跨文化交际第三章

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跨文化交际_第三章_第一节_第二节

跨文化交际_第三章_第一节_第二节

新时期社会角色的要求
人类社会已经进入21世纪,对于中国来说,新的世纪将是中华民族
实现复兴的世纪。机遇与挑战并存,对新一代青少年的我们提出了严峻 挑战,要我们逐渐成长并适应自身角色的扮演。作为“恰同学少年”的
当代青少年,对祖国和民族的未来关系重大。纵观我们这个社会,由于
一些不良思想、不良风气的侵蚀,青少年的世界观、价值观和人生观正 面临着严峻考验,懒散、矫情、堕落、放纵,无远大理想,无坚定信念,
• 社会因素
• 心理因素 • 地理因素
二、中西方人际关系的对比分析
1、中西方人际关系差异之渊源 中国孔子思想:“仁”和“礼”
西方宗教和哲学: • 基督徒主张“为个体而牺牲” • “即使是单独的一个灵魂,即使它没有一 个亲邻,只要他自为地享受到上帝,那他 就还是幸福的。” • “上帝帮助自助者。”
2、中国社会传统的差序格局和人际关系 ‚五伦‛: ‚父子有亲,君臣有义,夫妇有别,长幼有 序,朋友有信。‛
语言学家已经证明,语言就是“权势”和“一致性”关系的标 志。通常较正式的语体标志着交际双方社会地位不平等,而比较随 便的语体则标志着双方可能比较亲密,或者志趣相投等。
(二)角色关系的文化差异
角色关系对跨文化交际有着特殊的意义,因为角色关系对交际 的影响可能因文化而异,不同文化可能有不同的方式来标志“权势” 和“一致性”关系。有的文化可能受其差序格局的社会结构的影响, 偏向“权势”性关系;而有的文化可能正相反,偏向“一致性”关 系。相对而言,东方文化似乎更青睐于“权势”关系,西方文化 则偏爱“一致性”关系。
• 在日常的学习中要努力奋斗,锐意 进取。要立志高远,要有广博之学, 有远见之名,有赤子之心,有生活 之趣。运用自己灵活的大脑,充沛 的经历多学多看,做到“会东西之 学,通古今之学,成一家之言”。

第三章社会环境与跨文化交际教材PPT课件

第三章社会环境与跨文化交际教材PPT课件
概念:角色这一术语是从舞台用语中引进社会 学或交际学领域中来的,即是一个社Biblioteka 对与 某一具体职位相关的行为之期望。
当我们置身于一个不同文化环境中时,我们应按这 种文化的社会期望和社会规范扮演每一个所必须扮 演的角色—按其角色去做事情,说话和交往,非如 此不能取得预期的交往目的。
角色期待(p65)
被某一文化所认可和赞同的角色或行为,在不 同文化中则可能是不被认可和赞同的角色, 甚至是水火不相容的角色和行为了。
二、角色关系
(一)角色关系的社会类型 权势和一致性
(二)角色关系的文化差异
三、角色关系的变量
角色关系因文化而异这一现象 至少表现在三个方面:
正式和非正式程度
土耳其:在土耳其社会中,一个人害怕自己的教师 如同害怕阿拉一样。当教师走进教室时,全班学 生必须起立;在街上遇见教师必须鞠躬致敬。
埃及:谁教我一个字母,我就是谁的终身奴隶。 中国:一日为师,终身为父。 美国:在很多场合下,对几乎任何人直呼其名,平
➢ In the west, even if it was a formal dinner , it would be usually just three courses: soup, main dish, and dessert. But in China, an informal dinner would have four dishes and a soup; a formal dinner would have at least eight dishes and a soup.
角色期待:
“我不过是想知道这 位员工对于自己未 来五年发展的打算 ,想要在飞利浦做 到什么样的职位罢 了,可为何就不能 得到明确的回答呢 ?”谈话结束后, 副总忍不住向人力 资源总监甲抱怨道 。

跨文化交际第三章

跨文化交际第三章

跨文化交际第三章Chapter 3 :Culture and CommunicationDefinitions of cultureThe functions of cultureThe Characteristics of cultureThe relationship between culture and communicationElements of intercultural communicationCulture is Our Invisible TeacherCulture is everything and everywhere, culture and communication work in tandem 一个跟着一个地. In fact ,they are inseparable: it is often difficult to decide which is the voice and which the echo.Functions of cultureThe world is a confusing place until we can make some sense of it, so the basic function of culture is to explain the world to each new member of the culture. By telling us what to expect, culture reduces confusion and helps us predict the future.Culture is shared learned behavior that is transmitted from one generation to another for purposes of promoting individual and social survival, adaptation, and growth and development.Definition of cultureWe define culture as the deposit of knowledge ,experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessionacquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.The Characteristics of Culture 6Culture is not Innate; it is learnedCulture is transmitted from generation to generationCulture is based on symbolsCulture is integratedCulture is subject to changeCulture is ethnocentricWe learn our culture through proverbs. We learn our culture from folk tales, legends , and myths. We learn our culture through art. We learn our culture through mass media.We learn our culture in many different ways consciously and unconsciously.We also learn our culture from folk tales and folklore. Whether it embodies ancient myths or current popular beliefs, folklore is value-laden and teaches and reinforces what a culture deems important.In a word, many of the behaviors we label as cultural are not only automatic and invisible, but also engaged in without our being aware of them.Culture is ethnocentricCulture is Ethnocentric, one own group is the center of everything, andall others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It is found in every culture. It can have positive effects, it is a source of cultural and personal identity. It takes on a negative condition when provide the base for derogatory evaluation and rebuff change.What’s the relationship between culture and communicationLanguage and culture are inextricably linked so that learning language means learning culture and vice versa.It is obvious that a language learner has more to do than master a new grammarand vocabulary.The relationship between culture and communicationCulture and communication mutually influences one another, producing different behavior patterns in different contexts. Culture not only conditions our perception of reality but also programmes our language pattern. what, where and how we should talk are regulated by our culture.culture shapes our communication patterns but communication influences the structure of our culture. So culture and communication are inseparable. In order to study inter-culture communication we must and explore their relationships.Elements of Intercultural Communication1.perception2.verbal processes3.nonverbal processesPerception: is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.(1) People behave as they do because of the ways in which theyperceive the world.(2)One learns these perceptions, and the behaviors they produce, as part of one’s cultural experiences.The stages of perception process1.selection:it is the main part of converting the external stimuli into meaningful experiences.2.Category: arrange the information3.interpretation:try to assign meaning to what you perceive.Culture strong impact on the perception culture not only provide the foundation for the meaning we give to ourperception, it also direct us to specific kinds of messages and event.。

跨文化交际第三章ppt

跨文化交际第三章ppt

Dominant American Cultural Patterns
Individualism
by John Locke
Each individual is unique,
special, completely different
from others.
Equality
All people has the right to succeed
Proverbs (explanation) • Blood is thicker than water. Value: family, loyalty Origin: Scotland • The early bird catches the worm. Value: action Origin: England • God helps those who help themselves. Value: self-help Origin: Greece • Haste makes waste. Value: patience Origin: England • Time is money. Value: efficiency Origin: USA • Think three times before you take action. Value: caution Origin: China
organization interpretation
Second
Selection/stimulation
Understanding Perception
Cultural Filters & Perceptions
information and impressions from reality

跨文化交际课程unit3

跨文化交际课程unit3
精品文档
The Chinese host often constantly puts the best pieces of food on the visitor's plate, which is an expression of hospitality. Westerners, on the other hand, usually leave the guest to help himself/herself and do not keep urging him/her to eat more. In China it is acceptable to leave unwanted food on the plate, whereas according to Western custom, it is impolite to do so.
How could you help "I" in this case out of the awkward situation?
精品文档
Case 2 Sitting Down
W: (Showing C the sofa) Sit down, please.
C: No, no. I'll sit here. (Moving towards a chair)
Intercultural Communication
Lecture 3: verbal communication
精品文档
Review
Code
Language code
Behaviour code Context
High-context communication Low-context communication

中西文化比较与跨文化交际第三章答案

中西文化比较与跨文化交际第三章答案

中西文化比较与跨文化交际第三章答案3.1交际的方式1、口头交际方式具有哪些特征?A、生动形象B、互动性强13C、反馈及时D、易于达成协议正确答案:ABCD2、书信是书面交际方式的一种。

历史上著名的《傅雷家书》就是傅雷夫妇写给谁的书信集?A、傅聪B、傅钦C、傅敏D、傅童正确答案:AC3、社交场所的选择应考虑交际者的哪些因素?A、文化背景B、身高C、年龄D、职业正确答案:ACD4、口头交际相比书面交际具有互动性强、更正式、易于达成协议等特征。

正确答案:X5、网络时代,虚拟交际日益普及。

东西方人运用几近相同的虚拟社交方式及社交软件与家人朋友进行着沟通和交流。

正确答案:X3.2人际交际1、下列关系中,哪种不属于姻亲关系?A、妯娌关系B、翁婿关系C、叔嫂关系D、叔侄关系正确答案:D2、下列谚语中,哪些反映了人际交往中的宽容原则?A、宰相肚里能撑船B、人非圣贤孰能无过?C、己所不欲勿施于人D、退一步海阔天空正确答案:ABD3、正如莎士比亚所说:“真诚才是人生最高的美德”,真诚的态度是建立和谐人际关系的根本。

正确答案:X3.3社交技巧1、在西方,当面拒绝别人借钱或借车的请求,会被认为是()。

A、不礼貌的B、自私的C、合理的D、冷漠的正确答案:C2、在交际过程中难免会遇到一些令人不愉快或者是尴尬的局面,()是化解矛盾的法宝。

A、机智B、幽默C、包容D、妥协正确答案:AB3、在交际过程中,适时的给予对方赞美和接受对方赞美能增进彼此关系。

在东方和西方,人们都喜欢当面赞美和接受赞美。

正确答案:X3.4跨文化交际礼仪1、在西方,什么时间打电话会被对方认为是不合时宜的,不礼貌的?A、清晨B、晚8点以后C、下午5点以后D、晚10点半以后正确答案:AD2、英语中有句习语:“英国人的家是一座城堡。

”意思是英国人()。

A、注重个人隐私B、把家视为私人的空间C、都有庄园梦D、崇尚骑士精神正确答案:AB3、不论在西方还是在中国,求职面试时,求职者都应着正装来表示对面试官的尊重以及对工作机会的重视。

第三章第二节人际关系与跨文化交际

第三章第二节人际关系与跨文化交际

第三章第二节人际关系与跨文化交际第二节人际关系与跨文化交际一、人际关系及其制约因素(一)人际关系1.人际关系的属性人际关系:就是人与人之间的关系.人际关系是极为普遍的社会现象,是社会中每个个体成员生存和发展的基础,也是社会得意生存和发展的基础。

人际关系是通过交际实现和完成的,但实现某种关系的交际方式会因文化不同而有所区别。

人际关系本质上是人与人之间心理上的关系,是指人们通过交际活动所产生的心理接触,即:心理距离.2.人际关系的类型社会中的人际关系纷繁复杂,多种多样。

总体上看,存在血缘关系,地缘关系,业缘关系和政治关系。

台湾有些学者把人际关系概括为“五同”,即:同宗(血缘关系),同里(地缘关系),同学,同事,同好(这三者都属于业缘关系)。

(二)制约人际关系的因素制约人际关系的因素主要有:文化因素,社会因素,心理因素和地理因素。

1.文化因素文化主要包括价值观念以及一系列的角色规范。

2.社会因素社会因素指特定地区,特定时代的群体心理取向。

它是通过交际方式影响人际关系,不同的社会通过不同的交际方式来影响人际关系。

3.心理因素心理因素指交际个体的性格,态度,能力等因素。

4.地理因素地理因素指一个国家,民族所处的自然环境。

可以说,地理因素是造就不同文化的“根”。

二、人际关系的文化对比分析(一)中国社会传统的参序格局及人际关系任何社会的人际关系都是以其社会的传统结构为依托的,宗法社会结构是中国社会最典型的社会结构。

维护宗法社会制度并为其服务的是社会伦理,而社会伦理是家庭伦理的延伸。

“国”与“家”彼此相通。

君权是父权的延伸,在这样的家国同构的社会格局中,伦理则成为中国社会人际关系的基本规范。

“伦“是社会等级类别的次序,即辈分;”理“是这种等级次序所遵循的规则。

因此,中国社会的基本结构是:差序格局,与其相对应的社会关系和人际关系可以概括为:”父子有亲,君臣有义,夫妇有别,长幼有序,朋友有信。

”此“五伦”不仅构成人们普遍遵循的道德标准,也成了人际关系的基本准则。

跨文化交际第三章课件

跨文化交际第三章课件

跨⽂化交际第三章课件Unit 3Daily Communication (II)Case AnalysisCompliments and Compliment Responses Gift-giving and gift-receiving ExercisesCase AnalysisAn Invitation to DinnerThe Cancellation of the Dinner Party Why should they do like this The Embarrassment Caused by “No Etiquette”Compliments and Compliment ResponsesMain point: Chinese modestySocial functions of compliments Differences between Chinese compliments and English complimentsCultural assumptionExpressions for gratitude in English and ChineseCommon expressions for apology inChinese ModestyOh, it’s an ordinary dress I bought in China.Should I blush, or should I tell him you don’t really mean it Growing flowers is my hobby, but I’m not much good at it.I really know so little about the subject....Social functions of complimentsCreating or reinforcing solidarity greeting peopleexpressing thankscongratulationencouraging peoplesoftening criticismstarting a conversationgetting over embarrassmentDifferences between Chinese compliments and English complimentsThe Semantic formulaThe Syntactic FormulaCommon responses formula in E-and C-complimentsThe Semantic FormulaEnglish:This was a great meal.Bill, you look so nice today.I love your dresses.About 80% adj. 16%verbs Chinese:你的房间不错。

跨文化交际Chapter 3

跨文化交际Chapter 3
massive failure, Eg: The project was a bomb. But in Britain, If you said: “The project went a bomb.”
What is the meaning?
comments
It is impossible to understand a culture with taking into account its language; and it is equally impossible to understand a language outside of its cultural contexts.
What is language?
A language is a symbolic code of communication consisting of (1) a set of sounds with (2) understanding meanings and (3) a set of rules for constructing messages.
The influence of language on culture
• Language Determinism 语言决定论: Language shape people‟s thinking, beliefs, and attitudes, and it determines the way people see the world and thus their culture. ------- Spair-Whorf Hypothesis
Comparing Chinese and English word meanings
1. Same denotational meanings and conotational meanings in the two languages. 2. Same denotational meanings but different conotational meanings. 3. Both denotational meanings and conotational meanings are different in many other words.

跨文化交际复习Unit-3

跨文化交际复习Unit-3

2. Daily Verbal Communication
In daily verbal communication, there are many routine ways one must observe in order to maintain smooth cross-cultural interaction. Being unaware of the difference, intercultural communication break-down occurs here and there. With some knowledge of the basic cultural difference, one is likely to survive in other cultures.
When in Rome, do as the Romans do. ---- English Proverb
Warm-up:Case study
Case 1--- Have you had your lunch?/ Where are you going?
Case 2 --- Twelve cups of tea Case 3 --- Sitting Down Case 4 --- Li Hongzhang’s Embarrassment
批注本地保存成功开通会员云端永久保存去开通
Intercultural Communications
2012-2013
Contents
Unit 1 Communication Across Cultures --- An Introduction Unit 2 Culture and Communication Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication Unit 4 Verbal Communication Unit 5 Language and Culture Unit 6 Nonverbal Communication Unit 7 Cultural Differences Unit 8 Intercultural Adaptation

跨文化交际3PPT课件

跨文化交际3PPT课件

Low-context
Pity Relational
Uncertainty Avoidance
Power distance
Masculinity– Femininity
.
Chapter3 The Hidden Core of Culture
Lead-in Activity:
2. describe the components of cultural patterns.
2
3. summarize the theory about cultural patterns.
•4. evaluate the importance of cultural patterns.
3
.
.
Chapter3 The Hidden Core of Culture
The Characteristics of Values
• What’s the values reflected in the following proverbs?
• 1. Blood is thicker than water. • 2. Too many cooks spoil the broth(鱼汤). • 3. God helps those who help themselves. • 4. Time is money. • 5. A man’s home is his castle. • 6. Think three times before you take action. • 7. Nothing done with intelligence is done without speech.
• (富有智慧的无所作为是无言的作为).(沉默是金)

跨文化交际_Unit_3

跨文化交际_Unit_3
▪2. different concept about the first communion Friends’ gathering ﹥religious celebration
Page ▪ 9
Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅱ)
Case 2 The Cancellation of the Dinner Party
Differences Between Chinese and English Compliments
Example 2 I love your scarf! It’s really pretty!
You love it? Take it please!
wouldn’t mind if there were leftovers. Americans prepare food according to the
number of guests.
Page ▪ 8
Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅱ)
Case 1 An Invitation to Dinner
Unit 3 Daily Verbal Communication (Ⅱ)
Compliments and Compliment Responses
Example 2 Mr. Chen is an
outstanding physicist and one of the nicest
people I know.
Every tale can be told in a different way. Greek Proverb
By nature people are nearly alike;

第三章人际关系与跨文化交际

第三章人际关系与跨文化交际

• 1776年《美国独立宣言》:" 人人生而平等,造物者赋予 他们若干不可剥夺的权利, 其中包括生命权、自由权和 追求幸福的权利。为了保障 这些权利,人类才在他们之 间建立政府,而政府之正当 权力,是经被治理者的同意 而产生的 ...."
第三章人际关系与跨文化交际
• 1791法国《人权宣言》:“ 在权利方面, 人们生来是而且始终是自由平等的”,自 由、财产、安全和反抗压迫是“人的自然 的和不可动摇的权利”
姑母的儿子(姑表兄弟) 妹妹的儿子(外甥) 女儿的儿子(外孙)
岳父 岳母
宗亲、乡亲、同学、同事、同行、同好、同志、朋
友、网友、情人
第三章人际关系与跨文化交际
• 《荒岛余生》照片
第三章人际关系与跨文化交际
• “六度空间理论”
• 你和任何一个陌生人 之间所间隔的人不会 超过六个,也就是说, 最多通过六个人你就 能够认识任何一个陌 生人。这就是六度分 割理论,也叫小世界 理论。
第三章人际关系与跨文化交际
自己和朋友的关系
群众
同事
同学
朋友 近亲
远亲
自己 家人 邻居
同业
同宗
同乡
同事
第三章人际关系与跨文化交际
中国人的关系网
六亲:父、母、兄、弟、妻、子

姑母的儿子(姑表兄弟)
国 人
父族
妹妹的儿子(外甥) 女儿的儿子(外孙)
复 杂 的 九族 关 系 网 络
母族 妻族
自己的同族(父母、兄弟、姐妹、儿女)
统社会的“差序结构” • 权势性与一致性等 • 高语境文化与低语境文化
第三章人际关系与跨文化交际
• 西方现代社会中的“团体格局”与中国传 统社会的“差序结构”

跨文化交际实用教程unit3课件

跨文化交际实用教程unit3课件
10
Differences between Chinese and English Compliments W: It is common for a man to informally give
a woman compliments on her looks or clothing
C: It is taken as a kind of flirtation if a man
■ I like NP
I like this picture.
16
Response Formulas of E and C compliments
American English A: This is really a nice sweater. B: I’m glad you like it. A: You did a good job. B: Thank you/Thanks. Chinese: A: Your sweater is very good. B: I bought it only for ten yuan. A: You did the job very well. B: That’s the result of joint efforts./There’s
15
Chinese
■ You V ADV
You did the job well.
■ NP is ADJ
Your coat is really beautiful.
■ PRO is ADJ NP
That’s a wonderful wall calendar.
■ PRO V O
You deserve being honored.
18
Cultural Assumption

跨文化交际第三章文化价值Chapter Three culture values

跨文化交际第三章文化价值Chapter Three culture values
– Individualist cultures: the United States and much of Western Europe, where personal achievements are emphasized – Collectivist cultures: China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize the group such as the family and at work this manifests in a strong work group mentality.
Contexts: High and Low
Low-Context Tends to use “logic” to present ideas Tends to emphasize highly structured messages, give details, and place great stress on words Emphasizes linear logic High-Context Tends to use more “feeling” in expressions Tends to give simple, ambiguous, noncontexting messages Emphasizes spiral logic
Carmen: Hi, Judy. Judy:
Carmen: Fine. I’m glad to see that our children like to play together. Judy: Yeah, me too. I remember just a month ago they weren’t sharing their toys.
Chapter Three

跨文化交际Unit3PPT课件

跨文化交际Unit3PPT课件
Dealing with interpersonal problems: confrontational strategies
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12
Collectivism
Group: the most important social units
Group-oriented, requiring an absolute loyalty to the group
Obligations to the group, dependence of the individual on organizations and institutions, a “we” consciousness, and an emphasis on belonging
Decision making: based on what is best for the group
Dealing with interpersonal problems: avoidance,
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13
Hofstede’s Model
Uncertainty avoidance: the extent to which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structure
➢ Relationship of man to nature: Man subjugated by nature; Man in harmony with nature; Man the master of nature
➢ Sense of time: past, present, or futureoriented

跨文化交际课程unit3课件

跨文化交际课程unit3课件

03
跨文化交际的语言和非语 言交际
语言交际
语言交际的定义
语言交际是指使用语言进行沟通的过程,包括口 头、书面和身势语言。
语言交际的重要性
语言是跨文化交际中最为直接和关键的沟通方式 ,能够促进双方的理解和交流。
语言交际的差异
不同文化背景下的语言交际存在差异,如表达方 式、语速、语气等,需要留意和理解。
分析跨文化交际成功的案例
3. 灵活适应
在成功的跨文化交际中,双方都能灵活地适应对方的文化习惯和期望。这包括在语言、礼仪、时间观 念、人际关系等方面做出调整。这种适应能力有助于建立良好的关系。
4. 建立信任
成功的跨文化交际案例表明,建立信任关系是至关重要的。通过真诚、善意和尊重的态度,以及遵守 承诺和互相支持的行为,可以逐渐建立起信任关系。
4. 增强灵活性
在跨文化交际中,我们应该具备灵活适应的 能力。当遇到不同文化背景的人时,我们应 该尝试理解并尊重对方的习俗和期望,而不 是过于坚持自己的立场。
06
课堂互动与讨论
设计课堂互动活动
小组讨论
将学生分成小组,让他们就某一跨文化交际话题进行讨论,如“ 中美文化差异”。
角色扮演
让学生扮演不同文化背景的人物,模拟跨文化交际场景,如商务 谈判、日常交往等。
分析跨文化交际失败的案例
• 总结词:分析跨文化交际失败的案例可以帮助我们更好地理解可能出现的问题和挑战。
分析跨文化交际失败的案例
详细描述
1. 缺乏文化敏感性:在失败的跨文化交际案例中,往往可以看到 一方或双方缺乏对对方文化背景的了解和尊重。这可能导致误解 、偏见甚至冲突。
2. 沟通障碍:沟通问题也是失败案例中常见的原因之一。如果双 方不能使用清晰、简洁、直接的语言进行交流,或者无法理解对 方的非语言暗示,就可能导致误解和冲突。

跨文化交际Unit 3

跨文化交际Unit 3

4、Kin(亲戚) Terms 、 亲戚) 亲戚
亲属称谓是家庭成员之间的称 谓习惯。在中国的社交称谓中, 人们有用亲属称谓称呼非亲属 成员的习惯。在社交活动中使 用亲属称谓并非易事,有一些 准则要遵循: ◇以辈份为标准。 ◇以双方是否熟悉为标准。 ◇以交际场合的性质为标准。 ◇以听话人的社会特征为标准。
4、Kin Terms 、
• In china, kin terms are not only used within one’s own family but also to other people. Such as 警察 叔叔,××大姐,李姐…… • In china, the appropriate use of kin terms may reflect a person’s politeness, respectfulness, and friendliness . • What about British…?
1 2 3
Naming Names Origins
Titles
Contents
4
His and Hers
5 Kin Terms 6 7
Case studies
Homework
1、Naming Names 、
Components of Chinese names
Family name + Given Name
Differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms
Chinese Culture English Culture people refer to people strictly according to In some families in Western countries, the kin terms. It is completely some children address their parents unacceptable to refer to one's parents by directly by their first names. using the names When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than their father or mother. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents' brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address them by first name without a title. English kin terms don’t tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side ,and there are not disdinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formally or informally, people won't use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives

跨文化交际课程第三单元PPT课件

跨文化交际课程第三单元PPT课件
11
美国人的价值观念系统
3.时间取向 在讨论人的本性时,我们提及“性本恶”必然
导致未来时间取向。西方人,尤其是美国人,一切 着眼于未来,因此未来取向是他们的重要的价值观 念。对他们来讲,回归过去如同走向“原罪”,因 此后退是没有出路的。由于这种取向的影响,西方 人很少循规蹈矩,很少崇拜祖先,也不像中国人那 样尊老敬师:年龄和经历也未必值得敬仰,他们更 不相信命运,因此他们的精力和努力都放在实现近 期规划方面。
Carmen: Sure. That’d be nice. Judy: Well, let’s do it soon.
Carmen: O.K. (Judy and Carmen continue to talk while their children play.)
4
Case Analysis
Judy and Carmen are not real friends. They don’t want to get together, really. They once met each other a month ago. Americans sometimes make general invitation like “Let’s get together sometimes.” Often this is just a way to be friendly. It is not always a real invitation. If they’d like to set a specific (exact) time, that means a real offer.
7 Phil’s company a week later.
Case 10 (Page 97)

跨文化交际-Unit 3

跨文化交际-Unit 3

Self-actualization
5 4 3 2 1
Esteem Belongingness Safety Physiological
Culture as an Iceberg
服饰 食物 建筑 文学艺术作品 科学技术成果 语言 礼仪 音乐 手势
时间观念
对空间的利用 成就感 交际模式 对环Байду номын сангаас的取向
III. Generalizations and Stereotypes
(p.26)
Look for the answers to:
What is culture? Why do we need to be careful about making generalizations about culture? What are stereotypes? Why are they a problem?
I. Language Tools:
Making Generalizations
Americans prefer coffee to tea.
usually often tend to in general generally
(p.24)
most/many on the whole the majority of rarely few
无处不在的fivebasicneedsphysiologicalsafetybelongingnessesteemselfactualizationiceberg时间观念对空间的利用成就感交际模式对环境的取向上下级关系的模式对个人的看法对竞争或合作的偏爱对规章制度的需要谦虚的观念家庭关系对宇宙的看法法律观念工作的积极性对领导的看法社会交往的频率友谊的性质控制感情的模式依据年龄性别阶级职业亲属关系确定地位以及与此相关联的角色对地位变化的看法等等服饰食物建筑文学艺术作品科学技术成果语言礼仪音乐手势
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第三章 价值观与文化模式
一、价值观
• 在文化的诸多要素中,价值观对跨文化交际影响最大 • 价值观是文化的核心,体现一种文化的本质特征 • 价值观的定义: • 不是行为是规则 • 一套什么是真善美的标准系统 • 不是个人喜好是集体文化意识 • 价值观的种类: • Rokeach(1973): • 终极性价值观terminal values——关乎生命生存等终极目标 • 工具性价值观instrumental values——关乎道德与能力
4)行动的取向(强调行动、静止的存在、发展的存在) 行动:以成就衡量人,不考虑背景 :美国 见面:how are you doing? 是你正在做什么而不是你是 什么人,喜爱变化竞争户外运动 静止:不是消极,而是更重当前的欲望: 拉美墨西哥文化 发展:更重人格的成长与发展、喜欢沉思冥想(信佛)泰国(祈祷 坐禅 冥想 日常生活 悠闲) 5)人与人的关系 权威取向:承认等级,重视出身及地位(阿拉伯国家:接受国王和王室特权) 集体取向:东亚 中韩 家庭关系尤其重要 个人主义:美国 西欧文化
不确定性回避程度(一种文化对不可预测的情况感到紧张的程度) 不确定回避程度低的文化特征(美国、北欧国家):容易接受不确定性;经常换职业;鼓励冒险;冲突 被看成是正面的;期待创新 不确定回避程度高的文化特征(日本 秘鲁 希腊 葡萄牙):认为不确定性因素是威胁;职业稳定;冲突 被看成是负面的;维持现状
价值观的特点: 1)属于深层文化 霍尔把文化比喻成冰山,价值观位于底层。比成洋葱的位于核心 2)价值观是人们行为的指南 女士优先是尊重女性的价值观体现 韩国人不在长辈面前抽烟是受敬老爱老的价值观的指导 3)价值观是稳定的,也是变化的 中国人的和谐仁义孝顺观 西方人征服自然随全球变化而变化 4)不同文化的价值观有相同也有不同 儒你,你也要怎样待人 5)价值观被违背时易引起文化休克 问西方人收入西方人尴尬
长期导向与短期导向Hofstede 1)关于价值观最有影响力的理论模式,被广泛应用于东西方文化比较,这个尺度涉及等级、秩序、坚忍、 克制、勤劳、忠诚,又叫儒家动力Confucian Dynamism 2)长期导向:亚洲新兴工业化国家:中国、日本、韩国、新加坡——儒家文化圈国家 短期导向:菲律宾、加拿大、美国、巴基斯坦、尼日利亚——保护个人面子,以消费为中心 美国专栏作家Friedman we’re No.1!同年在《时代周刊》发表《美国可以向中国学习的五件事》:雄心、 重视教育、照顾老人、大量储蓄、放长眼光。
三、对外汉语教师tips: 理解价值观是影响跨文化交际最主要的文化因素,遇到误解要先尝试从文化价值观的角度去解释,不要 简单归结为人性的缺点和不良动机。 要理解别人的文化,先得了解自己的文化。 文化模式是动态的。且有亚文化存在。 以文化相对主义的态度来看问题。
高语境文化:绕弯子,顾及别人的感受和面子;网状思维;以听话者为中心,此时无声胜有声 低语境文化:直截了当、诚实what is your point;线性思维;以说话者为中心 high context &low context——霍尔1976 中国文化模式:集体主义;以家庭为中心;尊重传统;等级观念;重视人情;面子观 美国文化模式:个人主义;平等观念;强调变化和进步;物质享受;科学与技术;竞争意识;工作与娱 乐Work hard and play hard.
价值观的理论研究 1、三个代表: Kluckhohn &Strodtbeck,1961:价值取向理论value orientation Hofstede2001:文化尺度理论culture dimension 霍尔1976:高语境与低语境文化high context &low context Kluckhohn 与Strodtbeck人类学家,1961:价值取向理论value orientation 2、20世纪30年代对美国的5个社团的进行研究: 必须面对的5个基本问题: 1)人性的本质 西方(原罪说 性恶)VS佛教、儒家(性善) 美国:曾经信性恶,现在认为有善有恶,可以通过约束和行善,最终完美 2)人与自然的关系 征服 顺从 和谐 儒家:天人合一 (四合院的天井) ;道家:顺应自然、无为而治 3)时间的取向(强调过去、现在、未来) 过去:中日韩英(保留贵族制度和君主政体) 现在:墨西哥 未来:美国 过去与现在并重:法国、美国黑人文化
Hofstede荷兰心理学家2001:文化尺度理论culture dimension Hofstede荷兰心理学家最早运用大量统计数据对价值观进行研究的学者,出版《文化的影响》 Culture’s Consequences
二、文化模式
• 四种文化尺度: • 1)个体主义(强调个人实现、隐私、首创性;美国、西欧、澳大利亚、新西兰——现代工业化国家) • 2)集体主义(强调对集体的归属、融合与忠诚;亚洲、非洲、拉丁美洲,传统农业化国家,寻求一致性,不突出自己,以谦虚为美德) • 自我介绍——中国人先介绍学校家乡,最后谈自己的爱好 • 3)权利距离 • 定义:地位低的人对社会上权利不平等的接受程度 • 权力距离大的文化 :地位低的承认这个基本事实,接受自己卑微;地位高的则可以强化这种差别 • 权力距离小的文化:虽然有不等,但尽量被淡化。应该一切依法 • 4)男性文化与女性文化 • 丹麦瑞典等北欧国家,女性文化特征明显 • 日本意大利菲律宾,男性文化特征明显 • 美国偏男性特征,玻璃天花板glass ceiling 形容女性在职场上可望而不可及的职业前途
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