跨文化传播终极版复习资料
跨文化传播学重点
跨文化传播学重点1.文化的主要特征：（1）。
稳定性特点相同、相似或相近的文化，组成了一个体系，虽然不断吸收新的养分，但整体特色不会轻易改变，具有一定的稳定性。
（2）。
共享性凡文化都是一个群体或社会里的全体成员共同享有、共同遵守的，如语言、风俗、习惯、社会规范、行为模式以及社会价值观念等，都是该社会全体成员共同承认和遵循的。
个别人的怪癖和偏好不为社会承认，不会成为文化。
（3）。
流动性文化一经产生就会被他人模仿，他人可以通过学习获得并传递下去，从而出现文化流动。
流动有两种形式：纵向流动和横向流动。
纵向流动指人类将文化一代代地流传下去，所以任何一种文化都是日积月累、连续不断的动态过程；同时每一代人在继承中舍弃传统文化中过时的部分，同时增加新的时代内容，因而也是不断扬弃的过程。
横向流动指文化在不同地域、民族之间的传播，不同地域、民族之间的交流极大地促进了各民族社会的发展。
2.传播的基本要素:基本要素：传播者、受传者、讯息、媒介、反馈3.不同文化应对人际冲突的方法也是多种多样的，大致可以划分为如下五种取向:第一；回避。
许多文化认为，冲突是应当尽量回避的，回避冲突的能力是成熟的表现，回避的方式可以是提出别的话题已转换对方的注意，或者干脆保持沉默，避开锋芒。
如西班牙人。
第二；调节。
这种取向侧重于发现，满足对方的需要而不是突出自己的需要，以避免冲突。
如津巴布韦人在发表意见之前，总是希望知道对方想听什么，以避免直接表达意见分歧，并可以依靠对方的想法来调节自己的观点。
第三；竞争。
这种取向是把冲突视为生活的必然，将竞争看为一种积极进取的品质，认为其能够有助于实现自己的愿望而不必受对方需要的左右。
比较典型的就是希腊和以色列文化，公开辩论，口角争执是希腊人的生方式，以色列人直接鼓励对抗。
——很多研究认为，这种取向可能是对二战前犹太人的调节取向的一种反叛。
第四；妥协。
这种取向期望以妥协换取折中的结果，以最大程度的满足自己乃至双方的愿望。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨文化交际复习资料Unit 1&2Reviewing Papers for Intercultural CommunicationUnit 1&2I- Keywords（1）Sender/Source: A sendcr/source is the person who transmits a message.（信息发出者/信息源：信息发岀者/信息源指传递信息的人。
）（2）Message: A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.（信息：信息扌呂弓I 起信息接受者反应的任何信号。
）（3）Encoding: It refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.（编码：编码指信息发岀者选择言语或用非言语的方式发出有目的的信息的行为。
）⑷ Channel/NIedium：It is the method used to deliver a message・（渠道/媒介：渠道/媒介指发送信息的方法。
）（5）Receiver: A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message・（信息接受者：信息接受者指信息接收者是指注意到信息并且赋予信息某些含义的人。
）（6）Decoding: It is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols iie/she has received.（解码：解码指信息接受者赋予其收到的言语或符号信息意义的行为。
跨文化交际复习资料
跨⽂化交际复习资料U1Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration迁移；移民；移动, and the spread of technology.Global village: all the different parts of the world from one community linked together by electronic communication, especially the internet.Melting pot: a social cultural assimilation同化作⽤of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. Cultural Diversity: refers to the mix cultures and sub-cultures of a group or organization or region. What are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? (P8-9)The concept of culture:a learned set of shared interpretations解释about beliefs, values and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people.What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts: the material and spiritual精神的，⼼灵的products people produce.Behavior: what they doConcepts;beliefs,values,world views…what they think⽂化冰⼭（Cultural iceberg）P7Characteristics of cultural:Culture is shared: All communications take place by means of symbols.Cultural is learned: Culture is learned, not inherited. It drives from one?s social communication, not one?s genes. Enculturation(⽂化习得):All the activi ties of learning one?s culture are called enculturation.Culture is dynamic (P6): Culture is subject to change. It?s dynamic动态；动⼒rather than static静态的, constantly不断地；时常地changing and evolving进化；展开under the impact of events and through contract with other cultures.Acculturation(⽂化适应):The process which one adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.Culture is ethnocentric(⽂化中⼼主义):Ethnocentric is the belief that your own cultural background is superior. Communication: meaning to share with or to make commotion, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.Intercultural communication: communication between people whose cultural presumptions假定推定and symbol systems distinct enough to alter the communication event. (P9-10)Components of communication:Source: the source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding: Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message: the term message identifies the encoded thoughts.Channel: the term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted.Noise: the term noise technically refers to anything that distorts曲解the message the source encodes. Receiver: the receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding: the receiver is actually involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received. Receiver response: it refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message. Feedback: it refers to that portion of the receiver responds of the resource has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.Context: Generally context can be defined as the environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.Characters of communication:Communication is dynamic, symbolic, irreversible可逆的, systematic, transactional, and contextual. Unit 2-4 verbal communicationPragmatics⽤学；语⽤论: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior. Semantics语义学；语义论: the study of the meaning of words.Denotation符号；表⽰；意义；指⽰: the literal of meaning or definition of a word—theexplicit明确的；清楚的；直率的；详述,particular特别的；详细的；独有的；挑剔的,defined meaning. Connotation暗⽰，隐含意义: the suggestive meaning of a word —all the values, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical and associative accretion增加物of the unspoken significance意义；重要性；意思behind the literal meaning.Taboo: some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons.Euphemism委婉语: the act of substituting取代a mild温和的, indirect间接的, or vague模糊的term for one considered harsh严厉的, blunt⽣硬的, or offensive.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing? (P22-23)Addressing by names Name order:Surname + given name/He Xiangu Given name + surname (AE)/Linda Smith Nowadays, more and more English-speaking people address others by using the first name, even when people meet for the first time.(P23)In Chinese seniority(资历) is paid respect to. Juniors are supposed address seniors in a proper way. The use of given names is limited by husband and wife, very closely friends, juniors by elders or superiors. Addressing by relationshipChinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage. These terms are used after the surname to shoe politeness and respect. (P23)The English equivalents of the above kinship terms are not so used. Even with relatives, American tends to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Addressing by title, office, professionAnother common Chinese form of address is the use of a person’s title, office or profession to indi cate the person’s influential status. In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used. (P24 Americans tend to regard titles as trivial unless they have a clear idea of what kind of work a person does and what his responsibilities are.Unit 5 nonverbal communicationChronemics: The study of how people perceive and use time.Monochromic time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.Polychromic time: being involved in many things at once.Proxemics: the perception and use to space.Kinetics: the study of body language.Paralanguage: involving sounds but not words and lying verbal and nonverbal communication.Monochromic & Polychromic (P97)Monochromic time means paying attention to doing only one thing at a time.Monochromic time is structured and often rigid. Everything is scheduled down to the minute and precautions are taken to guard against interruption.Polychromic tim e means being involved in many things at once.People and cultures that run on polychromic time multitask well. These people focus on maintaining personal relationships more than completing tasks.Unit 6 cross-gender communicationHow is gender different from sex? (P120) Gender and sex are not synonymousSex: Biological; permanent; individual propertyGender: socially constructed; varied over time and across cultures; social and relational quality.What has influenced the gender socialization? (P121)There are two primary influences on gender socialization: Family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction between children.U 7 (P138) High-context culture Low-context culture Unit 9 P186A planetary cultur e: a culture that integrates eastern mysticism with eastern science and relationlism. Intercultural person: represents someone whose cognitive, affective and behavioral characteristics is not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological and parameters of his or her own culture. (P186) What are the Chinese/American cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it?s good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relationship of man to nature, they think mankind can live harmony with nature. They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past-oriented. They have a being and becoming attitude and activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eternal. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefit of the group.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and use them to analyze the cases.Individualism vs. Collectivism Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Masculinity vs. Femininity 每单元练习ABCD(Unit 5 E.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English. )复习例题1.American parents would ask their children?s opinion in family decision-making because__C__.A.American parents like being told by their children what to do.B.American children have much power in the family.C.American parents take their children as an equal.D.American parents are unable to make decisions themselves.2. What is the best expression of the following you can use when you meet an American friend at the airport? B (P26)A.You must tired.B.Did you have a good trip.B.It is raining, isn?t it?C.Thank you for coming.3. What is a proper response of the following to “Thank you .”? D P57A.It is my duty to do so.B.It doesn?t matter at all.C.I quite understand i t.D.Don?t mention it.4. Which of the following is not one of the characteristic of culture? C P5-11A. It is shared.B. It is learned.C. It is static.D. It is ethnocentric.5. When a British friend is sick, you?d better say “___” to your friend to show your concern.BA.Drink plenty of water. B I do hope you?ll be feeling better soon.C Put on more clothes.D Take medicine on time.6. What is the Chinese equivalent of “landscaper engineer”? D P13A.导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.园林⼯⼈7. What does “call your carriage for you” mean? CA. Ask you for a favorB. Ask you to buy a carriageC. Ask you to go awayD. Ask you to join a party8. Which of the following does not have the sa me function that “副” fulfills in Chinese?D P73A. AssociateB. DeputyC. LieutenantD. Underline9. Which of the following is not included in kinesics? C P95A.PostureB. StanceC. Body distanceD. gesture10. Individualism has the following features except______. AA. strong family tiesB. Self-relianceC. FreedomD. Respect for individual rights11. M-time culture has the following features except______. D P97A. Cutting time into bitsB. Taking deadlines seriouslyC. Scheduling one thing at a timeD. More human-centered12. ____ __culture are typical P-time cultures. A P97A. Latin AmericanB. Northern AmericanC. Western EuropeanD. Northern European13. In American culture, silence may be interpreted as______.D P110A. AssertivenessB. ThoughtfulnessC. EnthusiasmD. Apathy14. Which of the following is not a feature of masculine talk?B P123A. Using talk to assert oneself and one?s ideasB. Being tentative so that others feel free to add their ideasC. Using talk to establish one?s status and powerD. Avoiding personal disclosures15. Which is the following is of the invisible part of cultural iceberg? A P7A. religious beliefsB. gesturesC. eating habitsD. Style of dress16. According to the cultural orientations put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, which of the following does not describe the Chinese cultural values? BA.Chinese culture holds that human nature is good but corruptible.B.They have a Linear time concept and are future-oriented.C.They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity.D.They are quite collective and focus on the benefits of the group.17. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greetings except______. C P25A.How are you gett ing on?B.How are things?C.Where have you been?D.How?s life?18. What is a proper topic when you are talking with an American? D P26(不确定)A.the price of an itemB. ReligionC. Marital statusD. Hobbies19. Which is the following is of the visible part of the cultural iceberg? B P7A. Religious beliefsB. LiteratureC. ValuesD. Worldviews20. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of communication? CA. It is symbolicB. It is contextualC. It is staticD. It is systematic21. Which of the following is not one of the social functions of compliments? C P50A. greeting peopleB. starting a conversationC. criticizing peopleD. overcoming embarrassment22. Which of the following is not a feature of sex? B P120A. It is biologicalB.It is dynamicC.It is permanentD.It has an individual property23. What is the Chinese equivalent of sanitation engineer? D P13A. 导游B.伐⽊⼯⼈C.⼯程师D.清洁⼯24. What does the “a lady of the town mean”? C P67(不确定)A. A fashionable girlB. A graceful ladyC. A prostitudeD. An urban girl25. What is the acceptable addressing of “Tom Smith ” in American cuture?D P24A. Teacher SmithB. Mr.TomC. Director TomD.Professor Tom26. The word “dragon” is a word?A P70-71 ( 不确定)A. with different associated meanings in ChineseB. without a counterpart in ChineseC. with the same primary meaning in ChineseD. with many more terms in Chinese27. When making an appointment with an American friend, which of the following expressions is the most appropriate one?D P29A. I?m coming to see you this afternoonB. you must stay at home waiting for me this afternoonC. could you come directly to my house this afternoonD. I was wondering whether I could come round to visit you sometime28. What is the Chinese equivalent of “reckless disregard for the truth”? DA. 躁动不安B.为⾮作⽍C.实事求是D.信⼝雌黄29. Which of the following is not one of the features of gender? C P119-120A. It?s socially-constrictedB. It?s dynamicC. It?s permanentD. It has a relational quality30. Which culture tends to envelop each other in breath when talking? A P101A. Arabian cultureB. American cultureC. British cultureD. Chinese culture31. Which of the following is not included in chronemics? C P95A. punctualityB. time orientationC. silenceD. promptness32. Collectivism emphasizes the following values except BA. strong family tiesB. self-relianceC. harmonyD. group-orientation33. in Japanese culture, silence may be interpreted as evidence of C P110A. passivityB. apathyC. wisdomD. hesitation34. According to the cultural orientations put Forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, American culture values have the following features except? CA. American culture holds that human nature evil but perfectibleB. They have a linear time concept and are future-orientedC. They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activiityD. They are quite individualistic35. In English-speaking countries, people tend to use all the greeting except They have a linear time concept and are future-oriented CA. How are you getting on?B. How are things?C. Where are you going?D. How?s life?Cultural Puzzles （3道）1. Katherine came to Beijing in 1998 and found a job as an English teacher in a foreign language institute. Soon after her classes began, she found that her students showed no interest in her teaching and quite a few of them avoided to ask the Director, Prof. Wang, for help. One day, she came to the Director and told him that she would like to talk to him about her problem. The director looked at his timetable and asked if they could meet at ten o?clock on Thursday morning and she agreed.P87This is a typical cultural clash between the Chinese and Westerners, which was caused by their difference regarding_____C .A.Clollectivism vs. IndividualismB. Past-orientation vs. Future-orientationC.P-time vs. M-time Ｄ．High-context vs. Low-context2. When an American is parking his bicycle and the bicycle accidentally falls over, he feels embarrassed at his awkwardness, and his quite angered and humiliated when Chinese onlookers laugh.The Chinese onlooker?s laugh may convey the following meaning except____C .A. Don?t take it so seriously.B. It?s nothing.C. You are really clumsy.D. Such things can happen to any of us.3. A Canadian colleague and I traveled to Guilin with our admirable guide Heping Liu in very hot weather. Sight-seeing is thirsty business, we did not trust the water, and delighted in the excellent beer which we politely offered Heping. Heping refused, we said nothing and drank our beer, while poor Heping watched.Q: Why did Heping rufuse the beer on the first offer?A：Because he was being modest and polite.Case Introduction（2道）1. Eric’s different situations in opening the shop in China:He had relatively little difficulty in locating his first shop after several weeks of paperwork, and he was open for business sonner than he had thought possible. The local bureaucrats with whom he dealt had seemed favorably impressed.As Eric began applying for the necessary permits with the local government agencies he was met with responses such as “we …ve never encountered this request”, or” this Procedure requires additional information”.2. Eric’s different attitude:Eric was optimistic about the prospect of his business. His business was quite successful in first few months. People were eager to buy his “unique” product.After several rounds of trying to understand the official rules, Eric beacame increasingly frustrated. After all he had been able to acquire the permits to open shop. Moreover, his attempts to secure additional supply channels were as yet unfruitful. It seemed that all suppliers were “already at full capacity”, or “unsure of future resources”.Case Analysis1.“Doing” orientation: seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He had heard much about the red tape involved in doing business in China but felt he could handle it.2.Collectivisim:A.great readiness to cooperation with in-group membersEg: Chinese are unsure of future resources, and local businessman was announcing the opening of several shops around town.B.collectivists tend to give a higher priority to relationshipsEg: The owners of local businessman had worked through the same government agencies.4. Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increase productivitywhile collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to chieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.5. Decision making in a collective culture may be a slower process than in an individualist culture, butthe implementation of the dicision may it be a change in policy.Eg: This procedure requires additional information.Q&A：1.How is Eric?s home culture influence his behavior and his business strategy?A.“Doing” orientatio n—seek to change and control what is happeningEg: He was optimistic./ He heard much about the red tape, but he still felt he could handle it.B.Individualism—coopertate with people who are not members of one?s group plus group membersEg: He had indicated his desire to use local workers and even train local managers.C.Individualism cultures emphasize competition among individual members to increaseproductivity while collectivist culture stress group harmony and cooperation to achieve efficiencyEg: He wanted to get a jump on his new competition.2.What should Eric do to meet his business goals?●He should have an in-depth knowledge of China?s red tape and adapt it gradually.●He should increase the chance of cooperation with Chinese businessmen to coexist peace●When in Rome, do as the Romans do. He can use some Chinese etiquette to expand his network in Chinese society.。
跨文化交际复习资料(推荐文档)
跨文化交际复习资料第一章跨文化交际概述1 在文化学研究领域，通常把文化分为主流文化和亚文化。
2 文化的特征：交际的符号性、民族的选择性。
观念的整合性和动态的可变性。
3.交际的本质属性：有意识行为和无意识行为、编码过程和解码过程以及语法规则和语用规则。
4.除语言之外，人类在长期的社会实践中还创造了许多交际工具，主要有以下三大类：文字、盲文和手语、旗语、灯语和号语。
5.跨文化交际的概念和要点：跨文化交际是指在特定的交际环境中，具有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言（母语或目的语）进行的口语交际。
主要包括四个要点：A.双方必须来自不同的文化背景B.双方必须使用同一种语言交际C.交际双方进行的是实时的口语交际D.交际双方进行的是直接的语言交际第二章文化背景与跨文化交际6.从跨文化交际的现实情况来看，影响交际的制约因素主要集中在三个方面：价值观念（文化特质的深层结构）、民族性格（文化特质的外化表现）、自然环境（文化特质的历史缘由）态度7.态度由认知、情感和意动三个范畴构成。
8.态度具有四个功能：功力实现功能、自我防御功能、价值表现功能和课题认知功能9.直觉的整体性是整体思维的第一个特点，东方人以直觉的整体性和和谐的辩证性著称于世。
10.民族中心主义：某个民族把自己当做世界的中心，把本民族的文化当做对待其他民族的参照系，它以自己的文化标准来衡量其他民族的行为，并把自己的文化与其他文化对立起来。
第三章社会环境与跨文化交际11.有效的环境不仅依赖于对文化背景的认识，也依赖于对社会环境的认识，而社会环境对交际来说实际上是广义的“交际背景”12.交际背景主要包括三个要素：交际者：社会地位是决定交际的重要情景因素交际目的：可分为文化型、职业型专业型普通型交际场景：最重要的是物理场景（分时间场景和空间场景）13.社会角色就是某一特定社会群体对某一特定社会身份的行为的期望，人们社会交往从方式到内容都在不同程度上取决于人们的角色关系。
跨文化传播提纲
跨文化传播提纲跨文化传播是指通过文化界限进行传播活动，以实现在不同文化背景下的目标。
在当今全球化的时代，跨文化交流和传播活动变得越来越重要。
过去，大多数社会和传播活动都是在自己的文化圈内进行的，没有太多的外部文化影响。
但随着世界各地的社会文化交流日益加强，跨文化传播的重要性就显而易见了。
只有通过跨文化传播，才能更好地把握当前复杂的社会变化，促进不同文化间的理解与和谐。
二、跨文化传播的特点跨文化传播尤为复杂，它需要考虑语言、文化和思维方式上的差异。
以下是其特点：（1）多样性。
跨文化传播不仅要考虑传播渠道，还要考虑不同文化群体的价值观，以正确诠释和表达信息。
（2）多学科性。
跨文化传播还要涉及传播学、心理学、社会学等多学科领域。
（3）持久性。
跨文化传播与传统文化传播相比，具有更长久的影响，因为它们包含了更多的文化元素。
三、跨文化传播的必要性随着社会的不断发展，跨文化传播的必要性变得越来越明显。
它可以帮助我们更有效地在不同文化背景之间进行沟通与协作，促进多元文化的互动与发展。
正确从事跨文化传播，有助于推动文化多样性、增进相互了解、促进文化繁荣，以及促进人类的发展。
四、跨文化传播的挑战虽然跨文化传播有着无穷的发展前景，但也面临着不少挑战。
首先，不同文化之间的差异日益增大，推动跨文化传播的困难也在增加。
，跨文化交流有可能导致文化冲撞，破坏当地文化。
有时候，跨文化传播也可能带来负面影响，如利益滥用或不公平竞争。
五、跨文化传播的方法跨文化传播以最有效的方式，促进不同文化之间的交流和发展。
为此，必须采取不同的方法，以满足文化差异所带来的传播需求。
以下是一些跨文化传播的方法：（1）调查研究。
在进行跨文化传播之前，应该进行调查研究，以了解收件人的文化背景及喜好。
（2）文化适应。
传播者需灵活运用方法，可适当修改文化原有的样式、形式和内容，以更好地满足不同文化群体的需求。
（3）融合性传播。
融合传播是指合理地融合多种文化元素，形成一种新的传播风格。
文化传播学复习资料
文化传播学复习资料一、文化传播学的定义和研究范围文化传播学是研究人类文化的传承、发展、交流和演变的学科。
它关注文化如何通过各种渠道和媒介在不同的个体、群体和社会之间传播。
其研究范围广泛，包括语言、宗教、艺术、习俗、价值观等文化元素的传播；大众传媒如报纸、电视、网络等在文化传播中的作用；跨文化交流中文化差异和文化冲突的解决；以及文化传播与社会变迁的相互关系等。
二、文化传播的主要模式1、线性传播模式这种模式认为传播是从信息源通过渠道传递到接收者的单向过程。
例如，早期的广播和电视传播就具有较强的线性特征。
2、循环传播模式强调传播是一个信息在发送者和接收者之间不断循环和反馈的过程，双方在传播中都具有主动性。
3、网状传播模式随着互联网的发展，信息传播呈现出多向、复杂的网状结构，每个节点都可以是信息的发送者和接收者。
三、文化传播的媒介1、传统媒介（1）书籍和报刊书籍是传承文化知识的重要载体，报刊则能够及时传递新闻和观点。
（2）广播和电视通过声音和图像的传播，影响广泛的受众。
2、新媒介（1）互联网包括网站、社交媒体、视频平台等，具有信息传播迅速、互动性强的特点。
（2）移动终端如手机和平板电脑，使人们随时随地获取和传播文化信息。
四、文化传播中的受众1、受众的类型可以分为主动受众和被动受众。
主动受众积极参与信息的选择和解读，被动受众则相对被动地接受传播的内容。
2、受众的心理和行为受众的兴趣、需求、价值观等会影响他们对文化传播内容的接受和反应。
五、跨文化传播1、文化差异包括语言、价值观、习俗、社会规范等方面的差异。
2、跨文化传播中的障碍如语言障碍、文化误解、刻板印象等。
3、促进跨文化交流的策略培养跨文化意识、加强语言学习、增进相互理解等。
六、文化传播与社会变迁1、文化传播对社会变迁的推动作用新的思想、观念和技术通过传播促使社会发生变革。
2、社会变迁对文化传播的影响社会的发展会改变传播的方式和内容。
七、文化传播学的研究方法1、定性研究方法如访谈、观察、文本分析等，深入理解文化传播现象的内涵和意义。
跨文化传播学重点
1.文化的主要特征：（1）。
稳定性特点相同、相似或相近的文化，组成了一个体系，虽然不断吸收新的养分，但整体特色不会轻易改变，具有一定的稳定性。
（2）。
共享性凡文化都是一个群体或社会里的全体成员共同享有、共同遵守的，如语言、风俗、习惯、社会规范、行为模式以及社会价值观念等，都是该社会全体成员共同承认和遵循的。
个别人的怪癖和偏好不为社会承认，不会成为文化。
（3）。
流动性文化一经产生就会被他人模仿，他人可以通过学习获得并传递下去，从而出现文化流动。
流动有两种形式：纵向流动和横向流动。
纵向流动指人类将文化一代代地流传下去，所以任何一种文化都是日积月累、连续不断的动态过程；同时每一代人在继承中舍弃传统文化中过时的部分，同时增加新的时代内容，因而也是不断扬弃的过程。
横向流动指文化在不同地域、民族之间的传播，不同地域、民族之间的交流极大地促进了各民族社会的发展。
2.传播的基本要素:基本要素：传播者、受传者、讯息、媒介、反馈3.不同文化应对人际冲突的方法也是多种多样的，大致可以划分为如下五种取向:第一；回避。
许多文化认为，冲突是应当尽量回避的，回避冲突的能力是成熟的表现，回避的方式可以是提出别的话题已转换对方的注意，或者干脆保持沉默，避开锋芒。
如西班牙人。
第二；调节。
这种取向侧重于发现，满足对方的需要而不是突出自己的需要，以避免冲突。
如津巴布韦人在发表意见之前，总是希望知道对方想听什么，以避免直接表达意见分歧，并可以依靠对方的想法来调节自己的观点。
第三；竞争。
这种取向是把冲突视为生活的必然，将竞争看为一种积极进取的品质，认为其能够有助于实现自己的愿望而不必受对方需要的左右。
比较典型的就是希腊和以色列文化，公开辩论，口角争执是希腊人的生方式，以色列人直接鼓励对抗。
——很多研究认为，这种取向可能是对二战前犹太人的调节取向的一种反叛。
第四；妥协。
这种取向期望以妥协换取折中的结果，以最大程度的满足自己乃至双方的愿望。
美国人比较会运用这种方式，即我得到了想要的，同时你也会觉得不是无功而返。
跨文化交际期末复习资料重点笔记.docx
Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Objective Culture: history, religion, literature, language, food, etiquette, law, and customs.Subjective Culture: feelings and attitudes about how things are and how they should be -the concept of time, spaces, friendship, love, family, communication pattern, etc.Characteristics：Learned, transmitted from generation to generation, based on symbols, dynamic, ethnocentric・Doing Culture: It is meant to be a contrast to learning "about" culture underscores the idea that communicating across cultures is a process of making meaning, of people understanding one another so they can get to know one another, build relationships, and solve problems togethe匸It should not be words on paper, but ideas in practice.Communication: Human communication is the process through which individuals - in relationships, groups, organizations and societies -respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment and one another.Characteristics: Dynamic and interactiveIntercultural Communication: Generally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds^such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese AmericansThe form of Intercultural Communicationa. Interracial communication -people from different racesb. Interethnic communications -the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c. Intercultural communication -communication between members of the same culture,in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships. (gay, disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female )Comiminication Competence (ICC competence)The cognitive component -how much one know about communication.The affective component -one's motivation to approach or avoid communication The behavior component -the skills one has to interact competently.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.Pattern of Thought: The way people in a culture think influences the way they interpret strangers' messages.World views: The grid (decentralized・ This pattern does not have a fixed center)The radiating star (highly centralized. In this pattern important things are at the center and everything else radiates out from the center)The inside/ outside pattern (圈子)female maleprivate publichome market, mosque, coffee housethe outside is plain, not welcoming, even forbidding. The walls are thick to protect whatis inside.highly centralized pattern: important people sit in the front middle; decentralizedpattern: people sit equally.Stereotyping: People generalize to make sense of his experience. The result of the process of over generalizing based on limited or inaccurate information.The classification of stereotypes1.Negative stereotype of other cultures: Prejudice (severe prejudice)2.Positive stereotype of one's own culture: Cultural superiority Characteristics:universal, unavoidable, stable, variable, ethnocentrismHigh context communication & Low context communicationHC culture (察言观色)：Relies mainly on the physical context or the relationship for information, with little explicitly encoded.LC culture: provide most of the information in the explicit code itself.Perception: Perception is a cognitive process in which we attach meaning to objects, symbols, people and behavior in order to make sense of them.High contact and low contact culture:In high contact cultures people want to get close enough to one another and to objects to sense them in these ways.People in these countries stand closer, touchmore, engage in more eye contact and speak more loudly than people do in lower-contact cultures.In a low contact cultures, people rely more on sight, and especially sight at a fardistance. People are most likely to stand a certain distance away to get the wholepicture, without actually feeling or sensing the other personas body heat or subtlesmell. So in low contact culture as America, one is taught not to breathe on people.However, this visual space seems unfriendly and indifferent to those from highcontact cultures, which favor tactile space.When a person from a high contact culture goes to a low contact culture, he or she is likely to feel that people are cold, lack human warmth, and are indifferent and pay no attention to them.low-contact: Asia ; moderate-contact: Australia, Northern Europe, United States high-contact: South America, Mediterranean, the Arab worldLarge and smell Power Distancespower distance is an attempt to measure cultural attitudes about inequality in social relationships.In high power distance cultures, position in a hierarchy is considered to be natural and important. People are expected to show only positive emotions to others withhigh status and to display negative emotions to those with low status; tend to decrease gaze in the presence of powerful people.Low Power Distance Culture: Minimize and eliminate the differences in power and status; more emotional display, increase the amount of gaze. People believe that the differences in power between boss and workers should be reduced and not mphasized.Individualism VS CollectivismThe individualism index measures the extent to which the interests of the individual are considered to be more important than the interests of the group・ People from individualist cultures are more likely to act on principles that apply to everyone, principles that are universal and apply to associates and strangers alike.Collectivists are not unprincipled, but when making decisions they tend to give a higher priority to relationships than individualists do. They expect people who are involved in a group relationship to have duties and obligations to one another.Masculinity (Toughness) VS Femininity (Tenderness)Masculinity means everyone in society embraces values that have traditionally been associated with men, that is assertiveness, competitiveness and toughness. On the feminine side of the scale we find societies in which people generally embrace values that have traditionally been labeled as feminine, that is modesty, cooperation and tenderness. Strong and weak Uncertainty AvoidanceThe Uncertainty Avoidance Index seeks to measure the extent to which people in a particular society are able to tolerate the unknowns of life. In high uncertainty avoidance countries people experience more stress and a sense of urgency as they go through their daily routines. Relationships are guided by strict rules. People from low uncertainly avoidance countries do not have a strong need to control things, people, and events by clearly defining and categorizing them. Relationships are guided by strict rules.Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural CommunicationGenerally speaking, it refers to interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds, such as interactions between people from America and China, between whites and African Americans, between Hispanic and Japanese Americans The form of Intercultural Communicationa.Interracial communication -people from different racesb.Interethnic communications -the parties are of the same race but of different ethnic origins.c.I ntracultural communication -communication between members of the same culture,in which one or both of the participants hold dual or multiple memberships, (gay,disabled, Mexican American, African American, or female)Language&CulturePeople pay attention to basic language in cross-culture communication because of the essential role these codes play in communication and they are part of object culture. The same word may stir up different associations in people under different cultural background, e.g. the word "dog. In eastern culture, dogs are dirty, brutal and stupid. But in western culture, dogs are lovely, loyal and obedient. They are faithful friends and compassionate animals.Language reflects culture. Language expresses cultural reality, reflects the peopled attitudes, beliefs, world outlooks, etc. For example, American businessmen often encode their meanings in metaphors and images from these sports.Chinese traditional sport culture emphasizes the harmony between human beings andoneness between man and nature. It is morality, benevolence, entertainment and longevity. But western sports culture is competition and sportsmanship.Culture shock: Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture ・U-Curuemodel:Excitement^Confusion->Frustration^Effectiveness-^ Appreciation。
跨文化交际复习资料
Key intercultural concepts and theoriesreviewI. Value FrameworkKluckhohn’s Five Basic Questions克拉克洪五个基本问题（文化维度）1. What is the character of innate human nature（人的本性）?= Human nature orientation2. What is the relation of humans to nature（人与自然的关系）?=Man-nature orientation3. What is the temporal (time) focus（时间焦点）of human life?=Time orientation4. What is the mode of human activity（人的活动方式）?=Activity orientation5. What is the mode of human relationships（人与人之间的关系模式）? =Social orientationHofstede’s Cultural 5 Dimensions Model霍夫斯泰德的文化五维度模型⚫Power Distance (PD)How inequalities are viewed and handled in the culture(strong hierarchical relationships versus egalitarian relationships)⚫Individualism/Collectivism (I-C)How individuals view themselvesAre they an individual striving for individual goals or a part of a collective group, where group harmony is important?⚫Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)How accepting of uncertainty is the culture?Masculinity/Femininity (M-F) Hard and SoftHow the culture values competitiveness/assertiveness (i.e., masculine traits) and cooperation/nurturing (i.e., feminine traits).⚫Long Term Orientation (Confucian Dynamism)This dimension accounts for people’s preference time frame.Do the people focus on long term goals or the more immediate, short term goals?⚫Indulgence/RestraintIndulgence stands for a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun.Restraint stands for a society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms.II. Communication stylesPing-Pong style vs Bowling styleDirect vs indirectHigh involvement vs high consideratenessPerson-Oriented style vs Status-Oriented styleLow context vs high contextEdward Hall’s Theory on High and Low Context CulturesIII. Nonverbal communicationOverview of Nonverbal Communication1. Body Language•General appearance and dress •Gestures•Eye contact•Facial expression•Posture•Touching 2. Paralanguage•Silence•Pitch•Volume3. Environment Language•Space•TimeIV. Intercultural ConflictIntercultural conflict is the implicit or explicit emotional struggle or frustration between persons of different cultures over perceived incompatible values, norms, face orientations, goals, scarce resources, processes, and/or outcomes in a communication situation.Individualistic conflict lensOutcome-focused Content goal-oriented Doing-centered Self-face concernLow-context conflict styleCompetitive/dominating behaviors Conflict effectivenessCollectivistic conflict lensProcess-focusedRelational goal-oriented Being-centered Other-face concernHigh-context conflict styles Avoiding/obliging behaviors Conflict appropriatenessSapir-Whorf Hypothesis P146 沃尔夫假说“沃尔夫假说(Sapir –Whorf hypothesis)”，又称为“语言相对论(linguistic relativity)”是关于语言、文化和思维三者关系的重要理论，即在不同文化下，不同语言所具有的结构、意义和使用等方面的差异，在很大程度上影响了使用者的思维方式。
跨文化传播学重点
跨文化传播部分重点传播：传播和交流在英文中是同一个词，国内外对其界定主要分为“说服”派和“共享”派，在跨文化交流学中可定义为信息发送者与信息接受者共享信息的过程。
主要有人际交流、组织交流、大众。
《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性国际公约》主要内容和意义是什么~确认的重要原则1；承认了文化活动、产品与服务具有传递文化特征、价值观和意义的特殊性，它们不同于其它产品。
2；各国拥有在其领土上维持、采取和实施他们认为合适的保护和促进文化表现形式多样性的政策和措施的主权。
3；确认该公约与任何已存在协定之间的不相隶属性及其互为补充性。
鼓励各方在处理本公约与其他条约的关系时，做出更有利于保护文化多样性的安排。
4；加强国际合作与团结，特别是要提高发展中国家保护和促进文化表现形式多样性的能力。
该公约是人类文化发展史上最重要的文献之一。
如果说《人权宪章》的制定和为越来越多的国家所签署，昭示了人类社社会构成的基本准则对人类普遍接受，使人权最终成为一种公认的普世性价值，《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性国际公约》的签署，意味着关于文化间关系准则的新的理解，并成为普世性的价值。
意味着从地理大发现以来持续了5个多世纪的西方文化中心论在国际社会中从国际法上丧失了合法性。
用你自己的理解绘出跨文化交流（跨文化传播）的模式。
文化因素影响到跨文化交流的全过程，特别是对交流的三个最重要的因素——发送者、接受者与经过编码的信息，发生很大的影响。
跨文化交流没有一个普遍的模式，依据之前的几个交流模式（香农模式、施拉姆模式），参照交流中的几个重要因素，我按照自己的理解绘出一个简单的跨文化传播模式。
在跨文化交流中，我们可以用哪些符号传递信息~语言符号，包括语音，语意，词汇，句法，语法，语用等非语言符号，包括人体语，时间语，空间语，颜色语，艺术语，图画语，环境语及其他。
身体语与语言语的区别是什么~基本区别：(1；身体语同时具有生物性和社会性，而语言语一般只具有社会性，喜怒哀乐与人类的神经系统相关，具有生理性特征。
跨文化传播期末考试题及答案
跨文化传播期末考试题及答案# 跨文化传播期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 跨文化传播学是一门研究什么的学科？A. 研究语言的学科B. 研究不同文化间交流与沟通的学科C. 研究艺术的学科D. 研究经济的学科答案：B2. 下列哪项不是跨文化传播中的障碍？A. 语言差异B. 非言语行为C. 文化价值观D. 社会制度答案：B3. 跨文化能力是指什么？A. 能够使用多种语言的能力B. 能够理解和适应不同文化的能力C. 能够在不同文化中生存的能力D. 能够改变其他文化的能力答案：B4. 根据霍夫斯泰德的文化维度理论，哪个维度描述的是社会成员对权威的接受程度？A. 权力距离B. 个人主义与集体主义C. 男性化与女性化D. 长期导向与短期导向答案：A5. 在跨文化交流中，什么是“文化休克”？A. 一种文化中常见的现象B. 一种文化中不常见的现象C. 由于文化差异引起的心理不适感D. 由于文化差异引起的身体不适感答案：C...（此处省略其他选择题）二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述跨文化传播中的“文化适应”概念。
答案：文化适应是指个体在面对新的文化环境时，通过学习、理解和适应新文化的行为规范、价值观念和交流方式，以减少文化冲突和提高跨文化沟通效果的过程。
2. 描述跨文化传播中的“文化冲突”及其解决策略。
答案：文化冲突是指不同文化背景的个体或群体在交流和互动过程中，由于价值观、行为规范和交流方式的差异而产生的矛盾和冲突。
解决策略包括：增强文化意识，学习对方的文化知识；采用开放式沟通，尊重差异；寻求共同点，建立互信；以及通过调解和协商解决具体问题。
3. 解释什么是“文化相对主义”及其重要性。
答案：文化相对主义是一种观点，认为每个文化都有其独特的价值和意义，应该在不以任何文化为标准的前提下去理解和评价其他文化。
其重要性在于促进跨文化理解和尊重，避免文化霸权和偏见，有助于构建和谐的国际关系和多元文化社会。
(完整word版)跨文化交际复习提纲
Intercultural CommunicationIntercultural Communication Defined1. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called “cross-cultural communications” or “comparative culture,” or “transculture”.2. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries.3. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture.4. IC is a broad and well-developed field of study.5. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy.6. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.Forms of Intercultural Communicationa. International Communicationb. Interethnic Communicationc. Interracial Communicationd. Intracultural CommunicationDefinition Final5) Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.2.Cultural Metaphors1. The Cultural Iceberg2. The Cultural Onion3.The Cultural Software4.The Cultural Fish5. The Cultural Story6. Culture by Chinese7. Culture by Americans3. Characteristics of Culture1) Culture is sharedThe members of a culture share a set of ‘ideals, values, and standards of behaviors’, and this set of ideals is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bond them together as a culture.2) Culture is learnedActually, culture is not innate sensibility, but a learned characteristic. Children begin learning about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other, how they dress, and the rituals they perform. When the children are growing in the community, their cultural education is advanced by watching social interactions, taking part in culturalactivities and rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.3) Culture is based on symbols.In order for the culture to be transmitted from one person to the next, and from one generation to the next, a system of symbols needs to be created that translates the ideals of the culture to its members. This is accomplished through language, art, religion and money.4) Culture is integratedFor the sake of keeping the culture, functioning all aspects of the culture must be integrated. For example, the language must be able to describe all the functions within the culture in order for ideas and ideals to be transmitted from one person to another. Without the integration of language into the fabric of the culture, confusion and dysfunction would reign and the culture would fail. 5) Culture is subjective to change (Dynamic)It is necessary to recognize that cultures are dynamic rather than static. They are constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures.6) Culture is ethnocentricEthnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is correct. Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, ineffective, or quaint.7) Culture is adaptiveHistory offers so many examples of how cultures have changed as a result of laws, shifts in values, natural disasters, wars, or calamities. More and more women work as CEOs in major companies and as officials in government instead of remaining at home looking after children. Both women and men have made adaptation to this cultural change.Western Perspective of communicationIn western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve one’s personal goal Eastern perspective of communicationDefinitions of communication from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures’understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.2. Components of communicationSender/Source（信息源）A sender/source is the person who transmits a messageMessage （信息）A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver.Encoding （编码）Encoding refers to the activity during which the sendermust choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message.Channel /Medium（渠道）. Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver amessage.Receiver （信息接收者）A receiver is any person who notices and givessome meaning to a message.Decoding （解码）Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received.Feedback （反馈）The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback.Noise （干扰）Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.1)External NoiseSounds that distract communicators:voices in the next room; annoying ring of someone’s cell phone in a meeting; etc.Other types of external noise that don’t involve sound:an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar(2) Physiological Noiseillnesses and disabilities(3) Psychological Noiseforces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc.(4) Semantic Noisecaused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.3.Characteristics of Communicationa. Communication is dynamicb. Communication is systematicc. Communication is symbolicd. Communication is irreversiblee. Communication is transactionalf. Communication is self-reflectiveg. Communication is contextual.High ContextA high-context (HC) communication or message is one in which most of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, which very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message.Communication occurs in ways other than through language. People share context.HC communication is fast and efficient, but takes long time to learn.Low ContextA low-context (LC) is just the opposite, the mass of information is vested in the explicit code. Communication occurs mostly through language.low-context sources: newspapers, textbooks, lectures, roadmaps, announcements, instruction sheets etc.More impersonal, but effective in transmitting information among people who do not share the same experience.Hofstede’s cultural dimensions1. Individualism versus collectivism2. Uncertainty avoidance3. Power distance4. Masculinity versus femininityUncertainty AvoidanceThis dimension refers to how comfortable people feel towards ambiguityCultures which ranked low (compared to other cultures), feel much more comfortable with the unknown.According to Hofstede (霍夫斯太德), uncertainty avoidance refers to the lack of tolerance for ambiguity and the need for formal rules and high-level organizational structure.\1. Culture Shock◆refers to the traumatic [trɔ:'mætik] experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.◆expresses the lack of direction, the feeling of not knowing what to do or how to do things in a new environment, and not knowing what is appropriate or inappropriate.4. Stages of culture shockThe honeymoon stage ◊The hostility stage ◊The recovery stage ◊The adjustment stage ◊The biculturality stage1. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesislinguistic determinist interpretation---Language structure controls thoughts and cultural norms.linguistic relativity interpretation---Culture is controlled by and controls language.According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language is a guide to " social reality". It implies that language is not simply a means of reporting experience but, more important, it is a way of defining experience.Eg. Nothing is more important than rice to the Chinese, so we have expressions like “人是铁，饭是钢”and “铁饭碗”.Verbal Communication StylesCulture influences the style of communication at great level. The communication style isconcerned with the use of language1.Direct and Indirect Verbal Interaction StylesIn the direct verbal style, statements clearly reveal the speaker’s intentions.Eg. U.S. Americans tend to use a straightforward form of request.In the indirect verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to hide the speaker’s actual intentions.Eg. Chinese tend to ask for a favor in a more roundabout and implicit way.（P180)2. Self-Enhancement and Self-Effacement Verbal StylesThe self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes theimportance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities.Eg. In the classified ads, American ad might begin with, “A handsome, at hletic male with a good sense of humor seeks a fun-loving partner…”The self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand,emphasizes the importance of humbling oneself via verbal restraints, hesitations and modest talk.Eg. In the classified ads, Japanese ad might read, “Although I am not very good-looking, I’m willing to try my best.”3. Elaborate, Exacting and Succinct StylesAn elaborate style emphasizes flashy and embellished language. This style of communication can be seen in many Arab, Middle Eastern, and Afro-Americancultures.An exacting style, where persons say no more or less than is needed, is used by Americans.A succinct style is characterized by the use of concise statements, understatements,and even silence. A succinct style can be found in Japan, China, and some NativeAmerican cultures4. Personal and Contextual StyleThe personal communication style emphasizes the individual identity of the speaker. Eg. English has only one form for the second person, that is, you.The con textual style highlights one’s role identity and status.Eg. Chinese, German and French, for example, have informal and formal forms of the pronoun you (你/您; du/Sie; tu/vous).5. Instrumental and Affective StyleAn instrumental verbal style is sender-based and goal-outcome based. The instrumental speaker uses communication to achieve some goal or outcome. Theburden of understanding often rests with the speaker.An affective communication style is receiver and process oriented. The affective speaker is concerned not so much with the outcome of the communication, but withthe process. The responsibility of understanding rests with both the speaker and the listener.2. Categories of Nonverbal CommunicationKinesics(身势语）oculesics(目光语)olfactics(嗅觉)haptics(触觉行为)chromatics(色彩学)attire (服饰)paralanguagesilencetimespacecontext1)KinesicsKinesics is the non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body, or the body as a whole. In short all communicative body movements are generally classified as kinesics.1.Human Perception(1) Sensation(2) Perception(3) Selection(4) Organization(5) InterpretationThe definition of acculturationAcculturation（文化适应）refe rs to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture2. Modes of acculturationa. Assimilationis a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losing their culture in the process.b. Integrationis a process of desiring a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity with their native culture.c. Separation and segregationSeparation is when individuals prefer low levels of interaction with the host culture and associated microcultural groups while desiring a close connection with, and reaffirmation of, their native culture. If such separation is initiated and enforced by the dominant society, this is called segregationd. Marginalization (边缘化)Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.StereotypingStereotypes, found in nearly every intercultural situation, are a means of organizing our images into fixed and simple categories that we use to stand for the entire collection ofpeople. The reason for the pervasive nature of stereotypes is that human beings have a psychological need to categorize and classify.Second, stereotypes also keep us from being successful as communicators because they are over-simplified, over-generalized, and/or exaggerated. They are based on half-truths, distortions, and often untrue premises and create inaccurate pictures of the people with whom we are interacting.Third, stereotypes tend to impede intercultural communication in that they repeat and reinforce beliefs until they often become taken for "truth." For years, women were stereotypes as a rather one dimensional group. The stereotype of women as "homemakers" often keeps women from advancing in the workplace.EthnocentrismEthnocentrism refers to the belief that one' s culture is primary to all explanations of reality. We learn ethnocentrism very early in life, and primarily on the unconscious level. So it might be the major barrier to intercultural communication. The negative impact of ethnocentrism on intercultural communication is clearly highlighted by Steward and Bennett (Samovar, et al, 1998):Competent communicationCompetent communication is interactionthat is perceived as effective in fulfillingcertain rewarding objectives and is alsoappropriate to the context in which theinteraction occurs.Communication CompetenceCommunication competence is a social judgment that people make about others.Intercultural Competence“The ability to become effective and appropriate in interacting across cultures”Intercultural communication competenceIntercultural communication competence refers to the ability to accomplish effective and appropriate intercultural communication between communicators of different cultures.c. AttitudesMany attitudes contribute to intercultural communication competence, including tolerance for ambiguity, empathy, and nonjudgmentalnessd. Behaviors and skillstwo levels of behavioral competence. The macro level includes many culture-general behaviors, then there is the micro level, at which these general behaviors are implemented in culture-specific ways.Contextual Components of Intercultural CompetenceContext refers to all the information in the actual communication setting, so some intercultural communication scholars would use another term “situational features” to refer to the context.-- Another aspect of context is the communicator's position within a speech community.-- In addition, an individual’s competence may be constrained by the political, economic, and historical contexts.Things We Can Do1.Knowing ourselves2.Respecting differences and appreciate similarities3.Empathy4.Knowing ourselves5.First, we have to identify our attitudes, prejudices, and opinions that we allcarry and that bias the way the world appears to us.6.If we hold a certain attitude toward gay men, and when a man who is a gaytalks to us, our pre-communication attitude will color our response to what he says.7.Knowing our likes, dislikes, and degrees of personal ethnocentrism enables us toplace them out in the open so that we detect the ways in which these attitudesinfluence communication.Appreciate Similarities and Respect DifferencesEmpathyTo improve empathy, first, we have to remind ourselves to pay attention to the spontaneous emotional expressions of others and the situation where the interaction takes place. Then, as empathy is a reciprocal act, both parties have to be expressive so as to achieve understanding. Third, empathy can be enhanced through awareness of specific behaviors that members of a particular culture or co-culture might find impertinent or insulting. Finally, we have to remember that empathy can be increased if you resist the tendency to interpret the other's verbal and nonverbal actions from your culture' s orientation.。
跨文化交际概论复习资料
跨⽂化交际概论复习资料⼀．基本概念理解1、传播就是信息的传送与接收，⼀⽅发出信息，另⼀⽅接受信息，这⼀过程就是传播。
2、亚⽂化：⼜称集体⽂化或副⽂化，指与主⽂化相对应的那些⾮主流的、局部的⽂化现象，指在主⽂化或综合⽂化的背景下，属于某⼀区域或某个集体所特有的观念和⽣活⽅式，⼀种亚⽂化不仅包含着与主⽂化相通的价值与观念，也有属于⾃⼰的独特的价值与观念，并构成亚⽂化等都是这种亚⽂化。
亚⽂化是⼀个相对的概念。
是总体⽂化的次属⽂化。
3、1948年，哈罗德·拉斯韦尔在《社会传播的构造与功能》⼀⽂中，提出了传播过程的"5w"模式，即：（who）谁、(say what)说什么、（in what channel）通过什么渠道、(to whom)对谁、(with what effects)得到什么效果。
4、传播的构成要素：⼀是基本要素：信源、信宿、信息、媒介、信道、反馈。
⼆是隐含要素：时空环境、⼼理因素、⽂化背景和信息质量。
5、线性传播模式的缺陷：：单⼀，静⽌。
6、语⾔是⽂化的载体，是⽂化的主要表现形式，就像⼀⾯镜⼦，折射出它所在的社会的思想，习俗和⾏为举⽌。
词汇作为语⾔的重要组成部分，不可避免的带有民族⽂化的积淀，不同国家民族之间的⽂化差异，必然在此上体现出来。
7、概念意义：词语中将其与外部世界的现象联系起来的那部分意义。
即，⼀个词语的字⾯意义中所包含的最基本的，最本质的意义成分就是其概念意义。
8、以英汉语⾔对⽐为例，词汇意义具有以下四个特征:词义基本对应、词义平⾏、词义空缺、词义冲突。
9、语⽤规则就是特定⽂化群体关于语⾔交际的规范与约定，包括说话的时机、说话的内容、说话的⽅式、说话的多少以及⾔语⾏为与⾮⾔语⾏为的配合等诸多⽅⾯。
10、交际风格是⾔语⾏为和⾮⾔语⾏为由于受使⽤中不同交际环境的影响或制约⽽形成的⼀系列交际特点的综合表现。
恰当的交际风格的运⽤对交际过程起着积极的促进作⽤，对交际能⼒的培养也起到重要作⽤。
跨文化传播复习资料doc1
《跨文化传播复习资料》题型是理解题（来自书上引用的学者的话）和论述题说明：这些都是我个人自己整理的，不一定全面，最后两道题不完整！一、跨文化传播与各学科的关系。
（跨文化传播与社会学、人类学、语言学、符号学、心理学、哲学、历史学等的关系。
例如符号学是最基础的学科，与符号学的关系，吸收了些内容等）自上个世纪40年代跨文化传播学在美国诞生以来，这些学科的知识系统为跨文化传播研究充当了最为直接的概念。
理论和方法来源，为跨文化传播学的学科建构、研究对象和研究方法提供了基础性的支撑。
社会学：⑴社会学是跨文化传播研究重要的学科基石。
社会因素是传播语境的重要组成，只有把跨文化传播置于一定的社会过程之中，即置于人们的社会关系和社会交往活动的相互作用去分析、研究，才能从现实中把握它的发展、变化。
在社会过程中，人们一方面通过文化进行社会交往活动、相互发生作用并形成社会结构，另一方面又对文化现象给予认知、理解和界定。
⑵跨文化传播也在不断地改变着社会成员的社会角色、文化认同、社会规范和观念体，为人类不同的文化建立了共有的规范、观念和交往机制。
这里凸显了跨文化传播学的两个基础概念，即规范和认同。
人类学：人类学与跨文化传播研究建立了直接、密切的联系。
⑴人类学的核心使命之一就是解释世界上存在的多民族、多文化现象，在广泛实地调查的基础上论述社会人的各种制度、思想和行为模式，揭示社会发展和文化变迁的规律及动力。
这些论域无不体现了跨文化传播学自诞生以来的核心议题。
⑵人类学研究是建立在大量民族志材料的基础之上的。
对于跨文化传播来说，民族志方法可以运用到群体传播模式的研究中，以理解某一文化或群体所采用的传播方式。
而作为人类学有那就方法的基石，田野工作构成了跨文化传播研究方论创新的基本动力。
符号学：符号学是一门研究符号的本质及其运作规律的科学。
对于跨文化传播而言，与符号学的结合是必要的，也是必然的。
加深对符号学的研究推动文化符号学和跨文化符号学的兴起，也为当代跨文化传播研究的目标、认识论和方法论的革新提供了必要的营养。
跨文化传播学
《跨文化传播学》复习要点一、填空1、传播学的两大阵营包括：传统学派和批判学派。
2、传播学的四位奠基人是：政治学家哈罗德·拉斯韦尔、心理学家库尔特·卢因、社会学家保罗·拉扎斯菲尔德和心理学家卡尔·霍夫兰。
3、被称为“传播学之父”的学者是威尔伯·施拉姆。
4、传播的四种基本类型包括：内向传播、人际传播、组织传播和大众传播。
5、人类传播的历史演进可分为六个时代：符号与信号时代、口语时代、文字时代、印刷时代、大众传播时代和网络传播时代。
6、“三论”指的是：系统论、控制论和信息论。
7、内向传播，或称人内传播、内在传播，或自我传播，是发生在主我和客我之间的信息交流活动。
8、人际传播的动机包括：获得信息、建立与他人的社会协作关系、自我认知和相互认知。
9、大众传播的四种基本社会功能是：环境监视功能、解释与规定、社会化功能、_提供娱乐。
10、拉斯韦尔的五W指的是：谁、说了什么、通过什么渠道、对谁以及取得了什么效果。
11、最早提出“把关人”概念的学者是卢因。
12、一般来说，我们可以从以下四个角度来理解媒介：媒介的传播手段、媒介的时效性、媒介的持久性和受众参与媒介的程度。
13、受众的选择性过程包括：选择性接触、选择性注意、选择性理解、选择性记忆。
14、传播效果研究发展历程的四个阶段是：枪弹论、有限效果论、适度效果论、强大效果论。
15、李和李在《宣传的完美艺术》中总结的七种宣传技巧包括：辱骂法、光辉泛化法、转移法、证词法、平民百姓法、洗牌作弊法、乐队花车法。
二、名词解释1、信息是在一种情况下能够减少或消除不确定性的任何事物，它是人类的精神创造物。
这种创造物可以使内储形态的，也可以是外化形态的，具体而言，它包括人内向自我传播所用的材料，也包括外化出来的、用符号形态流通的消息、新闻、资料、数据等。
2、受众是传播行为的接受者，是传播活动中信息流通的目的地。
是传播活动的产生动因和中心环节之一，同时也是大众传媒积极主动参与者和反馈源。
跨文化传播复习
跨文化传播复习跨文化传播复习：1、跨文化传播概念所谓跨文化传播，就是不同文化之间以及处于不同文化背景的社会成员之间的交往与互动，涉及不同文化背景的社会成员之间的交往与互动，涉及不同文化背景的社会成员之间发生的信息传播与人际交往活动，以及各种文化要素在全球社会中流动、共享、渗透和迁移的过程。
2、我国跨文化传播学所关注的主要问题。
（课件）3、文化的定义及特征。
文化指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。
文化的特征大致体现在四个方面：第一，文化是人类进化过程中衍生和创造的一种代代相传的习得行为，能够促动个体和社会的生存、适应和发展。
第二，文化是特定群体和社会的所有成员共同接受和共享的，往往以民族的形式出现：一个民族使用共同的语言、遵守共同的风俗习惯，其所有成员都会具有共同的心理素质和性格。
这就是文化的民族性。
第三，文化是稳定的，也是发展变化的。
在一般意义上，人类各种文化都具有保持内部稳定的文化结构，包括相对稳定的规范和观念，可以在面临外部文化冲击时通过吸收、变动等机制来保持自身结构的稳定和平衡。
同时，文化是一个活性系统，并非存在于真空之中，而是发展变化的。
当然，文化表层结构的变化，从速度和质的方面，都远远超过深层结构的变化。
文化的稳定性是相对的，文化的变迁是绵延不绝的。
事实上，文化从来都是一个开放、变化、发展的动态结构，既是稳定性与变异性的辩证统一，也是纵向传承与横向吸收的辩证统一。
第四，文化是各种要素组成的一个整合体系（integratedsystem）,体系的各部分在结构上互相联结，功能上互相依存。
（爱德华·霍尔就曾利用信息论和系统论的基本思想，按照人类活动的领域把文化分成了十大“信息系统”：互动、联合、生存、两性、领土、时间、学习、消遣、防卫和利用，每个系统既为其他文化系统所反映，自身也反映其他系统。
）4、索绪尔对符号学的基础贡献。
（P48）第一，把语言作为一种表达观念的符号系统来看待。
跨文化传播资料
PART 1 跨文化传播概论一、跨文化传播学的定义●来自不同文化背景的人际交往与互动行为。
●来自不同语境（context）的个体和群体进行的信息编码和译码过程。
●来自不同符号（sign）系统的个体与群体的符号交换过程。
二、跨文化传播的历史【五个时代：口文印电数】●口语时代猿人进化时期的呼唤、尖叫以及身体姿态等，用以表明各种意图；口语传播受到时间和空间的巨大限制，只能在近距离和小范围内进行。
“声不能传于异地，留于异时”。
●文字时代文字的发明与使用是人类进步历程中最具有代表性的意义成就之一，拓展了传播的时间和空间维度，人类跨文化传播的时代真正来临；文字的使用突破了语言在时空上的局限，使其具有规范、便携和能够长期保存等优点，所承载的信息量也由简单变得复杂和繁多；以文字为核心的信息系统，促进了不同人群之间政治、经济和文化的交流与融合。
●印刷时代印刷术的发明以及印刷品的大量出现，激发了人们的求知欲望，推动了教育的发展、文化的普及、科学的启蒙和社会的进步。
在欧洲，它加速了封建社会的解体和资本主义的诞生。
●电子时代电子传播实现了信息的远距离快速传输，推动了人类知识和经验的加速积累，也使人们跨文化传播的质量和效率得到了空前的提升。
以广播和电视为主的电子媒体，使人类跨文化传播的内容更加丰富，感觉更加直观，依据更加可靠。
●数字时代网络技术的运用是人类传播历史上的一次重大革命，颠覆了传统的传播方式、传播观念以及媒介运作。
三、跨文化传播的类型【四个类型：三跨（种族群）一国】●跨种族传播（interracial communication）传播者与受众分属于不同的种族。
比如中国人与法国人之间的传播，阿拉伯人与印度人之间的传播等；但是完全法国化的华裔与法国人之间的传播则不属于跨文化传播。
●跨族群传播（interethnic communication）属于同一人种但是分属不同族群的人们之间的传播。
如中国人与日本人之间的传播，中国人与韩国人之间的传播。
跨文化传播终极版复习资料
跨文化传播终极版一、选择题：1.道德评价的两种形式：（1）自我评价。
这是道德的心理调节机制，是个人对自己行为和动机的道德价值、意义进行的鉴定，表现为荣辱感、正义感、义务感、良心感，等等；（2）公共评价。
是社会对于人们动机与行为的道德价值、意义的鉴定，表现为一种隐形或无形的精神影响，结果往往形成一定的社会舆论（social opinion）——是一定数量的人们对某种社会行为的道德价值所给予的倾向性评判意见。
这些评判意见是许多人相互取舍、相互传递，最后形成一种精神压力的过程。
道德的社会舆论一旦形成，会造成一定的孤立情境与心理压力，即“人言可畏，千夫所指，无病而死”。
2.社会互动主要包括五个要素：（1）行动者（2）社会目标（3）社会环境（4）社会规范（5）社会接触社会化是个体用来获得其所属群体的规范、价值观、信仰、态度和语言特征的社会互动过程。
3..社会化的几个阶段：◎基本社会化。
在儿童时期通过家庭学习生活知识，培养语言能力和认知能力，掌握行为规范，建立感情联系，发展道德及价值判断的标准；◎预期社会化。
主要指在学校里进行的社会化，学习将要承担的社会角色，为进入社会做好各种准备；◎发展社会化。
主要指成年之后的社会化，是在实现了基本社会化的基础上进行的。
随着环境和自身的变化，个体要接受新的期待和要求，承担新的义务、角色和责任；◎再社会化。
当个体的生活环境或担任的社会角色发生急剧变化时，个体的生活习惯、行为准则、价值观念等需要做出重大调整，并开始新的学习。
譬如，人们在迁居异国他乡时，需要学习当地的语言，适应当地的习俗和生活方式。
4..影响感知的主要因素•生理•环境•语言•文化5.西方文化中四种主要的思维方式（1）唯名论式推理（nominalistic reasoning），也称归纳推理法；判例法（2）一般推理（universalistic reasoning），也称演绎推理，是由一般到特殊的推理方式；制定法（3）直觉推理（intuitional reasoning），重视直觉，强调整体与部分之间的有机联系；（4）辩证推理（dialectical reasoning），也称辩证逻辑方法，是由黑格尔创立、马克思发展的逻辑方法，要求分析和综合相结合，归纳与演绎相结合，逻辑的方法和历史的方法相结合。
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跨文化传播终极版一、选择题：1.道德评价的两种形式：（1）自我评价。
这是道德的心理调节机制，是个人对自己行为和动机的道德价值、意义进行的鉴定，表现为荣辱感、正义感、义务感、良心感，等等；（2）公共评价。
是社会对于人们动机与行为的道德价值、意义的鉴定，表现为一种隐形或无形的精神影响，结果往往形成一定的社会舆论（）——是一定数量的人们对某种社会行为的道德价值所给予的倾向性评判意见。
这些评判意见是许多人相互取舍、相互传递，最后形成一种精神压力的过程。
道德的社会舆论一旦形成，会造成一定的孤立情境与心理压力，即“人言可畏，千夫所指，无病而死”。
2.社会互动主要包括五个要素：（1）行动者（2）社会目标（3）社会环境（4）社会规范（5）社会接触社会化是个体用来获得其所属群体的规范、价值观、信仰、态度和语言特征的社会互动过程。
3..社会化的几个阶段：◎基本社会化。
在儿童时期通过家庭学习生活知识，培养语言能力和认知能力，掌握行为规范，建立感情联系，发展道德及价值判断的标准；◎预期社会化。
主要指在学校里进行的社会化，学习将要承担的社会角色，为进入社会做好各种准备；◎发展社会化。
主要指成年之后的社会化，是在实现了基本社会化的基础上进行的。
随着环境和自身的变化，个体要接受新的期待和要求，承担新的义务、角色和责任；◎再社会化。
当个体的生活环境或担任的社会角色发生急剧变化时，个体的生活习惯、行为准则、价值观念等需要做出重大调整，并开始新的学习。
譬如，人们在迁居异国他乡时，需要学习当地的语言，适应当地的习俗和生活方式。
4..影响感知的主要因素•生理•环境•语言•文化5.西方文化中四种主要的思维方式（1）唯名论式推理（），也称归纳推理法；判例法（2）一般推理（），也称演绎推理，是由一般到特殊的推理方式；制定法（3）直觉推理（），重视直觉，强调整体与部分之间的有机联系；（4）辩证推理（），也称辩证逻辑方法，是由黑格尔创立、马克思发展的逻辑方法，要求分析和综合相结合，归纳与演绎相结合，逻辑的方法和历史的方法相结合。
6.中西传统中思维方式的差异第一，中国人偏好形象思维，英美人偏好抽象思维。
•形象思维（）是对记忆表象（大致等同于“想像”）进行分析综合、加工改造，从而形成新的表象的心理过程。
•抽象思维（）是运用概念进行判断、推理的思维活动，以分析、综合、抽象、概括、比较、分类、系统化、具体化作为思维的过程。
这种思维需要遵循逻辑规律，所以又称逻辑思维（）。
第二，中国人偏好综合思维，西方人偏好分析思维。
•综合思维强调了对自然界、人类社会的整体性、统一性的认识，是一种重视普遍联系的“整体观”。
•分析思维是指在思想上将一个完整的对象分解为各个组成成分，或者将它的各种属性、方面、联系等区分开来。
•黑格尔评述《易经》：“在中国人的思维中，具有最深邃、最普遍的东西与极其外在的、完全偶然的东西的对比，最外在的、最偶然的东西往往能与最内在的东西结合”。
第三，中国人注重“统一”，西方人注重“对立”。
7.态度由（认知）、（情感）和（意动）三部分组成。
态度改变其本质是（个人的继续社会化）。
8.文化适应因此而表现出大致四个基本阶段：（1）蜜月阶段（2）危机/沮丧（或敌意）阶段（3）恢复调整阶段（4）适应阶段9.文化适应的六种理论•传播涵化理论（）；•★互动涵化模式（）；核心观点：东道国与移民群体之间的关系，是国家整合政策影响下的双方涵化取向共同作用的结果之一。
•★焦虑—不确定性管理理论（）；•同化、偏离与疏远理论（，，）；•网络与涵化理论（）★文化图式理论（）10.根据“约哈里窗口”，传播双方对彼此信息的了解有四种情况，也可以分为四个区域：开放区（）、盲区（）、封闭区（）和未知区（），分别表示个体在“开放”、“盲点”、“封闭”和“未知”四种传播状态下，人际互动与信息分别所处的地带和状况。
11.传播能力的五个构成•解释能力（）。
人能对互动时所处的情境或条件，给以命名，进行组织和解释，选择出重要的信息；•目标能力（）。
一个没有计划的传播者是盲目的，所以必须设置目标，提早或预期可能发生的结果；•角色能力（）。
角色是社会的产物，人可通过社会角色实现或保持自己的社会身份。
无论在任何传播情境中，人既要学会保持独特的自我，也要学会尊重他人。
如果人不能辩认和控制角色及其互动、合作等传播行为，将直接影响人对信息的选择；•自我能力（）。
选择和表现一个你想要的自我形象，包括知道那一个自我是谁；他想成为一个什么样的人；他能将这样一个自我向他人表现出来的能力；•信息能力（）。
人能够选择使用让他人明白，让他人了解和领悟的词语或非词语信息，同时，也能对他人所选择的信息给以回应，进行意义交流的能力。
如果没有这种基本能力，传播就无从发生。
12.跨文化传播能力基本构成要素（1）对不同文化的修辞敏感性•修辞:一种自觉的语言调整行为，即为了提高语言的表达效果而对语言材料进行修饰、加工。
•在跨文化交往中，由于语境因素严重地制约着语言行为的组织和建构，所以，修辞敏感性强调的是修辞与语境之间的关联，要求人们对于不同文化的边界保持敏感，能区分什么是自己的文化，什么是不同的文化，并能自我调整，以适应不同的文化。
进一步地，要求传播者能够使用适当的语言和非语言行为，向对方表示尊重和积极的关注，做出顺应语境、利用语境甚至改造语境。
•在社会交往中，修辞敏感性强的人往往能对对方对自己行为的反应做出准确的预测，这种预测是以个人掌握的关于文化的知识和敏锐的洞察力为基础的。
（2）采取描述性、非评价性立场的能力。
传播者应以描述别人的行为为主，同时采取非评价性的立场，特别是在早期交往中，不应以自己的文化标准为依据去对他人的行为评头品足，以避免错误的评价。
这是一种认知能力，表现了传播者的心智和素质，涉及到人际交往中三个相互关联、依次递进的认知程序：描述（）、解释（）和评价（）。
•描述是指对人们观察到的行为进行客观地描述，不允许对客观行为进行评价或赋予意义；•解释是对观察到的行为进行加工和赋予意义，关键是对任何行为的描述都可能产生不同的解释；•评价是对解释赋予积极或消极意义。
（3）适度的移情能力。
（4）灵活应付不同场景的角色行为能力。
•任务角色能力，指主动征求信息和事实、完成任务以及评价他人意见的能力等；•关系角色能力，指与对方达到和谐一致，协调冲突和妥协让步的能力等；•个人角色能力，指能拒绝别人的观点，能控制他人以及展示自己个性的能力等。
（5）拓展心灵与减少偏见的认同灵活性与认同协商能力当人们感到外来群体的文化认同威胁到自己所在群体的文化认同时，自我认同取向就会趋于封闭并采取防卫姿态。
这样一来，人们期望在众多的文化认同中凸现自己文化认同的愿望，就导致了偏爱内群体（）的倾向，其结果就是：对外群体成员的歧视，以及阻碍对新文化的开放性接受。
针对这种现象，具备开放、灵活的认同能力，显然有助于拓展心灵的开放性与减少偏见。
13.对话式传播的要求•相互开放•非操纵性•承认独特性•相互承认•彼此接近•不做评价14.跨文化谈判者必须把握好两个层次的知识•事实性知识（），是关于某一特定文化的事实，大致可以通过书本来获得；•解释性知识（）。
这显然是一种观察和理解文化差异的能力，涉及到多方面的因素，要靠时间、经验和体会才能获得。
15.大众传播对文化的影响：（1）文化融合：文化融合是指两种或两种以上不同文化彼此借鉴、吸收、认同并最终融为一体的过程。
大众传播是促进文化融合的重要机制。
（2）文化增殖：文化增殖是一种文化放大现象。
在文化融合和通过的过程中，原有的文化补充了新的血液，并在原有的基础只上又产生新的价值或意义来（3）文化分层：信息的传播有拉大不同群体之间文化层次的作用。
有学者发现，当一个社会体系中信息流增长时，社会中那些具有较高社会经济地位、并受过良好教育的群体，在接受和吸收信息方面要比社会地位低、受教育水平较低的社会群体强。
（4）文化变迁：文化变迁是指文化特质和文化模式发生转变，特别是结构性转变的过程。
二、名词解释：1.道德的“金规则”查尔斯·泰勒（）指出，至少有三种“轴心式”的基本道德规范是每一种文化都具有的：（1）尊重他人和对他人的义务;（2）对生命意义的充分理解;（3）人的自我尊严。
孔汉思（）等伦理学家大力张扬的道德的“金规则”（），是人类共同的、长期有效的“不可取消的和无条件的（道德）规则”，也是现代人类建立全球伦理的共同道德资源。
仁爱、博爱、慈悲2.社会互动：社会学的重要概念，指的是两个以上的个体、群体或社层之间相互作用、相互影响的活动。
3.感知：感知是指人通过感觉器官对外部信息进行选择、组织和解释的过程，是人类认识外部环境乃至客观世界的最为基本的认知形式。
在跨文化研究的视域之下，感知还是人们建立世界观的首要机制，世界观也为人们的感知提供了一定的基础。
4..社会认同：社会自我的“组织化”社会认同与群体相关，是某个群体在社会化和文化适应的过程中形成的一致认同，强调了“人们之间的相似性，以及群体成员相信他们之间具有的某些共同的、相似的东西”。
社会认同包括内在和外在两个方面：（1）内在的方面是指群体认同（），即群体所属成员在主观上具有的群体归属感；（2）外在的方面是指社会分类（），即社会对某一社会成员的群体归类和划分。
5.定势：在跨文化研究的视野中，定势主要被看作是人们对其他文化群体特征的期望、信念或过度概括，这种态度建立在群体同质性原则的基础之上，具有夸大群体差异而忽略个体差异的特点。
6.文化休克：在文化与传播研究中，文化休克主要是指人们在经历不熟悉的文化、生活方式或态度而引起的困惑和不适，强调了异文化给人们带来的心理反应和冲击，主要表现为由于未满足期望的逐渐积累而产生的迷失感和挫折感，通常会同时表现在生理和心理层面。
7.文化适应：是不同文化相互作用过程中的一种动态调整过程，涉及学习某种文化的整体行为，能够帮助个体乃至文化群体从特定文化中获取能力以及重新定位，从而在变动环境中获得生存的能力和空间。
8.人际传播重要分析手段：（1）约哈里窗口★20世纪50年代，美国心理学家勒夫特（）和英格拉姆（）提出了一个透视人际互动过程及传播环境的模式，被学界称为“约哈里窗口”（）。
半个世纪以来，“约哈里窗口”一直被视为人际传播的重要分析手段，也有助于理解跨文化交往中的人际传播能力。
9.“克兰兹伯格第一定律”：技术既无好坏，亦非中立”。
10.“数字鸿沟”：指的是由于地域、教育、经济和种族差异，不同群体在掌握和运用电脑、网络等数字化技术及分享信息资源方面存在的差异，其实质就是一种因信息落差引起的知识分隔和贫富分化，亦可称为“信息富有者和信息贫困者之间的鸿沟”。
11.“虚拟殖民主义”的提出网络中出现的殖民主义将互联网作为压迫的工具，后发展国家正在被迫接受西方的知识和技术，但互联网并非中立，其内部隐藏着设计者的偏好，西方的理念、知识和传播行为在很大程度上决定着互联网的结构、体系和文化。