, He is (by no means) considered to be a great explorer.38, It was a long time before scientists could (penetrate) the mystery of the atom.39, inhale (breathe in)40, scent (fragrance)41, beam (smile happily)42, solid (heavy)43, suspicious (unbelieving)44, steady (regular)45, accomplishment (success)46, impressionable (easily noticeable)47, The speaker was a long way (off the track).48, The new government tried to (defuse) the growing discontent of the people.49, The (catch) is how to grow rice in a dry area.50, They were surprised to see the efficiency of the (well-oiled) military machine of ……51, He was (upset) to learn that he had been left out of the basketball team.52, It is fortunate when a young man’s career goals (coincide) with what his parents ……53, If the body is robbed this way for too long, vital organs (break down).54, If your car (conks out) on a turnpike, wait for assistance.55, My pencil is (worn down) to a stump.56, The waterfall has (worn) a hole in the stone.57, Anna did what she could to keep the marriage from (falling apart).58, His wife becomes more and more (preoccupied) with children.59, Artificial light is not to be (compared with) daylight for general use.60, To (retrieve) some data, one has to consult a computer.61, When the car hit the wall, the (impact) broke the windscreen.62, The problem is closely (involved with) the management of pastures.63, If you travel by jet plane, Tokyo and Shanghai are (virtually) neighbors.64, There is no (tangible) evidence that the diplomatic relations will be restored to……65, After 10 years’ efforts, the farmers have (turned) the waste land (into) paddy fields. 66, He traveled with some British doctors who took (short-term) jobs abroad.67, Utter weariness (overtook) me one hour later.68, Farmers will have a bumper harvest, (assuming) that the weather is favorable.69, Stocks may (boom) today, but droop tomorrow.70, The mountain peak is (dominant) on the horizon.二, VocabularyUnit1In the past formerly Include embrace man-made artificialcontrol systematically regulate exactly precisely undesired unwantedirrelevant extraneous having intense feeling passionateaim toward be targeted to not far away at hand be charged for be send forUnit3Containing many detailed parts and thus difficult to understand intricateNearly correct but not exactly approximatelyA sudden shaking of the Earth’s surface earthquakeHaving many different kinds of skills or abilities versatileStanding apart, separate as is to be alone isolatedThe opposite in position; the other way around reverseIn addition to; also as well asDepending on each other; necessary to each other interdependentIncrease in number by giving birth to offspring multiplyEat something in order to stay alive or subsist live onDestroy completely kill offNot in its exact or accurate position out of trueProvide with proper or necessary skills, knowledge etc.quality(not) in any way (not) at allAs a result from a natural impulse or tendency spontaneouslyUnit4The meeting dragged onThe party broke upWe dropped by the club to see if Bill was thereNo matter what we talk about, Jim always drags in politicsBritain has dropped behind Japan as a producer of cheap cotton fabricsGradually his strength failed and he dropped behind in the raceScientists hope to break throughSeveral friends dropped inA big fire broke outIf you hadn’t broken in,The cold winter dragged onWhy must you always drag this subject inPlease drop byThey dragged outThe children seem to have been dragged upSeveral painters in the exhibition have broken withHe tried to cope with the ever-increasing burden of his work, but finally he broke downHe broke offIt is difficult to break awayWell, drop inPrime constantly intervals at arm’s length come off get over yield put into operation challenging resort to swarming with take inUnit5Learn and discover (a fact that was hidden) find outA group of people living together by shared interests, religion, munityChange into something of different form or properties convertHave a clear meaning wake senseA state of very strong feeling, esp.of joy and happiness ecstasyTake the place of replaceto some extent; somewhat more or lessat the lowest estimate or figure at leastnot easily managed; hard to treat, relieve, or cure intractableunderstand; figure out the meaning of make outUnit7Defeat (sb.)or deal successfully with(w difficulty) get the better ofUselessness; useless action or thing futilityMoving or allowing movement in only one direction one-wayTake away the courage or power to act unnervePut back into order so as to be understood unscrambleIn a state of complete disorder and confusion; confused chaoticA state marked by lack of plan, order, or direction haphazardnessAny tricky or concealed problem or drawback catchSmoke or other gases that pollute, combined with fog in an unhealthy or irritating mixture smogA pipelike wooden or metal musical instrument with finger holes fluteCausing gloominess or a lowering of spirit depressingNothing; zero nilMade or done aimlessly, without any plan randomCause great suffering of the mind or body distressAn organization, a habit, custom, etc., which has been in existence for a long time institution(cause to) gather together congregateUnit8A rapid increase in sales, worth, profits, etc.boomThe offspring of two animals or plants of different breeds, varieties, or species hybridA person or group having administrative or supervisory authority in an organization or government executiveProfit or gain, such as from work returnsAside from, except for apart fromNot equal or matched; unique unparalleledAccomplish, cause bring aboutIneffective or useless from the beginning stillbornThe science of planning and directing military operations strategyOccurring after; succeeding subsequentWork out; understand by thinking figure outDelay doing, considering, etc., till a later time leave over三, 完形。
研究生英语读写译教程习题答案
Unit 1Keys to section A: 1. escort 2. obsessively 3. unseemly 4. baffling 5. trudged 6. simultaneously 7. punning 8. prim 9. trivial 10. ambivalenceKeys to section B:1. A. unobtrusive2. C. submissive3. D. grim4. B. misdemeanour5. C. disapprove6. D. prodigious7. C. trivial8. D. pathetic9. A. simultaneous 10. D. harryingKeys to close5. against 7. clash 10. penalty 1.torments 3. expected 9. tough 2.suspension 4. stick6. fit 8. promiseUnit 3II. V ocabulary and StructureA. 1. consensus 2. biodiversity 3. sustainable 4. transition 5. disparities.6. degradation7. stakeholders8. broker.9. ministerial 10. yieldB. 1.B in line with 2.C inception 3. A. unprecedented 4. B. pave the way for 5. B. intensification 6. D. subsistence 7. A embark on 8. B. mobilize 9.A infuse 10.A fully-fledgedIII. Cloze1. finance2. reduce3.improve4. agencies5. sustainable6. regional7. integration8. instruments9. enterprises 10. mobilizeUnit 51. obsolete2. perils3. turbulent4. stupefied5.concoction6. splinter7. nibbled8. erupt9. suffocated 10. infidelityB. Directions: Choose the word or phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.1.C2.D3.A4. B5.A6. B7.C8. C9. B 10. DIII. ClozeDirections: Fill in the blanks in the following passage by selecting suitable words in proper forms from the Word Bank. You may not use any of the words more than once.1. sphere2. realm3. sacrifices4. manifestations5. exquisite6. involved7. exchange8. accomplished9. object 10. misfortuneUnit 6II V ocabulary and StructureA. 1. consumption 2. conflicted 3. assigned 4. sprawling 5. resort6. incentive7. overlooked8. undervalued9. overall 10. identifyB. 1.C 2.D 3.B. 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.DIII Cloze1. dominate2. symbol3. contrast4. populated5. finished6. tie7. connected8. exceeded9. along 10. becauseUnit 11Keys to section A:1. reconciled2. imperative3. paradox4. existence5. inherit6. formidable7. sensitive8. confess9. Incidentally 10. converselyKeys to section B:1. B2.A3. A4.B5. A6. A7. A8.D9.B 10.CIII Cloze1. partially2. linked3. positive4. increase5. impact6. management7. tolerance8. relieve9. builds 10. reactionUnit 13V ocabulary and Structure:1. insinuate2. amplify3. exploit4. detained5. misconstrued6. inherent7. predisposition8. harbor 9, accommodate 10. around the clock 1-10 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. A9. C 10. D Cloze:1. declining2.brought on3. raise4. predecessors5. to5. although 7.determinant 8. flood 9. overtaxed 10. moreoverUnit 15II. V ocabulary and Structure:A. 1. formula 2. otherwise 3. recesses 4. cohesion 5. addiction6. nourish7. dispersed8. convert…into9. hitchhike 10. makes… sense.B. 1.C 2.C 3.D 4.B 5.A 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.A 10.DIII. Cloze1. dispute2. alternative3. searching for4. ethnic5. lifestyle6. on behalf of7. corruption8.opportunity9. vision 10.look forward toTranslationUnit 11.把下面的英语段落翻译成汉语。
研究生英语读写教程第一册课后答案
Unit OneText AII. VocabularyA. 1. bear 2. haunt 3. bespeak4. approach5. trivial6. self-assertionB.1. A2. B3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8. C9. D 10. CC．1. is afflicted with2. bearing3. press4. elusive5. abandon themselves to6. trivial7. descend8. at lengthIII. Grammar & StructureA.1.don’t leave; will be; get2.was drowning; dived; rescued3.exploded; climbed4.reached; realized; didn’t know5.will be; opens6.will start; return7.makes; has found8.was raining; played/were playing; was trying; didn’t get on/wasn’t getting on; keptB.1. A2. B3. D4. A5. C6. A7. D8. B9. D 10. AIV. Translation1. Research revealed that the bird was on the brink of extinction. It’s every citizen’s obligation toprotect them.2. I felt approaching footsteps. Someone took my hand and I was caught up and held close in thearms of him.3. She had abandoned herself to grief since she heard the news that her husband was killed in the caraccident. Her sister strived to comfort her but in vain.4. According to laws, no one has the right to impose a private will upon others. As long as you followthe laws, you can do whatever you want.5. He opened the door to his parents’ importunities and descended the st airs slowly. Holding up hishead high, he carried himself like an arrogant knight.Text BKey to ExercisesComprehension & AppreciationA.1. B.2. C.3. A.4. D.5. B.6. A.B.1. 天气晴朗时，总有一位画家带着他的画架待在那儿。
当代研究生英语读写教程答案(上全)
Unit 1Unit 2Unit 3Unit 4Unit 5Uint 6洛城邂逅混凝土、烟雾及晨色将好莱坞高速公路立交桥下的奥尔瓦多街笼罩在特有的灰色之中，车辆堵塞在路上，几乎一动不动。
杰克无精打采地坐在车里，对此并不真的在乎，因为他知道，如果试图往左转，开到高速路入口，情况可能会糟糕得多。
好在他不用每天这样，如果有人问他，他会肯定地说，以后也决不这样。
稳定的工作有其优点，他不否认考虑过这件事。
他需要一台调频收音机，安装在一辆比他现在开的这辆58款别克更好的车上。
好一点的车有天鹅绒内饰，有为洛城的夏天而设计的电控装置，为冬天开往海滩而设计的精美电热器和除霜器，还有为长途旅行设计的导航控制器，当然车的前后都有声音优美的喇叭，窗户一摁就能关好，将外面高速公路上恼人的噪音隔绝。
实际上，他可能不得不改变整个生活方式。
富有异国情调的古龙香水、长毛绒服装、光线暗淡的夜总会、代基里酒、身穿丝绸长礼服、佩戴项链的女子，她们如同特奎拉酒广告里的女子一样，朦朦胧胧而又富有魅力。
只要让他的想像驰骋，杰克会想像出许多可能的东西。
杰克正想入非非时，瞥见绿灯亮了，他只顾开动汽车，盯了一眼那些有固定工作的人，以示再见。
当他扭过头来，面对前方时，已经晚了一秒钟。
他猛地一下踩住刹车，调转方向，以避免撞上前面那辆车上小小的刹车红灯，但还是砰然一声撞上了。
如果他动作再快一秒钟，也许只会离这辆车很近，不会撞上。
而如果再晚一秒钟，他的车就会爬上这辆丰田车的行李箱。
实际上，他好像没有把前面的车撞坏，而后面的车撞上了他车后部的保险杠，那一撞却严重多了。
杰克想开过这辆丰田车，但又怕前面的车挡路。
当他在几辆车前的路边停下来时，又突然觉得这些车反而有助于他逃走。
他使劲关了两次车门，一方面是为了将车门关紧，同时也再给自己一秒钟时间盘算。
然后，他走到别克车的前面，又走到车后面，看看保险杠及其周围是否碰坏。
然而，镀鉻层上连明显的划痕都没有。
于是他精神振作起来了。
研究生英语读译教程1--5单元的参考答案
Who was the First Scientist?I.Preview: Definition(略)II.Reading for Specific Informationi.William Gilbertii. science and mathematics; may have never existed; making arguments; Arabic mathematicians; the pinhole camera; rainbows and eclipses; may not be truly modern; force, inertia, and acceleration; telescope(s); observation and experimentation; Cambridge University; a physician; the nature of magnetism; the father of the scientific method; a philosopher; sure experiments and demonstrated arguments; 20 years; directly influenced Galileo; conducting rigorous, repeatable experimentsIII.Reading for Specific Details1. NG,2. F,3. F,4. T,5. F,6. TIV.Identifying and Summarizing Key PointsWilliam Whewell; the mid-16th century / Renaissance; making arguments; mysticism/religious dogma; through observation and experiment; experiment; communicate; without bias; a physician; the nature of magnetism; physical science; making conjectures and philosophical speculations; sure experiments and demonstrated arguments; the cosmos; the scientific method; a philosopher than an experimenter; conducting rigorous, repeatable experimentsV.Translation PracticeGilbert’s discovery was so important to modern physics. He investigated the nature of magnetism and electricity. He even coined the word “electric” and named the ends of a magnet “north pole” and “south pole”. He started the study on the relationship between magnetism and electricity, though sadly he didn’t complete it. His research method was revolutionary in that he used experiments rather than pure logic and reasoning like the ancient Greek philosophers did. It was a new attitude toward scientific investigation. Until then, scientific experiments had not been favored.America’s Lacking Language SkillsI. Search Readingi. Knowing a foreign language have a host of cognitive and academic benefits. And it is a practical skill.II. Reading for Specific Detailsi. 1. It is aimed at garnering more federal support for language education.2. It refers to one of the shortcomings and i nequalities in America’s language education today, that is, the vast majority of language enrollments are in a European language.3. She has learned skills that help her with day job.4. It is because such programs do not require extra materials and teachers for the language instruction5. French and Spanishii. 1. F; 2. T; 3. NG; 4. NG; 5. FIII. Identifying and Summarizing Key Pointslanguage education in America is lacking but it is a need-to-have; budget cuts; language enrollments; language proficiency levels; language courses or going abroad; language proficiency; cognitive and academic benefits; a practical skill; immediate impact on students’ learning; cost-effective; teacher shortages; in a European language; developing programs focusing on non-Western languages; the country is falling behind the rest of the world.IV. Translation Practice教育领域，围绕哪些科目需要优先考虑的问题，存在很多冲突。
研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)第1单元英文原文与翻译和课后答案
Unit OneYou Are What You ThinkAnd if you change your mind—from pessimism to optimism—you can change your life 你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活Claipe Safran 卡勒普·撒弗兰[ 1 ] Do you see the glass as half full rather than half empty? Do you keep your eye upon the doughnut, not upon the hole? Suddenly these clichés are scientific questions, as researchers scrutinize the power of positive thinking.[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。
[ 2] A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15 000 people—is proving that optimism can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism leads, by contrast, to hopelessness, sickness and failure, andis linked to depression, loneliness and painful shyness. "If we could teach people to think more positively," says psychologist Craig A. Anderson of Rice University in Houston，"it would be like inoculating them against these mental ills."[2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有 104 个研究项目，涉及大约 15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
研究生英语读写译教程1-18 单元 翻译练习答案
研究生英语读写译教程1-18 单元翻译练习答案Unit 1: Introduction to Translation1. Translation is the process of transferring meaning from a source language to a target language. It involves interpreting and expressing the original message accurately and effectively in the target language.2. Translators need to have a solid understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as a deep knowledge of the subject matter being translated. They must be able to capture the nuances and cultural references present in the source text and convey them appropriately in the target text.3. There are different types of translation, including literary translation, technical translation, legal translation, and scientific translation. Each type requires specific skills and expertise to ensure accurate and contextually appropriate translations.4. Translation involves more than just linguistic skills. Translators must also possess strong research and analytical skills, as well as the ability to adapt to different writing styles and cultural norms.Unit 2: Basic Translation Techniques1. Literal Translation: This technique involves translating each word and phrase literally, without considering the context or cultural nuances. While it may result in accurate translations, it often fails to capture the true meaning and intent of the original text.2. Cultural Equivalence: This technique focuses on finding equivalent expressions or idiomatic phrases in the target language that convey the same meaning as the source language. It takes into account the cultural and linguistic differences between the two languages.3. Adaptation: This technique involves modifying or adjusting certain elements of the source text to ensure a smoother and more natural translation in the target language. It may involve changing sentence structures, idioms, or cultural references to match the target audience.4. Localization: This technique is commonly used in the translation of software, websites, and marketing materials. It involves adapting the translation to the local cultural and linguistic conventions of the target audience. It may include changing date formats, currency symbols, or using region-specific idioms.Unit 3: Translation Strategies1. Skopos Theory: This theory emphasizes the purpose or intention behind the translation. It suggests that translators should prioritize the specific function the translated text will serve, rather than adhering strictly to the source text. The focus is on achieving the desired communication effect for the target audience.2. Text Analysis: Before translating a text, translators should thoroughly analyze its content, structure, and intended audience. This analysis helps to identify important concepts, key terms, and ensure accurate and effective translation.3. Transcreation: This strategy is commonly used in advertising and marketing translations. It involves recreating the source text in the target language while considering cultural and linguistic differences. The goal is to evoke the same emotional response in the target audience as the original text.4. Compensation: Sometimes, certain elements of the source text cannot be fully translated into the target language due to linguistic constraints. In such cases, translators may compensate by adding additional information, footnotes, or explanations in the target text, ensuring that the overall meaning is conveyed accurately.Unit 4: Translation Quality Assessment1. Accuracy: A high-quality translation must accurately convey the meaning and intent of the original text. It should not contain errors, omissions, or distortions that may lead to misunderstandings.2. Fluency: The translated text should be fluent and natural in the target language. It should read smoothly and maintain coherence and cohesion. Awkward phrasing or unnatural word choices should be avoided.3. Cultural Appropriateness: Translations should take into account cultural differences and context. They should be culturally appropriate and avoid causing offense or misunderstanding in the target culture.4. Terminology Consistency: Consistency in terminology is crucial, especially in technical or specialized translations. The translator should use consistent terminology throughout the text to ensure clarity and accuracy.In conclusion, translation is a complex task that requires linguistic proficiency, cultural understanding, and subject matter expertise. Byemploying appropriate techniques and strategies, translators can produce high-quality translations that effectively convey the message from the source language to the target language.。
暨南大学研究生英语读写译课后答案1-7课练习参考答案和参考译文
《研究生英语读写译教程》练习参考答案及参考译文注意：《研究生英语读写译教程》第二次印刷做了以下更改：1 PP95倒数第四行的edi f ion 改成edition；并将练习全部移至第96页2 PP87 省略法第一句话去掉，改为：省略是指在翻译时按意义、修辞和句法等方面的需要省略或减少部分词语使译文更加精炼、更符合汉语的表达习惯。
去掉（一）中的第二个例句，用下句替换：John had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice.约翰有很多好想法，但是只有少数付诸实践。
3 PP97 将LEAD-IN QUESTION部分4A换成下句：Science is nothing but developed perception, interpreted intent, common sense rounded out and minutely articulated. (George Santayana)参考译文：科学只不过是发展了的知觉（科學只不過是深化了的洞悉），经过诠释的含义，经过整理、表达详细的常识。
4 PP106 Comprehension第一题中的"humanity"改为“the humanities“第一部分：各课练习答案UNIT 1 STAY HUNGRY. STAY FOOLISH.COMPREHENSION1.He dropped out of Reed College because he did not see the value of it. (Theanswer to the second part of the question is open.)2.Life was tough –he slept on the floor in friends’ rooms, he returned cokebottles and he walked 7 miles to get one good free meal…3.He cited the example to demonstrate that what he had learned in hiscalligraphy class worked when designing the first Macintosh computer.4.Jobs’ first story tells that the dots will somehow connect in your future.(What you have learned/experienced might help in your future career.)5.He was publicly out. (The company that he and Woz established dismissedhim.) The fact that he still loved what he did made him start over again.6.He has learned a good lesson from his failure.7.Do the things we love to do.8.Open.9.Open.10.Open. (We should always want more, never be content and when we want todo something that others say is foolish, do it anyway.)VOCABULARY AND STRUCTUREA1 naively2 curiosity3 combination4 let down5 vision6 baton7 creative8 mirror9 trap 10 inventionB1 drowned out2 tuition3 Commencement4 deposit5 typography6 make way for7 animation8 intuition9 destination 10 divergeC1 follow: orders, rules, advice, fads, an ideal, one’s instinct2 trust in: honesty, the Lord, power, intuition, sixth sense3 wear out, fade out, put out, make out, get out, break out4 play writer/playwright, speedwriter, blog writer, letter writer, editorial writer5 habitual, textual, accentual, sexual, spiritual, conceptual6 shocking, stunning, eye-catching, astonishing, striking, dazzlingD1 an2 great3 the4 to5 √6 that7 √8 been9 been 10 in TRANSLATIONA1热烈的鼓掌2波涛汹涌的海面3熟睡4烟瘾大的人5油腻而难消化的食物6烈酒7悲痛的消息8沉闷冗长的读物9〈化〉重水10他在一家法国银行拥有外国人账户。
当代研究生英语读写教程翻译答案上册
当代研究生英语读写教程翻译答案上册【上册】Unit1The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand. In cyberspace ,we'll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed--intellectual property, content and access control, Rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in;others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another.Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper(and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities).Those that can't survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off--will simply wither away.译：一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。
在信息空间，我们将能够检验并完善所需要的管理制度----知识产权制度、服务内容与使用权的控制制度、个人隐私权与自由言论制度等。
有些群体允许任何人加入，而有些则只允许符合这样或那样条件的人加入。
能够自持的群体会兴旺发展（或许也会因为志趣与身份日趋特殊，而发展成为几个分支）。
英语读写译_上册答案
英语读写译_上册答案研究⽣英语读写译教程上册课⽂翻译答案Unit OneText A How to Read A BookIntroductory Remarks“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.” Francis Bacon warned readers several hundred years ago. However, what are the criteria for those books to be “chewed and digested?” How to tell good literature from bad literature? On these issues, people don’t seem to have reached an agreement.In the article, Nobel laureate Joseph Brodsky first states that people’s life is generally much shorter than books, and that it is important for people to select good books to read. Yet, the author further argues that selecting good books from the ocean of literary works is no easy job; even book reviewers can’t help much. In the end, the author suggests that reading poetry is the way to develop good taste in literature, because it is the supreme form of human locution, the most concise way of conveying the human experience, and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.Text-related Information1. The Last JudgmentThe last judgment (sometime referred to as universal judgment) is a firmly held belief of Roman Catholicism. Immediately upon death each soul undergoes a particular judgment, and, depending upon the state of that person's soul, goes to heaven, purgatory, or hell. The last judgment will occur after the resurrection of the dead and the reuniting of a person's soul with his or her own physical body.At the time of the last judgment Christ will come in his glory, and all the angels with him, and in his presence the truth of each man's relationship with God will be laid bare, and each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice. Those already in heaven will remain in heaven; those already in hell will remain in hell; and those in purgatory will be released into heaven. The Roman Catholic Church holds no doctrinal position on the fate of those in Limbo. Following the last judgment, the bliss of heaven and the pains of hell will be perfected in that those present will also be capable of physical bliss/pain. After the last judgment the universe itself will be renewed with a new heaven and a new earth.2. The rhetoric “anticlimax”In rhetoric, climax is a figure of speech, in which words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importance. Climax comes from the Greek word for"ladder".Examples:There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love. But the greatest of these is love."I think we've reached a point of great decision, not just for our nation, not only for all humanity, but for life upon the earth." George Wald A Generation in Search of a Future, March 4, 1969."...Lost, vaded, broken, dead within an hour. William Shakespeare, The Passionate Pilgrim, XIII."...the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream.Similarly an anticlimax is an abrupt declension (either deliberate or unintended) on the part of a speaker or writer from the dignity of the idea which he appeared to be aiming at; as in the following well-known distich:---"The great Dalhousie, he, the god of war,Lieutenant-colonel to the earl of Mar."An anticlimax can be intentionally employed only for a jocular or satiric purpose. It frequently partakes of the nature of antithesis, as in,"Die and endow a college or a cat."3. Belles lettresBelles letters (from the French for literature, literally "fine letters") refers to literature that is appreciated for the beauty, artistry, and originality of its style and tone rather than for its ideas and informational content. Earlier the term was synonymous with literature, referring particularly to fiction, poetry, drama, criticism, and essays. However, belletristic literature has come to mean light, artificial writing and essays extolling the beauties of literature.Language Points1.On the whole, books are less limited than ourselves. Often they sit on theshelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust --- and it is precisely the appetite for this posthumous dimension that sets one’s pen in motion.On the whole, books have longer lives than the writers who write them. Long after the writer has died, his or her books may remain on bookshelves absorbing dust. It is due to the desire to be remembered after death that motivates the author to write continuously.2.So as we toss and turn these rectangular objects in our hands we won’t beterribly amiss if we surmise that we fondle, as it were, the urns with our returning ashes.Therefore, when we take a book in our hands, it is not totally wrong for us to think that we are, actually, handling the urn containing our own ashes.amiss adj.: not functioning properly;e.g. A few words of introduction may not come amiss.Is there anything amiss?surmise v: infer from incomplete evidence;e.g. We surmised that he must have had an accident.There’s so little to go on, we can only surmise what happened.n.: a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidencee.g. His surmise proved correct.Your first surmise was right.3.Whoever said that to philosophize is an exercise in dying was right in moreways than one, for by writing a book nobody gets younger.Some people say that to think philosophically is to experience the process of death.That is right in many aspects, as in the process of writing a book, the author only gets older and older.philosophize v.: conduct philosophical thinking; reason philosophicallye.g., They spend their time philosophizing about the mysteries of life.a tendency to philosophize about racial harmony4.The paradox, however, lies in the fact that in literature “good” is defined byits distinction from “bad”.But, what seems contradictory is that in literature good works are identified by its distinction from bad works, i.e., a piece of work is good because it is not bad.5.That’s what may constitute bad literature’s best defense at the LastJudgment.That may be the reason why there exist so many pieces of bad literature.6.Of course, there is no denying the pleasure of holding up with a fat,slow-moving, mediocre novel; but in the end, we read not for reading’s sake but to learn.Of course, there is pleasure of some kind in reading a thick, lengthy and ordinary novel; but in the end, we do not read just for the sake of reading but read for learning something.there is no denying: it cannot be denied; one cannot deny the fact thate.g. There is no denying the enjoyment of a vacation after long period of hard work..There is no denying the fact that he is a faithful husband.7.Hence the need for the works that bring the human predicament into itssharpest possible focus. Hence, too, the need for some compass in the ocean of available printed matter.Therefore, we need to read works that reflect the puzzle of human beings. We also need some guidance in search of good works among all the books ever printed.bring … into focus: make something sharply visible; make something clear and understandablee.g. I adjusted the binoculars until I brought the bird sharply into focus.Please try to bring your major point into focus earlier in the essay.8.…he can have strong predilections for a certain kind of writing or simply beon the take with the publishing industry…he may have his own preference for a certain kind of writing or he may gain some profit from the publishing houses (by recommending books published by those publishing houses).on the take: taking or seeking to take bribes or illegal income;e.g. There were policemen on the take.The mayor is reported to have been on the take with the real estate enterprise.9.The alternative, therefore, would be to develop your own taste, to build yourown compass, to familiarize yourself, as it were, with particular stars and constellations --- dim or bright but always remote.Therefore, what you can do is develop your own judgment, establish your own criteria for guidance, familiarize yourself with particular authors or writers who may serve as guiders. These artists may be well or little known, but regardless they are always set apart.10.This, however, takes a hell of a lot of time and you may easily find yourselfold and grey, heading for the exit with a lousy volume under your arm.However, this will take you a lot of time, so much so that when you are old and coming to the end of your life, you still cannot find the guidance for selecting good books and end up reading the ordinary ones.heading for the exit: coming to the end of one’s lifelousy adj.: very bad; mean; contemptible;e.g. The food was lousy and there was not enough of it.He wrote only lousy poems.11.The source of the suggestion to come belongs to the category of people forwhom literature has always been a matter of some hundred names; to the people who feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discussing politics; the people who dislike themselves far more than their detractors do;who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to heroin or marijuana.The source of the following suggestion belongs to those people for whom literature has always been just a list of some hundred authors; to those people who feel ill at ease at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find philosophical excuses for adultery, and are fussy about discussing politics; to those people who dislike themselves even more than those who belittle them do;to those people who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs.12.“one will not find on the barricades and who never shoot themselves or theirlover”.“those who won’t be found to participate in street demonstrations and who never kill themselves or their lovers”.13.If such people occasionally find themselves swimming in their blood on thefloor of prison cells or speaking from a platform, it is because they object not to some particular injustice but the order of the whole world as a whole.If those people are found to be killed in a prison or are making a public speech ona platform, that’s not because they object to any specific injustice but because theyare against the general order of the whole world.14.They have no illusions about the objectivity of their views; on the contrary,they insist on their unpardonable subjectivity.They are very clear that their views are not objective, and they stick to their subjective views even though it is inexcusable to do so.15.… they consider vulnerability the primary trait of living matter.… they think that susceptibility to injury or attack is the attribute of all living things.16.This has less to do with masochistic tendencies than with their instinctiveknowledge that extreme subjectivity, prejudice, and indeed idiosyncrasy are what help art to avoid cliché.This is not because they have the tendency to derive pleasure from being abused, but because they instinctively believe that extreme subjectivity, prejudice and idiosyncrasy are the best ways for art to avoid being ordinary.17.I am no union man.I do not belong to any literary association.18.The point is that being the supreme form of human locution, poetry is notonly the most concise way of conveying the human experience; it also offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation --- especially one on paper.The point is that, as the most advanced form of human language, poetry is not only the most concise way of expressing the human experience, but it also sets up the highest standards for all other language forms, especially for the written language.19.A child of epitaph and epigram, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose.Derived from epitaph and epigram, poetry sets the standards for prose.20.It teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurialmental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, the technique of anticlimax.It teaches prose not only the value of each word but also thinking patterns outside the linear composition, techniques of omitting self-evident parts, of emphasizing the details, and of the use of anticlimax.mercurial adj.: changeable; varyinge.g. a mercurial natureShe has a mercurial turn of conversation.In Roman mythology, Mercury was a messenger, and a god of trade, profit and commerce. Mercury has influenced the name of a number of things in a variety of scientific fields, such as the planet Mercury, and the element mercury. The word mercurial is commonly used to refer to something or someone erratic, volatile or unstable, derived from Mercury's swift flights from place to place.knack n.: a special skill, talent, or ability;e.g. a knack for making clothesHe’s got the knack of getting people to listen.anticlimax n: a disappointing decline after a previous risee.g. It was sad that his international career should end so anticlimactically.21.Above all, poetry develops in prose that appetite for metaphysics whichdistinguishes a work of art from mere belles letters.Most important of all, poetry directs prose toward the metaphysical forms, and it is in this pursuit that good literature becomes distinguished from bad literature.22.All I am trying to do is to be practical and spare your eyesight and brain cellsa lot of useless printed matter.All I am trying to do is to be of some practical use to you and help you avoid those useless books.spare v.: refrain from harming; save or relieve from an experience or actione.g. I can't spare him today we need everybody here.The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as enjoyable aspossible.It was a horrible accident---I'll spare you the details.23.All you have to do is to arm yourselves with the works of poets in yourmother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century, and you will be in great shape.All you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, especially the poets from the first half of this century, and you will gain the most from reading.be in shape: be in good health; strong and healthy; fit.e.g. Bob exercises frequently, so he's in good condition. If I were in shape, I couldrun faster and farther.I'm really overweight. I have to try to get into shape.24.If, after going through the works of any of these, you drop a book of prosepicked from the shelf, it won’t be your fault.After you have read the works of any of these poets, if you cannot keep on readinga book of prose taken randomly from the bookshelf, it won’t be your fault. (Here,the author implies that the prose does not measure up to the standards of the works of those poets.)25.If you continue to read it, that will be to the author’s credit: that will meanthat this author has something to add to the truth about our existence.If you can go on with the reading, the author, then, is worth reading, and it also means that this author has provided us with some truth about our lives.to sb.’s credit: worthy of praise; in one’s namee.g. It is greatly to your credit that you gave back the money you found; yourhonesty does you credit.It is to my credit to help those in want.Key to ExercisesI. Comprehension1. Often books sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust. / Books remain on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has died.2. Because, according to the author, good literature is defined by its distinction from bad literature. That is to say, good literature is good because it is not bad, and bad literature is bad because it is not good. This is rather paradoxical.3. Since we are all moribund, and since reading books is time-consuming, we needa compass in the ocean of books. If we do not have such a compass, it is difficult for us to find the right books to read.4. a. he can be a hack, as ignorant as ourselves;b. he can have strong preference for a certain kind of writing or simply take bribery from the publishing house;c. he might turn his review writing into an independent art form.5. If he had been a publisher, he would be putting on the books’ covers not only their authors’ names but also the exact age at which they composed this or that work. By so doing, he would enable readers to decide whether they care to consider the views of a book written by a person so much younger or so much older than themselves.6. This group of people are special because literature has always been a matter of some hundred names to them, because they feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discussing politics; because they dislike themselves far more than their detractors do; because they still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs. These people won’t participate in demonstrations, and they won’t shoot themselves or their lovers.7. These people are unpardonably subjective in their views.8. The author suggests that the best way to develop good taste in literature is to read poetry. In the authors point of view, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose and teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, and the technique of anticlimax.9. If you believe in what the author says, all you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century.10. It means that the book, which has added something to the truth about our existence, is worth reading. It would also mean, at the same time, that you have developed an incurable addiction to reading which is good for your life.II. Vocabulary1. dimension2. idiosyncratic3. reckon4. stance5. lousy6. paradox7. debunk8. disciplinary9. semblance 10. vulnerable III. Phrases1. on the take2. headed for3. to his credit4. putting…on; putting on5. might as well6. armed with7. in more ways than one8. act inIV. Error detection and correction1. the greatest problems2. in which 改成which3. credited 改成credited with4. Greatly high 改成High5. stood改成standing6. any other student7. as much 改成as many8. Though remembered9. to consider10. that they got 改成did they getV. Cloze1. shaped2. desperate3. objectivity4. hierarchies5. expected6. chiefly7. driven8. unimpeachable9. evaluate 10. perspective 11. industrial 12. affiliation 13. sponsors 14. support 15. acknowledgement Text A 的参考译⽂论读书（赵亚莉译）总的来说，书本的寿命要⽐我们⾃⼰长。
《研究生英语读写译教程》练习参考答案及参考译文
《研究生英语读写译教程》练习参考答案及参考译文《研究生英语读写译教程》是一本专门为研究生编写的学习教材，旨在提高学生的英语读写译能力。
本教程包括多个单元，每个单元都有不同的主题和内容。
以下是其中几个单元的练习参考答案及参考译文，供大家参考。
单元一：练习一：原文：The new student is from Russia. She is a very intelligent girl. She likes math and science. 问题：What nationality is the new student? 答案：The new student is from Russia.练习二：原文：My name is John. I am a student at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). I am majoring in Business Administration. 问题：What is the name of the university where John is studying? 答案：The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).练习三：原文：He usually gets up at 7 o'clock in the morning. He takes a shower and eats breakfast at 7:30. He leaves for work at 8:00. 问题：When does he usually leave for work? 答案：He leaves for work at 8:00.单元二：练习一：原文：He is a talented artist. He can paint and draw very well. 问题：What can he do well? 答案：He can paint and draw very well.练习二：原文：I love to play tennis. It is my favorite sport.I play it every weekend. 问题：What is the author's favorite sport? 答案：Tennis.练习三：原文：My favorite food is pizza. I like to eat it with salad and French fries. 问题：What is the author's favorite food? 答案：Pizza.单元三：练习一：原文：She is a successful businesswoman. She has her own company. She is very hardworking and determined. 问题：What are the two key qualities that made her a successful businesswoman? 答案：Hardworking and determined.研究生英语读写教程课后答案《研究生英语读写教程》课后答案解析《研究生英语读写教程》是一本为研究生编写的英语读写课程教材，旨在提高学生的英语阅读和写作能力。