英语语言学Chapter8

Ⅱ．Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
1．P ________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication．
2．What essentially distinguishes s_______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered．
3．The notion of c_______ is essential to the pragmatic study of language．
4．If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u_______ ．
5．The meaning of a sentence is a_______ ,and decontexualized．
6．C_______ were statements that either state or describe,and were thus verifiable．
7．P_______ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable．8．A l_______ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology．
9．An i______ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something．
10．A c _______ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action．
11．An e_______ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state．
12．There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______ , the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner．
13．P _______ is the study of language in relation to the mind．
14．Psycholinguistics adopts an e_______ approach．
15．The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h_______ , one on he right and one on the left．
16．The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular side of the brain is called l_______ ．
17．Brain lateralization is g_______ programmed, but takes time to develop．18．According to Chomsky, c_______ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language．
19．The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c_______ period for first language acquisition．
20．The strong version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two aspects: linguistic d_______ and linguistic relativism．
21．Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, relative to their linguistic background．This notion is called linguistic r_______ ．
22．Langue comprehending is a complicated process that includes hearing and distinguishing the sound, comprehending the meaning and making r_______ ．
23．Language production contains language f _______ and carrying our it
24．According to the Cognitive Theory ,the development of the linguistic ability can’t precede that of the c _______ ability
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the
1. The study of _____ does NOT form the core of linguistics.
A. syntax
B. Pragmatics
C. Morphology
D. sociolinguistics
2. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called _____ come into being.
A. syntax
B. Semantics
C. Morphology
D. pragmatics
3. Which of the following statements is not the concern of psycholinguistics?
A. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when we use language
B. It relates the social norms that determine the type of language to be used in a certain occasion.
C. It pays more attention to the study of language acquisition in children
D. It focuses on the way of processing the information we receive in the course of communication.
4. Which of the following words is the entire arbitrary one?
A. book
B. beautiful
C. crash
D. newspaper
5. Which of the following items is not a design feature of human language？
A. arbitrariness
B. competence
C. displacement
D. productivity
6. The difference between modern linguistics and traditional grammar are all of the following EXCEPT --_______
A. descriptive vs. prescriptive
B. non Latin-based vs. Latin-based framework
C. spoken vs. written
D. competence vs. performance
7. The term _____ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stage.
A. synchronic
B. comparative
C. diachronic
D. historical comparative
8. Which word is the absolute arbitrary one?
A. careful
B. handbag
C. crack
D. table
9. The application of linguistics principles and theories to language teaching and learning is called _____.
A. sociolinguistics
B. Psycholinguistics
C. computational linguistics
D. Applied Linguistics
10. ______ is regarded as the “Father of modern linguistics”.
A. Chomsky
B. Saussure
C. Halliday
D. Whorf
11. Competence refers to ________.
A. the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language
B. the actual realization of the language user’s knowledge of the rules in utterances
C. knowledge of meaning of words and sentences
D. what speakers can actually do with language
12. The subject area on the borders of linguistics and literature has become known as _____ .
A. anthropological linguistics
B. linguistic stylistics
C. neurolinguistics
D. mathematical linguistics
13. The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the distinction between
________.
A. prescriptive & descriptive
B. synchronic and diachronic
C. speech and writing
D. langue & parole
14. _____ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.
A. applied linguistics
B. sociolinguistics
C. psycholinguistics
D. anthropological linguistics
15. Children can speak before they can read or write shows that ______.
A. language is arbitrary
B. language is productive
C. language is used for communication
D. language is basically vocal
16. _____ means the lack of logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.
A. Ambiguity
B. Fuzziness
C. Abstractness
D. Arbitrariness
17. Which of the following statements about language is NOT TRUE?
A. Language means the system of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary
B. Language includes animal and artificial features of language
C. Language means a particular type or style of language used for a particular purpose
D. Language refers to the common features of all human languages
18. All human languages are organized on two levels: the sound level – meaningless, the grammatical level – meaningful. This means language has the design feature of _______.
A. duality
B. changeable
C. Creative
D. arbitrary
19. ____ are two sub-branches of linguistics that study the units at the grammatical level.
A. morphology and semantics
B. morphology and syntax
C. semantics and syntax
D. morphology and phonology
20. ____ dictionary established a uniform standard for English spelling and word use.
A. Longman
B. Oxford
C. Webster’s
D. Johnson’s
21. Langue & Parole are a pair of important distinctions put forward by _______ .
A. Chomsky
B. Lyons
C. Saussure
D. Halliday
22. Language has the feature of ____ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.
A. duality
B. interchangeability
C. displacement
D. productivity
23. Linguistics gives priority to the spoken language instead of the written language because
______.
A. vocal sounds are derived from writing systems
B. spoken language precedes written language only in Indo-European languages
C. we have recording devices to study speech in modern times
D. speech precedes writing everywhere in the world
24. The distinction between competence and performance is made by _____ in _______.
A. F. de. Saussure; Swiss
B. Noam Chomsky; USA
C. M. A. K. Halliday; UK
D. L. Bloomfield; USA
25. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.
A. prescriptive
B. analytic
C. descriptive
D. linguistic
26. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness
B. Displacement
C. Duality
D. Meaningfulness
27. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.
A. primary
B. correct
C. secondary
D. stable
28. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.
A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
29. A historical study of language is a_______ study of language.
A. synchronic
B. diachronic
C. prescriptive
D. comparative
30. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a
________ point of view.
A. sociological, psychological
B. psychological, sociological
C. applied, pragmatic
D. semantic, linguistic
31. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole
B. performance
C. langue
D. Language
32. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.
A. sense
B. sounds
C. objects
D. ideas
33. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______.
A. displacement
B. duality
C. flexibility
D. cultural transmission
34. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.
A. learning
B. teaching
C. books
D. both A and B。