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[转载]蓝牙4-Android BLE开发官方文档翻译
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[转载]蓝牙4.0——Android BLE开发官方文档翻译
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... } 如果你只想扫描指定类型的外围设备，可以改为调用startLeScan(UUID[], BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback)),需要提供 你的app支持的GATT services的UUID对象数组。 作为BLE扫描结果的接口，下面是BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback的实现。
发现BLE设备 为了发现BLE设备，使用startLeScan())方法。这个方法需要一个参数BluetoothAdapter.LeScanCallback。你必须实现它 的回调函数，那就是返回的扫描结果。因为扫描非常消耗电量，你应当遵守以下准则： 只要找到所需的设备，停止扫描。 不要在循环里扫描，并且对扫描设置时间限制。以前可用的设备可能已经移出范围，继续扫描消耗电池电量。 下面代码显示了如何开始和停止一个扫描： // 扫描和显示可以提供的蓝牙设备.
// 使用此检查确定BLE是否支持在设备上，然后你可以有选择性禁用BLE相关的功能 if (!getPackageManager().hasSystemFeature(PackageManager.FEATURE_BLUETOOTH_LE)) { Toast.makeText(this, R.string.ble_not_supported, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); finish(); }
中英文文献翻译—蓝牙设备怎样工作
How Bluetooth WorksChatschik BisdikianThere are lots of different ways that electronic devices can connect to one another. For example:Many desktop computer systems have a CPU unit connected to a mouse, a keyboard, a printer and so on.. A personal digital assistant (PDA) will normally connect to the computer with a cable and a docking cradle. A TV will normally connect to a VCR and a cable box, with a remote control for all there components. A cordless phone connects to its base unit radio waves and it may have a headset that connects to the phone with a wire. In a stereo system, a CD player and other audio devices connect to the receiver, which connects to the speakers. When you use computers, entertainment systems or telephones, the various pieces and parts of the systems make up a community of electronic devices. These devices communicate with each other using a variety of wires, cables, radio signals and infrared light beams, and an even greater variety of connectors, plugs and protocols.The art of connecting things is becoming more and more complex every day. We sometimes feel as if we need a Ph.D. in electrical engineering just to set up the electronics in our homes! In this article, we will look at a completely different way to form the connections, called Bluetooth. Bluetooth is wireless and automatic, and has a number of interesting features that can simplify our daily lives.The ProblemsWhen any two devices need to talk to each other, they have to agree on a number of points before the conversation can begin. The first point of agreement is physical: Will they talk over wires, or through some form of wireless signals? If they use wires, how many are required – one, two, eight, 25? Once the physical attributes are decided, several more questions arise:Information can be sent 1 bit at a time in a scheme called parallel communications, or in groups of bits (usually 8 or 16 at a time) in a scheme called parallel communications. . A desktop computer uses both serial and parallel communications to talk to different devices: Modems, mice and keyboards tend to talk through serial links, while printers tend to use parallel links.All of the parties in an electronic discussion need to know what the bits mean and whether the message they receive is the same message that was sent. In most cases, this means developing a language of commands and responses know as a protocol. Some types of products have a standard protocol used by virtually all companies so that the commands for one product will tend to have the same effect on another. Modems fall into this category. Other product types each speak their own language, which means that commands intended for one specific product will seem gibberish if received by another. Printers are like this, with multiple standards like PCL and PostScript.Companies that manufacture computers, entertainment systems and other electronic devices have realized that the incredible array of cables and connectors involved in their products makes it difficult for even expert technicians to correctly set up a complete system on the first try. Setting up computer and home entertainmentsystem becomes terrifically complicated when the person buying the equipment has to learn and remember all the details to connect all the parts. In order to make home electronic more user friendly, we need a better way for all the electronic part of our modern life to talk to each other. That’s where Bluetooth comes in.Bluetooth BasicsBluetooth is a standard developed by a group of electronics manufacturers that allows any sort of electronic equipment –from computer and cell phones to keyboards and headphones –to make its own connections, without wires, cables or any direct action from a user. Bluetooth is intended to be a standard that works at two levels: It provides agreement at the physical level –Bluetooth is a radio-frequency standard . It also provides agreement at the next level up , where products have to agree on when bits are sent, how many will be sent at a time and how the parties in conversation can be sure that the message received is same as the message sent.The companies belonging to the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, and there are more than 1,000 of them, want to let Bluetooth’s radio communications take the place of wires for connecting peripherals, telephones and computers.Other Wireless ConnectionsThere are already a couple of ways to get around using wires. One is to carry information between computers via beams of light in the infrared spectrum. Infrared refers to light waves of a lower frequency than human eyes can receive and interpret.. Infrared is used in most television remote control systems, and with a standard called IrDA (Infrared Data Association) it`s used to connect some computers with peripheral devices. For most of these computer and entertainment purposes, infrared is used in a digital mode – the signal is pulsed on and off very quickly to send data from one point to another.Infrared communications are fairly reliable and don`t cost very much to build into a device, but there are a couple of drawbacks. First, infrared is a ―line of sight‖technology. For example, you have to point the remote control at the television or DVD player to make things happen. The second drawback is that infrared is almost always a ―one to one‖ technology. You can send data between your desktop computer and your laptop computer, but not your laptop computer and your PDA at the time.These two qualities of infrared are actually advantageous in some regards. Because infrared transmitters and receivers have to be lined up with each other, interference between devices is uncommon. The one-to-one nature of infrared communications is useful in that you can make sure a message goes only to the intended recipient, even in a room full infrared receivers.The Bluetooth SolutionBluetooth is intended to get around the problems that come with both infrared and cable synchronizing systems. The hardware vendors, which include Siemens, Intel, Toshiba, Motorola and Ericsson, have developed a specification for a very small radio module to be built into computer, telephone and entertainment equipment. From the user`s point of view, there are three important features to Bluetooth: It`s wireless. When you travel, you don`t have to worry about keeping track of a briefcase full of cables to attach all of your components, and you can design youroffice without wondering where all the wires will go.It`s inexpensive.You don`t have to think about it. Bluetooth doesm`t require you to do anything special to make it work. The devices find one another and strike up a conversation without any user input at all.Bluetooth FrequencyBluetooth communicates on a frequency of 2.45 gigahertz, which has been set aside by international agreement for the use of industrial, scientific and medical devices (ISM).A number of devices that you may already use take advantage of this same radio-frequency band. Baby monitors, garage-door openers and the newest generation of cordless phones all make use of frequencies in the ISM band. Making sure that Bluetooth and these other devices don`t interfere with one another has been a crucial part of the design process.Avoiding Interference: Low PowerOne of the ways Bluetooth devices avoid interfering with other system is by sending out very weak signals of 1 milliwatt. By computer, the most powerful cell phones can transmit a signal of 3 watts. The low power limits the range of a Bluetooth device to about 10 meters, cutting the chances of interference between your computer system and your portable telephone or television. Even with the low power, the walls in your house won`t stop a Bluetooth signal, making the standard useful for controlling several devices in different rooms.With many different Bluetooth devices in a room, you might think they`d interfere with one another, but it`s unlikely. On the next page, we`ll see why.Avoiding Interference: HoppingIt is unlikely that several devices will be on the same frequency at the same time, because Bluetooth uses a technique called spread-spectrum frequency hopping. In this technique, a device will use 79 individual, randomly chosen frequencies within a designated range, changing from one to another on a regular basis. In the casa of Bluetooth, the transmitters change frequencies 1,600 times every second, meaning that more devices can make full use of a limited slice of radio spectrum. Since every Bluetooth transmitter uses spread-spectrum transmitting automatically, it unlikely that two transmitters will be on the same frequency at the same time. This same technique minimizes the risk that portable phones or baby monitors will disrupt Bluetooth devices, since any interference on a particular frequency will last only a tiny fraction of a second.When Bluetooth-capable devices come within range of one another, an electronic conversation takes place to determine whether they have data to share or whether one needs to control the other. The user doesn`t have to press a button or give a command –the electronic conversation happens automatically. Once the conversation has occurred, the devices – whether they`re part of a computer system or a stereo – form a network. Bluetooth systems create a personal-area network (PAN), or piconet, that may fill a room or may encompass no more distance than that between the cell phone on a belt-clip and the headset on your head. Once a piconet isestablished, the members randomly hop frequencies in unison so they stay in touch with one another and avoid other piconets that mat be operating in the same room. Example: NetworksLet`s take a look at how the Bluetooth frequency hopping and personal-area network keep system from becoming confused. Let`s say you`re got a typical modern living room with the typical modern stuff inside. There`s an entertainment system with a stereo, a DVD player, a satellite TV receiver and a television; there`s cordless telephone and a personal computer. Each of these systems uses Bluetooth, and each forms its own piconet to talk between main unit and peripheral.The cordless telephone has one Bluetooth transmitter in the base and another in the handset. The manufacturer has programmed each unit with an address that falls into a range of addresses it has established for a particular type of device. When the base is first turned on, it sends radio signals asking for a response from any units with an address in a particular range. Since the handset has an address in the range, it responds, and a tiny network is formed. Now, even if one of these devices should receive a signal from another system, it will ignore it since it`s not from within the network. The computer and entertainment system go through similar routines, establishing networks among address in ranges established by manufacturers. Once the networks are established, the systems begin talking among themselves. Each piconet hops randomly through the available frequencies, so all of the piconets are completely separated from one another.Now the living room has three separate network established , each one made up of devices that know the address of transmitters it should listen to and the address of receivers it should talk to.Since each network is changing the frequency of its operation thousand of times a second, it’s unlikely that any two network will be on the same frequency at the same time. If it turns out that they are, then the resulting confusion will only cover a tiny fraction of a second, and software designed to correct for such errors weeds out the confusing information and gets on with network’s businessExample:Half/Full DuplexMost of the time,a network or communications method either works in one direction at a time, called half-duplex communication, or in both direction simultaneously, called full-duplex communication. A speakerphone that lets you either listen or talk, but not both ,is an example of half-duplex communication, while a regular telephone handset is a full-duplex device.Beacause Bluetooth is designed to work in a number of different circumstances, it can be either half-duplex or full-duplex.The cordless telephone is an example of a use that will call for a full-duplex (two-way) link, and Buletooth can send data at more than 64,000 bits per second in a full-duplex link—a rate high enough to support several human voice conversation. If a particular use calls for a half-duplex link—connecting to a computer printer, for example—Bluetooth can transmit up to 721 kilobits per second(Kbps) in one direction,with 57.6 Kps in the other. If the use calls for the same speed in both directions, a link with 432.6-Kbps capacity in each direction can be made.Bluetooth SpaceHere are some specification details from the Bluetooth Web siteThe devices in a piconet share a common communication data channel. The channel has a total capacity of 1 megabit per second (Mbps). Headers and handshaking information consume about 20 percent of this capacity.In the United States and Europe, the frequency range is 2,400 to 2,483.5 MHz, with 79 1-MHz radio frequency (RF) channels. In practice, the range is 2,402 MHz to 2,480 MHz. In Japan, the frequency range is 2,497 MHz with 23 1-MHz rf channels.A data channel hops randomly 1,600 times per second between the 79 (or 23) RF channels.Each channel is divided into time slots 625 microseconds long.A piconet has a master and up to seven slzves.Packets can be up to five time slots wide.Data in a packet can be up to 2,745 bits in length.There are currently two types of data transfer between devices: SCO ( synchronous connection oriented) and ACL (asynchronous connectionless).In a piconet, there can be up to three SCO links of 64,000 bits per second each. To avoid timing and collision problems, the SCO links use reserved slots set up by the master.Masters can support up to three SCO links with one, two or three slaves.One master and slave can have a single ACL link.ACL is either point-to-point (master to one slave) or broadcast to all the slaves.ACL slaves can only transmit when requested by the master.The heart of the Bluetooth specification is the Bluetooth protocol stack. By providing well-defined layers of functionality, the Bluetooth specification ensures interoperability of Bluetooth devices and encourages adoption of Bluetooth technology.As you can see in figure 1-1, these layers range from the low-level radio link to the profiles.Figure 1-1：The Bluetooth protocol stackLower LayersAt the base of the Bluetooth protocol stack is the radio layer. The radio module in a Bluetooth device is responsible for the modulation and demodulation of data into RF signals for transmission in the air. The radio layer describes the physical characteristics a Bluetooth device`s receiver-transmitter component must have. These include modulation characteristics, radio frequency tolerance, and sensitivity level. Above the radio layer is the baseband and link controller layer. The Bluetooth specification doesn`t establish a clear distinction between the responsibilities of the baseband and those of the link controller. The best way to think about it is that the baseband portion of the layer is responsible for properly formatting data for transmission to and from the radio layer. In addition, it handles the synchronization of links. The link controller portion of this layer is responsible for carrying out the link manager`s commands and establishing and maintaining the link stipulated by link manager.The link manager itself translates the host controller interface (HCI) commands it receives into baseband-level operations. It is responsible for establishing and configuring links and managing power-change requests, among other tasks.You`ve noticed links mentioned numerous time in the preceding paragraphs. The Bluetooth specification defines two types of links between Bluetooth devices: Synchronous, Connection-Oriented (SCO), for isochronous and voice communication using, for example, headsetsAsynchronous, Connectionless (ACL), for data communication, such as the exchange of vCards.Each link type is associated with a specific packet. A SCO link provides reserved channel bandwidth for communication between a master and a slave, and supports regular, periodic exchange of data with no retransmission of SCO packets.An ACL link exists between a master and a slave the moment a connection is established. The data packets Bluetooth uses for ACL links all have 142 bits of encoding information in addition to a payload that can be as large as 2712 bits. The extra amount of data encoding heightens transmission security. It also helps to maintain a robust communication link in an environment fill with other devices and common noise.The HCI (host controller interface) layer acts as a boundary between the lower layers of the Bluetooth protocol stack and upper layers The Bluetooth specification defines a standard HCI to support Bluetooth systems that are implemented across two separate processors, For example, a Bluetooth system on computer might use a Bluetooth module`s processor to implement the lower layers of the stack (radio, baseband, link controller, and link manager). It might then use its own processor to implement the upper layers (L2CAP, RFCOMM, OBEX, and selected profiles). In this scheme, the lower portion is known as the Bluetooth module and the upper portion as the Bluetooth host.Of course, it`s not required to partition the Bluetooth stack in this way. Bluetooth headsets, for example, combine the module and the host portions of stack on one processor because they need to be small and self-contained. In such devices, the HCI may not be implemented at all unless at all unless device testing is required.Because the Bluetooth HCI is well defined, you can write drivers that handle different Bluetooth modules from different manufacturers. Apple provides an HCI controller object that supports a USB implementation of the HCI layer. .ReferencesBN. Sklavos et al., "Random Number Generator Architecture and VLSI Implementation,"Proc. IEEE Int'1 Symp. Circuits &Systems (ISCAS 02), IEEE Circuits and Systems So Bluetooth security white paper;Bluetooth SIG security expert group.c. Press, Piscataway, N.J., 2002, pp.854-857.M. Abramovici, M.A. Breuer, and A.D. Friedman, Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design, IEEE Press, Piscataway, N.J., 1990.P. Chandrakasan, S. Sheng, and R. W.Brodersen, "Low Power CMOS Digital Design," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vo1.27, no. 4, Apr. 1992, pp. 473-X84.J.L. Massey, G.H. Khachatrian, and M.K.Kuregian, "Nomination of SAFER+ as Candidate Algorithm for the Advance Encryption Standard," Proc. 1 st AdvancedEncryption Standard Candidate Conf., 1998;/}rblee/safer+.Bluetooth SIG, Specification of the Bluetooth system, Core, Part B;'Baseband specification'; Version 1 .1, 22 February 2001, at血S.Sengodan,T.Luo,R.Bansal,H.Herlin; "End-to-end Security Issues Wireless-IP Networks,‖IASTED Applied Informatics,Austria,February in 15-17,2000M.Bellare,R.Canetti,H.Krawczykz, "Keying Hash Functions for Message Authentication,"Advances in Crypto 96 Proceedings ,Lecture Notes in Computer Sciences V o1.1109,N.Koblitz ed.,Springer-Verlag,1996蓝牙设备怎样工作在电气设备中存在很多种连接方式。
外文文献翻译蓝牙技术中英文
蓝牙技术外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：K Nieberl. Telemedicine ECG-telemetry with Bluetooth technology[J] Computers in Cardiology IEEE, 2016,5(3):58-69.英文原文Bluetooth TechnologyKarl NieberlIntroductionBluetooth is a forever, limited radio connect that resides on a microchip. It was originally expanded through Swedish mobile phone creator Ericsson in 1994 as a method to let laptop computers make calls above a mobile phone. As then, numerous organizations have signed on to create Bluetooth the low-power thoughtless wireless average for a broad variety of devices (LeVitus, 216-220). Industry spectators anticipate Bluetooth to be fitted in billions of devices through 2005.DiscussionDeveloped by engineers at Ericsson in the late 1990s, Bluetooth is more and more special technology that facilitates thoughtless wireless communication among a diversity of electronic devices. Its mainly important aspect is that it permits devices to “talk” (relocate and orchestrate data) wirelessly with each other, terminating the requirement for the outwardly continuous tangle of cables, cords, and adaptersimportant for numerous today’s expertise.The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) was formed in 1998 to manage the expansion and prologue of Bluetooth knowledge (LeVitus, 216-220). IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia connected with Ericsson as the beginning associates of the SIG, and in excess of 8,000 organizations have contracted since. So as to trade products with the Bluetooth requirement and logo, manufacturers should be associates of the SIG and the devices should meet well-outlined credentials. These procedures make sure that Bluetooth wireless devices international may converse with each other, apart from company or nation of derivation.Speed and RangeRange is application specific and although a minimum range is mandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit and manufacturers can tune their implementation to support the use case they are enabling.Range may vary depending on class of radio used in an implementation:∙Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet∙Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices , have a range of 10 meters or 33 feet∙Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases , have a range of 100 meters or 300 feetThat creates Bluetooth technology appropriate for transporting lesser files for example cell phone contracts and text documents, also as lower-quality pictures and audio (Kumkum, 160-162). At these relocate speeds; Bluetooth may not actually deal streaming video or high-quality pictures and audio at this end, except this possibly will alter in the future when fresh Bluetooth standards are initiated.Simple and Competent to UtilizeCreating and configuring Bluetooth allowed devices is moderately uncomplicated, with little extra commotion than acquire the two devices close to one another and twist them on. There is no requirement to mount drivers or further software to complex an ad-hoc, personal wireless network (Kumkum, 160-162). It has a uniform organization, meaning that some two wireless products attributing Bluetooth technology, despite of product or nation of origin, have the ability to converse faultlessly with each other.Common ApplicationsOne of the mainly ordinary applications of Bluetooth is hands-free cell phone procedure. About each cell phone fashioned in our day has constructed Bluetooth (Meier, 15-20). Only pair phone with a Bluetooth headset, and he may talk whereas his phone is in his purse or pocket. Several of today’s car stereos as w ell have fitted Bluetooth for hands-free calling in his vehicle. And if his vehicle has a plant stereo or grown-upaftermarket one that he merely doesn’t wish to restore, he may yet like hands-free identifying with a Bluetooth car kit.BluetoothBluetooth is the fresh Bluetooth wireless typical adopted through the Bluetooth SIG on April 21, 2020. The fresh standard supports elevated data remove speeds and constructs ahead the preceding standards (Meier, 15-20). With its superior speed, the technology has the probable to transfigure the consumer electronics industry.PROTOCOLThe Bluetooth technology standard is set to make different applications can “communicate” with each other. Remote devices in communication use the same protocol stacks, while different applications need different protocol stacks. But, every application needs the data link layer and physical layer of the Bluetooth technology. The whole Bluetooth protocol stacks is shown as blow. Not any application should use all of the protocols, but one or some lists of these. The chart below shows the relationship between protocols, but the relationship may change in some applications.The completely protocol stacks include Bluetooth special protocols (like LMP and L2CAP) and not special ones (such as OBEX and UDP). The basic principle for designing protocol and protocol stacks is that use existing high level protocol as possible, ensure the combination ofprotocols and Bluetooth technology, and take the best advantage of the software and hardware which adapt to the Bluetooth technology standards. The open Bluetooth technology makes device manufacturers can choose protocols freely as they like or used to.The protocols in Bluetooth protocol systemThere are four layers in Bluetooth protocol system according to the SIG∙Core protocols∙Cable replacement protocols∙Telephony control protocols∙Adopted protocolsExcept the protocol layers above, the standard also defines Host/Controller Interface (HCI),which provides command interface for baseband controller, connection manager, hardware state and control register.Bluetooth core protocols consist of the special protocols made by SIG. Most Bluetooth devices need core protocols, while other protocols are used depend on needs of the application. After all, cable replacement protocols, technology control protocols and adopted protocols based on the core protocols constitute the object-oriented protocols.∙Core protocols∙LMP (Link Management Protocol)Used for control of the radio link between two devices. Implemented on the controllers. It identifies and encrypts through launching, exchanging and checking the connection, and decides the size of baseband data packets through conference. It also controls the power mode and work cycle of wireless equipment, and connection status of unit equipment in piconet.∙L2CAP (Logical Link Control & Adaptation Protocol)This protocol is used to multiplex multiple logical connections between two devices using different higher level protocols, and provides segmentation and reassembly of on-air packets.In Basic mode, L2CAP provides packets with a payload configurable up to 64kB, supported MTU.In Retransmission & Flow Control modes, L2CAP can be configured for reliable or isochronous data per channel by performing retransmissions and CRC checks. Bluetooth Core Specification Addendum 1 adds two additional L2CAP modes to the core specification. These modes effectively deprecate original Retransmission and Flow Control modes:∙Enhanced Retransmission Mode (ERTM): This mode is an improved version of the original retransmission mode. This mode provides a reliable L2CAP channel.∙Streaming Mode (SM): This is a very simple mode, with noretransmission or flow control. This mode provides an unreliable L2CAP channel.Reliability in any of these modes is optionally and/or additionally guaranteed by the lower layer Bluetooth BDR/EDR air interface by configuring the number of retransmissions and flush timeout (time after which the radio will flush packets). In-order sequencing is guaranteed by the lower layer.Only L2CAP channels configured in ERTM or SM may be operated over AMP logical links.∙SDP (Service Discovery Protocol)Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) allows a device to discover services supported by other devices, and their associated parameters. For example, when connecting a mobile phone to a Bluetooth headset, SDP will be used for determining which multiplexer settings needed to connect to each of them. Each service is identified profiles) assigned a short form UUID (16 bits rather than the full 128)/vichitra∙Cable replacement protocols(RFCOMM)Radio frequency communications (RFCOMM) is a cable replacement protocol used to create a virtual serial data stream. RFCOMM provides for binary data transport and layer.RFCOMM provides a simple reliable data stream to the user, similar to TCP. It is used directly by many telephony related profiles as a carrierfor AT commands, as well as being a transport layer for OBEX over Bluetooth.∙Telephony control protocols (TCP).Telephony control protocol-binary (TCS BIN) is the bit-oriented protocol that defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and data calls between Bluetooth devices. Additionally, "TCS BIN defines mobility management procedures for handling groups of Bluetooth TCS devices."TCS-BIN is only used by the cordless telephony profile, which failed to attract implementers. As such it is only of historical interest.∙Adopted protocolsAdopted protocols are defined by other standards-making organizations and incorporated into Bluetooth’s protocol stack, allowing Bluetooth to create protocols only when necessary. The adopted protocols include:∙Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): Internet standard protocol for transporting IP datagrams over a point-to-point link.∙TCP/IP/UDP: For communicating with the device connected to Internet. ∙Object Exchange Protocol (OBEX): Session-layer protocol for the exchange of objects, providing a model for object and operation representation. It uses the client-server mode.∙Wireless Application Environment/Wireless Application Protocol(W AE/W AP):W AE specifies an application framework for wireless devices and W AP is an open standard to provide mobile users access to telephony and information services.SPECTRUM AND INTERFERENCEBluetooth technology operates in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at to GHz, using a spread spectrum, frequency hopping, full-duplex signal at a nominal rate of 1600 hops/sec. The GHz ISM band is available and unlicensed in most countries.SIM frequency band is open to all radio system, So the use of a certain frequency band will meet unpredictable interference sources. Therefore, Bluetooth designs special fast acknowledge and frequency hopping technique to ensure the stability of link. Frequency hopping technique to divide the band into many frequency hopping channels, in a connection, radio transceiver “jump” from a channel to another constantly according to certain code sequence. Only sender and receiver communicate according to this law, and the rest of interference may not press the same rule. The instantaneous bandwidth of Frequency hopping is very narrow, but through the spread spectrum technology it can make the narrow bandwidth one hundred times expanded into wideband, making the influence of interference may become very small. Comparing to other systems that work in the same frequency band, frequency hopping of Bluetooth works faster, data packet of Bluetooth is shorter,which make it more stable than the other.ERROR CORRECTIONBluetooth supports circuit switching and packet switching two techniques, and defines two types of link connection, namely connection-oriented synchronous link (SCO) and connectionless-oriented asynchronous link (ACL)Bluetooth use three error correction models: 1/3 Forward Error Correction (FEC), 2/3forward Forward Error Correction and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ). Purpose to the error correction is to reduce the possibility of retransmission, while at the same time increase the extra expenses, but in a reasonable errorless environment, redundant bids will reduce output. So the packet definition itself also keeps flexible ways. Hence the software can be defined whether to adopt FEC. In general, when the channel noise is large, Bluetooth system will uses FEC, in order to ensure the quality of communication: as to SCO link, 1/3 FEC is used; 2/3 FEC is used in ACL link. In unnumbered ARQ, the data send in a time slot must receive a confirmation of receipt in the next time slot. Only when the data is checked to be without mistake after header error detection and CRC at receiver will the confirmation sent to sender, or an error message will be sent back.RANGERange is application specific and although a minimum range ismandated by the Core Specification, there is not a limit and manufacturers can tune their implementation to support the use case they are enabling.Range may vary depending on class of radio used in an implementation:∙Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet∙Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices , have a range of 10 meters or 33 feet∙Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases , have a range of 100 meters or 300 feetPOWERIn order to make a Bluetooth equipment can also be in connection even in a very low power state, Bluetooth stipulates three energy saving state: Park state, Hold state and Sniff state. The energy saving efficiency of these states declines one by one.The most commonly used radio is Class 2 and users of power. Bluetooth technology is designed to have very low power consumption. This is reinforced in the specification by allowing radios to be powered down when inactive.The Generic Alternate MAC/PHY in Version HS enables the discovery of remote AMPs for high speed devices and tums on the radio only when needed for data transfer giving a power optimization benefit aswell as aiding in the security of the radios.Bluetooth low energy technology, optimized for devices requiring maximum battery life instead of a high data transfer rate, consumers between 1/2 and 1/100 the power of classic Bluetooth technology.SECURITYMobility and open of Bluetooth system makes safety problems extremely important. Although the frequency modulation technique used by Bluetooth system has already provided a certain security, but Bluetooth system still need safety management to link layer and application layer. In link layer, Bluetooth system provides authentication, encryption and key management, and other functions. Each user has a Personal Identification Number (PIN), which will be translated into 128 bit link key for one-way or both-way certification. Once the authentication finished, link will use encryphon key to encrypt. The link layer security mechanism provides a great deal of certification schemes and a flexible encryption scheme (means allow the consultation of the length of password). This mechanism is very important when the equipments in communication are from different countries, because some countries will specify maximum password length. Bluetooth system will select the smallest maximum allowable password length of all equipments in the piconet.Bluetooth system also supports the high level of protocol stack indifferent applications of special security mechanisms. Bluetooth security mechanism builds trust relationship between devices relying on pins. Once this relationship established, these pins can be stored in the equipment, in order to connection more quickly the next time.中文译文蓝牙技术卡尔·尼伯尔引言蓝牙是永久性的，有限的无线电连接，驻留在微芯片上。
中英对照3G技术与蓝牙技术英语学术翻译文献材料
3G技术与蓝牙技术概述3G技术和蓝牙技术是目前热门技术，它们也是即将改变我们生活的新一代通信技术。
所谓“3G”（英语：3rd-generation）或“三代”是第三代移动通信技术的简称，是指支持高速数据传输的蜂窝移动通讯技术。
3G服务能够同时传送声音(通话)及数据信息(电子、即时通信等)。
代表特征是提供高速数据业务。
相对第一代模拟制式手机(1G)和第二代GSM、CDMA等数字手机(2G)，第三代手机（3G）一般地讲，是指将无线通信与国际互联网等多媒体通信结合的新一代移动通信系统。
3G与2G的主要区别是在传输声音和数据的速度上的提升，它能够在全球围更好地实现无线漫游，并处理图像、音乐、视频流等多种媒体形式，提供包括网页浏览、会议、电子商务等多种信息服务，同时也要考虑与已有第二代系统的良好兼容性。
为了提供这种服务，无线网络必须能够支持不同的数据传输速度，也就是说在室、室外和行车的环境中能够分别支持至少2Mbps(兆比特/每秒)、384kbps(千比特/每秒)以及144kbps的传输速度。
而所谓蓝牙(Bluetooth)技术，实际上就是取代数据电缆的短距离无线通信技术，通过低带宽电波实现点对点，或点对多点连接之间的信息交流。
它是实现语音和数据无线传输的开放性规，是一种低成本、短距离的无线连接技术。
3G技术介绍3G技术标准一共有三种：它们分别是TD-SCDMA（中国版）、WCDMA（欧洲版）和CDMA2000（美国版）。
下面就分别介绍一下三种技术：TD-SCDMATD-SCDMA（Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access），即时分同步的码分多址技术，是ITU正式发布的第三代移动通信空间接口技术规之一，也是中国制定的3G标准。
1999年6月29日，中国原邮电部电信科学技术研究院（现大唐电信）向ITU 提出了该标准。
该标准将智能天线、同步CDMA和软件无线电（SDR）等技术融于其中，可以减少用户间干扰，从而提高频谱利用率。
英语翻译 文档
∙什么叫蓝牙？ What is Bluetooth?∙∙Bluetooth is a universal radio interface in the 2.45GHz frequency band that enables portable electronic devices to connect and communicatewirelessly via short-range, ad hoc networks. Each unit can simultaneously communicate with up to sever other units per piconet. Moreover, each unit can simultaneously belong to several piconets.∙∙What is Bluetooth Technology?∙∙Bluetooth technology which apart from Ericsson, has gained the support of Nokia, IBM, Toshiba, Intel and many other manufacturers∙∙eliminates the need for wires, cables and connectors for and between cordless or mobile phones, modems, headsets, PDAs, Computers, printers, projectors, local area networks, and so on, and paves the way for new and completely different devices and applications.Technology Characteristics ∙∙1Ms/s symbol rate exploits maximum available channel bandwidth∙∙Fast frequency hopping avoids interference∙∙Adaptive output power minimizes interference∙∙Short data packets maximize capacity during interference∙∙Fast acknowledge allows low coding overhead for links∙∙CVSD (Continuous Variable Slope Delta Modulation) voice coding enables operation at high bit- error rates Flexible packet types supports wide application range∙∙Air interface tailored to minimize current consumption Basic Technical Information—Based upon a small , high performance integrated radiotransceiver ,each of which is allocated a unique 48-bit address derived from the IEEE 802·standard .∙∙Operate in the unrestricted 2.45GHz ISM free band, Which is available globally although slight variation of location and width of band apply ∙∙Range set at 10m to optimize for target market of mobile and business user∙∙Gross data rate 1Mbit/s with second generation plans to increase to 1Mbit/s∙∙One-to-one connections allow maximum data transfer rate of 721kbit/s (3 voice channels)∙∙Uses packet switching protocol based on frequency hop scheme with 1600 hops/s to enable high performance in noisy radio environments .The entire available frequency spectrum is used with 79 hops of 1Mhz bandwidth , analogous to the IEEE 802.11 standard∙∙Low power consumption longevity for battery powered devices . During data transfer the maximum current drain is 30mA. However during pauses or at lower data rates will be lower∙∙蓝牙是一个频率为2.45GHz的通用无线电通信接口，它通过一个特殊的网络可以在各种便携设备之间建立起无线连接并进行短程通信。
蓝牙技术毕业设计(论文)word格式
目录绪论 (3)第1章蓝牙概论 (4)1.1初识蓝牙 (4)1.1.1蓝牙的起源 (4)1.1.2蓝牙简介 (4)1.1.3蓝牙特别兴趣小组( SIG) (6)1.2蓝牙竞争对手 (6)1.2.1蓝牙与红外 (7)1.2.2蓝牙与IEEE802.11b (8)1.2.3蓝牙与数字增强无绳通信（DECT） (10)1.2.4蓝牙与家庭无线电射频（HomeRF） (11)1.2.5蓝牙与高性能无线局域网络（HiperLAN） (13)1.3蓝牙优势 (14)1.3.1开放性优势 (14)1.3.2成本优势 (14)1.3.3便携式优势 (15)1.3.4频带优势 (15)1.3.5安全性优势 (16)第2章蓝牙技术的原理 (17)2.1蓝牙系统的基本术语 (17)2.2蓝牙系统构成 (17)2.1.1无线射频单元 (18)2.1.2链路控制(硬件)单元 (18)2.1.3链路管理(软件)单元 (19)2.1.4软件(协议栈)单元 (20)2.3蓝牙技术指标 (21)2.3.1系统参数 (21)2.3.2射频特性 (23)2.3.3传输特性 (24)2.4蓝牙技术特点 (25)2.5蓝牙技术的原理 (26)第3章蓝牙组网 (28)3.1无线局域网概述 (28)3.1.1无线局域网的优势 (29)3.1.2无线局域网的结构及拓扑结构 (30)3.1.3无线局域网的应用及安全性 (31)3.2蓝牙技术在无线局域网中的应用 (31)3.2.1无线组网新技术 (32)3.2.2蓝牙无线组网的优点 (32)3.2.3蓝牙无线组网的原理 (33)3.3蓝牙的网络拓朴结构及组建 (34)3.4适合家庭网络的组网方案 (35)3.4.1家庭网络系统的定位 (36)3.4.2家庭网络体系结构 (37)3.4.3蓝牙组建家庭网络的设计方案 (38)3.5适合企业无线办公网络的组网方案 (41)3.5.1 企业无线办公网络的定位 (41)3.5.2企业无线办公网络系统结构 (42)3.5.3蓝牙组建企业网络的设计方案 (43)第4章蓝牙的市场展望 (44)4.1蓝牙技术的应用 (44)4.1.1话音/数据接入 (45)4.1.2外围设备互连 (46)4.1.3个人局域网 (46)4.2蓝牙技术的现状 (47)4.3蓝牙技术发展趋势 (47)4.4目前蓝牙存在的问题 (49)4.4.1前景问题 (49)4.4.2产品问题 (50)4.4.3标准问题 (51)小结 (52)谢辞 (53)参考文献 (54)绪论随着经济的发展，人们对随时随地提供信息服务的移动计算机和宽带无线通信的需求越来迫切。
蓝牙技术的英文介绍
Origin
Bluetooth is the founder of Sweden's Ericsson, Ericsson has been R & D in 1994. In 1997, Ericsson and other equipment, contact the manufacturer and to stimulate their interest in this technology.ln February 1998, five multinational companies, including Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba and Intel formed a special interest group (SIG), their common goal is to establish a global short-range wireless communications technology, which is now Bluetooth.
Whafs the presently newest technical standard for shortrange radio?
@ Bluetooth
Bluetooth devices communicate without wires, using built-in radio transceivers that operate on a globally available radio frequency to ensure worldwide compatibility.
Entertainment
Bluetooth wireless technology is the only truly wireless entertainment technology.
蓝牙是一种支持设备短距离通信的无线电技术
田奔辉030841015BluetoothBluetooth is a short-range communication support equipment, radio technology, research in recent years has become a hot topic and get a wide range of applicationsBluetooth technology uses high-speed frequency hopping and time division multiple access and other advanced technology, close to the most inexpensive digital equipment were several network link up.Bluetooth is an open, short-range wireless communications technology standards.It can be used in a relatively short distance, a variety of cable to replace the current program, through walls and other obstacles, through a unified short-range wireless link between various digital devices in a flexible, secure, low cost, minor meritsconsumption of voice and data communications.Bluetooth as a new short-range wireless communication technology has been widely used in various fields, which provides low-cost, low power, short distance wireless communication, constitute a fixed and mobile devices in the personal network communication environment, making close rangeall kinds of information devices to seamlessly share resources.Bluetooth devices should be interoperable, that is, any Bluetooth device should be able to achieve between the interconnection, including hardware and software.Protocol and protocol stack design The main principle is try to use a variety of high-level agreements, ensure that the existing agreements and the integration of Bluetooth technology and interoperability between various applications; take full advantage of the hardware and software compatible with Bluetooth specification system andBluetooth specification is open, to facilitate the development of new applications.SIG specific needs according to the protocol is divided into 4 layers: core agreement, RFCOMM cable replacement agreement, TCS call control protocol, and high-level agreements associated with the InternetSince Bluetooth is a radio communication standard as the media, third-party information may be easily intercepted, so the Bluetooth technology must take certain security mechanisms, particularly in the electronic trading applications.In order to provide security and to use the credibility of the information, the system must be in the application layer and link layer security measures.As market demand, more and more Bluetooth silicon will soon put into production.Hotels, post offices, golf courses, airports, retail malls, convention centers and commercial areas are equipped with Bluetooth technology.BluetoothSiG now has 2,400 member companies in 2015 will reach 1.4 billion Bluetooth chips, application machine almost 7 million units.The dream of swimming in the Bluetooth technology, you'll find Bluetooth technology capable of anything.Little attention to the Internet for high-tech market, you will find Bluetooth technology from the birth of the day, has been placed on high expectations.I believe that with further development of science and technology, Bluetooth technology will be more widely used.蓝牙蓝牙是一种支持设备短距离通信的无线电技术，近年来已经成为研究的热点问题并获得了广泛的应用蓝牙技术使用高速跳频和时分多址等先进技术，在近距离内最廉价地将几台数字化设备呈网状链接起来。
文献综述-蓝牙
杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）文献综述题目基于蓝牙技术智能灯光控制设计安卓软件设计系通信工程专业通信工程姓名方劲飞班级10093412 学号10934214 指导教师沈东方基于蓝牙智能灯光控制设计前言随随着google的安卓操作系统在手持设备领域的广泛使用以及安卓智能手机的普及化，给人们的生活带来的巨大的变革。
本研究将探讨安卓系统中的蓝牙模块的应用，具体的，开发一款基于蓝牙技术智能灯光控制的安卓软件，这款软件具有很大的实用性。
在1994年，瑞典爱立信公司最先提出蓝牙概念。
由于这种技术具有十分可喜的应用前景，1998年5月，五家世界顶级通信/计算机公司：爱立信、诺基亚、东芝、IBM和英特尔经过磋商，联合成立了蓝牙共同利益集团(Bluetooth SIG), 目的是加速其开发、推广和应用。
此项无线通信技术公布后，便迅速得到了包括摩托罗拉、3Com、朗讯、康柏、西门子等一大批公司的一致拥护，至今加盟蓝著名的计算机、通信以及消费电子产品领域的企业，甚至还有汽车与照相机的制造商和生产厂家。
一项公开的技术规范能够得到工业界如此广泛的关注和支持，这说明基于此项蓝牙技术的产品将具有广阔的应用前景和巨大的潜在市场。
蓝牙共同利益集团现已改称蓝牙推广集团。
蓝牙通信介绍蓝牙是一种支持设备短距离通信（一般是10m之内）的无线电技术。
能在包括移动电话、PDA、无线耳机、笔记本电脑、相关外设等众多设备之间进行无线信息交换。
蓝牙的标准是IEEE802.15，工作在2.4GHz 频带，带宽为1Mb/s。
“蓝牙”（Bluetooth）原是一位在10世纪统一丹麦的国王，他将当时的瑞典、芬兰与丹麦统一起来。
用他的名字来命名这种新的技术标准，含有将四分五裂的局面统一起来的意思。
蓝牙技术使用高速跳频（FH，Frequency Hopping）和时分多址（TDMA，Time DivesionMuli—access）等先进技术，在近距离内最廉价地将几台数字化设备（各种移动设备、固定通信设备、计算机及其终端设备、各种数字数据系统，如数字照相机、数字摄像机等，甚至各种家用电器、自动化设备）呈网状链接起来。
中英文文献翻译—无线安全
英文原文Wireless SecurityRichard BarberRichard Barber, group technical advisor of Articon-Integralis looks, at the evolution of tele- anddata-communications systems and assesses the potential advantages for mobile security offered by technologies like BluetoothSecurityToday's wireless world means that data is being sent, among us, invisibly from device to device, country to country, person to person. This data, in the form of e-mails, photos, contacts and addresses are precious and private to each of us. This private information, no longer making its way along wires in plain sight, needs to be sent securely to its intended recipient without interception. Wireless standards the world over are evolving and have various formats for dealing with the security issues of its users. Bluetooth wireless technology is no exception.Bluetooth wireless technology has, from its inception, put great emphasis on wireless security so that users of this global standard can feel secure while making their connections. The Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), made up of over 4000 member manufacturers, has a Bluetooth security experts group made up of engineers from its member companies who provide critical security information and feedback that is taken into account as the Bluetooth wireless specification evolves.Product developers that use Bluetooth wireless technology in their products have several options for implementing security. There are three modes of security for Bluetooth access between two devices.Security Mode 1: non-secureSecurity Mode 2: service level enforced securitySecurity Mode 3: link level enforced securityThe manufacturer of each product determines these security modes. Devices and services also have different security levels. For devices, there are two levels: "trusted device" and "untrusted device." A trusted device, having been paired with one's other device, has unrestricted access to all services. With regard to services, three security levels are defined: services that require authorization and authentication, services that require authentication only and services that are open to all devices.Lately, confusion and misinformation surrounding security and Bluetooth wireless technology has increased. The current security issues typically involve mobile phones. How these issues apply to other classes of devices is important and is often not addressed. The encryption algorithm in the Bluetooth specifications is secure. This includes devices such as mice and keyboards connecting to a PC, a mobile phone synchronizing with a PC, and a PDA using a mobile phone as a modem to name just a few of the many use cases.Cases where data has been compromised on mobile phones are the result of implementation issues on that platform. The Bluetooth SIG diligently works with our members to investigate any issues that are reported to understand the root cause of the issue. If it is a specification issue, we work with the membership to get patches out and ensure future devices don't suffer from the same vulnerability. This is an on-going process. The recently reported issues of advanced "hackers" gaining access to information stored on select mobile phones using Bluetooth functionality are due to incorrect implementation. The names bluesnarfing and bluebugging have been given to these methods of illegal and improper access to information. The questions and answers below provide users with more information about these current issues and will address their concerns for dealing with these security risks. What is bluejacking?Bluejacking allows phone users to send business cards anonymously using Bluetooth wireless technology. Bluejacking does NOT involve the removal or alteration of any data from the device. These business cards often have a clever or flirtatious message rather than the typical name and phone number. Bluejackers often look for the receiving phone to ping orthe user to react. They then send another, more personal message to that device. Once again, in order to carry out a bluejacking, the sending and receiving devices must be within 10 meters of one another. Phone owners who receive bluejack messages should refuse to add the contacts to their address book. Devices that are set in non-discoverable mode are not susceptible to bluejacking.What is bluebugging?Bluebugging allows skilled individuals to access the mobile phone commands using Bluetooth wireless technology without notifying or alerting the phone’s user. This vulnerability allows the hacker to initiate phone calls, send and receive text messages, read and write phonebook contacts, eavesdrop on phone conversations, and connect to the Internet. As with all the attacks, without specialized equipment, the hacker must be within a 10 meter range of the phone. This is a separate vulnerability from bluesnarfing and does not affect all of the same phones as bluesnarfing.What is bluesnarfing?Bluesnarfing allows hackers to gain access to data stored on a Bluetooth enabled phone using Bluetooth wireless technology without alerting the phone’s user of the connection made to the device. The information that can be accessed in this manner includes the phonebook and associated images, calendar, and IMEI (international mobile equipment identity). By setting the device in non-discoverable, it becomes significantly more difficult to find and attack the device. Without specialized equipment the hacker must be within a 10 meter range of the device while running a device with specialized software. Only specific older Bluetooth enabled phones are susceptible to bluesnarfing.What are phone manufacturers doing to address the situation?Both Nokia and Sony Ericsson have developed software upgrades for phones vulnerable to bluesnarfing and bluebugging. Both companies have also worked hard to make sure new phones coming to market will not be susceptible to these attacks. For more information on how users can obtain applicable software upgrades for their phones, visit the websites of Sony Ericsson and Nokia.What is Car Whisperer?The car whisperer is a software tool developed by security researchers to connect to and send or receive audio to and from Bluetooth car-kits with a specific implementation. An individual using the tool could potentially remotely connect to and communicate with a car from an unauthorized remote device, sending audio to the speakers and receiving audio from the microphone in the remote device. Without specialized equipment, someone using the tool must be within a 10 meter range of the targeted car while running a laptop with the car whisperer tool. The security researchers’ goal was to highlight an implementation weakness in a select number of Bluetooth enabled car-kits and pressure manufacturers to better secure Bluetooth enabled devices.How can I tell if my car kit or car is vulnerable to the car whisperer?To be accessed by the car whisperer tool, the car-kit needs to be continuously in pairing mode, have a standard fixed four digit PIN code and not be connected to a phone. If a user consistently has a phone paired with the car kit, an unauthorized device cannot connect to the car kit. Concerned individuals, whose car kits are continuously in pairing mode and have a standard fixed four digit PIN code (i.e. 0000 or 1234), should contact the manufacturer directly for more information on the vulnerability of their devices and to obtain applicable software upgrades for their car-kits.Is Bluetooth wireless technology susceptible to hackers in other ways?Currently, the attacks listed on this page are the only known possibilities for hacking into a limited amount of products on the market, if appropriate measures are taken such as having security turned on and using reasonably long PIN codes or pairing devices in private. The Bluetooth SIG continues to study security risks associated with the technology and determine their viability as the technology spreads and develops.What can consumers do to protect their data?Consumers can do a number of things to protect their data. If users have a phone that is vulnerable to bluesnarfing or bluebugging, they should contact the phone's manufacturer or take the phone to a manufacturer authorized service point. The manufacturers of the vulnerable devices have developed software patches to fix the vulnerability. In addition, if users are still concerned about a device being targeted, they can turn the device tonon-discoverable mode when not using Bluetooth wireless technology and in unknown areas. Users can also ensure their data is secure by not "pairing" with unknown devices. If a user were to receive an invitation to pair with another device, and asked to put in a PIN code, but was unsure of what device was inviting to pair, the user should not pair. Only pair with known devices.What is the cabir worm? Which devices does the cabir worm affect?The cabir worm is malicious software, also known as malware. When installed on a phone, it uses Bluetooth technology to send itself to other similarly vulnerable devices. Due to this self-replicating behavior, it is classified as a worm. The cabir worm currently only affects mobile phones that use the Symbian series 60 user interface platform and feature Bluetooth wireless technology. Furthermore, the user has to manually accept the worm and install the malware in order to infect the phone. More information on the cabir worm is available from the software licensing company Symbian and on the websites of F-Secure, McAfee and Symantec.How does a PIN affect security?The personal identification number (PIN) is a four or more digit alphanumeric code that is temporarily associated with one's products for the purposes of a one time secure pairing. It is recommended that users employ at minimum an eight character or more alphanumeric PIN when possible. Product owners must share that PIN number only with trusted individuals and trusted products for pairing. Without this PIN number, pairing cannot occur. It is always advisable to pair products in areas with relative privacy. Avoid pairing your Bluetooth enabled devices in public. If, for some reason, your devices become unpaired, wait until you are in a secure, private location before repairing your devices.Do I need to remember my PIN?No. It is not necessary to remember your PIN except in the seldom situation when the PIN is a fixed PIN - in which case simply retaining the user manual, with given PIN, for future reference is advisable.Why does pairing in a public location potentially introduce a security risk?Theoretically a hacker can monitor and record activities in the frequency spectrum and then use a computer to regenerate the PIN codes being exchanged. This requires specially built hardware and thorough knowledge of Bluetooth systems. By using a PIN code with eight or more alphanumeric characters it would take the hacker years to discover the PIN. By using a four digit numeric PIN code, the hacker could discover the PIN in a matter of a few hours. Still advanced software is required.Is this a real risk to Bluetooth enabled devices?Bluetooth devices generate a secure connection by means of the initial pairing process. During this process one or both devices need a PIN code to be entered, which is used by internal algorithms to generate a secure key, which is then used to authenticate the devices whenever they connect in the future.A new academic paper puts forward a theoretical process that could potentially "guess" the security settings on a pair of Bluetooth devices. To do this the attacking device would need to listen in to the initial one-time pairing process. From this point it can use an algorithm to guess the security key and masquerade as the other Bluetooth device. What is new in this paper is an approach that forces a new pairing sequence to be conducted between the two devices and an improved method of performing the guessing process, which brings the time down significantly from previous attacks.To perform this hack, it is necessary for the attacker to overhear the initial pairing process, which normally only happens once in a private environment and takes a fraction of a second. The authors have put forward some possible methods to try and force a deletion of the security key in one of the two Bluetooth devices, and hence initiate a new pairing process, which they could then listen in to. To do this, they need to masquerade as the second device during a connection. The equipment needed for this process is very expensive and usually used by developers only. If this process succeeds the user will see a message on their device that asks them to re-enter a PIN code. If they do this while the attacker is present, and the PIN code they enter is sufficiently short, then the attack could theoretically succeed.If the PIN key that has been used consists of only four numeric characters, a fast PC can calculate the security key in less than one tenth of a second. As the PIN key gets longer, thetime to crack the security code gets longer and longer. At eight alphanumeric characters it could take over one hundred years to calculate the PIN making this crack nearly impossible.This is an academic analysis of Bluetooth security. What this analysis outlines is possible, but it is highly unlikely for a normal user to ever encounter such an attack. The attack also relies on a degree of user gullibility, so understanding the Bluetooth pairing process is an important defense.Can the SIG guarantee me that all of my future Bluetooth products will be secure?Absolute security can never be totally guaranteed - in technology or otherwise. Security is an ongoing and important effort for any technology. The Bluetooth SIG has made security a high priority from day one with security algorithms that to date have proven adequate. In the roadmap for the advancement of Bluetooth wireless technology, the Bluetooth SIG published security and privacy enhancements. These enhancements to the specification further strengthen the pairing process and ensure privacy after a connection is established. We are continuing with our work in this area, trying to always stay a step ahead of people trying to hack into devices.What is denial of service (DoS)?The well known denial of service (DoS) attack, which has been most popular for attacking internet web sites and networks, is now an option for hackers of Bluetooth wireless technology enabled devices. This nuisance is neither original nor ingenious and is, very simply, a constant request for response from a hacker’s Bluetooth enabled computer (with specific software) to another Bluetooth enabled device such that it causes some temporary battery degradation in the receiving device. While occupying the Bluetooth link with invalid communication requests, the hacker can temporarily disable the product’s Bluetooth services. Can a hacker get access to my devices data or content with DoS?The DoS attack only offers the hacker the satisfaction of temporary annoyance, but does not allow for access to the device’s data or services – no information residing on the receiving device can be used or stolen by the attacker.What devices are vulnerable to attacks, and what is the Bluetooth SIG doing about it?DoS attacks can be performed on any discoverable Bluetooth enabled device but in some cases, advanced hackers can determine the address of a non-discoverable Bluetooth device. The Bluetooth SIG takes all security issues seriously, and we constantly work to make the specification more secure. Therefore, future Bluetooth core specifications are planned to include features that will make it impossible to penetrate non-discoverable devices. There are also ways for manufacturers to reduce the risk of DoS attacks at the implementation level of Bluetooth wireless technology.What is the risk of being on the receiving end of a DoS attack?To date, DoS attacks on Bluetooth devices have only been conducted in laboratory tests. The risk of an attempted DoS attack should be considered minimal given the requirements and the normally short range of Bluetooth wireless technology.中文译文无线安全作者：理查Articon-Integralis的技术顾问理查，在一个关于通信系统安全性的会议中，提出的蓝牙安全性的文章。
蓝牙语音传输外文翻译
石家庄经济学院本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目蓝牙语音信号传输系统设计与仿真实现姓名郭小林学号407109060213学院信息工程学院专业通信工程指导教师边群玲BluetoothHuman is entering the digital network information age, a great number of digital communication and data transfer is achieved through the cable. These cables connected to these connectors in shape, size and pin number of photogenic match through a variety of connectors and a variety of devices. Wired connection of digital equipment bring a lot of inconvenience for people to connect to networks anytime and anywhere. The development of wireless communication link technology, liberating people from the shackles of a wired connection, has become a trend. The greatest feature of the Information Age is more convenient and rapid information dissemination, based on this point, technical staff is also working to develop more excellent information and data transmission. Bluetooth technology (Bluetooth) is a short-range wireless communication open technology which launched in 1998 by Ericsson (Ericsson), Nokia (NOKIA), Toshiba (TOSHIBA), International Business Machines (IBM) and Intel (INTEL) and other companies jointly. It Intends for portable or fixed electronic devices replace the use of cables or connections such as cable connections. Its main feature is a powerful, low power consumption, transmission reliability, versatility, low cost, and easy to use. We can use in the office, home, travel and in the laboratory, without any electronic devices in the special cable and connector layout. Bluetooth devices can form through a "micro-network", net of any Bluetooth transceiver can communicate with the device signal, and this connection does not require complex software support. Cast aside the shackles of the traditional connection, completely carefree days of fun, Bluetooth promises to give us enough to make spirits. Bluetooth, for the entire IT industry, has more than just a simple technology that has become a concept.Bluetooth technology is the founder of Sweden's Ericsson, already as early as 1994 its research and development. February 1998, Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Toshiba and Intel formed a five multinational special interest group (SIG, Special Interest Group), aims to create a global common standard short-range wireless communication technology, now Bluetooth technology. Bluetooth name from the 10th century Danish King Harald Blatand-translated as Harold Bluetooth (because he was very fond of eating blueberries, so every day with a blue tooth), he had a unified Europe over Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The high will be named after him, is to express a unified industry standard Bluetooth technology to make coordination between different industrial areas, good communication with each other to meaning. Bluetooth applications for work permits without the 2.4GHz ISM band, based on time division multiplexing and frequency hopping principle, the combination of circuit switching and packet switching is suitable for voice transmission and data transmission. Currently, Bluetooth products have been widely used in mobile communications, computer and peripheral equipment, automotive, industrial controls, appliances, office applications, e-commerce, medical fitness and other fields.Bluetooth technology enables a variety of mobile devices, computer peripherals and other low-cost digital wireless connection between devices made possible not only to replace the cable connection between these devices, but also makes the function of many digital devices has been expanded so that the original Independent of the digital devices can be networked with other devices to exchange information. Since Bluetooth small size, low power consumption, can be integrated into almost any digital device, especially those less demanding on the data transmission rate of mobile devices and portable devices. Ideas have been proposed for many applications, some already have products available. From a market perspective, the Bluetooth technology to create point to point connections, multipoint connections, and personal area network applications and other network products.More and more people consider their own devices to add wireless connectivity, people have gradually realized that the Bluetooth technology, low power consumption and low cost solution is ideal. Bluetooth SIG to promote the use of the Bluetooth technical standards will be open all over the world within the scope of any unit or individual can be the development of Bluetooth products, as long as the final product by the Bluetooth SIG compliance testing to connect to the market. Many manufacturers have manufactured have Bluetooth products, the future of Bluetooth technology will be more mature and function will be more powerful.Bluetooth is an open, short distance wireless communication technology standard that can be used in a smaller range of a wireless connection means to achieve the fixed equipment, and interconnection between mobile devices, can be flexible between various digital devices , Safety, low cost, small power consumption of audio and data communication. Because Bluetooth technology can be easily embedded into a single chip, so it is especially suitable for small mobile communication devices.Bluetooth carrier frequency used globally 2. 4GHz ISM industrial, scientific, medical) band, the 2. 4GHz ISM band is open to all radio frequency systems, the use of any one frequency band are likely to encounter unpredictable Sources of interference. Using frequency hopping spread spectrum technology is an effective measure to avoid interference. Band frequency hopping is to be divided into a number of frequency hopping channels in a connection, the radio transceiver according to a certain code sequence and continuously from one channel to another channel, the two sides is the only transceiver to communicate according to the law, while others Sources of interference can not be carried out by the same laws of interference. Instantaneous bandwidth of frequency hopping is very narrow, but through spread spectrum technology to make this into a narrow bandwidth to expand into broadband times, so that the impact of interference may become very small. Bluetooth uses frequency hopping spread spectrum technology is one of the key. Corresponds to the single-slot packet, the Bluetooth frequency hopping rate of 1600 hop / sec; corresponding slot bag, hopping rate is reduced; in 3200 to establish the link to raise the jump / sec. Such a high rate of use of frequency hopping, Bluetooth system has a sufficiently high anti-interference ability. It uses the butterfly as the core of multi-level mapping program, compared with other programs, with a hardware deviceis simple, superior performance, ease of 79/23 band compatible with the two systems and a variety of state hopping sequence using the same circuit to realize.The human voice is the most basic and direct exchange of information. Since the phone has been invented, voice communication has always been to continue the development of fast rate from the previously adopted a comprehensive approach to digital simulation methods. Digital voice signal transmission and storage reliability, interference immunity, security and price and so on are much better than analog voice signal. Voice to digital format are often stored and transmitted, the data can be transmitted through voice devices. Some wireless communication technology is designed to transmit voice, while others are designed for use with data services. The Bluetooth technology supports both voice and data transmission, can support voice or data devices to communicate with each other. Contribute to the development of the system's wireless voice message listener. More spiritual system works if either the wireless remote control PC, and upload the voice data collected microcontroller can also choose to operate the system locally. The two control not only independent of each other, can be used alone, but also cross-use with each other to meet the practical requirements of different jobs. As the system uses Bluetooth wireless communication, the transmission speed, high reliability, not only to ensure that the voice listener, but also to make itself has some anti-detectable. In addition, the MCU side joined the U disk function of large-capacity data storage can be necessary in the circumstances to save the information locally and temporarily sent outside until the right time to further transmission. This undoubtedly increased the hidden nature of the whole system to make it closer to the practicability.蓝牙人类正步入数字化网络信息时代，目前很多数字通信和数据传输都是通过缆线连接来实现的。
蓝牙技术外文翻译文献
蓝牙技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)蓝牙的起源与发展摘要本文论述蓝牙技术的起源与发展。
重点介绍蓝牙技术的基本原理以及蓝牙技术在当今时间的作用。
论述了蓝牙技术的优点与缺陷以及未来的发展趋势关键字：协议、技术、应用、发展介绍蓝牙是一个永远的，有限的无线电连接驻留在一个芯片。
它最初是在1994年扩大，作为一种方法，让笔记本电脑作出上述呼吁手机通过瑞典手机爱立信的创造者。
然后，许多组织已经签署了创建蓝牙低功耗平均各种各样的设备（LeVitus，216-220）的无线轻率。
业内观众预期蓝牙在安装设备的十亿美元，到2005年。
讨论蓝牙是由爱立信工程师在20世纪90年代末开发，越来越多的特殊的技术，有利于无线通信电子设备的多样性之间的轻率。
其主要的一个重要方面是，它允许设备“对话”（搬迁和协调数据）无线对方，终止向外不断纠结，电线，电缆和适配器许多今天的专长重要的要求。
蓝牙特别兴趣小组（SIG）成立于1998年，管理蓝牙知识的扩展和序幕（LeVitus，216-220）。
IBM，英特尔，东芝，诺基亚与爱立信的SIG开始联营，超过8000组织承包以来。
因此，贸易与蓝牙的要求和标志的产品，制造商应该是联营公司的SIG和设备应符合轮廓的凭据。
这些程序确保蓝牙无线设备的国际可与对方交谈，除了派生公司或国家。
速度和范围范围是特定应用和核心规范的规定，虽然最小的范围内是不是有限制，制造商可以调整其实施，以支持使用的情况下，他们正在使。
范围可能有所不同取决于在执行用无线电类：3级收音机 - 有一个范围可达1米或3英尺2类无线电 - 移动设备中最常用的发现，有一个10米或33英尺的范围1类无线电 - 主要用于工业用途的案件中，有一个100米或300英尺的范围创建适合运送较小的文件，例如手机合同和文本文件的蓝牙技术，也为低质量的图像和音频（Kumkum，160-162）。
在这些搬迁速度;蓝牙可能无法实际处理视频流或高品质的图片和音频，为此，除这可能会在未来改变时，新鲜的蓝牙标准发起。
蓝牙(中文版)
蓝牙摘要：蓝牙技术已经成为当今的高新技术之一。
但是不是我们所有的人知道蓝牙真正的意义是什么，蓝牙是如何工作的以及蓝牙有什么样的优点。
或者是现在，或者在不久的将来，蓝牙技术一定会给我们带来一笔巨大的财富，所以我们大家一定要对蓝牙技术有一定的了解，包括这些：我们为什么需要蓝牙？蓝牙是如何产生的？蓝牙是如何工作的？蓝牙都能应用在哪些方面？蓝牙的发展状况如何？带着这些问题，让我们来读这篇论文，走进蓝牙的世界。
关键词：蓝牙技术芯片看看我们的周围，我们现在都用网线将计算机与键盘、鼠标、打印机、监控器等设备连接起来。
但是，可能我们中的大多数人都遇到过网线给我们带来的困扰，不知道哪个连接着哪个等等。
现在，我们再也不用困扰了，蓝牙的出现代替了网线，帮助我们解决了这个问题。
那么，到底什么是蓝牙呢？当然，它不是有的人想的那样“坏掉的牙齿”，它是一种崭新的技术，它的出现无疑将改变我们很多设备使用的方法。
蓝牙技术最先是由爱立信开始研制的，现在已经得到了诺基亚、IBM、东芝、因特尔及许多其他相关制造厂家的支持。
在这之前，蓝牙技术只是一个插入电脑、打印机、手记等设备里的很小、很便宜的芯片的标准。
它代替了网线传输信息的方式，在蓝牙接收机芯片上以一个特殊频率传输信息。
当然，这是最开始的思路，很快，人们认识到蓝牙还有很多的发展空间。
如果说我们可以在计算机与打印机之间传送信息，那么当然应该能在手机与打印机、打印机与打印机之间传送数据。
这个方案成本低、功耗少。
那么，蓝牙是怎样工作的呢？蓝牙使用内制在9x9平方毫米微芯片上的短程射频连接。
该协议能使包括蜂窝电话、掌上电脑、笔记本电脑、相关外设和家庭Hub等包括家庭RF的众多设备之间进行信息交换。
它使用2.45GHz ISM全球通自由波段，使旅行者可以没有障碍地使用蓝牙设备。
蓝牙不需要看的见的连线即可使操作范围内的蓝牙产品实现连接。
蓝牙宽带协议结合电路开关和分组交换机，适用与语音和数据传输。
文献综述 蓝牙
蓝牙技术“蓝牙”的名称，来自10世纪的丹麦国王哈拉尔德(Harald Gormsson)的外号。
出身海盗家庭的哈拉尔德统一了北欧四分五裂的国家，成为维京王国的国王。
由于他喜欢吃蓝莓，牙齿常常被染成蓝色，而获「蓝牙」的绰号，当蓝莓因为颜色怪异的緣故，被认为是不适合食用的东西，因此这位爱尝新的国王也成为创新与勇于尝试的象征。
1998年，爱立信公司希望无线通信技术能统一标准而取名「蓝牙」。
蓝牙是一种支持设备短距离通信（一般10m内）的无线电技术。
能在包括移动电话、PDA、无线耳机、笔记本电脑、相关外设等众多设备之间进行无线信息交换。
利用“蓝牙”技术，能够有效地简化移动通信终端设备之间的通信，也能够成功地简化设备与因特网Internet之间的通信，从而数据传输变得更加迅速高效，为无线通信拓宽道路。
蓝牙采用分散式网络结构以及快跳频和短包技术，支持点对点及点对多点通信，工作在全球通用的2.4GHz ISM（即工业、科学、医学）频段。
其数据速率为1Mbps。
采用时分双工传输方案实现全双工传输。
就如计算机一样,蓝牙也经过了很多版本的更新换代,V1.1(1998年):为最早期版本，传输率约在748~810kb/s，因是早期设计，容易受到同频率之产品所干扰下影响通讯质量。
V1.2:748~810kb/s 的传输率，增加了(改善Software)抗干扰跳频功能。
V2.1(2004年):改善了装置配对流程，短距离的配对方面，具备了在两个支持蓝牙的手机之间互相进行配对与通讯传输的NFC（Near Field CoMMunication）机制。
具备更佳的省电效果。
V3.0(2009年):核心是“Generic Alternate MAC/PHY”(AMP)，这是一种全新的交替射频技术，允许蓝牙协议栈针对任一任务动态地选择正确射频。
传输速率更高，功耗更低。
V4.0(2010年):包括三个子规范，即传统蓝牙技术、高速蓝牙和新的蓝牙低功耗技术。
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重庆理工大学文献翻译二级学院计算机科学与工程学院班级112030701学生姓名李洋学号***********译文要求1、译文内容必须与课题（或专业）内容相关，并需注明详细出处。
2、外文翻译译文不少于2000字；外文参考资料阅读量至少3篇（相当于10万外文字符以上）。
3、译文原文（或复印件）应附在译文后备查。
译文评阅导师评语（应根据学校“译文要求”，对学生外文翻译的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等作具体的评价）指导教师：年月日基于控制蓝牙数据传输系统摘要：蓝牙协议，是一种基于蓝牙数据传输系统的研发MCU控制协议已经被提出。
在系统中，其中，所述蓝牙HCI协议已经被嵌入MCU处于用于控制UART蓝牙模块，使蓝牙设备的蓝牙网络中建立连接，并自动传输数据。
在硬件设计中，芯片C8051F020被选择作为主机控制器。
由于芯片C8051F020有两个UART串行接口，可满足设计要求，简化电路和增强系统的抗干扰能力。
在系统中使用的蓝牙模块是CSR蓝牙芯4与蓝牙标准2.01类具有高的信号灵敏度的优点，长距离连接和易于使用。
关键词：蓝牙;数据通信; MCU; HCI; UART1.简介蓝牙是一种无线电技术，支持在短距离设备的通信，以及制备可能众多设备之间进行无线信息传输。
蓝牙在一系列被使用技术，方法和理论对硬件和软件的设计。
例如，无线通信和网络技术，工程和软件可靠性理论，协议测试技术，标准的描述语言，内置RTOS，跨平台开发和图形用户接口技术，接口技术的软件和硬件，和CMOS 芯片集成技术等[1]。
由于小尺寸和低功耗，蓝牙应用的技术比一台计算机的外围设备等等。
它可以在任何数字设备的内部被集成，特别是对于微器件和便携式设备，其不要求在传输速度高品质。
在现代生活中，随着数字技术的快速发展，无线信息传输各种数码设备和计算机之间经常需要。
尤其是在工业控制和数据采集器，连接电脑和MCU之间的安全无线的方式和交换信息是特别重要的。
基于这个问题，基于单片机蓝牙通信系统中控制在本文提出。
该系统是由微控制控制，并且可以与任何通信其他蓝牙设备中的蓝牙网络的范围内，如地窖电话，PDA等。
2.蓝牙协议栈的概述2.1协议标准和蓝牙规范蓝牙采用多种协议。
核心协议由行业组织蓝牙定义SIG（特别兴趣小组）。
附加议定书已经从其他标准组织采纳。
在这部，核心协议和那些通过协议被广泛采用将全面的概述讨论。
核心协议提供了蓝牙产品的标准和资格。
目前，蓝牙规范有几个版本1.0，1.1，2.0，2.1，3.0，4.0 [2]。
4月21日，2010年，蓝牙技术联盟完成了蓝牙核心规范4.0版，其中包括经典支持蓝牙，蓝牙高速，低功耗蓝牙协议。
高速蓝牙是基于无线网络连接，和传统蓝牙由传统的蓝牙协议[3]。
蓝牙是一个标准线更换通信协议主要用于低功耗消费，具有短的范围（功率级依赖性：100米，10米和1m，但范围内变化在实践;见下表）根据每个设备低成本的收发器芯片。
因为这些设备使用的无线电（广播）的通信系统，它们不必在视线彼此的线。
表中每个类的参数在大多数情况下，2级的设备的有效范围，如果他们连接到一个1级收发器延伸时，相比纯粹的2级网络。
这是由更高的灵敏度和传输完成1类设备的电源。
而蓝牙核心规范并授权为最低范围内，该技术的范围是应用特定并且是没有限制的。
制造商可以调整他们的实现的范围需要支持个别用例。
蓝牙规范包括两部分：协议规范和应用程序框架。
协议规范定义了每个层和应用程序框架蓝牙协议指示如何使用这些协议来制造的应用程序。
该协议栈可分为三个部分从上到下：传输协议，中介协议和应用协议。
该传输协议，包括LMP，L2CAP，HCI，在负责确认蓝牙设备的相互位置，建立物理链路和逻辑链路的和管理它们。
对高层次应用协议或调解协议提供支持其中蓝牙逻辑链路上工作，并提供应用层的各种方案接口（如RFCOMM，SDP，红外，PPP，UDP，TSC和AT指令集等）。
2.2 蓝牙核心协议蓝牙核心协议被分成四部分：1）基带协议（BP）基带层，也被称为基带包，在蓝牙协议中的物理层协议堆叠。
在蓝牙基带从像其他服务管理物理信道和链路分开纠错，数据美白，跳选择和蓝牙安全。
基带层位于顶在蓝牙堆栈的蓝牙无线电层。
基带协议是作为一个链接控制器，其与链路管理器适用于进行像链路连接的链路级例程和功率控制。
基带还管理异步和同步链路，处理数据包和没有寻呼，查询到该地区的访问和查询蓝牙设备。
2）链路管理协议（LMP）它用于建立蓝牙设备之间的链路，以及用于无线电链路的该控制。
它是主机控制器上实现。
3）逻辑链路控制和适配协议（L2CAP）它是适配协议，它为高级别转移层协议屏蔽基带协议和应用层协议。
它提供了高级别应用层和传输层，用更有效的数据包格式。
它被用于使用复用的两个设备之间的多个逻辑连接不同更高级别的协议。
它提供了分段和在空气包的重新组装。
在基本模式，L2CAP提供数据包具有可配置高达64KB的有效载荷，有672字节默认的MTU 和48字节的最低强制支持MTU。
在重传与流动控制模式，L2CAP可配置为可靠或同步数据每通过执行重传和CRC校验通道。
蓝牙核心规格附录1增加了两个额外的L2CAP模式的核心规范：增强重传模式（ERTM）[4]和流模式（SM）的[5]。
这些模式有效地弃用原来的重传和流控制模式。
在任何这些模式的可靠性是由下层任选和/或附加地保证通过配置重传和冲洗超时数蓝牙BDR / EDR空中接口（时间在此之后，无线电将刷新包）。
顺序排序由下层保证。
4）服务发现协议（SDP）SDP起到蓝牙框架非常重要的作用，它是所有的用户模式的基础。
它许一个设备发现其他设备，以及它们的相关联的参数的支持服务。
例如，移动电话连接到蓝牙耳机时，SDP将被用于确定哪些蓝牙配置文件是由耳机（耳机模式，免提模式，高级音频支持传输模式（A2DP）等），并连接到他们每个人所需要的协议多路复用设置。
每个服务都由一个全局唯一标识符（UUID），官方服务（蓝牙标识配置文件）分配一个短表UUID（16位，而不是完整的128）。
在蓝牙系统，只能通过SDP，客户可以获取设备的信息，服务和服务功能的信息来建立不同SDP层链路。
2.3。
HCI协议HCl（主机控制器接口）的主机栈之间的标准化的通信（例如，个人电脑或手机OS）和所述控制器（蓝牙IC）。
该标准允许的主机栈或控制器集成电路以最小适应交换。
盐酸属于蓝牙协议栈，这是一个标准接口，蓝牙定义规范。
它适合用于蓝牙通信模块的硬件。
该定义描述了HCI驱动器和主机控制器固件之间的接口。
HCI传输层是蓝牙主机与蓝牙主机控制器之间的物理接口。
目前，HCI传输层的物理接口是由通用串行总线（USB）构成的，串行端口（RS232），通用异步收发器（UART）和个人电脑存储卡[7]。
最常用的是USB（个人电脑）和UART（在移动电话和PDA）。
上的UART传输层，所述蓝牙HCI Protocol可以两种UART串行端口间使用它们是在相同的PCB板。
串行和并行形式之间的转换的基本方法。
数字串行传输通过一个单一的金属丝或其他媒体信息（位）比平行更具成本效益通过多线传输。
通常，在UART不产生或接收的不同项之间所使用的外部信号直接装备。
单独的接口设备用于UART的逻辑电平信号转换为并从外部信令水平。
外部信号可以是许多不同的形式。
示例电压信号标准RS-232，RS-422和RS-485从环评。
历史上，存在或无电流（电流环路）的在电报电路中使用。
一些信令方案不使用电线。
这样的例子有光纤，红外和蓝牙在其串行端口配置文件（SPP）。
一些信令方案使用的载波信号的调制（带或不带线）。
例子音频信号的调制与电话线调制解调器，具有数据无线电RF调制，DC-LIN用于电力线通信。
通信可能是“全双工”或“半双工”。
在系统中，UART使用RS232接口参数配置，如表II表II。
RS232接口参数配置使用RTS / CTS是避免UART缓冲区溢出。
它允许主机控制器或蓝牙主机传送数据时的CTS的值是1，并且不当值为0完全流动时间是最大从RTS的值设置为0到流传输完成时间。
UART信号线设置调制解调器模式为null，RS232的连接状态。
要RS232，当地TXD与RXD遥控器，反之亦然联系。
的UART具有校正的功能。
当蓝牙主机失去了与连接它必须复位主机控制器。
出RS232的同步意味着HCI分组指示器或者HCI分组长度超出的范围。
主机控制器将硬件宕机的信息发送到蓝牙主机，通知错误消息的蓝牙主机中，如果它是从主控制器和蓝牙之间的同步。
对于重新同步，主机控制器需要接受来自蓝牙主机的命令复位。
3.系统设计图1.系统硬件设计研究蓝牙协议之后，我们通过使用模式取系统的设计，该蓝牙模块（蓝牙）与主机控制器（MCU）连接。
在系统中，MCU将接受AT命令来控制UART蓝牙模块。
该系统设计有几个技术指标，如下，1）自动连接模式这种连接方式，我们应该一对具有相同的硬件两个蓝牙，MCU器件结构，但事先不同的物理地址。
这两个设备会，如果他们自动连接到达连接距离。
2）FLASH存储A级FLASH芯片MCU上进行。
这是要被发送可以被存储在FLASH和它的数据当它建立了两个设备之间的链接将被自动发送。
该数据将不被发送不止一次。
3）搜索和选择功能主设备可以搜索所有装置与它相同的模型，并与其他装置网络中的蓝牙功能。
搜索结果的格式为“设备地址+设备类型+信号强度“，而主设备将决定哪些设备搜寻后链接。
4）接收模式该系统两个接收模式：一种是，蓝牙MCU器件与其他连接像PC和智能终端智能终端是负责数据传输的。
另一种是不存在终端与蓝牙-MCU设备连接和该数据将是发送到FLASH直接。
该模式消除终端环节，使设备更便携，而且设备可以随时与他人建立和传输数据自动链接没有通知任何他人或触发任意键。
该系统被分成两个部分，一个是蓝牙模块与蓝牙HCI协议，并另一种是MCU从而起到主机控制器的作用，进行它的闪存芯片。
4.系统硬件结构系统由微控制器串行端口上的控制，可以配置蓝牙模块的参数和自动传输数据。
图2.蓝牙MCU系统的硬件结构4.1。
芯片选择1）MCU该系统主控制器C8051F020选择的芯片。
C8051F020的是混合信号系统MCU。
它是用CIP-51核兼容并且它也具有SPI接口和两个UART串行接口，可满足设计的要求，简化了电路，提高系统的抗干扰能力。
C8051F020拥有更少的扩展芯片，结构简单，更多的资源优势，更高运算速度快，编程简单，易升级，与普通MCU相比。
有可能保证了可靠性和稳定性。
2）蓝牙模块蓝牙模块采用CSR蓝牙Core4与蓝牙2.0标准的蓝牙芯片类1.蓝牙Core4具有高的信号灵敏度的优点，长距离连接的和易于使用。
它可以与AT命令查看和配置参数，满足要求数据传输的无线串口上。