【资料】跨文化交际课程unit4汇编
跨文化交际Unit4
பைடு நூலகம்
More examples
“Why time flies?”
“Because somebody wants to kill it.” “你有什么了不起，能把我吃了！”
“不能,我是回民！” 外甥打灯笼照(舅)旧
Language = neutral codes and grammatical rules? We make cultural choices when we select words,
form sentences and send a message. All languages have social questions and information
as before; as usual; as of old 狗撵鸭子呱呱叫
very good
More examples
恋爱“三草”原则: 女：你说你很寂寞，为什么不去找你以前的女朋友而来追我
呢？
男：好马不吃回头草！(A good horse will never turn round to graze on an old pasture.)
meaning comes out of the context, the cultural usage.
Reading I How Is Language Related to Culture
Language reflects the environment in which we live. (snow, wine)
More examples
I am sorry. I am sorry, too. I am sorry three. What are you sorry for (four)? I am sorry five.
Unit_4 跨文化交际
3. How much does Ming put in his account as the initial deposit? He would like to put $500 in his account as the initial deposit. 4. Has Ming got a bankcard? Yes, he has got one.
Sentences from Ming:
1. I’d like to open an account, please. 2. And I would like to put $500 in my account as the initial deposit.
Listening—Language Study
Listening—Questions
Conversation 2
Listen to the conversation and answer Questions 5 & 6.
5. Where does the conversation take place? It takes place in a post office. 6. What is Ming doing there? He is trying to send a letter to China by airmail.
Sentences from Ming:
1. I’d like to send this letter to China, by airmail. How many stamps will I need? 2. Which is the most inexpensive way of mailing them?
Listening—Questions
跨文化交际实用教程 unit41页文档
谢谢你的阅读
❖ 知识就是财富 ❖ 丰富你的人生
71、既然我已经踏上这条道路，那么，任何东西都不应妨碍我沿着这条路走下去。——康德 72、家庭成为快乐的种子在外也不致成为障碍物但在旅行之际却是夜间的伴侣。——西塞罗 73、坚持意志伟大的事业需要始终不渝的精神。——伏尔泰 74、路漫漫其修道远，吾将上下而求索。——屈原 75、内外相应，言行相称。——韩非
1、不要轻言放弃，否则对不起自己。
2、要冒一次险!整个生命就是一场冒险。走得最远的人，常是愿意 去做，并愿意去冒险的人。“稳妥”之船，从未能从岸边走远。-戴尔．卡耐基。
梦 境பைடு நூலகம்
3、人生就像一杯没有加糖的咖啡，喝起来是苦涩的，回味起来却有 久久不会退去的余香。
跨文化交际实用教程 unit 4、守业的最好办法就是不断的发展。 5、当爱不能完美，我宁愿选择无悔，不管来生多么美丽，我不愿失 去今生对你的记忆，我不求天长地久的美景，我只要生生世世的轮 回里有你。
跨文化交际复习unit 4
because they act as if they’re your friends when they are
not.
Americans would consider it awkward to have a long
period of silence when having a conversation. They
conclude that Indians are sullen, uncooperative, even stupid.
-- What to say
E.G. A conversation between Susan and Mrs. Zhang, her mother in law, at the airport when leaving China. The husband is interpreting for them.
-- Pacing
and pausing
How fast do you speak?
How long do you wait following another
speaker’s utterance, before concluding the
other has no more to say?
I had a British friend who I thought never had anything to say (which was becoming rather annoying) until I learned that she was waiting for a pause to take her
Warm-up：Case study
Case 1 --- A fish in unfamiliar waters
跨文化交际实用教程unit4
• 3) One day, out of the blue, a girl rang up and said she was my sister
male, female , she also acceptable male leopard, female panda, she wolf
as Chinese word “干部”.
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社会科学
Social Sciences in Chinese covers all the fields except the ones in the natural science and applied sciences. Same as “the humanities” in English.
• red-letter days
• 蓝皮书（美）刊 载知名人士的书
• 倒霉的星期一 • 善意的谎言 • 新伤，未痊愈的
伤口 • 喜庆的日子
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Translating the Underlined Part
• 1) He’s just a green recruit fresh from college
----to be careful, especially when there is danger
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II. Detailed Study
1.Culturally Loaded Words
What is loaded words?
Loaded words and phrases are those which have strong emotional overtones (n. 暗示，弦外音，寓意) or connotations (n. 涵义，言外之意), and which evoke strongly positive or negative reactions beyond their literal meaning.
跨文化交际-Unit 4
Symptoms of culture shock
Stereotyping of host nationals Hostility toward host nationals Loss of ability to work effectively Unexplained fits of weeping Physical ailments (psychosomatic disorder)
The Invitation
How do you think Alice felt when she saw that Ms. Merrick didn‟t look very happy to see her? What conclusion might Alice jump to? Why doesn‟t Ms. Merrick seem happy to see Alice?
The Shopper
Usages (word combinations)
For sure Un/receptive toward To practice with To practice on To get tired of In the way In a bad mood To catch (someone) on a bad day
Culture identity
A highly abstract, dynamic, multifaceted concept that defines who you are. Every individual has multiple identities, e.g., race, ethnic, gender, national, regional, organizational, personal, cyber/fantasy, that act in concert. The importance of any single identity is a result of the situation.
跨文化交际Unit 4(大二英语)
discuss on how these superficial behaviors are related to the cultural assumptions of the speakers
A: Uncle policeman, could you tell me the way to the railway station?
A. Surnames and Given names
Chinese
English
Formal Relationship Surname +Title
/Situation
[Case 2] Jennifer had a quarrel with her husband. Her daughter witnessed all.
Jennifer: I am really sorry for all this.
此种情景若发生在一个中国家庭？……
[Case 3] The boss is late for the meeting for ten minutes. Everyone is waiting. Finally, the boss shows up.
Expressions of Apology
English expressions
Excuse me. / I’m sorry. / Pardon me. Sorry about that. / I apologize. I'm very/so/terribly/awfully/extremely sorry for that. I can’t tell you how sorry I am. I beg your pardon (for)… Please forgive me (for…). I must apologize for my rudeness/fault/mistake… I must make an apology for… May I offer you my profoundest apologies? May I offer you my sincerest apologies for…?
跨文化交际Unit4SocialInteraction
Unit Four Social InteractionⅠ. Fill in blanksa. In Britain, ______ and ______ are common topics. Some taboo questions are considered too ______ or too ______ to talk about when first meeting someone.b. “______” is a commonly used term by Chinese peop le to address someone who is older than the speaker to show his politeness, respect and closeness. But in America, people like being labeled as “______”.c. To western eyes going Dutch, splitting the bill, implies ______ between friends.d. We Chinese us ually say “no” when somebody offers something, because sometimes an offer is not a ______ offer but a ______ remark.e. Like the Chinese, people in the English-speaking countries also avoid ______ or ______ by using polite expressions when giving refusals.f. An ______ is a spoken or written request for someone's presence or participation.Ⅱ. Short Answera. Two typical situations to send flowers in business and social situations.b. Talking about culture merge with the answers of compliments between a Chinese and English?c. What are the differences on receiving gifts between Chinese and westerner?d. Why do many Chinese people tend to ask about age, martial status, and even salary when first meeting one another?Ⅲ. Essay SectionWhat are the similarities and differences between English invitations and Chinese ones?Key to Unit FourⅠ. Fill in blanksa. weather, sports, private, personalb. Lao, youngc. equalityd. real, politee. losing one’s face, hurting other peoplef. invitationⅡ. Short Answera.There are two typical situations in which flowers can be useful to businesspeople. One is to help establish a good relationship with a secretary. The other is when an executive is invited to someone's house. It is still more customary - all over the world - to give flowers to women rather than men, who in most cultures only receive flowers when ill. Here are some flower-giving guidelines which should keep you from falling foul of local taboos.b. Culture merge means one culture absorbs the essence of other cultures to enrich itself with the development of society. Here we use “Thank you” as an example to explain it. English learners take it for granted that in answering another compliments, the best way to do is to give a response of "Thank you!". However studies show that only 38.4% of Americans directly adopt this way while all the rest choose other ways to give a response. Now, we Chinese also use this expression to give a response. It’s a kind of culturemerge.c. In the West, it is regarded as polite to open gifts as soon as they are given to express appreciation. In China, the situation is quite the reverse. Normally we Chinese feel that if you open the gift as soon as it is given, you might embarrass the person who gives the gift and you might be thought greedy. Therefore, Chinese people tend to open the gifts after the visitors have left.In China, many people send gifts without wrapping them, and if they wrap them, they usually tell the receiver what is inside, and the receiver will thank the sender and put the gift aside without unwrapping them since they already know what is inside. English receivers open the gifts in front of the senders of the gifts.d. To them, these are open conversational topics. Knowing a person’s age helps them use appropri ate terms of address. And Chinese people pay a lot of attention to family life, so naturally talk of family members features as a common topic. As to salary, since there is a national system of salaries, people usually don’t consider it a secret and they talk about it openly.Ⅲ. Essay SectionIn order to keep the good relationship with others, people both in China and other countries will organize social activities and they will hold parties, banquets, celebrations, balls, opening ceremonies, closing ceremonies, wedding ceremonies as well as funerals. On these occasions, hosts are sending guests all kinds of invitations.Similarities:Both in Chinese and English invitations, there are formal and informal ones, and there are written and oral invitations.Invitations, especially the formal written ones both in English and Chinese, will have to be prepared in an acceptable styles The styles are usually fixed.The purpose, time, places, names of hosts, names of guests should be clearly written in the invitation.Both in Chinese and English invitations, there are formal and informal ones, and there are written and oral invitations.Invitations, especially the formal written ones both in English and Chinese, will have to be prepared in an acceptable styles The styles are usually fixed.The purpose, time, places, names of hosts, names of guests should be clearly written in the invitation. Differences:In an English invitation, generally speaking, both husband and wife will be inc luded. In a Chinese one, it is common that only one of the couple is invited.All formal English invitations are invariably in the third person, and good usage permits of no deviation from this form.The written styles in a Chinese invitation and an English one are different. In English the words are usually put in the center of the paper while in Chinese the format is somewhat is a letter.。
跨文化交际--理论与实践Unit 4
4.6 Ethnocentric Judgments
• The judgments that people make about each other are often ethnocentric. • “Normal” and “correct” often mean what is “normal” and “correct” in one’s own culture.
• One way to determine whether a culture favors a direct or indirect style in communication is to find out how the people in that culture express disagreement or how they say, “No”.
• talking about emotional issues and feelings • making suggestions, giving criticism, expressing ideas in workplace
4.5 Cross-Cultural Implications
• Many American in the business world do not realize that a large percentage of the world’s cultures value indirectness (e.g. Latin American / Asia…).
Deborah Tannen
EX: Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, African
“high considerateness” conversation styles
跨文化交际课件 Unit Four
Case One: People here call me Lao Wai (old
foreigner). At first I was quite upset, I looked at myself in the mirror, I wasn’t old: I’m only in my twenties. Later, I found they also called foreign children Lao Wai or Xiao Lao Wai (little old foreigner), I realized it’s a general term for any foreigner.
6. Greetings and terms of address
• Physical greetings: • 7. Compliments, thanks and apologies • About "Thank you!": English learners take it for granted that in answering another compliments, the best way to do is to give a response of "Thank you!". However studies show that only 38.4% of Americans directly adopt this way while all the rest choose other ways to give an response. • More…
案例分析
• Case Two: When I traveled in China, I talked with many people. I knew they were friendly to me, but sometimes their questions made feel a bit uncomfortable, such as questions about my age and salary.
【精选】跨文化交际课程unit4
Questions for discussion
What makes the different understandings of the words that are considered the same in surface?
How can we define the word "meaning" ?
In English culture, dragon refers to horrible, disgusting monsters.
2.干部
In Chinese culture, it represents a small group of people who are specially chosen and trained for a particular purpose.
During the party, Rosalita said to Roger, "I'd like to introduce you to one of my good friends. She is a very capable woman and is presently thinking of working in a joint venture so she can provide a better living for her large family. She is very much interested in your company." Hearing that, Roger smiled and replied, "Ok, but I just hope I don't get hustled." Unfortunately, Roger's replay made Rosalita quite upset. Very soon she excused herself as politely as she could, and did not speak with Roger for the rest of the evening.
跨文化交际实用教程unit4专题培训课件
Learn the culturally loaded words Learn the cultural reflections on
proverbs Learn taboos Learn the differences in cultural
thought patterns
III. Summary IV. Assignments
2
I. Warm-up cases
Case 1. Shoes for Street Walking Question : Why did the Italian shop owner
make such a blunder? Shoes for street walking. Come in and have a fit.
Comment:
Hustle---- to force sb to make a decision before they are ready or sure
-----to work as a prostitute / romance or sex is hinted
5
Case 3 Look out
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Interpretations 龙--- in CC, it is a totem with many
royal associations, 龙颜，龙床， 龙袍， 龙心大喜。
In EC, dragon refers to horrible, disgusting monsters.
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知识分子
In CC, it refers to people including college teachers, college students, middle school teachers, and such people as medical doctors, engineers, interpreters.
跨文化交际Unit 4 Verbal Communication
Age
advanced in age seasoned man mature people second childhood senior citizen
???
She has canceled all her social engagements. (1856) She is in an interesting condition. (1880) She is in a delicate condition. (1895) She is knitting little booties. (1910) She is in a family way. (1920) She is expecting. (1935)
economic crisis—depression Slum--substandard housing poor countries: less-developed nations/ emerging nations Poor--less well off/ Economically deprived/needy/disadvantaged
Unit 4 Verbal Communication
Contents
Differences in Cultural Thought Patterns Culturally Loaded Words (Connotations) Cultural Reflections on Proverbs Taboo
Absence of referent
Different Connotations
Beside the lake, beneadancing in the breeze. And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.
跨文化交际复习unit-4
-- Pacing and pausing
How fast do you speak? How long do you wait following another
speaker’s utterance, before concluding the other has no more to say?
Ballgames
1) Case study
❖ An American businessman reviewing an important contract with his Japanese counterpart.
❖ “We’ve got to work together”. ❖ “はぃ,” the Japanese smiles. ❖ “we’re going to try for a 50-50 partnership.” ❖ “はぃ.” ❖ “we’ll use American know-how and a Japanese work
❖ Americans as a group tend to ignore indirectness. They believe that words should say what they mean and people should be accountable only for what they say in words. Non-Americans, and American women, more often realize that much of what is meant cannot be said outright.
force.”❖ “はぃ.”
2) Different communication styles
跨文化交际unit 4课件
Unit 4 词汇与意义⏹教学内容：⏹（1）词汇的概念意义、内涵意义、社会意义、情感意义和搭配意义。
⏹（2）中英词汇对比⏹基本要求：⏹了解词汇在语言的跨文化交际中的地位，掌握词汇的几种意义，中英语言在词汇方面存在的差别。
重点是词汇的内涵意义及中英词汇的差别。
Importance⏹If we want to study the difference between two languages, we have to begin with the study of the words in the two languages. Because the close relationship between language and culture is most readily seen in words.Section 1 T ypes of meanings⏹1. Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹the basic meaning presented by a word. It refers to logical, cognitive(认知的), referential (指示的), or denotative（外延的）content.⏹also known as surface meaning or denotative meaning外延意义, dictionary meaning or literal meaning字面意义of a word.Features of Conceptual meaning概念意义⏹1. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is the basic meaning represented by meaningful linguistic units. It‟s recorded in the dictionary.⏹E.g. woman-an adult female human being.⏹Dog-a four-legged animal which can make the sound of barking⏹2. It can be divided into some semantic components(语义成⏹分).⏹Woman: +animate(有生命) +human(人) - male (男性) -adult(成年)I⏹boy：⏹3. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.But it may also vary.⏹Manuscript =“手稿” now also including文稿printed from typewriter or computer Note: Many different words can have the same conceptual meaning⏹walk⏹to move forward by placing one foot in front of the other. The newlyweds新婚夫妇strolled down漫步the streets of Paris.⏹The wealthy businessman swaggered大摇大摆地into the restaurant and demanded a table.The overweight man lumbered笨重地行动along, breathing heavily and occasionally tripping.⏹These synonyms, although with different connotative meanings内涵意义, have the same conceptual meaning.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g. New England, Canberra, Northern Ireland, Sydney, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, Quebec, Ottawa,⏹The Thames River, St. Lawrence, British Isles, The Rocky Mountains（落基山脉）, The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,⏹koala, kangaroo, tornado(龙卷风)⏹The Great Barrier Reef, Silicon V alley, Yellowstone Park,⏹Summary：All these have their own geographical features: places, plants and animals uniquely found in USA, Great Britain and Australia; They all represent meaning unique in their own cultures；Their Chinese equivalents are only used by the Chinese people as mere names, which have lost their distinctive geographical and cultural features.The English Words unique in English culture⏹A. words related with geography⏹e.g.⏹U.S.A: New England, The Rocky Mountains,The Mississippi River, The Niagara Falls,Y ellowstone Park, Silicon V alley⏹Britain: British Isles, Northern Ireland, London, Edinburgh, Greenwich, The Thames River, Rose⏹Canada: Ottawa, Quebec, St. Lawrence,⏹Australia: Canberra, Sydney, The Great Barrier Reef, koala, kangaroo⏹B. words and history⏹the May Flower⏹(the ship in which a group of⏹British Puritans who were also⏹known as pilgrim fathers sailed to⏹America in 1620.⏹The revolutionary war⏹( the struggle of the 13 colonies in North America for independence from the British rule between 1775-1783)⏹Scalp(头皮)⏹(to tear the skin on the top and back of head and the hair attached from an enemy by an North American Indian as a trophy战利品)⏹⏹Knight⏹(a man given the rank of knighthood by the British Monarch in recognition of merits in public service)⏹Hippy/Hippie⏹(a young man and young woman who rejects authority, existing institutions and conventional attitudes towards morality, style of dress, etc.)⏹C. word and politics⏹USA: President, Secretary, Congress, Senate, the House of Representatives, The Democratic Party, The Republican Party, the Supreme Court⏹Great Britain: Parliament议会:the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom. It comprises the sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.议会两院尤指英国由上议院和下议院构成的国家立法机关; Prime Minister, The Conservative Party, The Labour Party, Supreme Court of Judicature司法⏹Governor行政长官⏹the official title of the representative of the British monarch in a British colony.⏹Governor general总督⏹the personal representative of the British crown in the independent nations of the commonwealth.⏹e.g. The Canadian Governor General⏹Constitutional monarchy君主立宪制⏹a monarchy in which the powers of the rulers are restricted to those granted under the constitution and laws of the nationD. words and religion⏹Bible⏹a collection of religious books comprising the Old Testament and New Testament⏹reformation:宗教改革⏹a 16th century religious movement against the abuses in the Roman Catholic Church, ending in the formation of Protestant Churches.⏹Christmas box耶诞礼物或礼金⏹money given at Christmas time to the dustmen and others who provide a service throughout the year.⏹Boxing day节礼日⏹the first week day after Christmas, a legal holiday in England⏹Easter⏹the chief Christian feast, which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ, on the first Sunday after the full moon that coincides with or comes after the spring equinox.E. words and HolidaysChristmas cake/pudding/card/tree/carol/stockingFather Christmas), Santa Claus(A)⏹F. words and currency⏹Pound, penny; the American dollar, cent, quarter, nickel⏹G. Words and law⏹Court, judge, jury, lawyer, attorney (A)⏹H. Words and way of life⏹Snack Bar, roast beef, hamburger, sandwich, barbecue, cocktail, champagne; pajamas, suite, dress; subway, Greyhound bus; drive-ins, diner,⏹I. words and sports⏹Football, soccer, rugby, hockey, cricket⏹J. words and sex⏹Striptease, sex store, sexual interference, prostitute, whorehouse⏹K. words and personality⏹GB: reserve, practical, insularism偏执⏹USA：individualism, rapid pace of life, direct, promptness, informality, originality, materialism English works partly corresponding with Chinese words in conceptual meaning⏹1. Intellectual--知识分子⏹2. social sciences--社会科学⏹3. drugstore--药店⏹[美]杂货店(出售药物、糖果、饮料,化妆品，杂志及其他杂物的店铺)⏹4. Morning=午夜+凌晨+黎明+早晨+上午⏹5. Y oung(18-40), middle-aged(40-60), old (over 60)-------老中青⏹Discussion: discuss the conceptual differences between the words in each pair⏹yard--院子⏹peasant--农民⏹idealist-唯心主义者⏹materialist--唯物主义者"family" and jiating (家庭)⏹An American (A) attended her Chinese friend's (B) wedding. Two years later, the two met again.⏹A: Have you started a family'!⏹B: Oh, yes. Y ou attended my wedding, remember?⏹A: I mean if you've had children.⏹Here we see that ' family' means more than jiating (家庭) ，though they seem to be equivalents.2. Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹the implication（含义，暗示）of words, apart from its primary meaning.It is the communicative value that an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. It varies from culture to culture and from individual to individual⏹E.g. Woman⏹Physical: biped(双足的), having a womb(子宫)⏹Personality: gentle, compassionate, sensitive, hard-working, frail脆弱的, emotional, prone to tears, irrational, inconstant变化无常的,subject to maternal instinct, behavior: capable of speech, experienced in cookery, skirt or dress wearing,⏹Dog⏹loyal to owner, fierce凶猛的, violentFeatures of Connotative meaning内涵意义⏹1. Despite cultural background difference, some corresponding words in two languages may convey the same connotative meaning. e.g tiger, 老虎--cruelty⏹E.g. Woman⏹2. words with the same conceptual meaning yet different connotative meaning⏹书, book⏹老，old⏹同志，comrade⏹宣传，propaganda⏹狗，dogConnotative meanings vary according to different people, times, ages, societies etc.⏹E.g. Home: warm, loving, comfortable, safe⏹like a prison, cold, boring⏹终身大事⏹工作？事业？婚姻? 生死？⏹Connotative meaning may change with the times going⏹E.g. traditional: positive in the past⏹―old, conservative‖ at present⏹3. Social meaning社会意义⏹Social meaning is what a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use, such as the language users( who are using the language), settings (where is language used), topics (what are language users are talking or writing).⏹E.g⏹home (general) , residence (formal), domicile（law）, abode (literature),⏹horse, steed（战马）, nag（老马）,gee-gee（child）⏹throw(general) , cast (literature and religious), chuck(slang)⏹salt, sodium chloride⏹disobedient, recalcitrant反抗的⏹A good selection of words is important.Exercise！⏹Words which stand for what people do in order to make a living: job, vocation, profession, occupation, career, trade, work⏹Profession (an occupation requiring special education, especially in the liberal arts or sciences)所指的职业是需要在文科或理科方面有一定的教育程度，具备一定理论水平的人才的职业。
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U4
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U4Unit 4 Language and CultureSome Ideas Related to language and culture1. Interrelationship between culture and languageEach culture has its own peculiarities and throws special influence on the language system. For example, referring to the same common domestic animal, English chooses the word “dog”, while Chinese has its own character “狗”; Chinese has the phrase “走狗” while English has the expression “running dog”, but the meanings attributed to the two expressions are completely different according to Chinese culture and Western culture respectively. To Westerners, “running dog” has a positive meaning since the word “dog”, in most cases, is associated with an image of an animal pet－the favorite friend, thus they have the phrases “lucky dog” (幸运儿), “top dog” (胜利者), “old dog” (老手), “gay dog” (快乐的人), and it is usually used to describe everyday life and behavior, as in “Love me, love my dog” (爱屋及乌)，“Every dog has its day” (凡人皆有得意日). But in Chinese “走狗” refers to a lackey, an obsequious person. Since Chinese associates derogatory meaning to the character “狗” depending on the cultural difference, Chinese has such expressions as “狗东西”，“狗腿子”，“狗仗人势”，“狗胆包天”，“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”，“狼心狗肺”，“痛打落水狗”，“狗急跳墙”.We can obviously see that the meaning attributed to language is cultural-specific. A great deal of cross-cultural misunderstanding occurs when the “meanings” of words in two languages are assumed to be the same, but actually reflect different cultural patterns. Some are humorous as when a Turkish visitor to the . refused to eat a hotdog because it was against his beliefs to eat dog meat.Some are much more serious as when a French couple on a trip to China took their pet poodle into a restaurant and requested some dog food. The dog was cooked and returned to their table on a platter!We can summarize the relationship between culture and language as the following: language is a key component of culture. It is the primary medium for transmitting much of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible. Children learning their native language are learning their own culture; learning a second language also involves learning a second culture to varying degrees. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. It reflects culture. Cultural differences are the most serious areas causing misunderstanding, unpleasantness and even conflict in cross-cultural communication.2. Sapir-Whorf HypothesisThe Sapir-Whorf theory, named after the American linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, is a mould theory of language. Writing in 1929, Sapir argued in a classic passage that: `Human beings do not live in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of theparticular language which has become the medium of expression for their society. It is quite an illusion to imagine that one adjusts to reality essentially without the use of language and that language is merely an incidental means of solving specific problems of communication or reflection. The fact of the matter is that the“real world” is to a large extent unconsciously built upon the language habits of the group. No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached... We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation. (Sapir 1958 [1929], p. 69)This position was extended in the 1930s by his student Whorf, who, in another widely cited passage, declared that:We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages. The categories and types that we isolate from the world ofphenomena we do not find there because they stare every observer in the face; on the contrary, the world is presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organized by our minds — and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way —an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language. The agreement is, of course, an implicit and unstated one, but its terms are absolutely obligatory; we cannot talk at all except by subscribing to the organization and classification of data which the agreement decrees. (Whorf 1940, pp. 213-14; his emphasis)3. The Role of Words in Various CulturesWords are inventive tools for communication, and the enjoyment of using this toolbox of symbols varies from cultureto culture. In low-context cultures, the role of words is of informational; meaning is encoded explicitly.Not to encode messages explicitly is to risk being misunderstood in those cultures. In high-context cultures the purpose of communication is often socially lubricative. That is, communication first has a role in sustaining relationships, and second only within the context of a relationship of transmitting information.4. The contrasts between Chinese and Western writing in English.~Reading IHow Is Language Related to Culture Comprehension questions1. What can we do to avoid attributing a very different meaning to the phrase or interpret it much more literally We have to be aware of the cultural implications of the phrase.2. What are the other functions of using question forms apart from asking for informationIt serves as a lubricant to move the conversation forward. A question that has this function can be called a ―social question.·3. Why are those Germans getting stiffer and more reserved all the time when visiting Ingrid ZerbeThey are confused about how to address her, for she introduces herself by first and last name rather than by last name and professional title.4. How does the environment influence the use of languageLanguage reflects the environment in which we live. We uselanguage to label the things that are around us.5. Does the author think there are exact equivalents in dictionaries that have the same meanings in different cultures No. According to the author, there are no such equivalents between languages; therefore, to communicate concepts effectively, cultural knowledge is as important as linguistic knowledge.6. How does the language change over time~Words and phrases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning may change over time.7. Does the author think it is possible for countries such as France and Iceland to keep their language pure by implementing language policy to ensure the use of standardized language The author does not think so, because, for instance, the Academie Francaise may insist on certain rules, but other French-speaking groups may make their own rules and consider their Frenchjust as correct.8. What are the possible language barriers in classroom teachingIn some cases the professors actually may have a poor command of the language; however, in most cases the problem is not the language but different intonation patterns and different cultural signals. .Reading IILanguage-and-Culture, Two Sides of the Same Coin@Comprehension questions1. What is the author?s view of the relationship between language and culture Language and culture are clearly fused; onereflects the other.2. In which ways does language reflect the cultureLanguage embodies the products, perspectives, communities, and persons of a culture. Members of the culture have created the language to carry out all theircultural practices, to identify and organize all their cultural products, and to name the underlying cultural perspectives in all the various communities that comprise their culture.3. How can we use the right language in the right way according to the authorIt is based on direct experience in the culture and interactions with members of the culture, in all the complexity this entails.》4. Is there any cultural product that consists entirely of language Can you give an exampleMany cultural products, such as literature, tax codes, telephone directories, operating instructions, passports, consist entirely of language. Another example is folklores.5. What is the meaning of “language is a cultural product in and of itself”When spoken and written, language takes on tangible and perceptible forms. These tangible forms, as with any cultural product, can be described through language. We constantly use language to discuss language itself.6. Can you give an example of how words lead to cultural perspectivesFor example, as we have already learned, the kinship terms specifically used in Chinese lead to a cultural perspective that is different from that of theEnglish-speaking people in this aspect.`7. What did the Chinese teacher find from her in-depth study of “the bumper sticker”The perspectives are indeed embodied in words, phrases, and sentences, but they are not always immediately obvious, especially to outsiders.8. Are there any particular norms made by different communities for their language useYes, there are. Communities define norms for appropriate use of language. Within groups, roles, relationships, and other social factors influence who speaks, what they say, and how they say it. The language forms we use in one set of social circumstances with certain communities are not necessarily the ones we use in others.Case StudyCase 13This example vividly illustrates that failures in intercultural translation may probably lead to very serious consequence, or even disasters to human beings. Definitely, translation is not such a simple process as rendering a word, a sentence or a text literally, but rather a far more complex one than most people assumed.For example, once a Chinese cosmetic manufacturer wanted to promote their products into the international market. The slogan of the advertisementwas: ―sweet as Jade, since in Chinese ―jade w as always employed to compliment woman‘s beauty; but unfortunately, it was not an appropriate word to describe thebeauty of a lady in Western cultures. In English, ―jade in its use of referring a woman had the connotations such as vulgar,rude, immoral, or skittish. Undoubtedly, the sales in【European countries were not satisfying.The seeming equivalents between languages may have very different connotations in different cultures, thus the translator should be cautious in the process of doing the translation so as to avoid misunderstandings.Case 14“杨” refers to Yang Kaihui w h o w a s Mao Zedong‘s deceased wife and ―柳‖ refers to Liu zhixun who was Li shuyi‘s deceased husband. They can be translated in different ways, but it seems to be very difficult, if not impossible, to achieve equivalence in translating from Chinese into English.Adopting the literal translation strategy, version 1 appears to be faithful to the original but may easily confuse the readers in the target language. Version 2 employs the liberal translation strategy with an attempt to convey the original meaning as precisely as possible. However, the original poetic flavor is lost as the rhetoric device — pun — is not reproduced.Case 15The translation seems to be faithful to the original, but it may not be really good for the purpose of intercultural communication. Foreign readers of the translation may find it strange and inappropriate.The following is what a friendly American journalist has commented on the translation:`My first reaction was unfortunately laughter because it is so full of mistakes. It omits some necessary information about the Dragon-Boat Festival, including its historical origins and when itactually takes place. These things are important… The copy seems to t ry to ―snow the reader with fanciful, overblown assertions about how terrific it all is, but in unintentionally hilarious language that leaves the reader laughing out uninformed… The brochure also suffers from lack of background material, the taking-if-for-granted that the reader already is familiar with many aspects of Chinese history and culture… It doesn‘t tell you where to go, how to get there, when things are open and closed, how much they cost, and so forth. All these are things people visiting an area want to know.Why is it that many Chinese travel guides read basically the same, no matter what region is being written about, and are so packed with indiscriminate hyperbole Less exaggeration would actually be more convincing.Case 16Comparing the two English versions, we can see th at in Yang‘s version more culturally-loaded meanings are conveyed from the original while Hawkes‘ version may be easier for English-speaking readers to comprehend.Look at some of the differences between the two versions of this extract:贾母The Lady Dowager / Grandmother Jia 老祖宗Old Ancestress / Granny dear凤辣子Fiery Phoenix / Peppercorn Feng二舅母王氏Lady Wang, her second uncle‘s wife / her Uncle Zheng‘s wife, Lady Wang:学名叫做王熙凤the school-room name His-feng / the somewhatboyish-sounding name of Wang Xi-feng黛玉忙赔笑见礼，以“嫂”呼之Tai-yu lost no time in greetingher with a smile as ―cousin.Dai-yu accordingly smiled and curt-eyed, greeting her by her correct name as she did so.竟不象老祖宗的外孙女儿She doesn‘t take after her father, son-in-law of our Old Ancestress /She doesn‘t take after your side of the family, Ganny.怨不得老祖宗天天嘴里心里放不下No wonder our Old Ancestress couldn‘t put you out of her mind and was forever talking and thinking about you. / I don‘t blame you for having gone on so about her during the past few days 现吃什么药What medicine are you taking / Not translatedAnd there are some culturally-loaded expressions in the text that seem to defy translation:琏二嫂子内侄女以“嫂”呼之外孙女儿嫡亲的孙女儿妹妹By comparing different translations of the same text, we can achieve a better understanding of cultural gaps and differences and then learn to employ proper strategies to bridge those gaps in translating across languages for intercultural communication.。
跨文化交际实用教程unit4
20
社会科学
Social Sciences in Chinese covers all the fields except the ones in the natural science and applied sciences. Same as “the humanities” in English.
宁为鸡头，不为凤 尾。
drink like a fish 牛饮
tread upon eggs
如履薄冰
15
Chinese: 胆小如鼠 狐假虎威 瓮中之鳖
English:
as timid as a rabbit/chickenhearted
an ass in a lion’s skin
like a rat in a hole
13?adogslife?争吵不休过着不安宁的日子?gotothedogs?每况愈下?dogeatdog?狗咬狗的损人利己的?doginthemanger?站着茅坑不拉屎?dogdays?大热天?doggybag?餐馆里的打包袋文档仅供参考如有不当之处请联系改正
Unit 4
Verbal Communication
19
干部
----a small group of people who are specially chosen and trained for a particular purpose. 骨干队伍
----a member of this kind of group.干部
In EC, many people don’t know what it means. (not a common word) Some other substitutes: official, functionary, administrator, etc. But none of these gets exact same meaning
跨文化交际Unit4 Family
perform in society.”
-- by Smith and Mosby
9
The importance of family
“The family is the principal transmitter of knowledge, values, attitudes, roles, and habits from one generation to the next. Through words and examples, the family shapes a child’s personality and instills modes of thought and ways of acting that become habitual.”
family
At the core of any culture’s deep structure
are the social organizations.
1) Family (clan) 2) State (community) 3) Religion (wordview)
They, working in concert, define, create, transmit,
cohabited and have children, but have never married ④ two gay or two lesbians who have adopted a child ⑤ a single man or woman who has adopted a child
social class, and familial The family is the first institution that sends
跨文化交际上课内容unit4
Review1. What is the Hofstede model of cultural pattern?2. What is high-context communication and what is low-context communication? How about the major differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one?Unit Four Language and CultureI.Warm UpPlease read the humorous dialogues on page 118, then try to translate them into Chinese. Can they be rendered in Chinese as humorous as the original?nguage and Culture1.Read the article of ―How Is Language Related to Culture‖. What do youthink is the relationship between language and culture?1)the relationship between language and culture: Culture andlanguage are intertwined相互交错and shape each other. It is impossible to separate the two. Language is not a matter of neutral codes and grammatical rules. Each time we select words, form sentences, and send a message, either oral or written, we also make cultural choices. Thus, we have to be aware of the cultural implications of the phrase if we want to avoid attributing a very different meaning to it or interpret解释it literally.2)Functions of language:e.g. questions: asking for information – information questionsa lubricant 润滑剂to move the conversation forward –social questionsExamples: How are you? 吃了吗?3)The meaning of the words comes out of the context, the culturalusage用法.①Language reflects the environment in which we live.Example: self-introduction of Germans and Americans②Language reflects cultural values.4)Problems:①There are no such equivalents between languages, and wetranslate concepts from a foreign language and culture with words that fit our priorities优先顺序. Therefore to communicate concepts effectively, cultural knowledge is as important as linguistic knowledge.Examples: manana/tomorrow kinship terms 亲属称谓(E &C)p125-126②Sometimes different cultures use identical完全相同words thathave rather different meanings.Examples: administration, director, force majeure5)Language changes over time. Words and phrases that are usedcommonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning may change over time.6) A language, if spoken in different parts of the globe, ultimately willdevelop differently.Examples; pidgin Englishes2.Read the article of ―Language-and-Culture, Two Sides of the SameCoin‖. How does language reflect the culture?1)Language and culture are clearly fused混合; one reflects the other.2)Language-and-Culture: It is coined创造by Byram and Morgan in1994 in order to reflect the relationship between language and culture – both unification 同一and separation.3)Language embodies体现the products, perspectives, communities,and persons of a culture. Members of the culture have created the language to carry out all their cultural practices, to identify and organize all their cultural products, and to name the underlying cultural perspectives in all the various communities that comprise their culture.①Language and cultural products:Many cultural products – literature, tax codes, telephone directories, operating instructions, passports – consist entirely of language.Language is a cultural product in and of itself.②Language and cultural practices:Cultural practices almost always require language, the language of participation, such as speaking, listening, reading and writing.The social circumstances, the people involved, the topic, and a number of other factors influence the nature of the language used.③Language and cultural perspectives:We use language to name and understand the perceptions, values, attitudes, and beliefs that govern our way of life. Though language, we make tacit perspectives explicit.④Language and cultural communities:Communities develop distinct language to describe and carry out the particular practices and products associated with their group and its activities.⑤Language and persons:Language, like culture, is not only collective but also personal. Each of us uses language in an idiosyncratic manner, based upon our background, experiences, social groups, our personal outlook, and our identity.3.Conclusion:(i) Language and Environment1) Language is an instrument. Word differences are obvious in various languages. The relation between word and its meaning is arbitrary. For example, in Chinese, we live in a 房子. In English, we live in a house.2) Language is even more an environment. It has as much to do with the philosophical哲学的and political conditioning of a society as geography or climate. So, we can see that absolute color designations –white, black, red, yellow – are not merely inaccurate错误的不精确; they have become symbolic rather than descriptive.✐Homework: Finish the exercises on page 124, try to analyse the different perceptions of colour terms.1. green;2. brown;3. blue;4. white;5. black;6. yellow;7. green;8. red;9. black; 10. blue, blue; 11. white; 12. red; 13. blue; 14. green; 15. yellow. (ii) Language and Culture✐Homework: Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (p146-149)Supplement: Word MeaningsWe know that words represent meaning. The problem is that they may represent several types of meanings simultaneously.(i) Denotation 符号and Connotation内涵What is denotation? What is connotation? Give examples to show their difference?(p126-127)(ii) Seven categories 类别of lexical meanings词汇意义The study of word meaning is lexical semantics词汇语义学. The lexical meanings could be classified into seven categories: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, stylistic meaning, affective meaning, reflectedmeaning, collocative meaning and thematic meaning.1. Conceptual Meaning (概念意义)Words may refer to objects in the real world (e. g. dog, book, river, etc.) or abstract concepts (e. g. life, friendship, hatred, etc.) in our mind. The relationship between a word and an object in the real world or a concept in our mind to which the world refers is the conceptual meaning of the word.2. Connotative Meaning (内涵意义)It is the communicative value 交际价值an expression has in addition to the purely conceptual meaning. The word ―woman‖ can be defined conceptually as an adult female who is biped两足and has a womb子宫, which is the physical features of a woman. But several other psychological and social features can be attributed to her, such as ―capable of speech‖, ―experienced in cookery‖ and ―skirt or dress wearing‖. These additional features are its connotative meaning, which may include such features as ―frail‖脆弱的, ―prone to tears‖, ―emotional‖, etc. and such good qualities as ―gentle‖, ―compassionate‖慈悲, ―sensitive‖, ―hard-working‖, and so on.A high government official: (1) politician: engaging in polities for personal gain; (2) statesman政治家3. Social Meaning (社会意义)It is what a piece of language conveys 表达about the social circumstances of its use, which includes at least language users (who are using language), settings (where is language used), and topics (what are thelanguage users talking or writing about).家: (1) domicile: used in official or legal documents or between people who are involved in official or legal affairs. (2) residence: used in formal or administrative行政、管理的circumstances. (3) abode: a poetic诗意word, used in creation and appreciation of poems. (4) home: used in everyday speech between classmates, colleagues, friends or family members.4. Affective Meaning (情感意义)It is communicated when the feelings or attitudes are expressed in language. Such interjections感叹词as ―aha‖, ―my God‖, ―oh‖, and ―dear‖ are chiefly used to convey传达affective meaning.5. Reflected Meaning (反映意义)It arises in words of multiple多重的conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. For example, ―the Comforter‖ and ―the Holy Ghost‖ both refer to God in religious English, but the former sounds warm and comforting, while the latter sounds awesome because these are the reflected meanings of these two terms.6.Collocative Meaning (搭配意义)It consists of association a word gets from those words that are often used together with it.Nice-looking : (1) pretty: girl, woman, flower, garden, color, village(2) handsome: boy, man, car, overcoat, airliner7. Thematic Meaning (主题意义)It is what is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organization a message, in terms of ordering, focus, or emphasis.e. g. the same conceptual content: (1) Mr. Smith donated the first prize.(2) The first prize was donated by Mr.Smith.The active sentence seems to be an answer to the question ―What did Mr. Smith donate?‖, while the passive sentence appears to answer ―Who was the first prize donated by?‖ or ―Who donated the first prize?‖. The active sentence suggests that we know who Mr. Smith is while the passive one does not.Meanings 2—7 are called associative meanings.关联意义nguage and Translation(i) Problems in translation to achieve equivalence between languages Please read over the article on pages 138-142, and answer the following question:How many types of equivalence in translation are mentioned?1. Lexical equivalence:2. Idiomatic[′ɪdi:ə`mætɪk] equivalence: like idioms3. Grammatical-syntactical equivalence:4. Experiential equivalence:5. Conceptual equivalence(ii) Words and Meaning1.W ords and Culture-specific 文化特异性Conceptual Meaning1)Words and geography: The Mississippi; the Channel; koala,kangaroo2)Words and history: The May Flower; scalp (剥带发头皮); lynch私刑; cowboy; hippie; duke; castle3)Words and politics: President; congress; Democratic Party民主党;Governor-General总督4)Words and Christianity: Trinity; Bible; Catholic; Protestant; Puritan5)Words and holidays: Christmas box (圣诞节礼); Christmastide (圣诞节节期); Easter6)Words and living styles: Hot dog; hamburger; pudding; cocktail;drive-ins (drive-in cinemas; drive-in banks; drive-in restaurants);motels, diners (餐车式饭馆); baseball (垒球), striptease (脱衣舞);love store (色情商店); late-late TV shows (深夜放映的色情电视片) 2.W ords with Partial局部的Equivalence1.young, middle-aged and oldEnglish: 18--------------40----------------60---------------Chinese: 18---------35--------------55----------------------2.intellectuals3.(1) social sciences: political science, economics, sociology, etc.,branches of learning that are concerned with human society, esp. its organization and the relationship of individual members to it.(1)社会科学: all the academic fields not included in the natural自然科学and applied sciences应用科学.2.(1) yard: a small open space completely or partially enclosed andadjoining 紧邻a building(2) 院子: 房屋前后用墙或栅栏围起来的空地.3.(1) d rugstore /a chemist’s shop: where medicines, toiletries化妆品, andvarious other small articles including food, are sold, but where one can buy only a few kinds of medicine without a prescription药方.(2)药店: where medicines and some kinds of medical apparatus医疗设备are sold, most of which are sold without a doctor’s prescription.4.kinship terms亲属称谓(p125-126)Summarize总结the major differences between English and Chinese kinship terms:3.W ords Often Mistakengreenhouse (温室) ≠绿色的房屋busywork (耗时又无价值的工作) ≠忙碌的工作busman’s hol iday (消磨于与日常工作类似之活动的假日)≠公共汽车驾驶员/乘务员的假日busybody (爱管闲事的人)≠大忙人housewarming (乔迁喜宴)≠房屋供暖donkeywork (苦役；单调的日常工作)≠驴活儿police action (未经正式宣战，对破坏国际和平与秩序的叛乱者采取的镇压行动)≠警察行动lowbody (矮脚抽屉柜)≠矮个子男孩free love (公开同居)≠自由恋爱equalitarianism (favorable term)≠平均主义disinterested (公正的)≠无兴趣wester (西风)≠西方人first lady; high school; lover; restroom4.W ords and Connotative Meanings1)dog and狗(p127)2)peasant and农民3)landlord and地主4)comrade and同志5)self-made man (successful persons from humble origin) and 白手起家的人(经济基础不是很好)6)propaganda and宣传7)do-gooder (stupid persons earnestly bent on doing good withoutknowing the harmful result) and作好事的人8)spiritual (religious connotation) and 精神的IV.Case Study: Students are required to read the cases given carefully and try to analyse them from the viewpoint of IC.。
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During the party, Rosalita said to Roger, "I'd like to introduce you to one of my good friends. She is a very capable woman and is presently thinking of working in a joint venture so she can provide a better living for her large family. She is very much interested in your company." Hearing that, Roger smiled and replied, "Ok, but I just hope I don't get hustled." Unfortunately, Roger's replay made Rosalita quite upset. Very soon she excused herself as politely as she could, and did not speak with Roger for the rest of the evening.
Question:
Why did the Italian shop owner make such a mistake ?
Case 2
Roger was the Personnel Executive (人事执行员) of a large American multinational firm. In 1996, Roger was working in Brazil to help promote their business. One evening, there was a party, attended by both his employees from the United States and many Brazilian business people. At the party, Roger bumped into Rosalita, a Brazilian woman he had known for some time. Roger generally had a very good impression of Rosalita and always felt at ease with her, so that he felt free to tell jokes and share personal thoughts, and talk about Brazil and Brazilian life without having the worries of offending Rosalita.
Warm-up cases (verbal communication)
Case 1
It is said that in Rome, in front of a shoe store, there was such a sign to attract English-speaking customers: Shoes for street walking. Come in and have a fit. The sign caught the attention of many English-speaking tourists, but not to look at the displayed in the windows, but to read the sign and then break out into laughter. The Italian shop owner did not realize that "a street walker" means a prostitute, while "to have a fit" does not mean to have a try, but to become suddenly and violently angry or upset. No wonder the amusement and laughter!
跨文化交际课程unit4
Contents
Verbal Communication: Culturally loaded words Cultural reflections on proverbs and taboos
Nonverbal Communication: Time language Space language Body language Paralanguage
In colloquial American English, there are at least two meanings for the word "hustle". As a Personnel Executive of a large American multinational firm, Roger must have attended many parties. At these parties, he will always encounter people eager to get a job from him in his company, so he often gets hustled. This is just what Roger was implying to Rosalita regarding her friend.
Question for discussion:
Roger was confused by Rosalita's behavior. Could you give him an explanation ?
Comment
The problem resulted from the misunderstanding of the word "hustle".