deixis

(ⅴ) ⅴ
deictic and non-deictic distinction
Deictic: gestural / symbolic
Non-deictic: anaphoric /non-anaphoric
deictic usage — gestural usage
i.e. with reference to an audiovisual-tacile and a physical,monitoring of the speech event e.g. This one is genuine, but this one is fake.
Grammatical and lexical features which relate utterances to the spatiotemporal coordinates of the act of utterance The linguistic means used in this function are known as deictics, indexicals ( or indexical / deictic expressions). ----- J. Lyons: Semantics,1977 Examples : pronouns, demonstratives, time and place
Lyons (1977,637) describe DEIXIS as: the location and identification of persons, objects, processes and activities being talked about or referred to, in relation to the spatiotemporal context created and sustained by the act of utterance and the participation in it.
— symbolic usage
non-deictic usage — anaphoric usage
i.e. it is where term picks out as referent the same entity that some prior term in the discourse picked out.
Condition for empathetic deixis: 移情是指示语映射现象这一非常规选择所 产生的最基本的语用效果. 移情的产生需有两个必要的条件: 一是意识到或了解自己的感受, 二是将自己与别人等同起来 (王初明,P112)
context and deictic projection:
(Doctor to Patient) How are we feeling today? (Mum to Dad) We're in a bad mood today. (the kid)
2. space deixis : come / go; here / there; this / that
发话人常常通过选择不同的移动动词come, go及指示代词this, that 等,自觉,不自觉地违反指示语的自我中心特性,来缩短或拉开自己和 受话者之间的心理距离或感情距离,以示友好或冷漠. 从礼貌的角度讲,在交谈中发话者选择表示近指的come,this,here 比选择表示远指的go,that,there显得友好和亲切.
deictic center
(ⅰ) ⅰ (ⅱ) ⅱ
the central person
the speaker
the central time the time at which speaker produces the utterance. the central place the speaker's location at utterance time or CT.
Characteristics in use
The egocentricity of deixis Deictic expressions are anchored to specific points in the communicative event. the unmarked points, called the deictic center, are typically assumed to be as follows:
How to realize deitic projection?
1. 说话人把指示中心从"自我"转移到他人身上 说话人把指示中心从"自我"转移到他人身上: addressee-centered, or non-addressed participant-centered, or home- based
adverbs, and some grammatical categories such as tense.
Deixis concerns: the ways in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech event; and the ways in which the interpretation of utterances depends on the analysis of that context of utterance. ---- Levinson: Pragmatics, 1983
I am not here now. (Some one knocks at the door) I'm coming. I came over several times to your place, but you were out.
2. 在叙述文中,指示中心从话语生产者 作者本人 在叙述文中,指示中心从话语生产者(作者本人 作者本人) 转移到故事中的某个角色身上或者转移到隐藏在 幕后虚构的叙述者身上. 幕后虚构的叙述者身上.
DEIXIS
Definition definition, characteristics in use, deictic and non-deictic distinction Deictic Projection Pre-emptiveness
Definition
Deixis: (from Greek) anchoring, pointing Various termiology
(ⅲ) ⅲ
(ⅳ) ⅳ
the discourse center the point which the speaker is currently at in the production of his utterance. the social center the speaker's social status and rank, to which the status or rank of addressees or referents is relative.
Pragmatic empathy; for the empathy effect Empathy : the power of understanding and imaginatively entering into another person's feelings.
从语用学的角度出发,虽然违背了指示语以说话人为中心 的属性,但说话人不以自身为指示中心,而把参照点转移 到听人或其他听众身上,在这个过程中说话人以对方为指 说话人以对方为指 示照,从对方的角度说话, 从而产生了语用移情. 示照,从对方的角度说话 从而产生了语用移情. 移情在语用学上指交际双方情感相通, 能设想和理解方用 意, 涉及说话人如何刻意对听话人吐露心声, 表达意图, 听 话人如何设身处地来理解说话人言谈的心态和意思.
语境是会话含义产生的寓所,要研究指示语 映射现象所凸现的语用含义和效果,不能离 开其所依附的语境. 在不同的语境中, 指示语映射除了产生"移 情"的语用效果外, 由于说话人和听话人之 间特殊的关系, 还能产生更为复杂的语用效 果,如幽默滑稽,羞辱贬斥,嘲讽和诱骗等 等.
PrePre-emptiveness
Lyons called this phenomenon empathetic deixis (移情指示现象)(P677)
For example: 1. First person pronouns may be used to refer to the second and third persons
I was looking at this little puppy in a cage with such a sad look on its face. It was like, "Oh, I am so unhappy here, will you set me free?"
Why does deitic projection appear in language use?
token-reflexive words indexical signs egocentric particulars deixis Reichenbach Peirce Russell Levinson
and others such as index, indicator, pronoun, shifter,etc.
e.g. John came in and he sang a song.
i.e. context-free expressions which in general refer to people.
e.g. You can never predict what would happen next.
Pre-emptive: adj. of / concerning doing sth./ acting in advance of others Pre-emptiveness was firstly put forward by Levinson when he discussed Time Deixis. In pragmatics, it refers to forestalling deixis in advance of non-deictic expressions in certain contexts.在具体的语境中指示词语先于 指示词语先于
— non-anaphoric usage
Deictic Projection
What is deictic projection?
When it is not a face-to-face conversation, when the speaker and the addressee are not in the same place at the time of speaking, thenthe the egocentricity may be violated. It means that sometimes deictic expressions are used in ways that shift the deictic center to other participants in narratives. Lyons called this deictic projection. Fillmore called it shifts in point of view.
Leabharlann Baidu
i.e. require the knowledge of the basic spatio-temporal parameters of the speech event, and on occasion participant-role and discourse and social parameters. e.g. you can all come with me if you like.