HenryFayol
亨利二世
Like his grandfather, Henry I of England, Henry II had an outstanding knowledge of the law. A talented linguist and excellent Latin speaker. Henry was modest and mixed with all classes easily. "He does not take upon himself to think high thoughts, his tongue never swells with elated language; he does not magnify himself as more than man". His generosity was well-known .
Death and succession
The final thorn（王权） in Henry„s side would be an alliance（结盟） between his eldest surviving son, Richard, and his greatest rival, Philip Augustus. John had become Henry‟s favorite son and Richard had begun to fear he was being written out of the king„s inheritance（遗产）. In summer 1189, Richard and Philip invaded(袭击) Henry's heartland of power. Henry II met his opponents and agreed to all their demands, including paying homage to Philip for all his French possessions. Weak, ill, and deserted by all but an illegitimate son （私生子）, Geoffrey, Henry died on 6 July 1189. The Prince, Henry's eldest surviving son and conqueror, was crowned "by the grace of God, King Richard I of England" at Westminster on 1 September 1189.
亨利法·约尔PPT改完
04
管理思想评价
Evaluation of management thought
LOGO
贡献
系统性，理论性，提供了科学的理论
架构，并因而被引入课堂
A
B
一般性：可应用于工商企业，政府，
教会，慈善团体。军事组织以及其他
各种组织。
F
C
具体管理原则的实用性：
给实际管理人员巨大的帮
助。
E
D
LOGO
局限性
的管理实践家，管理学家，地
质学家古典理论创始人之一。
LOGO
第一阶段，1860—1872年间的十二年。
第一阶段
在这一阶段，法约尔作为一个等级较低的管理人员和技术人员，主要关心的是采矿工程的事情，特别是防止火灾危 险的事。在此期间，他于1866年被任命为科芒特里矿井矿长；
第二阶段
第三阶段
第四阶段
LOGO
5种要素
LOGO （1）劳动分工：不仅存在于技术活动，也同样存在于管理活动；注意劳动分 工应有的限度； （2）权力与责任：注意正式权力与个人权利的区别以及由权力带来的责任； 注重权责一致；s （3）纪律 （4）统一指挥：一个下属只能接受一个领导人的命令； （5）统一领导：对于达到统一目标的全部活动，只能有一个领导人和一项计 划； （6）个人利益 集体利益 （7）合理的报酬：a、确保报酬公平；b、奖励努力工作者以激发他人激 情；c、报酬不应超过合理的限度； （8）集中：适当的集权和分权； （9）等级系列：法约尔跳板； （10）秩序：包括物的秩序和人的秩序； （11）公平 （12）保持人员稳定：经验； （13）首创精神：主动性和创造性； （14）人员的团结
相同性
两人生活在同一时代， 即19世纪工业大发展时 代。法约尔（1841— 1925）泰罗（1854— 1915）。
汽车制造工程师：亨利·利兰(Henry Leland)人物简介
• 他对设备的改进和创新提出
趣
了许多有价值的建议
02
亨利·利兰在汽车行业的成就
亨利·利兰与林肯汽车的创立
亨利·利兰在1902年加入了一家名为“福特”的汽车公司
• 当时福特汽车公司刚刚成立，正急需专业人才
• 亨利·利兰被任命为公司的首席工程师
亨利·利兰在福特汽车公司期间参与了许多重要项目
• 他负责设计了一款名为“林肯”的汽车
亨利·利兰的一生对后世产生了许多启示
亨利·利兰的一生为后世提供了许多借鉴
• 他告诉我们，只有不断创新和追求卓越，才能在竞争中
• 他的经验和故事可以帮助我们更好地理解汽车行业的发
脱颖而出
展
• 他告诉我们，良好的领导力和团队合作精神是成功的关
• 他的成就可以激励我们在各自的领域取得更大的成功
键
CREATE TOGETHER
CREATE TOGETHER
DOCS SMART CREATE
汽车制造工程师：亨利·利兰人物简介
DOCS
01
亨利·利兰的早期生活与背景
亨利·利兰的出生地与家庭背景
亨利·利兰于1864年出生在美国马里
兰州
亨利·利兰的家庭教育
对他的成长有很大影响
亨利·利兰的家族背景
为他日后的职业生涯提
供了有力支持
• 他的成功经验和故事激励了无数汽车行业的从业者
04
亨利·利兰的荣誉与遗产
亨利·利兰获得的荣誉与奖项
亨利·利兰的荣誉和奖项充分体现了他在汽车行业的地位和影响力
• 他的成就被业界所认可
• 他的名字被载入汽车历史的史册
亨利·利兰在职业生涯中获得了许多荣誉和奖项
• 他曾获得过美国国家发明家荣誉奖
Henry_Fielding亨利。菲尔丁简介
• born in an old aristocratic （贵 族）family and studied for six years at the famous Eton(伊 顿) school and took a degree at the University of Leyden（雷顿） in Holland.
Fielding’s Novels
• (1)“The love of several masks’’ 《几种假面具下的爱 情》 (1728) • (2) Joseph Andrews 《约瑟夫˙安德鲁斯的经历》 (1742) • (3) Jonathan Wild the Great 《大伟人乔纳森˙魏尔德 》(1743) • (4) Tom Jones 《汤姆˙琼斯》(1749) • (5)Amelia 《阿米丽亚》(1751) • (6)Lisbon navigation Diary《里斯本航海日记》 （1754）
• This was followed by another novel, The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great. • In 1749, appeared his masterpiece, The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, • two years later: his last novel, Amelia. In his novels, Fielding continued to expose and fight against social evils of his time. • His later years were devoted to the duties as a magistrate. He worked very hard. His health failed. • In 1754 he died in Lisbon, Portugal.
亨利八世(1)
Henry wished to annul
➢Make the Christianity as the church of England,the church became the tool of the feudal autocratic rule.
➢The Catholic Church was deprived of most of the property fell into the hands of the emerging bourgeoisie, is conducive to the development of capitalism.
The Third Wife - Jane Seymour
She was one of Queen Anne's ladies-in-waiting (侍 女)
They were married 10
days later after Anne's death.
Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward .King Henry got the son he wanted.
• Henry was responsible for the creation of a permanent navy, with the supporting anchorages and dockyards.
O.Henry的介绍
Influence
In 1918 the O. Henry Memorial Awards欧· 亨利纪 念奖 were established to be given annually to the best magazine stories, the winners and leading contenders to be published in an annual volume. The O. Henry Awards欧· 亨利奖 are yearly prizes given to outstanding short stories. The O. Henry Pun-Off World Championships世 界双关语锦标赛 are held in May of each year in Austin, Texas, hosted by the city's O. Henry Museum欧亨利博物馆 .
Characteristics of language
• 1 The Writing Style
►In
writing style, O. Henry uses the civilian language, therefore readers can easily understand what he wants to express. ►Another characteristic of his language is implicative. His sense of humor expresses indirectly. Readers can still recall after reading.
About his life
• William Sydney Porter was born in Greensboro （格林斯 博罗[美国北卡罗来纳州中北部城市]）,North Carolina . His father was a physician . • When William was three , his monther died ,and he was raised by paternal（父亲般癿） grandmother and maiden （未婚癿）aunt . • William was an avid reader ,but at the age of fifteen he left school ,and then worked in a drug store and on a Texas ranch . • He continued to Houston ,where he had a number of jobs ,including accountant ,land board clerk ,reporter and so on.
亨利--法约尔
统一指挥原则
（Unity of Command）
统一指挥是一个重要的管理原则，按照这个原则的要求，一 个下级人员只能接受一个上级的命令。如果两个领导人同时 对同一个人或同一件事行使他们的权力，就会出现混乱。在 任何情况下，都不会有适应双重指挥的社会组织。与统一指 挥原则有关的还有下一个原则，即统一领导原则。
基本简介
• 法约尔的管理功能理论认为管理功能包括 计划、组织、命令、协调和控制。管理企 业的六项基本活动是：技术、商业、财务、 安全、会计和管理（核心）。管理不是专 家或经理独有的特权和责任，而是企业全 体成员（包括工人）的共同职责，只是职 位越高，管理责任越大。他在实践基础上 总结出14条管理原则，即分工、职权与职 责、纪律、统一指挥、统一领导、公益高 于私利、个人报酬、集中化、等级链、秩 序、公正、保持人员的稳定、首创精神、 集体精神。
人员的报酬原则
（Remuneration）
法约尔认为，人员报酬首先“取决于不受雇主的意愿和所属人员的才能 影响的一些情况，如生活费用的高低、可雇人员的多少、业务的一般状 况、企业的经济地位等，然后再看人员的才能，最后看采用的报酬方 式”。人员的报酬首先要考虑的是维持职工的最低生活消费和企业的基 本经营状况，这是确定人员报酬的一个基本出发点。在此基础上，再考 虑根据职工的劳动贡献来决定采用适当的报酬方式。对于各种报酬方式， 法约尔认为不管采用什么报酬方式，都应该能做到以下几点：①它能保 证报酬公平；②它能奖励有益的努力和激发热情；③它不应导致超过合 理限度的过多的报酬。
• 管理必须善于预见未来。法约尔十分重视计划职能，尤其强调制定长期计划，这是他对管 理思想做出的一个杰出贡献。他的这一主张，在今天看来仍像在他那个时代一样重要。面 对剧烈变化的环境．计划职能更为关键。许多企业缺乏战略管理的思维，很少考虑长期的 发展，不制定长期规划，其结果多为短期行为，丧失长远发展的后劲，埋下了不稳定的隐 患。
汽车研发工程师：亨利·福特(Henry Ford)人物简介
• 他的家庭生活与他的商业生涯形成了鲜明的对比
• 两人育有四个孩子，他们的家庭生活非常和谐
亨利·福特的兴趣与爱好
亨利·福特关注社会公益事业
• 他认为，企业应该承担起社会责任，为社会做出贡献
• 福特汽车公司为社会公益事业做出了许多贡献，得到了广泛的好评
亨利·福特喜欢阅读和研究新技术
• 他相信，只有不断学习，才能保持竞争力
• 父亲是一位失败的农民和木
• 在密歇根州的一家机器制造
• 在底特律的一家电力公司担
匠，母亲是一位家庭主妇
公司当学徒
任工程师
• 亨利·福特在农场度过了童
• 学习了机械制图、金属加工
• 负责安装和维护发电机、蒸
年，帮助家里做农活
和内燃机原理等技术
汽机和其他机械设备
利·福特离开学
徒生涯，开始
了他的工程师
亨利·福特还认为，汽车的生产应该采用标准化部件
• 这种方式可以降低生产成本，提高生产效率
• 同时也有利于汽车的维修和保养
亨利·福特对汽车行业的贡献
亨利·福特成功研发出了T型车，使得汽车从奢侈品
亨利·福特引入了流水线生产方式，大
变成了大众消费品
大提高了生产效率
• 这对汽车行业的发展产生了深远的影
• 这种生产方式被其他汽车制造商广泛
• 他的这种精神得到了广泛的认可和尊敬
亨利·福特喜欢旅行和打高尔夫球
• 他喜欢在旅行中了解不同文化，拓宽视野
• 他喜欢打高尔夫球，这是一种放松身心的方式
谢谢观看
THANK YOU FOR WATCHING
Docs
• 他认为，员工是公司最重要的资源，应该得到充分的关心和照顾
• 福特汽车公司为员工提供了良好的工作环境和福利待遇
亨利福特(HenryFord)
由于该车价格低廉、使用方便、维护容易，销售异常火爆。 累计1500多辆的产量更是创造了空前的纪录。T型车既使福 特获得了巨大的成功，也成为了普通民众的交通工具，改变 了人们的生活方式、思维方式和娱乐方式，将人类带入了汽 车时代。
福特T型车
1908年
亨利.福特与T型车
20年代后期，美国开始形成了一个巨大的旧车市场，大 批质量相当不错的二手车只需几十甚至十几美元就可买到， 这对一向以“价廉物美”而著称的T型车是一个极大的冲击。 同时，由斯隆领导的通用汽车公司生产出了许多时髦多样和 先进豪华的汽车，满足了不同阶层的购买需求，也对T型车形 成了较大的竞争压力。1927年，顽固的福特不得不让自己心 爱的黑色T型车死亡，整个公司停产一年转产新的A型车。
1913年，12000 多名员工聚在 Hightland Park 装配厂前。
由于转产组织匆忙、耗资巨大，加之接踵而来的经济大萧
条的影响，福特公司元气大伤，整个30年代都未能恢复，分别 被通用（1927年）和克莱斯勒（1936年）超过。后来经过全 公司员工的拼力追赶，才算在“全国第二”的位置上站稳脚跟， 那种产量独占全国一半以上的日子一去不复返了。1945年，福 特不得不让位于孙子亨利·福特二世。1947年4月7日，亨利福 特因脑溢血死于底特律，终年83。
【英】亨利·菲尔丁
some 40 Analysis characters
good-natured frank and open kind, disinterested(无私的 无私的) 无私的 imprudence(轻率的 轻率的) 轻率的 Tom Jones Mr. Allworthy
ideal, Blifil Bridget good qualities, 快乐), 快乐 Sophia gaiety(快乐 candour(坦率 坦率), 坦率 brave,courage Jack-of-all-trades simple, faithful barbarian(残暴的人 残暴的人) 残暴的人 Partridge good-natured, autocrat (专横的人 专横的人) 专横的人 a little whimsical
Henry Fielding 亨利 亨利菲尔丁 1707—1754） （1707—1754）
Henry Fielding （1707—1754） 1707—1754）
Life story
Life Story
an act “戏剧审查法案” 戏剧审查法案” 戏剧审查法案
Drama—theatre—newspaper—law—novel
The “father of the English novel”
Methods of Tellng a Story directly by the author Satire humorous; grim Some Features
severe 严厉的 scathing 尖刻的 relentless无情的
Fielding’s Novel, Joseph Andrews
1. Richardson’s Pamela set Fielding to Joseph Andrews. 2. In the Preface, Fielding describes the novel “a comic epic poem in prose”(“散文体滑稽史诗”). 散文体滑稽史诗” 散文体滑稽史诗 3. The novel talks mainly about the adventures of Joseph and Parson Adams. (路上小说 路上小说) 路上小说
2024届上海浦东新区高三下英语三模试题及答案
2024届上海浦东新区高三英语综合练习卷(三模)2024.5第一卷I.Listening Comprehension(略)II.Grammar and Vocabulary(20分)Section ADirections:After reading the passage below.fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word:for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.In the fall of1903,O.Henry was living in a room at the small Hotel Marty in New York City.He had published a few stories in local magazines,but was still relatively unknown when editors at the New York World newspaper sent a young reporter(21)______(track)down this mysterious writer.By the next day,O.Henry had an agreement with the newspaper to write one story a week for the magazine section of their Sunday edition.The World had(22)______(large)daily circulation in the world,and O.Henry's stories about New York life became immensely popular. By the time he left the newspaper after less than three years,O.Henry had established his reputation(23)______a gifted storyteller and master of surprise endings.O.Henry was the pen name used by William Sydney Porter,who was born in North Carolina.At the age of twenty,he moved to Texas.(24)______he held a variety of jobs,eventually becoming a bank teller.He married and became a reporter and columnist for the Houston Post.After a few years,his wife(25)______(diagnose)with a serious infectious disease,and he was accused of illegally taking the money of the bank where he worked.Some people have claimed(26)_____he was stealing money to help pay his wife's medical bills.O.Henry fled to Central America,but his wife was too ill to accompany him.Months later,(27)_____her condition worsened,he returned and turned himself in to the police.His wife soon died,and O.Henry spent three years in prison in Ohio.It was during his time in prison that he began writing the stories that would make him famous.W.S.Porter(28)______(emerge)from prison as O.Henry.In1902O.Henry moved to New York City and started trying to sell his stories.In a few years his luck changed for the better,and his position with the New York World helped make him a (29)______(celebrate)author.He published more than three hundred stories and gained worldwide acclaim.O.Henry's writing is admired for its colorful and realistic depictions of the everyday lives of New Yorkers.His stories are known for their plot twists and surprise endings.In fact,O.Henry's own life ended with a"twist"--his funeral was somehow scheduled in the same church at the same time as someone else's wedding!The O.Henry Award(30)______(honor)the authors of the best stories printed each year in American magazines.Section BDirections:Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box.Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one word more than you need.A.advancesbedD.headsE.automationF.modestprehensive H.thinned I.prior J.underlie K.unearthDoes technology replace more jobs than it creates?What is the___31___balance between these two things?Until now,that has not been measured.But a new research project led by MIT economist David Autor has developed an answer,at least for U.S.history since1940.The study uses new methods to examine how many jobs have been lost to machine___32___,and how many have been generated through“augmentation(增强),”in which technology creates new tasks. Overall,the study finds,and particularly since1980,technology has replaced more U.S.jobs than it has generated.“There does appear to be a faster rate of automation,and a slower rate of augmentation,in the last four decades,from1980to the present,than in the four decades___33___,”says Autor. However,that finding is only one of the study's___34___.The researchers have also developed an entirely new method for studying the issue,based on an analysis of thousands of U.S.census job categories in relation to a(n)___35___look at the text of U.S.patents over the last century.That has allowed them,for the first time,to quantify the effects of technology over both job loss and job creation.The study finds that overall,about60percent of jobs in the U.S.represent new types of work, which have been created since1940.To determine this.Autor and his colleagues___36___ through about35,000job categories,tracking how they emerge over time.They also used natural language processing tools to analyze the text of every U.S.patent filed since1920.The research examined how words were"embedded"in the census and patent documents to___37___related passages of text.That allowed them to determine links between new technologies and their effects on employment.From about1940through1980,for instance,jobs like elevator operator and typesetter tended to get automated.But at the same time,more workers filled roles such as shipping and receiving clerks,buyers and department___38___,and civil and space engineers.From1980through2018, the ranks of cabinetmakers and machinists,among others,have been___39___by automation, while industrial engineers,and operations and systems researchers and analysts,have enjoyed growth.Ultimately,the research suggests that the negative effects of automation on employment were more than twice as great in the1980-2018period as in the1940-1980period.There was a more ___40___,and positive,change in the effect of augmentation on employment in1980-2018,as compared to1940-1980.III.Reading Comprehension(45分)Section ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B, C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.More people are travelling than ever before,and lower barriers to entry and falling costs means they are doing so for___41___periods.The rise of"city breaks"48-hour bursts of foreign cultures,easier on the pocket and annual leave balance has increased tourist numbers.but not their___42___spread.The same attractions have been used to market cities such as Paris,Barcelona and Venice for decades,and visitors use the same infrastructure(基础设施)as residents to reach them.“Too many people do the same thing at the exact same time,"says Font,an expert in tourism."For___43___,the city no longer belongs to them.”In response to this situation,cities have come up with various solutions.For instance, Amsterdam has started advising visitors to seek___44___outside of the city center on its official website.“That takes courage,really,to do that.But only so many people will look at the website, and it means they can say to their residents they're doing all they can to45congestion.”But it also proposes a better way,which is called"de-tourism":sustainable travel tips and___ 46___schedules for exploring a real Venice,off the paths beaten by the28million visitors who flock there each year.A greater variety of___47___for prospective visitors--ideas for what to do in off-peak seasons, for example,or outside of the city center--can have the effect of removing them from already crowded landmarks,or___48___short breaks away in the first place.Longer stays___49___the pressure,says Font.'If you go to Paris for two days,you're going to the Eiffel Tower.If you go for two weeks,you're not going to go to the Eiffel Tower14times."Similarly,repeat visitors have a better sense of the___50___,“We should be asking how we can get tourists to___51___,not how to get them to come for the first time.If they're coming for the fifth time,it is much easier to integrate their behaviors with ours."Font says cities could stand to be more___52___about the tourists they try to attract when the current metric for marketing success is how many there are,and how far they've come. "You're thinking,'yeah but at what cost…"He points to unpublished data from the Barcelona Tourist Board that prioritizes Japanese tourist for spending an average of640more per day than French tourists--a(n)___53___that fails to take into account their bigger carbon footprint.___54 ___tourists are also more likely to be repeat visitors that come at off-peak times,buy local products,and spread out to less crowded parts of the city--all productive steps towards more ___55___tourism,and more peaceful relations with residents.41.A.longer B.shorter C.wider D.clearer42.A.environmental B.national C.economic D.geographic43.A.locals B.tourists C.visitors D.cleaners44.A.transports B.accommodation C.restaurants D.service45.A.cause B.fuel C.transfer D.ease46.A.separate B.individual C.alternative D.objective47.A.reform B.guidance C.invitation D.support48.A.convincing B.discouraging C.promoting D.Enjoying49.A.release B.enhance C.remove D.relieve50.A.culture B.knowledge C.entertainment D.ability51.A.go with B.bring up e back y off52.A.selective B.optimistic C.curious D.doubtful53.A.distinction B.harmony C.association parison54.A.French B.Japanese C.Spanish D.Germanfortable plex C.temporary D.sustainable Section BDirections:Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.(A)My husband and I live near San Luis Obispo,California,close to the beach.In November2023, during the humpback whale migration,we kayaked(划皮划艇)out to watch the wildlife.We were in awe watching these graceful whales breach and spray through their blowholes.At the time,my friend Liz was staying with us.Initially,she refused to join us on the water, fearing the kayak would overturn among the whales.After some cajoling(劝说),she finally agreed to join me.The following morning,we set out early and had our first whale sighting just past the pier:two humpbacks swimming toward us.How amazing to be that close to a creature that size,I thought as the whales dipped under the waterline.When whales go down after breaching,they leave what looks like an oil slick on the water.I figured if we paddled toward that spot,we'd be safe from the whales,since they'd just left.We followed them at a distance--or what I thought was a distance.I later found out that it's recommended to keep300feet away.We were more like60feet away.Suddenly,we were surrounded by jumping silverfish fleeing from the whales.Before we could react,our kayak was lifted out of the water about six feet,bracketed by massive jaws.Liz and I slipped out of the kayak into the whale's mouth.As the whale's mouth closed,I felt the creature begin to dive and had no idea how deep we'd be dragged.Still,I didn't panic.I just kept thinking,I've got to fight this.I've got to breathe.Whales have enormous mouths but tiny throats.Anything they can't swallow they spit right out.That included us.As soon as the whale dipped underwater,it ejected us,and we poppedback up onto the surface about a foot apart.The entire ordeal lasted only about10seconds. Other kayakers rushed to our aid,shocked to see us alive.But I am much more aware of the power of nature and the ocean than I was before.Liz was shaken up,comparing the ordeal to a near-death experience,and she says her whale-watching days are over.But even she had to laugh when she got home that afternoon and realized she'd brought back a souvenir.When she pulled offher shirt,six silverfish flopped out.56.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A.At first,Liz was hesitant to go on the kayaking trip because she was not interested in whale watching.B.If Liz and I had maintained a distance of300feet from the whales,we might have avoided the subsequent danger.C.Liz and I slipped into the whale's mouth because jumping silverfish overturned our kayak.D.Liz is likely to go on another whale-watching trip someday because she found a precious souvenir from this kayaking.57.How did the narrator feel during the whale encounter?A.Terrified and panicked.B.Disoriented underwater.C.Calm and focused.D.Regretful about going kayaking.58.The underlined word"ordeal"in Paragraph5probably meansA.a challenging or difficult experienceB.a thrilling experienceC.a surprising encounterD.a joyful adventure59.What would be the best title of this passage?A.How to Survive a Whale AttackB.Respecting the Power of NatureC.A Day at San Luis Obispo BeachD.I Survived Being Swallowed By a Whale(B)IN CONTEXTBRANCHGeologyBEFORE6th century BCE The Greek thinker Thales of Miletus notes magnetic rocks,or lodestones(天然磁石).1st century CE Chinese By the late1500s,ships'captains already relied on magnetic compasses to maintain their course across the oceans.Yet no one knew how they worked.Some thought the compass needle was attracted to the North Star,others that it was drawn to magnetic mountains in the Arctic.It was English physician William Gilbert who discoveredthat Earth itself is magnetic.Stronger reasons are obtained from sure experiments and demonstrated arguments than from prohable conjectures (推测)amd the opinions of philasophical speculators. William Gilbertdiviners make primitive compasses with iron spoon that can turn around to point south.1269French scholar Pierre de Maricourt sets out the basic laws of magnetic attraction,repulsion,and poles.AFTER1824French mathematician Siméon Poisson models the forces in a magnetie field.1940s American physicist Walter Maurice Elsasser attributes Earth's magnetic field to iron swirling in its outer core as theplanet rotates.1958Explorer1space mission shows Earth's magnetic field extending far out into space.Gilbert's breakthrough came not from a flash of inspiration, but from17years of careful experiment.He learned all he could from ships"captains and compass makers,and then he made a model globe,or“terrella,”out of the magnetic rock lodestone and tested compass needles against it.The needles reacted around the terrella just as ships'compasses did on a larger scale—showing the same patterns of declination(pointing slightly away from true north at the geographic pole,which differs from magnetic north)and inclination(tilting down from the horizontaltoward the globe)Gilbert concluded,rightly,that the entire planet is a magnet and has a core of iron.He published his ideas in the book De Magnete(On the Magnet)in1600,causing a sensation. Johannes Kepler and Galileo,in particular,were inspired by his suggestion that Earth is not fixed to rotating celestial spheres,as most people still thought,but is made to spin by the invisible force of its own magnetism.60.Before the16century,how did captains navigate across oceans?A.The North Star navigated their ships.B.The magnetic mountains in the Arctic guided their journey.C.Magnetic compasses helped them maintain the course.D.The forces in a magnetic field attracted the ships.61.How did William Gilbert find out the fact that Earth itself is magnetic?A.Through trials and errors.B.Through some personal philosophical speculation.C.By acquiring some flash inspiration.D.By studying the ideas of some philosophers.62.Which of the following statement might Galileo agree with?A.The earth stays still.B.Gilbert successfully refuted the laws of magnetic attraction.C.Gilbert's findings and conclusions are sensational.D.The earth has its own magnetic field.(C)Could your dog be prone to a fatal disease?Is your new shelter pup part beagle or boxer?Many pet owners seek answers to these questions,and as a result,direct-to-consumer dog DNA testing is booming.Human interfering with dog DNA has long been the driving factor behind dogs"breed diversity --or lack thereof.But a dog's DNA can also be used to confirm their lineage(血统)or identify their breed,a boon for pet owners on the lookout for breed-specific health or behavioral challenges or those looking to confirm their dog really has the heritage claimed by a breeder or seller.During DNA analysis,labs sequence the dog's DNA and look for similarities with a dataset of identified dog breeds.But breed identification isn't as simple as it might seem.In a study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association last month,scientists looked into the accuracy of breed prediction in commercially available DNA tests that required a photo of the dog in addition to its DNA sample.The results were mixed,says Casey Greene,a professor who co-authored the study.“Most tests could accurately distinguish the breed of purebred dogs,”says Greene.But the analysis suggested that some testing companies might rely on the photo more than the dog's actual genetics-and revealed big differences between companies'business practices and the genetic datasets they use to determine dog breeds.The researchers submitted photos and DNA of12purebred dogs to a total of six commercial canine(犬的)ancestry identification services.Since each pup was purebred and possessed extensive American Kennel Club paperwork,the researchers knew their breed conclusively—but in some cases they provided a photo of a different dog to see if the photo influenced the DNA results.One of the companies misidentified a purebred Chinese crested dog--almost entirely hairless--as a long-haired Brittany spaniel,seemingly based on the photo alone.The other five did identify the registered breed correctly,but often gave different predictions for other"ancestor"breeds in dogs whose DNA suggested mixed breeding in prior generations.The researchers concluded that veterinarians and pet owners alike should"approach direct-to-consumer tests with caution”given the lack of industry standardization and at least onecompany's reliance on photographs instead of DNA analysis.Despite these concerns,though,dog DNA seems headed for a golden age--and the insights revealed through further study of Fido's genome(基因组)have already reached far beyond the doghouse.Domesticated dogs have emerged as surprising superstars in medical research that benefits humans.According to researchers,that's just the beginning,With implications ranging from entertaining to consequential,there's no telling what dog DNA will continue to unleash.63.The underlined word"boon"in paragraph two is closest in meaning to______.A.blessingB.substituteC.dutyD.struggle64,According to the passage,dog DNA testing can serve the following purposes except that______.A.it assists in accurately determining the breed a dog belongs toB.it helps to predict whether dogs are subject to certain diseasesC.it provides pet owners with insights into dogs'behavioral challengesD.it sequences the DNA of identified dog breeds to find their similarities65.Which of the following statements can be concluded from the passage?A.Photos play a more significant role in identifying a dog's breed than its actual genetics.B.It is a common phenomenon that the DNA analysis of dogs may yield mixed results.mercial dog DNA tests still have limitations and should be dealt with cautiously.D.Direct-to-consumer tests overshadow DNA analysis in identifying purebred dogs.66.What does the passage suggest about the future of dog DNA testing?A.Controversies regarding its reliability are here to stay.B.It is bound to make breakthroughs in the fields of medicine and entertainment.C.It can step into a golden age as long as some research limitations are fixed.D.It may have far-reaching significance and be applied to a wider range of areas.Section CDirections:Read the following passages.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.A.Early interventions are key,so you've got to stay active.B.Perhaps surprisingly,those who deal with it have struggled to settle on a single definition.C.It's not something we're born with,but also it's not something we learn,but an ability that we gain early and lose over time.D.For some people,just try to build in an element of balance and muscle strengthening.E.Maybe you used to be able to quickly stand on one leg to put a shoe on,and you've stopped doing that at some point.F.Whatever activity you choose,the lesson is to work on your balance before you need to,notwhen it becomes an issue.Until we start to lose our balance,we barely notice that it's there at all."It starts for a lot of people with simple stuff,"says Dr Anna Lowe,an expert on healthy ageing and physical activity. ______67_______It's easy to either miss the signs or just put it down to ageing--but it really is something you can affect.”The key,it is increasingly becoming clear,is to address the decline before it gets serious:and that can happen earlier than you might think.What is balance?Technically,it's the complex interaction of several different systems in your body-from muscles,nerves,eyesight and the inner ear to the sensory system that lets you recognise where your body is touching the ground,along with movement receptors within your joints that tell you where your body is in space.______68______A lack of balance is,globally,associated with serious health problems.Earlier this year,the British Jourmal of Sports Medicine published the results of a decade-long study involving more than1,700middle-aged participants,which concluded that an inability to balance was associatedwith an almost twofold increase in risk of death.“______69______"agrees Lowe,an associate professor researching strength and balance in midlife.“Older women are far less active than older men,and general activity,just moving around and doing stuff,affects balance a lot.Single-legged movements,such as walking lunges, are a great test of dynamic(动态的)balance,but even bilateral movements,like squats(深蹲),can provide a challenge."______70_______Resistance exercise,whether that means lifting weights or hiking with a backpack,comes with a host of other proven health benefits,from improved bone density to a reduced risk of Alzheimer's.As Locker puts it:everyone's told to save money for their retirement, and nobody's taught to save their balance.But both are difficult to get back once they're gone.IV.Summary Writing(10分)71.Directions:Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more e your own words as far as possible.It seems that deep,long-lasting happiness comes from intangible things,rather than things like chocolates and smart-phones.One essential factor is human relationships.People who have the support of family members and also have strong friendships are more likely to be happy. Feeling protected and respected and knowing you can trust in the people around you is vital.But happiness means you have to give and take.Performing acts of kindness and generosity on a regular basis,for example,listening to a friend in need for carrying a ncighbor's shopping,will make you feel on top of the world.Even a simple smile can work wonders.In fact,they say that one smile makes a person feel as good as eating2,000bars of chocolates(not all at once,ofcourse).It is not surprising that health is another key contributor to happiness.Poor health will certainly make you feel down in the mouth.But being healthy and staying healthy require some effort.A healthy diet is crucial and so is regular ziness will not make you happy. Exercising for20to30minutes a day helps to reduce stress and anxiety and makes you feel more positive and optimistic because it releases endorphins(feel-good chemicals).So,if you have been feeling blue and worrying too much about your exams,get exercising.You'll also find that you sleep better.Talking of sleep,do you often wake up feeling miserable?If so,it's probably because you haven't had enough of it.Teenagers tend to go to bed too late and have to get up early,so many suffer from a lack of sleep.Tiredness will certainly affect your happiness levels and put you in a bad mood.It also affects your ability to concentrate and may slow your growth.So if you want to be happy and do well at school,try to get at least eight hours of sleep a night.Now that you know the theory,it's time to put it all into practice.第二卷V.Translation(15分)Directions:Translate the following sentences into English,using the words given in the brackets.72.景区可利用短视频提升知名度，助力文旅宣传。
最后一片叶子中英对照
最后一片叶子（欧亨利小说）编辑《最后一片叶子》，一译《最后的常春藤叶》，主人公是琼西、苏艾、贝尔曼。
文中作者着力挖掘和赞美小人物的伟大人格和高尚品德，展示他们向往人性世界的美好愿望。
最后一片叶子”的故事，着实让我们为琼西的命运紧张了一番，为苏艾的友谊感叹了一回，为贝尔曼的博爱震撼了一次。
作者通过对穷苦朋友间友谊的描写，刻画出一个舍己为人的以自己生命为代价创造真正杰作的画家形象，讴歌了以贝尔曼为代表的普通人的高尚。
书名最后一片叶子又名最后的常春藤叶作者欧·亨利原版名称The Last Leaf装帧平装开本161作者简介?生平?手法2作品内容3作品原文?中文原文?英文原文4作品赏析作者简介编辑生平1862年9月11日，美国最着名的短篇小说家之——欧·亨利（O.Henry）出生于美国北卡罗来纳州有个名叫格林斯波罗的小镇。
曾被评论界誉为曼哈顿桂冠散文作家和美国现代短篇小说之父。
1862年他出身于美国北卡罗来纳州格林斯波罗镇一个医师家庭。
父亲是医生。
他原名威廉·西德尼·波特(William Sydney Porter)。
他所受教育不多，15岁便开始在药房当学徒，20岁时由于健康原因去德克萨斯州的一个牧场当了两年牧牛人，积累了对西部生活的亲身经验。
1884年以后做过会计员、土地局办事员、新闻记者。
此后，他在德克萨斯做过不同的工作，包括在奥斯汀银行当出纳员。
他还办过一份名为《滚石》的幽默周刊，并在休斯敦一家日报上发表幽默小说和趣闻逸事。
1887年，亨利结婚并生了一个女儿。
正当他的生活颇为安定之时，却发生了一件改变他命运的事情。
1896年，奥斯汀银行指控他在任职期间盗用资金。
他为了躲避受审，逃往洪都拉斯。
1897年，后因回家探视病危的妻子被捕入狱，判处5年徒刑。
在狱中曾担任药剂师，他创作第一部作品的起因是为了给女儿买圣诞礼物，但基于犯人的身份不敢使用真名，乃用一部法国药典的编者的名字作为笔名，在《麦克吕尔》杂志发表。
亨利菲尔丁
Brief Introduction about the author
In 1752 he returned to political writing as publisher of the periodical The Covent Garden Journal. However, illness forced him to relinquish his post as magistrate in 1753.
Achievement in English novel
Fielding adopted “ the third-person
narration,” in which the author
b“ecthoimnkess
the the
“thoaullg-hknt”owoifnagllGhoids.”
He
His language is easy, unlabored （自然的， 流利的）and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues and other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence and unexpectedness.
Achievement in English novel
菲尔丁被认作是“英国小说之父”，因为他对现代 小说形式建立的贡献。他是在理论和实践上第一个 开始的十八世纪的所有小说家，特别是写了“散文 体喜剧史诗”，给了现代小说以结构和方式。在他 之前，小说相关的故事理查德逊的《帕梅拉》为代 表的书信形式（一系列的信件），或者是或者是通 过主要人物的讲述，例如笛福的《鲁宾逊漂流记》 的传奇式流浪冒险的形式。但是菲尔丁采纳“第三 人称叙述“，在这里面作者变为“无所不知的神” 。他所有的人物都思考思想，因此他能够不仅展现 他们外部的行为，而且也展现他们头脑的内部作品 。在他的故事中，他试图保持古典作品的史诗形式 ，但是同时对像他的现实展现。他的语言是容易的 ，流利的和熟悉的，但是极度灵活和有力的。他的 句子是以罗技和韵律为标记，他的结构仔细地指向 必然的结尾。他的作品也是以灵活的，戏剧的对话 和其他的例如悬念，一致而出乎意外。
著名人物英文名
凯撒Caesar荷马Homeros柏拉图Platon亚里士多德Aristoteles培根Bacon莎士比亚Shakespeare萨克雷Thackeray狄更斯Dickens歌德Goehte卢梭Loescher巴尔扎克Balzac大仲马Dumas雨果Hugo乔治桑George Sand波德莱尔Baudelaire福楼拜Flaubert左拉Zola莫泊桑Maupassant霍夫曼Hoffman施托姆Storm海泽Heysen尼采Nietz伦茨Lenz弗里施Frisch迪伦马特Durrenm哈谢克Hasek米沃什Milosz西默农Simenon艾略特Eliot王尔德Wilder奥威尔Orwell格雷厄姆?格林Graham Greene 威尔逊Wilson默多克Murdoch艾米斯Amis梭罗Thoreau狄更生Dickinson马克·吐温Mark Twain欧·亨利O'Henry杰克·伦敦Jack London庞德Pound奥尼尔O'Neill福克纳Faulkner海明威Hemingway海勒Heller厄普代克Updike罗斯Roth博尔赫斯Borges罗瓦·阿特金森Rowan Atkinson布里吉特·巴多特Brigitte Bardot迪恩·凯恩Dean Cain朱尔·柯恩Joel Coen弗朗利斯·福特·柯博拉Francis Ford Coppola迈克尔·克瑞奇顿Michael Crichton多诺斯·德尔·罗伊Dolores Del Rio本尼休·德·托罗Benicio Del Toro居里Curie古腾堡(Johannes, 1400-1468, 德国活版印刷发明人)斯大林Stalin黑格尔Hegel尼采Nietzsche曼德拉Mandela毕加索Picasso 《格尔尼卡》（Guernica）17斯坦贝克，美国小说家，John Steinbeck18埃德加•爱伦•坡，美国作家，Edgar Allan Poe19 阿瑟•柯南•道尔，英国小说家，Sir Arthur Conan Doyle20西德尼.谢尔顿，美国小说家，Sidney Sheldon21 多斯•阳索斯，美国小说家，John Dos Passos22库珀，美国小说家，James Fenimore Cooper23梅尔维尔，美国小说家，Herman Melvill24哈特，美国小说家，Bret Harte25威廉•豪夫，德国童话作家，Wilhelm Hauff26豪威尔斯，美国小说家，William Dean Howells27欧•亨利，美国小说家，O. Henry28华伦，美国小说家，Robert Penn Warren29魏尔纳•冯•海登斯塔姆，瑞典诗人，Verner von Heidenstam 30比昂斯腾•比昂松，挪威戏剧家，Bjornstjerne Bjornson31埃里希•马里亚•雷马克，德国小说家，Erich Maria Remarque 32诺贝尔，瑞典的化学家，Alfred Bernhard Nobel33巴勃罗•毕加索，西班牙画家，Centre Picasso34迪特里希•多纳，德国心理学家Dietrich Dorner35达尔文，英国博物学家，Charles Robert Darwin36爱迪生，美国发明家，Thomas Alva Edison37爱因斯坦，德国发明家，Albert Einstein38亚里士多德，古希腊哲学家，Aristoteles39马克•吐温，美国小说家，Mark Twain40柏拉图，古希腊哲学家，Platon（Plato）41丹尼尔笛福，英国作家，Daniel Defoe42约翰班扬，英国作家，John Bunyan43弗朗西斯霍齐森班内特，英国作家，Frances Hodgson Burnett44罗伯特彭斯，苏格兰诗人，Robert Burns45乔治拜伦，英国诗人，George Byron46霍尔凯恩，美国作家，Hall Caine47刘易斯卡罗尔，英国作家，Lewis Carrol48厄斯•儒略•凯撒，罗马政治军事家，Julius Ceaesar49米开朗基罗,古罗马画家，Michelangelo50弗朗西斯科•戈雅，西班牙画家，Francisco Goya51阿美迪奥•莫迪里阿尼，意大利画家，Amedeo Modigliani52迭戈•里维拉，拉美画家，Diego Rivera53安迪•沃霍尔，美国画家，Andy Warhol54埃尔•格列柯，希腊画家，El Greco55杰克逊•波洛克，美国画家，Jackson Pollock56文森特•凡•高，荷兰画家，Vincent van Gogh57杰克•伦敦，美国作家，Jack London58惠斯通，英国物理学家，CharlesWheatstone59牛顿，英国科学家，Newton60笛卡儿，法国科学家，Rene Descartes61伊萨克•毕克曼，荷兰物理学家，哲学家，Isace Beekman62拉格朗日，法国数学家，物理学家，Joseph-Louis Lagrange63 阿伏加德罗，意大利物理学家、化学家，AmeldeoAvogardo,1776～1856 64帕斯卡，法国数学家、物理学家，Pascal，Blaise65莱布尼兹，德国数学家，物理学家，Gottfriend Wilhelm Leibniz,66赫兹，德国物理学家，Hertz,HeinrichRudolph67汤姆生，英国物理学家，Joseph John Thomson68多普勒•克里斯琴•约翰，奥地利物理学家及数学家，Doppler, Christian Johann 69昂利•贝可勒耳，法国物理学家，Henri Bacquerel70高斯，德国数学家，Carl Friedrich71摄尔修斯，瑞典物理学家，Anders Celsius72傅立叶，法国数学家及物理学家，Fourier，73库尔恰托夫，苏联物理学家，Kurchatov，Igori Vasilievich74狄拉克，英国物理学家，Paul Adrie Maurice Dirac75亨利•莫斯莱，英国数学家，Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley76理查德•费曼，美国物理学家，Richard Feynman77玻耳兹曼，德裔奥地利物理学家，Ludwig Boltzmann78薛定谔，奥地利理论物理学家，Erwin Schrodinger79斯蒂芬•威廉•霍金，英国物理学家，Stephen William Hawking80 大仲马，法国作家，Alexandre Dumas l802～187081比尔盖茨，微软公司软件设计师，William (Bill) H. Gates女性名人1居里夫人，法国国籍波兰科学家，Marie Curie（1867-1934）2海伦•凯勒，美国盲聋女作家，Helen keller3玛格丽特-米切尔，美国女作家，Mitchell, Margaret4艾米莉•勃朗特，英国女作家，Emily Bronte5夏洛蒂.勃朗特，英国女小说家，Charlotte Bronte，1816～18556安妮勃朗特，英国女小说家，Anne Bronte7 薇拉凯恩，美国女作家，Willa Cather8 简奥斯丁，英国女作家，Jane Austen9撒切尔夫人，英国保守党政治家,首相，Thatcher，Margaret Hilda10盖比勒.缪特, 德国女画家, Gabriele Munter11弗瑞达•卡洛，墨西哥女画家，Frida Kahlo12安妮.塞克斯顿，美国女诗人，anne sexton13西尔维亚•普拉斯，美国女诗人，Sivia pluen14勃郎宁夫人，英国著名女诗人，Elizabeth Barrett Browning15艾米莉.狄更生，美国诗人，Emily Dickinson16阿罗约，菲律宾女政治家，Arroyo Gloria17昂山素姬，缅甸女政治家，1991年诺贝尔和平奖获得者，Aung San Suu Kyi 18乔治亚娜•西加尔•琼斯，美国女科学家，试管婴儿之母，Jones19蕾切尔•卡逊，美国生态学家，Rachel Carson,20尼古拉耶娃，前苏联女钢琴家、作曲家，Tatiana Nidolayeva，21诺夫斯卡，波兰女作曲家，Tekla Badarzewska-Baranowska (1834 - 1861) 22苔克拉•芭达捷芙丝卡，波兰女作曲家,钢琴家，(Tekla Badarzewska,1834-1861),。
科学管理理论的演进(ppt 27页)
MG2-16
组织理论之父——韦伯
马克斯·韦伯(Max Weber,1864-1920)，德国 人
曾担任过教授、政府顾问、编辑 他提出的理想行政组织理论对后世产生了深远
的影响 其理论产生的历史背景正是德国企业从小规模
世袭管理向大规模专业管理转变的关键时期 韦伯与泰勒、法约尔同为西方古典管理理论的
只有法定权力才能作为行政组织体系的基础，其 最根本的特征在于法定权力提供了慎重的公正。
原因在于： 管理的连续性使管理活动必须有秩序的进行 以“能”为本的择人方式提供了理性基础 领导者的权力并非无限，应受到约束
MG2-20
理想行政组织模式的特征
组织成员应有固定的和正式的职责 组织结构是层层控制体系(命令与服从) 成员之间只有对事的关系而无对人的关系 职位根据资格(资历或学历)，经公开考试，
按自由契约原则予以使用 专业分工和技术训练 按职位发薪并建立奖惩与升迁制度
MG2-21
简评
韦伯对组织理论的贡献：明确系统地 指出有效维系组织连续和目标达成的 基础是合法权力
创新之处：挖掘出官僚体制的连续性、 纪律性、验证性和可靠性
强调制度、能力、知识的行政组织理 论为社会发展提供了一种高效、理性 的管理体制
资制度、管理职能的分离、例外管理 原则等主张一直沿用到今日
MG2-10
经营管理理论之父——法约尔
法约尔(Henry Fayol, 1841-1925)，法国人 1860年从圣艾蒂安国立矿业学院毕业进入康塔
里·福尔香堡采矿冶金公司工作 从采矿工程师一直做到公司总经理 1916年发表《工业管理与一般管理》 其管理理论不但可用于工商企业，还可用于政
法约尔管理思想
法约尔管理思想一、法约尔管理思想简介亨利·法约尔（HenryFayol，1841——1925），法国科学管理专家，西方管理理论过程学派的代表人物之一。
1860年从国立矿业学院毕业后，在福尔尚布采矿冶金公司工作，先后担任工程师、矿长、经理、总经理。
从1918年创立管理科学研究中心开始，法约尔的晚年专门从事管理科学方面的研究。
他一生发表了许多重要著作和论文，其中《工业管理和一般管理》是其代表作。
在这本书里，法约尔系统阐述了他的管理思想。
（一）管理的本质及五大要素通过对经营和管理这两个概念进行比较，法约尔揭示了管理的定义和本质。
他认为，经营和管理是两个不同的概念，经营是“指导和引导一个组织去达到一个目标”，经营行为包括六种活动，即技术活动、商业活动、财务活动、安全活动、会计活动和管理活动。
任何企业都存在着这六种活动。
而管理活动则只是这六种活动中的一种，是企业从事经营活动必备的而且是非常重要的宏观活动。
什么叫管理？法约尔认为，管理就是实行计划、组织、指挥、协调和控制。
计划是主要的管理活动之一，是指预测未来并制定行动方案。
科学的管理首先必须对未来作出判断，并为未来的活动制定规则，而且计划必须保持统一、灵活、连续、精确和具有前瞻性等特点。
组织是指建立企业的物质结构和社会结构。
管理的目的和任务就是要建立一种最有效的组织架构，从而使企业的计划得以很好的制定和完成。
法约尔特别强调，企业组织的社会人员结构应遵守等级系列原则，1个工头管15名工人，1个上级领导4个下级，从而形成金字塔型的人员等级系列。
管理的第三要素是指挥。
指挥是指领导机构或个人运用领导艺术和手段指使企业组织和人员实施企业计划，达成企业目标。
各种组织的组织工作要由综合素质高、领导能力强的人来担任。
负责指挥的管理机构或个人必须遵循8种原则才能达到指挥的正确性和高效性。
协调是组织管理活动必不可少的内容，它是指让企业人员团结一致，使企业中的所有活动和努力和谐统一。
dear henry英语作文
dear henry英语作文{z}Dear Henry,I hope this letter finds you in good health and high spirits.It has beena while since we last spoke, and I wanted to take a moment to catch up on your life and share some news of my own.Firstly, I wanted to say how much I appreciate our friendship.We have known each other since childhood, and despite the distance between us now, I feel like we have always been there for each other.Your guidance and support have meant a lot to me, and I am grateful for your presence in my life.Recently, I have been busy with work and personal endeavors.I have taken on a new job that challenges me in ways I never thought possible.It has been difficult at times, but I am learning so much and enjoying the sense of accomplishment that comes with it.In addition, I have been working on a passion project of my own.It is a small business that I have always dreamed of starting, and I am thrilled to say that it is finally off the ground.I understand that you have been busy with your own life as well.How has life been treating you recently? I hope that you are doing well and that you are able to find happiness in each day.I would love to hear about your recent achievements and any new experiences you have had.As we grow older, I realize the importance of cherishing ourfriendships.I am grateful for the bond we share and the memories we have created together.I hope that one day we can reunite and catch up in person.Until then, please know that you are always in my thoughts.Take care, my friend, and I look forward to hearing back from you soon.Sincerely,[Your Name]。
山东省菏泽市口寸中估八年级英语学第二学期期中学业评试题外研版
山东省菏泽市口寸中学2008-2009学年度第二学期期中学业评估八年级英语试题注意：请把I卷选择题的答案填写在II卷前面的答案栏内。
只交II卷总分：120分时间：120分钟一、听力测试（共20分）略二、单项选择（15分，每题1分）( ) 21. I don’t know ________tomorrow. Can you tell me?A. when we startedB. when we will startC. when will we start( ) 22. Miss Lin ________ less time reading stories about film stars than before.A. takesB. costsC. spends( ) 23. —My parents always tell me _______others late at night.—They’re right. It’s not polite.A. callB. to callC. not to call( ) 24. We think _________important that we should master at least one foreign language.A. thatB. itC. which() 25. —What are you going to give your mother for her birthday?—I’m not sure. But I’ll buy her_____________.A. something specialB. anything specialC. special something( ) 26. Let’s stop ____________. I know a good restaurant near here.A. to have a mealB. to have a restC. having a rest( ) 27. Nobody tells us ____________, can you help?A. how we should doB. how to do itC. what to do it( ) 28. —How do you know that she likes singing?—I often hear her ____________in the morning.A. to singB. sangC. sing( ) 29. —Hello! May I speak to Mr. Smith?—_____________. I’ll go and get him.A. SpeakingB. Wrong numberC. Hold on, please( ) 30. We're not sure if it ________ tomorrow. If it ______, we won’t climb the South Hill.A. will snow; snowsB. will snow; will snowC. snows; will snow( ) 31. If you don’t know the meaning of this word, you may __________ in the dictionary.A. look upB. look up itC. look it up( ) 32. If the camera doesn’t start, ________ the “camera” key.A. pressB. clickC. take( ) 33. —I'm sorry I'm late, because the traffic is bad.—_____________, but tomorrow, please be on time.A. It’s pleasure.B. It doesn’t matterC. That’s right( ) 34. —What will you do if it __________-tomorrow?—I'll stay at home and watch the match on TV.A. rainB. rainsC. will rain( ) 35. Isn’t it true? I am surprised _______ that!A. hearB. hearingC. to hear三、完形填空（10分，每题1分）Many people think the 36 time is spent, the more work will be done. So students have to spend the whole 37 doing school work except the three meals.Modern students have many 38 . They love sports, computers and music. A 39 holiday can get them away from too much school work, and they can do what they like. But still teachers do not think about it. Because they have too much homework, they have no time to 40 themselves. Students are really tired of their weekend homework. So they don’t do it 41 Sunday night. And there is not enough time to finish the homework carefully. The poor weekend homework usually makes teachers 42 .Things always get 43 without right ideas. Too much school work makes students lose interests in learning. It is also bad for their health.A house runs faster after a 44 . But for students only rest isn’t enough. So such a condition(状况)should be 45 to give students both pleasure and knowledge.( ) 36. A. many B. much C. more( ) 37. A. week B. day C. evening( ) 38. A. interests B. books C. friends( ) 39. A. two days B. two-day C. two –days( ) 40. A. learn B. look C. teach( ) 41. A. in B. on C. until( ) 42. A. happy B. angry C. worried( ) 43. A. better B. best C. worse( ) 44. A. meal B. rest C. moment( ) 45. A. changed B. kept C. taught三、阅读理解（30分，每小题2 分）AAir is very important to everything that loves. But the air we breathe(呼吸)is getting dirty. People all over the world are looking for ways to make it clean again.Have you ever watched the smoke from chimneys(烟囱)rising high and spreading（散布）out in the air? Or seen the smoke that puffs(喷出)from cars and trucks on the road? Or watched the smoke trailing(从后面喷出)from a jet plane?Sometimes smoke looks pretty in the air. But it is not good to breathe. If we are going to keep well and strong, we need to breathe clean air.With more and more factories every where and more and more cars, trucks and planes, it is getting harder and harder to keep our air clean.Scientists have already found ways to stop or slow down some of things that maid the air dirty. They will not stop working till we have clean air again.( ) 46. The air we breathe is getting ___________.A. dirtyB. clearC. clean( ) 47. air is important to ____________.A. everythingB. animalC. every living thing( ) 48. The smoke that sometimes look pretty in the air is __________ to breathe.A. goodB. willC. not good( ) 49. We need to breathe clean air to keep __________.A. cleanB. goodC. well and strong( ) 50. Scientists will not stop working ___________ we have clean air again.A. whileB. tillC. whenB.A man once had a dream about the Black Forest in Germany. In his dream he was walking in the forest when two men ran out and tried to throw him to the ground. He ran off as fast as he could, but they followed him. He reached a place where he saw tow roads in front of him, one to the right and the other to the left. Which road should he take? He heard the two men behind him, getting nearer, and at the same time he heard a voice in his ear. It told him to go to the right, and he did so. He ran on and soon came to a small hotel. He was received there kindly and given a room, and he was saved from the two men. That was the dream.Twenty years later he was really in the Black Forest and as happened in the dream long ago, toe men ran out and tried to throw him down. He ran off, and came to a place with two roads, like in the dream. He remembered the dream and took the road to the right He soon reached a small hotel, was taken in, and so was safe. His dream of twenty years before had saved his life.( ) 51. The Black Forest is _____________.A. a place in GermanyB. not a real placeC. invented by the writer( ) 52. When he was walking in the forest, __________ ran after him.A. two dogsB. two tigersC. two men( ) 53. Finally he came to __________.A. a forestB. a small hotelC. another dream( ) 54. It was ___________ that saved the man’s life 20 years later.A. a voiceB. the dreamC. someone else( ) 55. The story tells us that ___________.A. a dream may come true sometimeB. people should not believe their dreamsCIf you go into the forest with friends, stay with them. If you don’t, you may get lost, this is what you should do. Sit down and stay where you are. Don't try to find your friends-let them find you instead. You can help them find you by staying in one place. There is another way to help your friends or other people to find you. You can shout or whistle(吹口哨）three times. Stop. Then shout or whistle three times again. Any signal(信号）given three times is a call for help.Keep up shouting or whistling. Always three times together. When people hear you, they will know that you are not just making a noise for fun. They will let you know that they have heard your signal. They will give you two shouts or two whistles. When a signal is given twice, it is an answer to a call for help.If you don't think that you will get help before night comes, try to make a little house with branches( 树枝）,make yourself a bed with leaves and grass.When you need some water, you have to leave your little branch house to look for it. Don't just walk away. Pick off small branches and drop(扔下）them as you walk in order to go back again easily. When you are lost, the most important thing to do is to stay in one place.( ) 56. If you get lost in the forest, you should ___________.A. try to find your friendsB. stay in one place and signal (发信号）C. walk around the forest( ) 57. Which signal is a call for help?A. shouting here and thereB. crying twiceC. shouting or whistling three times together( ) 58. When you hear two shouts or two whistlings, you know that __________-.A. someone is afraid of an animalB. people will come to help youC. someone needs help( ) 59. What's the meaning of the underlined sentence? （划线句子）A. Leave branches to find your way backB. Pick off branches to build another houseC. Use branches to make a bed( )60. The main (主要的)idea of the passage is ____________.A. how to travel in the forestB. what you should do if you want to get some waterC. what you should do if you are lost in the forest姓名：____________ 班级：__________ 学号：____________一、词汇应用：选用方框内的单词或短语完成句子。
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法约尔
• 法约尔则是从总经理的办公桌旁，以企业整体作为研究 对象，创立了他的一般管理理论； • 法约尔的理论更有一般性，可以用在除企业管理的领域；
法约尔与泰勒的科学管理并不是矛盾的， 只不过是从两个方面来看待和总结管理实践的。
在法约尔提出管理人员应具备的能力的同时，还 提出了管理人员个人素质的问题
• 从经营职能中独立出管理 活动； • 提出管理活动所需的五大 职能； • 提出管理活动所需的14条 管理原则；
计划 组织 指挥 协调
控制
分工
纪律
集权
阶层
权限与责任
命令的统一 指挥有统一 公平的报酬 个人利益服从整体利益
秩序
公正 团结 创造性 职工的稳定
泰勒
• 泰勒的研究是从工厂管理的一端--- “车床前的工人”开 始实施，从中归纳出科学的一般结论，重点内容是企业 内部具体工作的效率； • 强调雇主和工人之间的“协调合作”实现“最大富裕”；
1 2 3
法约尔对现代管理学研究提出了总框架， 对管理内涵的概括体现了全局性和战略性； 法约尔把管理同其他容易混淆的术语分开， 更加体现了管理的独立性和专业性； 法约尔提出的14条原则至今仍然是规范现 代管理活动的重要准则； 法约尔澄清了高层管理中的混乱思想；
4
1．提出了管理的“普遍性”； 2．管理理论更“一般性”； 3．为管理学奠定了理论基础 ；
身体素质 智力水平 管理者 专业技能 道德素养 经验
与泰罗否认专业管理训练对培养管理人员的 作用即认为管理人才是“天生”的观点明显 不同，法约尔强调管理教育的必要性与可能 性。并且指出：管理是可以教授的。
著作
• 工业管理和一般管理 • 国家在管理上的无能——邮政与电讯 • 公共精神的觉醒
论文
• 管理的一般原则 • 高等技术学校中的管理教育 • 管理职能在事业经营中的重要性 • 国家管理理论
---管理过程学派的开山鼻祖之一Fra bibliotek
1841，法约尔出生； 1856—1858，就读于里昂公立中等学校； 1858—1860，就读于圣艾蒂安国立矿业学院； 1860—1872，科门特里富香博公司担任工程师； 1872—1888，经理，领导一批矿井； 1888—1918，总经理，管理整个公司； 1918—1925，退休，整理管理学理论；