英语国家概况Religious Reformation英国宗教改革
主要英语国家概况chapter2
The industrial revolution
• Typical examples of the inventions 1. John Kay’s flying shuttle (1733) speeded up hand weaving
The industrial revolution
• 2. James Watt’s steam engine(1765)
leader
• played a critical role in the
transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire
Roman Invasion (55BC-410 AD)
Leaving in around 410 A.D.
Henry VIII
Religious Reformation
Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Consolidated the Church of England Defended the fruit of the Reformation in essence Golden Age of English History England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature, and the arts. The age of exploration began: claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. • The American State, Virginia, is named after Queen Elizabeth.
British_history_2英语国家概况英国历史相关-2022年学习资料
William Ill and Mary-alyogine buege-By SaDEreNFFE6.20 2
The Glorious Revolution of 1688-L7yw1e心s0J-By SaDEreN FE6.2002
The Rise of the British Empire-The industrial revolut on-The chartist movement-The workshop of the world-Th colonial expansion-ogi tuogd-By SaDEreN-F-E0.2002
2.1 Religious Reformation-Reasons-2 religious camps:C tholic-and Protestant-Immediate cause:Henry VIII's-di orce-Act of Supremacy-Henry VIII-only supreme head of the church of England"-In essence,the Reformation was a political movement in a-religious guise-alyogi bwog -By SaDEreN-F-E0.2002
James l-Lalyogine tuege-By SaDer9NFKE6.2002
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
The Divine Right of Kings-●-James I was a firm believ r in the-Divine Right of Kings.He thought of his righ -to rule as God-given,which should not be-challenged y anyone,and he preferred no-Parliament at all.-alyog bwogd-By SaDEreN-F-E0.2002
英语国家概况 谢福之 Chapter 2(最新修订版)
Alfred the Great Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
1.1.5 Danish Invasion (8th Century-1066)
Countries
• Westminster Abbey, an architectural masterpiece of the 13th to 16th centuries.
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
1.1.4 The Anglo-Saxon Invasion (5th-8th Century)
St. Augustine (圣奥古斯丁, ？-604/605) ❖ First archbishop of Canterbury and the apostle (传道者) of
Stonehenge and its Statue
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking
Countries
1.1.2 Celtic Britain (8th-5th Century BC)
❖The name of Britain—Britons ❖Tribal society ❖Celtic Language
(Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh)
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
英语国家概况章节概要
英国概况1. Land and People 国土与人民Different names for Britain and its parts 英国的不同名称及其区域正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
简称：联合王国，或UK。
首都伦敦。
它包括不列颠岛和北爱尔兰。
不列颠诸岛：包括不列颠岛，爱尔兰岛和几百个小岛。
爱尔兰岛：岛的北部地区，即北爱尔兰属于联合王国；岛的南部地区，称为爱尔兰共和国或爱尔兰，1949年独立，首都是都柏林。
三个政治区域：英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士。
由于帝国主义扩张政策，英国成为一个帝国。
两次世界大战后，其殖民地不断独立，大英帝国逐渐消失，1931年由英联邦取代。
英联邦：是由原英国殖民地组成的一个自由联合体，各独立成员国间，根据贸易协议实行经济合作。
英联邦没有特别的权力，目前有50个成员国。
2. Origins of the Nation 英国的起源Arrival and settlement of the Celts 凯尔特人的到来和迁居自公元前700年不断迁入，来自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国，比利时和德国南部。
三次入侵高潮：第一次是公元前600年，盖尔人。
第二次是公元前400年，布立吞（不列颠）人。
第三次是公元前150年，贝尔盖人。
强大的酋长卡西弗洛诺斯，莎士比亚剧本中的辛白林。
技艺：农耕，沼泽地排水，修建房屋，铁匠。
后裔：山地苏格兰人，爱尔兰人，威尔士人。
语言：是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础。
宗教：德鲁伊德教。
德鲁伊德指智者，占星家和占卜者。
采用活人祭祀。
Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons 现代英格兰民族的基础：盎格鲁--撒克逊人三支日尔曼（条顿）部落的入侵：朱特人：来自朱特兰岛（现丹麦南部）。
酋长亨及斯特和霍塞，帮助肯特国王伏泰根驱逐皮克特人和苏格兰人后，转而攻击伏泰根，最终亨及斯特成为肯特国王。
撒尔逊人：来自德国北部。
建立了埃塞克斯，苏塞克斯，威塞克斯。
religious_reformation(宗教改革)2
Build a national church
Influences
It hit the rule of Roman Catholicism
It push the movement of opposition to the feudalism
The Lutheranism was established it cleaned up a road for religious reformation. .
Contents：
Ⅰ.History of Christianity
Ⅱ.Background and Reasons
Ⅲ.Major Events (Lutheranism，Calvinism， Anglicanism)
Ⅳ.Influences
Influences：
In politics:
(1) Cracked down the Catholicism severely，collapsed its unified theocracy in Europe. New religion branches were born and shaped a new religion pattern. (2) promote the development of national consciousness and national countries in western Europe
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英语国家概况英国宗教
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苏格兰教The Church of Scotland
苏格兰教的管理是长老制，也就是由教士 和长老治理，他们都被授了圣职，1707年 的《统一条约》确定了以苏格兰教的地位 ，1921年的《苏格兰教会法》进一步保证 了其地位。
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非国教教会
(1)英国圣公会
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英格兰教 The Church of England
英格兰教也被称作“安立甘会” The Anglican Church
英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系，因为君主作为“Supreme
Governor of the Church of England and Defender of the Faith”——"教会的统
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治者与国教的捍卫者"，必须是此教会的一员，君主在登 基时必须承诺维持国教。尽管在大主教和教区主教的选择 上皇室任职委员会起着决定性的作用,但是英格兰国教的 大主教、主教和教堂教长还是由君主根据首相的建议任命
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英格兰教 The Church of England
国教的两大主教与其他24个高级主教通过上议院与政府相联系， 两个大主教包括——坎特伯雷（Canterbury）和约克(York)。 坎特伯雷大主教（Archbishop of Canterbury），为全英格兰的首席 主教（The Primate of All England）。
在不列颠诸岛有三个非国教的圣公会：爱尔兰教 会、苏格兰的主教派教会和威尔士教会。 威尔士教会在宗教改革时期成为圣公会的一部分 。1588年摩根主教把《圣经》译为威尔士语。在 18世纪和19世纪时期，一场强劲的不信国教(自由 教会)运动席卷威尔士。
British_history_2 英语国家概况 英国历史相关
to rule as God-given, which should not be
challenged by anyone, and he preferred no
Parliament at all.
Charles I
2.1 Religious Reformation
❖ parliamentary clashes over monopolies
William III and Mary
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
The Rise of the British Empire
• The industrial revolution • The chartist movement • The workshop of the world • The colonial expansion
The industrial revolution
• Causes: 1. Favorable geographical location 2. Political stability 3. Fast-growing population 4. Enclosure movement 5. Well-trained engineers and craftsmen
▪ England was declared a commonwealth, i.e. a
republic
Roundheads with pikes
2.3 Restoration and the Glorious Revolution
• Restorahe old social order –1685, James II: to reestablish Catholicism
【英语国家概况教学】religious英国宗教[1]3
![【英语国家概况教学】religious英国宗教[1]3](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/5e704503bed5b9f3f90f1c68.png)
Religion in the United Kingdom
In B rita in to d a y , a la r g e p o p u la tio n o f p e o p le a re n o t re a lly in te re s te d in a t a ll . T h e s u c c e s s e s o f m o d e rn s c ie n c e a re p a rtly re s p o n s ib le fo r th is , T h e p rim e e x a m p le b e in g th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f D a r w in ’s fa m o u s th e o ry o f e v o lu tio n
T h e re a re tw o e s ta b lis h e d c h u rc h e s in B rita in , th a t is , c h u rc h e s le g a lly re c o g n iz e d a s o ffic ia l c h u rc h e s o f th e S ta te : in E n g la n d th e (A n g lic a n ) C h u rc h o f E n g la n d , a n d in S c o tla n d th e (P re s b y te ria n ) C h u rc h o f S c o tla n d .
Religion in the United Kingdom
The Free Churches
T h e te rm “F re e C h u rc h e s ” is o fte n u s e d to d e s c rib e o f th e P r o te s ta n t C h u rc h e s in B r ita in w h ic h , u n lik e th e C h u rc h o f E n g la n d a n d th e C h u r c h o f S c o tla n d , a re e s ta b lis h e d c h u rc h e s . In th e c o u rs e o f h is to ry th e y h a v e d e v e lo p e d th e ir o w n tra d itio n . A ll th e m a jo r F r e e C h u rc h e a llo w b o th m e n a n d w o m e n to b e c o m e m in is te rs . F o r th e M e th o d is t C h u rc h , a n d th e B a p tis ts .
英语国家概况名词解释
2 .The ChunnelI n 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.3. Cockney：It refers to the person from the East of London. He is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bell. He has a special accent in his speech.4.Eisteddfod：Eisteddfod is the Welsh word for “sitting” National Eidteddfod is the most famous fe stival of music and verse in Wales. It takes place each August and lasts for about a week. The highlight of the festival is competition for the best epic poem about Wales written and read in Welsh. The winner is crowned Board, considered the supreme honour in Wales. In this way the Welsh people keep the Welsh language and culture alive.5.Stonehenge：It is a group of huge monuments of grant rock Slabs on salisbury plain in Southwest England built as long ago as the New Stone Age. It is generally believed that stonehenge served some sort of religious purposes.6. Beaker Folk：they were the people came to Britain from central Europe at about 2000BC. They were so called because they were fond of drinking and buried themselves in the bell-shaped beer container. They developed their own farming society.7.The Celts：The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They religion was Druidism.8. St. Augustine：In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew‟s Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. That year, St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. Augustine was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.9. Alfred the Great：He was king of Wessex, one of the seven Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms. It was he who led the Anglo-Saxon to flight against the invading Danes and maintained peace for a long time. Alfred was not only a brave king at wartime, but also a wise king at peacetime. He encouraged education and introduced a legal system. He is known as “the father of the British navy”.10.Danelaw：It refers to the piece of land of England under the control of the Danish in the 9th century. The Danish and the Vikings capture York, an important center of Christianity. They could not conquer Alfred and had to stay in the north and east.11.The danegeld ：It was the tax collected in 10th century. When Viking invaded England, theKing Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders to stay away. The Dane received the money but grew greedier. This marked the decline of Anglo-Saxon kingdom.12.Norman Conquest：The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.13. Domesday Book：It was the first survey of land in Britain under William to strengthen hisrule. It aimed at getting taxes. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records Office in London.mon law：It was an unwritten law common to people in Britain. It is also called “Case law ” since it was based on former judgments and customs. It appeared under Henry Ⅱand now it has become part of British law of sources.15.Jury system：It was a system replaced old English and Norman way of trial in Henry II‟s day. At that time a jury was composed of twelve men and the jurors‟ function was to act as witnesses not to h ear evidences and give verdict. Now the jury decides the issue of guilt or innocence.16.Geoffrey Chaucer：He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket‟s tomb. Because he was the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known as the “Father of English Poetry”.17.Magna Carta：It was also called the barons‟ Charter or the Great Charter in 1215.It has m any clause but the important one was that only the Grand Council could decide to collect money or not. And it has long been regarded as the foundation of English liberties but its spirit was to limit the king‟s power.18.Hundred Years’ War：It refers to the fight-and cease war between France and England that lasted for more than 120 years.(1337-457) The causes were partly territorial and partly economic. After three stages of the war was over, the English were driven out of France with only Calais in hand. The ending of the war is regarded as a blessing for both countries.19.Black Death：It was a disease or plague spread by rat fleas in 14th cen. It spread through Europe. Many people died and the population of England shrank. It caused labor shortage and other social problems.20.War of Roses It was a barons‟ war in 15th century in Engla nd. War of roses was so called because the warring sides used white & red roses as their families symbols. And the War lasted for decades/ many years. Many local nobles died and the feudal system got a heavy blow.21.Tudor Dynasty:：It refers to the dynasty established by Henry Tudor after the War of Roses. Five Tudor monarchs ruled England and Wales for just over two hundred years. In a short time span they achieve a great deal. Henry VIII‟s and Elizabeth I are significant monarchies in English history.22.The English Reformation：It is a religious reform started in England during Henry VIII‟‟s rule. It was a gradual reform which lasted for years. As Henry became the Supreme Head of the Church of England, the Church of England was thought as a national church, especially after Bloody Mary, Protestantism and nationalism meant the same.23.Blood Mary：It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.24.The Armada：It was the name for the Spanish fleet in the 16th century. As Mary Stuart of Scots was killed, the Spanish king sent his Armada to invade England. But it was defeated by the English at English Channel. Ever since then, England began to control the sea for many years and its Reformation survived.25.Renaissance：It was the revival of classical literature and artistic styles in European history. It was the transitional period between the Middle-Ages and modern times,. It was period of significant achievement and changes. 26.The English Renaissance：It was the rebirth of classical literature and artistic styles in English history in 15th -17th century. It had its own characteristics. And many great minds were produced.27.Elizabeth Drama：It refers to the literature form appeared under Elizabeth I. It began to excel only in the last decade of the 16th century and reached its height in the first 15 years of the 17th century. Its finest exponents were Marlowe, Johnson and Shakespeare. 28.Shakespeare：William Shakespeare was a dramatist and poet during the English Renaissance. He wrote many (37) plays, such as Merchant of Venice, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet , and Sonnets. He is generally regarded as the greatest writer in the English language29.Gunpowder Plot：It was a secret plan of the Roman Catholics to overthrow James 1. The Catholics planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars of the House to kill James 1 but the plan failed. Now it is celebrated as a national holiday.30.Pilgrim Fathers：They were a small group of the first puritans who came to America in 1620 in a ship called Mayflower. They escaped religious persecution and wanted to practice their religion in other places. At last, they founded Britain‟s first settlement in the New World.31.The Civil Wars：It refers to the wars between Charles I and parliament in the 17th century in England. The wars had two stages. After the wars were over, Charles I was beheaded and a Commonwealth was established. It is also called the Puritan Revolution and generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.32.The Glorious Revolution：It was a takeover or palace coup d‟etate with no blood shed in 1688. When James II hoped t o rule as a Catholic, the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. James II was forced to leave Britain. William and Mary who were the relatives of James II took power as joint monarchy. 33.The Bill of Rights of 1689：It refers to the law accepted by William and Mary after the Glorious Revolution. It includes: no Roman Catholic can be a monarchy, parliament hav more powers than the Monarchy and free speech in parliament. It marked the beginning of constitutional monarchy in England.34.Utilitarianism：A theory in the early 19th century which wanted governments to help majority of people happy. And the governments must reform to be efficient & not to interfere people‟s l ives.issez faire：It was an economic theory. Later, it became a radical idea of free trade of the economic policies of Britain in the 18th cen. Because they believe that the import and export duties interfered with the natural flow of trade.36.The Enclosure Acts：It was the policy in 18th century. Wealthier landowners were allowed to seize any land to which tenants prove no legal title and to divide it into enclosed fields. It became more frequent after the mid-40s and climaxed during the turn of the century .It had good as well as bad results.37.The Industrial Revolution：It refers to the use of machines in industry and the social and economic changes in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th century. The real … revolution‟ happened in textiles. Britain was by 19th century the … workshop of the world:”38.The Chartist Movement；A proletarian movement or campaign in the 19th century in Eng. It was to call for political changes. The People‟s Charter was put forward during the movement. But it ended in a failure.39.The Suffragettes：It was the militant feminist movement led by Mrs. Pankhurst before the First World War. Women‟s position in the society was gradually improved. Votes were granted to women over 30 as soon as the war was over and to all women in the same terms as men ten years later.40.The Beatles：It is the name of a band formed by four Liverpool boys in the sixties. They wrote their own music and words, using “ beat”, a new pop culture. They won the affection of people of all ages and social backgrounds.41.British Disease：It is the economic decline in Britain because of decades of balance of payment deficits. A lot of measures were taken to cure it but all failed.42.Keynesianism：A theory of British economist Keynes. The main idea is to have full employment and low inflation. Though it was welcome in the 50s and 60s, later it was rejected by the western countries.43.Thatcherism：A theory by British Prime minister, Thatcher in the 80s. The main idea is to privatize and to control inflation. It also turned out to be a failure in “curing” British diseases;45.Civil List：The money given to the monarchy. An annual grant to cover the expenditure/cost of the monarchy.3/4 of it goes to the Royal Household. And the rest to meet the need for public duties.46.Privy Purse：The revenue/income of the Duchy of Lancaster. It is used to cover the monarchy‟s privateexpenditure. And taxes should be paid.47.Shadow cabinet：It refers to the group of the official Opposition in the British parliament. The party wins the second largest number of seats form it. The aim of it are to improve the party‟s public image by actively join the policy-making the parliament so as to win the next general election.48.Parliament：It is the legislative branch in Br itain. The term “parliament” originally meant a meeting for parley or discussion. It appeared in 1265. It consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.49.Civil Service：It is the dept. to hire govt. servants. Civil servants have to pass examinations. And Civil Service grades them.50.The Open Structure：It is the system of filling the senior levels of government posts with civil servants in Britain. There are common grades throughout the Civil Service 1 to7 , which cover grades from Permanent Secretary level to Principal level. Within the unified grades each post is filled by the person best qualified.51.Either way offences：They are the crimes in Britain. The crimes can be either serious or minor depend on the consequences/ results. And they are tried at two courts: the magistrate & crown court..52.JPS：It is the short form of the justices of the peace. They are also called lay magistrates and appointed on behalf of the Crown by the Lord Chancellor. The oldest appeared in the 14th cen.53.Welfare system：It is a system of govt. The govt. give money support to its citizens through its health centers and other facilities. In Britain, it is funded out of national insurance contribution and taxes.54..NHS：It is short form of National Health Service in Britain. It came into being in 1948. It is a largely free service. And its money mainly comes from general taxes.55.GP：It is the short form of a general practitioner in Britain. Sometimes he is known as a“ family doctor” since he may visit patients‟ houses. He treats patients but doesnot prepare medicine. He is self-employed and have contracts with the NHS.56.The social security system：It is the system to secure a basic standard o living for people needed money support in Britain. Large amount of money goes to the system and benefits are contributory and non-contributory ones. In this way , social stability is reached.57..Contributory benefits：T hey are the kinds of benefits people receive through the social security system in Britain. They are so called because people have to pay when they are at work before they receive/gain. They include retirement pension etc. The principle is to be mutually benefited.58.Church of England：I t is one of the two most important churches of Britain. It has strong connection/relation with politics. ex. the Crown is its head. It has two provinces. And only Parliament can make changes to it./ its form59.The Salvation Army：It is the organization of the Methodist Church in Britain. William Booth is the founder and within Britain it is second only to the Government as a provider of social services. It is served by hundreds of officers and runs many worship centers.60.Christmas：It is the greatest of Christian festivals to celebrate the birth of Christ on December 25th every year. Though it becomes too over-commercialized as to such a sacred holiday, still a great deal of genuine Christmas spirit remains. During the day, common people observe the custom of giving gifts and the habit of spending it with the family.61.Easter：It is the chief/main Christian festival on the first Sunday after the first full moon. It is to celebrate the rebirth of Christ. Easter eggs are eaten during the season. It is also closely associated with the coming of spring.62.Public school：It refers to the independent schools for older pupils which are long-established and have gaineda reputation for their high academic standards. The schools are single sex and expensive. Most of the members of the British Establishment were educated at a public school.64.Pantomime：It is a kind of play based on a traditional fairy tale and performed at Christmas time. It is developed out of dumb show with many forms such as dancing. Dan Leno was the one of the great pantomime actors. After the First World War. it began to decline.65.Great Famine：It referred to the period of time in the 1840s when the Irish suffered starvation/ hunger nationwide in Ireland. Crop (potato etc.) failures were main factors, along with some other reasons. The population declined sharply and large emigration started.(42)。
the Religious Reformation
1.宗教改革的定义Definition of the Religious Reformation宗教改革开始于欧洲16世纪基督教自上而下的宗教改革运动,该运动奠定了新教基础。
同时也瓦解了由天主教会所主导的政教体系，为后来西方国家从基督教统治下的封建社会过渡到多元化的现代社会奠定基础。
The religious reformation began in sixteenth Century in Europe, which established the foundations of Protestantism . At the same time, The religious reformation led to the collapse of the political system of the Catholic church. It lays the foundation for the transition from the feudal [ˈfju:dl] society under the Christian rule to the modern society.2.宗教改革的背景Background of the Religious Reformation一. 政治上，欧洲民族主义观念兴起，要求建立统一的民族国家，打破天主教的控制。
In politics,, the concept of European nationalism rise and it requires the establishment of a unified national state in order to break the control of Catholic.二. 经济上，资产阶级成长起来，要求打破天主教神学的精神束缚，为资本主义发展扫除障碍。
In the economy, the bourgeoisie [ˌbʊəʒwɑ:ˈzi:] grew up and they demanded to break the spiritual [ˈspɪrɪtʃuəl] shackles[ˈʃæklz] of Catholic theology in order to remove obstacles for the development of capitalism.三. 文化上，文艺复兴倡导个人自由、平等、欲望、人性至上，提倡竞争进取和科学求知，为人们挑战天主教会提供了理论和思想依据。
英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点：1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿：Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前，将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期，Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立：judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政)，而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年，英国议会通过了两个重要法案，建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国，煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面，墨西哥在南面，大西洋在它的东面，太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民，尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是：English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒)，他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月，The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时，美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前，美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释：1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution，which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation，s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations（联邦国家）The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题：1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。
英国概况宗教religion
The Reformation in England
Henry VIII wanted to enlarge his political power. Henry VIII needed money. Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first wife. (the immediate cause)
.1553-58 Bloody Mary： 回到天主教，迫害基督教牧师、教会；牧 师，主教殉道；不少牧师逃离玛利，到formation in England
• 1558-1603 Elizabeth I： • 基督教；政治手段 Elizabethan Settlement (Divide and conquer: nobody is happy) Prelacy vs. Puritanism 当时鼓吹教会要更彻底的改革的， 就是清教徒；很多都是 逃离玛利的牧师 (Marian exiles), 他们大多数是加尔文主义者
1、断绝英国教会在行政和经济上与罗马
教廷的关系 2、规定国王为英国最高首脑，拥有任命 教职、召开教会、审查教规的权力 3、保留天主教的教阶制度，教义和仪式 4、没收修道院财产归王室所有。
The Reformation in England
• 1527-1531 Henry VIII: • 为了离婚而离开天主教，宣布自己是英国 教会的元首 (信仰的维护者) ；英国的改教不 过是一个政治上的改变 • 1540年代 Edward ： • 邀请欧洲的神学家到英国编写公祷书；包括路 德宗，改革宗的
The Reformation in England
• 英国宗教改革运动的导火线是亨利八世的一场离 婚案，西班牙阿拉贡公主、神圣罗马帝国皇帝查 理五世的姨母凯瑟琳，她成为亨利八世的妻子， 为他生了６个孩子，但只有女儿玛丽·都铎一个 长大成人。 • 亨利八世很为王位继承人伤神，于是，向罗马教 皇提出与凯瑟琳离婚。教皇慑于神圣罗马帝国皇 帝查理五世的压力，拒绝了亨利八世的离婚请求。 .当时的欧洲在路德宗教改革的影响下，反 结果，愤怒的亨利八世便开始了对抗教廷的活动。
英语国家概况复习笔记TheUK
英语国家概况复习笔记TheUKThe UKUnit 11.The official name：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Since 1927)national flag：The Union Flag OR popularly known as the Union Jacknational anthem（国歌）：GOD SAVE THE QUEENnational capital of the country ：London：Greater London⼤伦敦都市区: the City of London + 32 boroughs[?b?r?]（⾃治的市镇）The City of London伦敦城: at the center of the metropolitan-the financial center of thecountryInner London: the City of London + its 12 boroughsOuter London: 20 boroughs [?b?r?]（⾃治的市镇）surrounding Inner London2. The location and size of the country （了解）3. The terrain [t??re?n]（地形）, rivers and mountains of the countryRoughly two kinds of terrain---highland and lowland.The highland area --- in the northern part of the country, comprising the mountainousregions of Scotland, Northern Ireland, northern England and north Wales.The lowland area --- especially in the Midland, southern and eastern England.The longest river in the UK is River Severn（塞⽂河）.Among the most important rivers is the Thames（泰晤⼠河）, which is second longest but is the deepest river in the county. Ben Nevis（本·尼维斯）is the highest peak of the UK.（⼤不列颠境内的最⾼⼭峰，海拔1，343.8⽶，位于苏格兰西部的格兰扁⼭脉)Lough Neagh (396km2)(內伊湖): the largest lake in the whole country4. The natural resources of the countryCoal 煤●Britain has a rich deposit of coal with major coal mines in central and southwest of England.●For the last decades, there has been a steady decline in both coal production and number of coal mines.Petroleum [p??tr?uli?m] ⽯油●1965 saw discovery of big oil and oil fields under the North Sea, east of Britain.5. The climate of the countryTemperate maritime climate（温带海洋性⽓候）What are the characteristics of the climate in Great Britain?FoggyRainyUncertain and changeable6. Major citiesLondon ;Edinburgh [?edn?b?:r?] 爱丁堡;Cardiff [?kɑ:d?f] 加地夫（威尔⼠的主要海港）;Belfast [?bel?f?st] 贝尔法斯特（北爱尔兰⾸府）;Birmingham ['b?:mh?m] 伯明翰市（英国中部城市，第⼆⼤城市）Manchester: the Guardian（卫报）Glasgow：[?ɡlɑ:sɡ?u] 格拉斯哥（苏格兰最⼤城市，第三⼤城市）7. Population Density and Population DistributionPopulation density: 248 persons per square kilometer.The Population of the UK is the 3rd largest in Europe.Population distribution: high urbanization (7 conurbations)7 conurbations：Greater London⼤伦敦区, W. Midlands西密德兰都市郡, South Yorkshire 南约克都市郡, W. Yorkshire西约克郡都市郡, Greater Manchester⼤曼切斯特都市郡, Merseyside默西赛德都市郡(England), Tyne& Wear泰恩及威尔都市郡(Scotland) （了解）8. Nations and the Languages Spoken1) Nations: English, Scottish, Welsh and IrishEnglish (80%): descendants [d?'send?nts] 后裔of Anglo-SaxonsWelsh, Irish & Scottish:：descendants of Celts2）Languages：A) English (official language):B) Gaelic [?g?l?k] 盖尔语: Scotland & Northern IrelandC) Welsh [wel?] 威尔⼠语: Wales [we?lz]3) T he history and development of the English language(p.7)Old English (450AD-1100 AD) influenced by Old Norse (古斯堪的纳维亚语) spoken by Vikings (北欧海盗) and was closely related to the German and Dutch (荷兰) languages. The introduction of Christianity added the first wave of Latin and Greek words to the language and ended with the Norman Conquest.Middle English (1100AD-1500AD) French replaced English as the official language in England. Numerous French words came into the English vocabulary and ended with the Black Death (⿊死病).Modern English (1500AD- present) Assimilating(吸收) words from Latin and Greek words throughout the Renaissance (⽂艺复兴) such as William Shakespeare and the King James Bible.Standard English= the Queen’s Englis h= BBC EnglishExplanation of Standard EnglishStandard English is based on the speech of the upper class of the southeastern England.It is preferred by the educated andit is widely used in media and taught at schools. Is has developed and has been promoted as a model for the correct British English. It is also the norm（标准）carried overseas. Today, Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is taught and used.9. Religion1. Britain is a multi-faith society in which everyone has the right to religious freedom.2. Christianity is the dominant religion of the country. Most of citizens are eitherProtestant ['pr?t?st?nt]新教徒or Catholic.3. English nation: The church of England（英格兰圣公会）is the established church of theEnglish nation.4. The major non-Christian communities in Britain are the Jews, the Moslems and theBuddhists.10. Character and manners of British peopleConservatismTalking about the WeatherPunctuality11. Traditions and custom●Trooping the Color英国皇家军队阅兵仪式around the Bucking Place in London（P.62）to celebrate the Queen’s Birthday Parade. (The Changing Guard ceremony)●Religious FestivalsChristmas ( Three Christmas Traditions )①Christmas pantomime [?p?nt?ma?m] (童话剧)②Queen's Christmas message③Boxing Day（节礼⽇）Easter纪念耶稣复活Halloween12. MediaNewspaperTraditionally British newspapers have been divided into "quality", serious-minded newspapers (usually referred to as "broadsheets宽幅印刷品" because of their large size) and the more populist ['p?pj?l?st] 平民化, "tabloid" varieties.Quality Press: The Times（泰晤⼠报）, The Guardian（卫报）, The Daily Telegraph（每⽇电讯报）Tabloid [?t?bl??d] 通俗⼩报: The Sun on SundayTelevision and BroadcastBBC（the British Broadcasting Corporation）, ITV(Independent Television) 英国独⽴电视台, BSkyB（the British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC）英国天空⼴播集团TV programs done well by the BBC (P.60)Unit 4. British Economy1. The Relative Decline of British Economy (Why?)1) The country suffered a great loss in the two World Wars.2) The era[r]时代of the British Empire was over.3) Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence.4) Britain failed to invest in industry after WWII.However, the decline is not an absolute one. The UK is not poorer than before. In fact, it iswealthier and more productive than before. The only thing is that other countries develop faster than the UK. So, the UK has experienced a relative decline.2. Recent History of British Economy1970 - high Inflation rate, strikes1979 - Reformation Program（改⾰⽅案）by Thatcher government→去国有化privatization [?pra?v?ta?'ze??n]What was the content of the programThatcherism [?θ?t??(r)z?m] 撒切尔主义：Throughout the 1980s an extensive program of privatization was carried out.---Denationalization [?di:?n??n?la?'ze??n] ⾮国有化①Government expenditure [?k?spend?t??(r)] 花费was reduced；②Taxation reformed；③Foreign exchange controls lifted外汇管制解除④Rules governing banks loosened；⑤Worker strikes restricted.What was the long-term results①Inflation(通货膨胀) has been controlled②Unemployment rate falling③Encouraged by low interest rates, investment has increased. It is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of international investment --- it is the second biggest international investor in the world.Policies of Blair Government & Results （P.45）Policies: ①Blair made the Bank of England independent.②In social policy, the Blair government changed the old Labor Party’s practice of usingtax system, public expenditure[?k?spend?t??(r)] 花费and price controls to reduce inequality and put an emphasis on the minimum wage and supplementing low incomes. It also emphasized individual responsibility.Results:①limit government spending②keep inflation under control③reduce unemploymentBy the end of the 20th century, British economic growth surpassed that of other major European countries.3. The Current British Economy1) Primary IndustriesAgricultureA. Features: small population, high mechanization[?mek?na?'ze??n]机械化and highefficiency; but can not satisfy its domestic needsB. Chief agricultural products：wheat（⼩麦）,barley [?bɑ:li]⼤麦,sugar beet(甜菜) and potatoesEnergy production (5% of national wealth).Main energy resources: coal (Rio Tinto Group⼒拓集团),oil (Shell 壳牌, British Petroleum and British Gas)2) Secondary Industries:P .473) Tertiary Industries: 65% of national wealth1. (P .50)Foreign Trade ---- Lifeline. Britain is both an importer and exporter in the world.2. FinanceThe position of London in the world economyCentral Bank----Bank of EnglandThe Big Four: Lloyds 劳埃德, Barclays 巴克莱银⾏, Midland ⽶德兰，the National Westminster Bank Group 国民西敏寺银⾏3. Currency ：Pound Sterling [paund ?st ?:li ?] 英镑Unit 3 Political System1. Political System : Constitutional Monarchy [ ?k ?nst ??tu:??n ?l ?m ?n ?ki ] 君主⽴宪制What does it mean by Constitutional Monarchy?The King or Queen reigns [re n]君主统治and is the head of the country, but dose notrule the country. The country is governed, in the name the Sovereign [ ?s ?vr ?n ] 君主, but by His or Her Majesty ’s [ ?m?d ?? sti ]陛下government---- a body of ministers who are responsible to Parliament [ ?p ɑ:l?m ?nt ]议会.2. Parliament议会（最⾼⽴法机关）、⽴法政府、⾏政部门司法机关 [ d ?u?d ri ]上议院下议院君主Parliament:The UK is a unitary [ ju:ntri ]中央集权country.The British Parliament is often referred to assupreme legislative authority（最⾼⽴法机关）of the UK.The Main functions are making laws and supervising（监督）government and finance.The life of Parliament is fixed at five years.Sovereign: Theoretically[ ?θ??'ret?kl? ]理论上, the Queen has all the power. In reality, she does everything on the advice of the Prime Minister.The significance of the Queen? P.32It represents the continuity and adaptability of the whole political system and is a symbol of British unity, an indissoluble [ ?? nd??s?lj?bl ] (牢不可破的) bond among people who retain many regional and cultural difference.( 它代表了整个政治体系的连续性和适应性，是英国团结的象征，⼈们保留了许多地区和⽂化差异的不解之缘。
英语国家概况
1：The British Commonwealth（英国共和国）The British Commonwealth is a volutary association of some 40 countries that were once British Colonies.2：Whigs（辉格党）The name of Whigs originated with the Glorious Revolution .It was know by the nickname .It was a derogatory name for cattle drivers .Loosely speaking ,the whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists. 3：New Deal（新政）New Deal was a program put forward by President Roosevelt to overcome the Great Depress in the 1930s.4：（反传统文化）Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values ,the aesthetic standards ,the personal behaviour and the social relatins of conventional society.5：Bloody Mary（血腥玛丽）During Queen Mary ’s reign, at least 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics .People call her“Bloody Mary”6：The three waves of immigration to America（美国的三次人口迁移）The first big were of immigration toAmerica was between 1810-1845,the second between 1860-1890 and the third between 1890-1914.7：Black Thursday of 1929（美国经济萧条，黑色星期四）Black Thursday referred to Dctober 24,1929 the day when the stock market in the United States collapsed .Tens of millions of shares were dumped on the market and billions of dollars of paper profit were wiped out within a few hours. 8：the Church of England（英格兰教会）The Church of England is a state church supported by the British Government .The king is head of the Church England.9：tertiary colleges（中等学校）Tertiary colleges in Britains offer a range of full-time and Part-time vocational coures for students over 16 as well as academic courses.10：Built environment（人造环境）It refers to those features of the environments built by people or changed by people11：Benefit of clergy（神职人员）Benefit of clergy referred to the privilege given to clerks in English history .At that time clerk charged with criminal offences were tried in the Bishop’s courts instead of in the king’s court ,and the Bishop’s court did not inflict corporal punishment.12：William Shakespeare（威廉'莎士比亚1564－1616戏剧家和诗人）He was born in 1564 and died in 1616.As a dramatist and poet he generally regarded as the greatest writer in the English language .He wrote 37 plays.13：The Articles of Confederation（邦例，英国）It was passedin 1781,it is very unsual .First it provided for no King .Second it emphasized state powers .It is a written consititution.14：The Great Charter（英国大宪章）The Great Charter has been also know as Magna Carta which the English barons forced King John to sign in 1215. It limited the King’s powers . It has been regarded as the foundation of English liberaties.15：The Industrial Revolution 工业命（1780－1830）16:The Canadian Shield(加拿大地盾，首都是渥太华Ottawa)The Canadian Shield covers almost half of Canada and it is a semicircular band of rocky highlands and plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories17: Renaissance 文复14C初Renaissance was the transitional peroid between the Middle Ages and modern time in Eurpe ,covering the years C1350-C1650. The Renaissance was a period of significant achievement and change.18 : Multiculturaliam多元文化，澳大利亚Multiculturaliam means to recognize that Australians are from different backgrounds and social cohesion is attained by to leratingdifferences within an agreed legal and constitional framework.19 : Manifest Destiny 天定命运论，美国西进运动Manifest Destiny refers to theory that said it was right for the United States to expand territory.19 :The Hundred Years ’War （英法）The Hundrd Years War refers to the mtermittent war between France and England that lasted from 1377 to 145320：Abolitionists废奴沦者Abolitionists were those Americans who demanded immediate abolition of slavery before the Civil War21三大地理区（Great Werten Plateau :西部大高原，Easten Highlands:东部山地，Centrad Eastern Lavlands中东部低地的大低地带）It refers to the regins that divide according to the shape of the surface land .22：Free Churches (英国)The Free Churcher are some of the Protestant Churches in Britain which are free from government control.23: The Great Depression 经济大萧条(20C)The Great Depression refers to the great economic crists that hit the whole capitalist world in the 1930s23：Maoritanga 毛利人文化Maori culture ,the Maori wayof life and view of the world.24:Black Power 黑人当奴（美国历史）Black Power was movement of the Black Muslims led by Malcolm X during ,the civil Rights Movement .Contrary to Martin Luther King’s idea .Black Power movement advocated violence and attempted to separate themselves from white society.25: The English Reformation （英国宗改）It refers the religious reform in England in the 16th century . As a result ,the church of English was established as a State Church.26：The Glorious Revokution 光荣革命（英国不流血的战争)William Landed at Torbay on November 15, 1688 and marched upon Londom. In England this takeover was relatively smooth ,with no bloodshed ,nor any execution of the King .This became know as the Glorious Revolution1：The Bill of Rights (权力法案，美国）The Bill of Rights is the term used to for the first ten amendmend to the U.S. constitution. It guarantees freedom of religion, freedom of speech , freedom ofthe press, freedom of assembly and petition, freedom of unreasonable searches and other legal rights.2:Utilitarianism(功利主义) Utilitarianism was the ideal of Jeremy Bentham .He suggested that government’s function should be to achieve “the greatest happinessof th e greatest number ”. It should be done in two ways: government should be efficient and it should interfere as little as possible.3:Constitutional Monarchy (英国，君主政体) Constitutional Monarchy is a system ,Under this system the King or Quean is head of the state ,but their power is limited by Parliament or the law.4:Boston Tea Party （波士顿倾茶事件）In 1773,when British ships of tea reached Boston, serveral dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw the tea into the habor..5:Established Churches (国教) The name of whigs originated with the Glorious Revolution. It was know by the nickname . It was a derogatory name for cattle drivers . Lossely speaking ,the whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for Nonconformists.6：British ’s two-party system （两党制，保守党和工党）The two major parties in Britian are the Corservative Party amd Labour Party and since 1945 either of the two parties has held power。
西方文化 文艺复兴之宗教改革 religious reformation
宗教改革不但对基督教的发展产生了重 要影响，而且对西方后来的社会和知识 的发展开创了新的道路。
Thank You !
Violet
宗教改革
The Religious Reformation 1.Significance and Causes 2.Martin Luther’s Religious Reform 3.Calvinism
Significance(意义) and causes
The Reformation is closely related to the Renaissance in its origin and significance. If the Renaissance was to recover ancient culture and art, the Reformation was to recover ancient Christian theology. One could say the Renaissance would have been incomplete without the unfolding of the Religious Reformation and the Religious Reformation could hardly have gone into operation without the social and intellectual conditions prepared by the Renaissance. Both of them made great contribution to the social and intellectual development of Western civilization.
英语国家概况第一章知识点
英语国家概况第⼀章知识点Chapter 1 Land and People第01讲Geographical Features & Climate Part I the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Chapter 1 Land and PeopleNames【译⽂】第⼀编英国第⼀章国⼟与⼈民名称different names for 英国The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irelandthe United Kingdomthe UKGreat Britain （GB）BritainEnglandthe total population: 63 million.the third-largest in the European Union （behind Germany and France） and the 22nd-largest in the world.【译⽂】“英国”不同的名称：⼤不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国联合王国⼤不列颠（GB）不列颠英格兰总⼈⼝：6300 0000英国是欧洲第三⼈⼝⼤国（排在德国和法国后⾯），是世界第⼆⼗⼆⼈⼝⼤国。
The UK is a developed country.the sixth-largest national economy in the world （and third-largest in Europe）measured by nominal GDP and eighth-largest in the world （and second-largest in Europe） measured by purchasing power parity （PPP）.It was the world’s first industrialized country and the world’s foremost power during the 19th and early 20th centuries.【译⽂】英国是⼀个发达国家。
《英语国家概况》英国宗教发展(英语版)课件
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Jesus Christ
• Jesus Christ worked miracles • Jesus Christ and his 12 disciples • The Last Supper (Thursday) • Passion: The sufferings of Jesus in the
Religious Freedom
British State Church
The Church of England
The Protestant Church
Christianity
Britain is known as a “salad bowl”
Islam Hinduism
The Catholic Church
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The New Testament & Christianity
• Content: Gospels (good news) --- Four Gospels: Matthew( 马 太 福 音 ) , Mark(马可福音), Luke(路加福音) & John(约 翰福音) --- Other NT writings & the Revelation (启示录）
• Key issue: Who is Jesus Christ ?
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Birth of Jesus Christ
• Virgin Mary, informed of pregnancy • Joseph, descendent of King David • Jesus Christ born in a stable, Bethlehem • Three noblemen from the east • One person, two natures: God & Man • Trinity: Father, Son & Holy Ghost
【英语国家概况教学】religious英国宗教
Religion in the United Kingdom
T he British we re ve ry re ligious be fore the 19th c But things a re diffe re nt now . In Brita in toda y, a la popula tion of pe ople a re not re a lly inte re ste d in r a t a ll. T he succe sse s of m ode rn scie nce a re pa r re sponsible for this, T he prim e e xa m ple be ing th de ve lopm e nt of D a rw in’s fa m ous the ory of e volut T he n, the ge ne ra l im prove m e nt in socia l conditio the va rie ty of m ode rn e nte rta inm e nt ha ve m a de r a ppe a r ra the r irre le va nt. H ow e ve r, de spite the fa the de cline of re ligion, it still ha s m a rke t a m ong British pe ople . And furthe rm ore , othe r non-C hrist re ligions a re a lso popula r in Brita in toda y.
Religion in the United Kingdom
T he E nglish R e ligious R e form a tion