专四语法(非谓语动词)解读
专四练习之语法2(非谓语动词,独立结构、悬垂结构)解读
2. 非谓语动词作宾语
1.to do 和doing可作宾语，done不行 To do 表未完成或未发生，doing表已完成或已 发生。 1）接to do的动词：afford/agree/aim/apply arrange/ ask/ beg/ choose/ claim/ dare/ decide/ decline/ demand/ desire/ determine/ expect/ fail/ guarantee/ hope/ manage/ offer/ ought / plan/ prepare/ presume/ pretend/ proceed/ promise/ refuse/ request/ resolve/ seek/ strive/ swear/ threaten/ undertake/ volunteer/ wish 等
3.非谓语动词作补语的要点提示
1. 现在分词表动作正在进行， 过去分词表被动， 不定式表动作已完成或结束 2.补语如果是非持续性动词，不定式表 一次性的动作，现在分词则表示反复发 生的动作。
I. 非谓语动词
专四之非谓语动词(课件)
The missing boy was last seen _p__la_y_i_n_g__ near the are a lot of students
arpelapnlatnintigng trees on the small hill. 2. He lay on the grass, anlodolkooinkging at
V-ing 的否定式
在 分词前加“not ”
语态
时态
主动
被动
一般式 (not) doing (not)being done
完成式 (not)
(not) having
having done
been done
V-ing 在句子中充当的成分
1.SSeenndding e-mails is more and more popular. 主语
例如：The street was covered with fallen leaves.
这条马路被落叶所覆盖
一. 主语一致性的考察
1._S_e_e_i_n_g_ from the hill, you can get the whole town. 2.__S_e_e_n__ from the hill, the whole town looks beautiful.
句子成分
3.有些谓语由“情态动词+动词原形”构成
Can you speak French? We must be careful.
4.如果不及物动词作谓语，则不可以 直接加宾语，但可以在不及物动词后 加介词再跟宾语
We depend on ourselves, not others.
英语一句话只能有一个主谓结构 如果出现更多动词： ❖ 加连词（and / but / so…） ❖ 放入从句 主❖语变、谓为语非、谓宾语语动、词定语、状语、补语
专四语法之非谓语动词
二、作宾语——动词+to do 1、动词+to do 这类句子的谓语动词大多描述主语的态度
或状态，不定式中的动词表示具体行为 I hope to see you again. He promised not to tell anyone about it.
2、动词+疑问词+to do I wonder who to invite. I don't know whether to answer his letter.
A.不定式 一、作主语——it+to do 不定式作主语一般放在句末，特殊情况下
在句首
1.句首，通常有两个不定式构成对比关系 To err is human; to forgive, divine.
2.句尾 用it作形式主语，放在句首 将作真正主语的不定式放在句子后面
如果使用被动结构的to be fooled，则he 无法后移充当fool的宾语，从而被迫成为句子 主语，这与easy的语义——修饰事情冲突。
2.He is afraid to be fooled.
afraid强调人的情感或者态度，所以这里用 he来充当主语。如果不用被动式，则句子 缺少宾语。即fool谁呢？
高考真题： A: Is my wish to become a scientist
possible___? B: Yes, your wish is sure___.
A. to realize, to realize B. to be realized, to be realized C. to realize, to be realized D. to be realized, to realize
英语语法非谓语动词讲解超全超实用
英语语法非谓语动词讲解超全超实用在英语语法中，非谓语动词是指在句子中不能独立充当谓语，而是通过与其他词语搭配来发挥作用的动词形式。
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。
本文将对这三种非谓语动词进行详细的讲解，帮助读者更好地理解和运用。
一、动词不定式1.定义和形式：动词不定式是由动词原形加上"to"构成的形式，表示不完整的动作或状态。
例如：to eat, to dance。
2.用途和功能：（1）作主语：动词不定式可以作为句子的主语，常放在句首。
例如：To learn a new language is challenging.（2）作宾语：动词不定式可以作为及物动词的宾语，表示动作的目的或意图。
例如：I want to learn English.（3）作表语：动词不定式可以作为系动词的表语，表示身份、偏好、目的等。
例如：Her dream is to become a doctor.（4）作定语：动词不定式可以修饰名词或代词，起到进一步说明或限定的作用。
例如：The best way to improve English is to practice more.（5）作状语：动词不定式可以表示时间、目的、方式等状语的作用。
例如：I went to the park to relax.3.特殊用法：（1）省略to：在某些情况下，不定式的to可以省略，例如在助动词let、make、help等后面。
例如：Let me go.（2）动词不定式的时态：动词不定式没有人称和数的变化，但可以根据不同的时间来使用不同的时态。
例如：I want to go shopping.（现在时态）I wanted to go shopping.（过去时态）二、动名词1.定义和形式：动名词是由动词加上-ing构成的形式，可以作为名词使用。
例如：swimming, running。
2.用途和功能：（1）作主语：动名词可以作为句子的主语，常放在句首。
专四语法(非谓语动词)解读
(4) 不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for引导,但下列表 示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的 逻辑主语则由of引导： absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如： Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
• 真题示例：“The man preparing the documents is the firm’s lawyer” has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT • A. the man who has prepared the documents • B. the man who has been preparing the documents. • C. the man who is preparing the documents • D. the man who will prepare the documents
真题演练
• 1. It is not uncommon for there ____ problem of communication between the old and the young. • A. being B. would be C. be D. to be • 2. _____ at in his way, the situation doesn’t seem so desperate. • A. Looking B. Looked • C. Being looked D. To look • 3. There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ___ the spoil ones. • A. not counting B. not to count • C. don’t count D. having not counted
专四必考语法第6讲非谓语动词
Gerund 动名词，非谓语动词英语中，不作句子的谓语，而是用于担任其它语法功能的v ，叫非谓语动词，它不受主语人称、数等因素的限定，又被称作非限定动词。
三大非谓语动词：动名词，分词和不定式。
动名词的语法功能1. 作主语Seeing is believing.Listening to music is one of my hobbies.Studying abroad has many advantages.Getting to know the world is what the future society requires of us.习惯用法A. It is no use / good/harm+Ving. It is no use quarreling with her. It's no use crying over thespilt milk.B. There is no+Ving. There is no denying (the fact) that women are playing an important role inthe world today.There is no joking about this matter. 这事开不得玩笑。
2. 作表语My favorite pastime is collecting stamps.Her hobby is swimming and cycling.One of the good virtues of a young person is being punctual.My job is teaching.One of the most difficult tasks you may encounter is learning a foreign language.3. 作动词宾语She enjoys listening to rock music.We appreciate your offering to help.We must avoid making such mistakes again.People who like travelling have their reasons.跟动名词作宾语的v.及v. phrase常见的能跟动名词作宾语的v.及v. phrase:admit, appreciate, avoid, confess to, consider, delay, deny, endure(忍耐), enjoy, escape,excuse, fancy(想象), finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice,risk, can't help, feel like, give up, keep out, object to (反对), oppose, put off(推迟).注意：动名词作宾语后面带有补语，一般不用形式宾语it。
专四语法考点串讲之三 非谓语动词
• I have a lot of homework to do. • We were waiting for the door to be opened. • .
• 完成式 •
to have done to have been done 分词动作比谓语动作的发生早
• •
eg. I'm sorry to have lost your key. I am happy for the article to have been finished in time.
• 注意：why +动词原形或not+动词原形。
• •
。Why
make so much noise 为什么发出这么大的噪音？ Why not join us 为什么不加入我们？
• 3. It is + 形容词 + for of sb + to do 结构 • Eg. It's kind of you to think so much of us. • 难为你这么为我们着想.
用完成式。
Eg. Having done his homework, he began to watch TV. • • Having heard this, the woman expressed her satisfaction
考点四：不定式做状语四结果三目的 （必备）
• 一、不定式表结果 • 1） so(such) ... as to do 如此…以便（表结果） • Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 把你的自 行车借给我好吗？ • 2） enough to do • He didn‘t run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快, 没赶上火车。 • 3） too ... to do • His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. • 4）only to不料(却)……,结果(却)……",表示坏的结果 • I went to shopping, only to find it was closed.
专四语法非谓语动词
English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语， 相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： ambition to do “干……的雄心” →be ambitious to do“有雄心干……” curiosity to do “对……的好奇心” →be curious to do“对……好奇” ability to do“做……的能力” →able to do“有能力做……”
2.不定式做宾语 掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词：
afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear,
the door, only to find it locked.
The three men tried many times to sneak across the
border into the neighbouring country, only to be captured by the police each time.(99年)
changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相当于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相当于which gave...)
专四语法2：非谓语动词
4. 表示不可避免将要发生的事。 e.g. They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again.
5. 用于条件从句，表示如果……想，设想 （相当于if…should, 或if…want）。 e.g. If we are to be there in time, we’ll have to hurry up.
I _____ writing the paper as scheduled, but my mother's illness interfered. I hope you will excuse me. (1993--54) A. am to have finished B. was to have finished C. was to finish D. ought to finish 答案：B
The Clarks haven't decided yet which hotel____. (1998--49) A. to stay B. is to stay C. to stay at D. is for staying
答案：C
不定式的特殊句型
1. such as to, such…as to, so…as to表程度 His story was such as to deceive everyone. It was such an accident as to claim 20 lives. Who could be so mean as to do a thing like that?
I intended to have come to see you. (我本打 算来看你的) He was to have fetched you here．他本该去 把你带来的。 She has to have passed Advanced Level in two subjects before she goes to university. (必先通过……，才能) You are lucky to have won the girl’s heart．(You have won．．．)
专四不定式知识点总结
专四不定式知识点总结不定式是英语中的一种非谓语动词形式，由"to + 动词原形"构成。
不定式在句子中可充当主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语或状语，并具有时态和语态的变化。
在此，我将对不定式的形式、用法、时态、被动语态、虚拟语气和疑问句等知识点进行总结。
一、不定式的形式1. 基本形式：to + 动词原形2. 省略to的情况：在情态动词后、感官动词后、特定动词后、感官动词后等情况下可以省略to，如：We can go there tomorrow.（我们可以明天去那里。
）3. 不定式作宾语时的形式：动词原形4. 否定形式：在不定式前加上not，但通常更常用助动词do+not+动词原形的句型。
二、不定式的用法1. 不定式作主语：如To learn a foreign language is not easy.（学习一门外语并不容易。
）2. 不定式作宾语：如I want to learn a foreign language.（我想学一门外语。
）3. 不定式作宾语补足语：如She made him promise to come early.（她让他答应早点来。
）4. 不定式作定语：如This is a book to read.（这是本值得一读的书。
）5. 不定式作状语：如He came to see you.（他来是为了见你。
）三、不定式的时态1. 一般时态：表示与谓语动词同时或稍晚一点发生的动作或状态，如He seems to know everything about it.（他似乎对此事了如指掌。
）2. 进行时态：表示不定式表示的动作或状态正在进行，如The boss wants to see you.（老板想见你。
）3. 完成时态：表示不定式动作在谓语动词之前发生的情况，如I am glad to have met you.（我很高兴能见到你。
）四、不定式的被动语态不定式的被动语态是指将不定式的to动词变为被动式，即to be + 动词的过去分词，如He wants to be invited to the party.（他想被邀请去参加聚会。
专升本语法培训四非谓语动词
专升本语法培训四非谓语动词一、什么是非谓语动词在英语语法中，非谓语动词是指动词的一种形式，不具备人称和数的变化，也不能单独作谓语，需要与其他词语连用，才能表达完整的意思。
非谓语动词包括动名词、不定式、分词和动词短语等形式。
在本文中，我们将重点介绍四种非谓语动词的用法和特点。
二、动名词动名词是动词加上-ing形成的名词，具有动词和名词的特点。
动名词既可以作主语、宾语、表语等成分，也可以和一些特定的动词搭配使用。
比如：•主语：Swimming is my favorite sport.•宾语：I enjoy reading books.•表语：Her hobby is singing.动名词还可以和一些介词搭配，表示一些固定的搭配形式。
比如：•介词+动名词：She is good at cooking.•动名词+介词：I am thinking about going to the beach.三、不定式不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，由to + 动词原形构成。
不定式可以作宾语、主语、表语等成分，也可以和情态动词、感官动词等搭配使用。
例如：•作宾语：She wants to learn Chinese.•作主语：To travel around the world is her dream.•作表语：Her goal is to become a doctor.不定式还可以和形容词连用，修饰名词。
比如：•形容词+不定式：It is important to study hard.•名词+不定式：She has a plan to visit Europe.四、分词分词是动词的一种非谓语形式，分为现在分词和过去分词两种形式。
分词可以作状语、表语、定语等成分，也可以和助动词、be动词等搭配使用。
比如：•作状语：Feeling tired, she decided to take a break.•作表语：The book is interesting.•作定语：The woman standing there is my teacher.分词还可以与被动语态搭配使用，表示被动的动作或状态。
非谓语动词(大学英语四级版)
非谓语动词（一）概述在大学英语四六级考试的词汇和语法部分中，年年必考的一项语法就是非谓语动词（Non-finite Verb）。
非谓语动词分为三类：不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）和分词（participle）。
其特点是：1．不定式、动名词和分词可以做很多句子成分，但就是不能单独做谓语，这也是它们被称为"非谓语动词"的原因。
2．它们具有各种形态：原形、主动态、被动态、进行态和完成态。
3．不定式和动名词可以做主语、宾语、表语、补语等。
但不管起什么作用，它们都具有动词的功能，但无语法上的动词性质，这一点可以通过它们不受主语的人称和数的限制体现出来。
4．分词起形容词和副词作用，可做表语、定语、状语和复合结构中的复合宾语，但不能做主语和宾语。
它也不受主语人称和数的限制。
不定式1．结构不定式的主动态是to do，其否定式是not to do，被动态是to be done，进行态是to be doing，完成态是to have done。
例：1996年6月四级第24题Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection ______ to the nation.A) has left B) is to leave C) leaves D) is to be left结合选项来看，全句的意思：“78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将留给国家"。
收藏品是"被留给国家”，因此需要一个被动式做宾语，所以答案是D) is to be left。
2．不定式做主语例：1995年1月四级第55题It is not unusual for workers in that region _________.A) to be paid more than a month later B) to be paid later than more a monthC) to pay later than a month more D) to pay later more than a monthit 在句中作形式主语。
专四语法之非谓语动词.PPT
1
语态 时态 一般
非谓语动词的时态和语态 被 动
不定式
to be done
动名词 being done Having been done
现在分词 过去分词 being done
Having been done
完成
to have been done
注意： 过去分词无所谓主动和被动式，有且只有一般式done。
Attention！
there be 结构作介词宾语时为动名词形式 there being, 但在介词 for 之后的宾语必须用不定式 there to be。 I never dreamed of there being such a good chance. What’s the chance of there being a general election this year? It was too late for there to be any open shops.
专四语法复习之非谓语动词
谓语动词形式？非谓语动词形式？
teaches teaching will teach having taught was taught are teaching to teach teach
非 谓 语 动 词
不定式 (to) + v 动名词 v-ing
public, the star wore a pair of sunglasses.
非谓语动词的否定式为 not ＋ 非谓语动词
3
非谓语动词在句中作什么成分？
主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 补语
动名 词 现在 分词 不定 式 过去 分词
√
×
√
√பைடு நூலகம்
TEM4语法—Unit 1 非谓语动词
Unit 1 非谓语动词非谓语动词，又叫非限定动词，在句中不能单独充当谓语（但可以和情态动词或助动词一起充当谓语），它们不受主语的限定，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等（除谓语外的其他各种成分）。
同时非限定动词也保留了动词的部分特征，有时态和语态的变化，也可以有自己的宾语、表语、状语等，构成非限定动词短语，在逻辑意义上也有其动作的执行者或承受者，叫非限定动词的逻辑主语(Logical Subjects)。
在历年的专四考试中，非谓语动词的考查占了相当大的比重。
1.非谓语动词做主语：（1）不定式和动名词在句中可以做主语，分词不可以。
（2）不定式一般表示具体或一次性动作，而动名词则表示一般或抽象的动作。
eg: Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体) （3）不定式和动名词都可以用it来代替作形式主语，但在含有no, -lese等否定词的句子里，常用动名词作主语。
eg: It is useless talking with her.It is no good discussing with her.（4）如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词，两种应保持同样的形式，或同为不定式，或同为动名词。
eg: To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.（5）非谓语动词的否定式是直接在非谓语动词前加noteg: Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life.2.非谓语动词作宾语：（1）不定式和动名词在句中可以做宾语，分词不可以。
二者的区别在于：前者往往表示“未完成的”或者“未发生的动作”，而后者则表示“已完成的”或“已发生的”动作。
专四非谓语动词讲解周洁
专四非谓语动词讲解周洁非谓语动词是指在句子中充当除谓语以外的成分，不具备人称和数的变化。
在英语语法中，常见的非谓语动词有不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）和现在分词（present participle）、过去分词（past participle）。
一、不定式1. 不定式的基本形式是“to + 动词原形”，常用作动词的宾语。
例如：I want to go to the park.（我想去公园。
）2. 不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词。
例如：I bought a book to read.（我买了一本书来读。
）3. 不定式作状语，表示目的、结果、原因、条件等。
例如：I ran to catch the bus.（我跑去赶公交车。
）二、动名词1. 动名词的基本形式是动词的现在分词形式（-ing），常用作名词的主语、宾语或表语。
例如：Swimming is good exercise.（游泳是一种好的锻炼方式。
）2. 动名词可以与一些介词连用，形成介词短语。
例如：She is good at playing the piano.（她擅长弹钢琴。
）3. 动名词可以用于形容词后面，表示被动概念。
例如：I am interested in learning new things.（我对学习新事物很感兴趣。
）三、现在分词和过去分词1. 现在分词的基本形式是动词的现在分词形式（-ing），常用作形容词，修饰名词或代词。
例如：The running water is cold.（流动的水很冷。
）2. 现在分词可以修饰主语，表示主动和进行。
例如：Listening to music, she danced happily.（她边听音乐边跳舞。
）3. 过去分词的基本形式通常是动词的过去分词形式（-ed或不规则变化），常用作形容词，用于表示被动或完成。
例如：The broken vase was thrown away.（被打破的花瓶被丢弃了。
英语专业四级词汇语法辅导非谓语动词ppt课件
• He was believed to have been a reporter.
采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配 置好PP管及配 件，用 管件在 管材垂 直角切 断管材 ，边剪 边旋转 ，以保 证切口 面的圆 度，保 持熔接 部位干 净无污 物
• A. assembled
B. have assembled
• C. assembling
D. be assembled
• 3. He was to____ the new ambassador, but he fell ill.
• A. having telephoned B. have telephoned
等）。
• e.g. You are to explain this. • 3. 表示能不能发生的事（相当于can/may等） • e.g. Similar conditions are to be found in all other Latin American
countries. • 4. 表示不可避免将要发生的事。 • e.g. They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet
采用PP管及配件：根据给水设计图配 置好PP管及配 件，用 管件在 管材垂 直角切 断管材 ，边剪 边旋转 ，以保 证切口 面的圆 度，保 持熔接 部位干 净无污 物
不定式的完成式
• 2.用在seem, appear, think, consider, believe 等后，不定式的完成式所表示的动 作（状态）发生在主要谓语动词或特定的 某时间之前，它一般强调事情的完成或结 果。
超详细非谓语动词讲解
非谓语动词t h e N o n-F i n i t e V e r b s 定义在句子中不是谓语的动词,形式：不定式、动名词和分词现在分词和过去分词作用：在句子中充当主语、宾语、状语等.特点：1.非谓语动词可以有名词作用如动词不定式和动名词,在句中做主语、宾语、表语.2.非谓语动词可以有形容词作用如动词不定式和分词,在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语.3.非谓语动词可以有副词作用如动词不定式和分词,在句中作状语.4.谓语动词在句中作谓语,受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,它不受主语的人称和数的限制.5.英语中不能单独做句子的谓语.与谓语动词的关系相同点（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用,例如： They built a garden. They suggested building a garden.（2）都可以被状语修饰： The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well.（3）都有主动与被动, “体”式一般式；进行式；完成式的变化.例如：He was punished by his parents.谓语动词被动语态 He avoided being punished by his parents.动名词的被动式We have written the composition.谓语动词的完成时 Having written the composition, we handed it in.现在分词的完成式（4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at once.谓语动词的逻辑主语 The boss ordered them to start the work.动词不定式的逻辑主语We are League members.谓语动词的主语 We being League member, the work was well done. 现在分词的逻辑主语不定式一、形式功能：动词不定式：to+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.否定式：not + to do 以do为例,动词不定式的构成如下：（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后.例如： I'm nice to meet you. 很高兴见到你.He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多.We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观.He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家.The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术.The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作.（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如：The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力.He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书.3完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如：I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了.I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影.He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友.二、不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的.To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败.动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的.It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败.常用句式有：1作主语：1、It+be+名词+to do.2、It takes sb.+some time+to do.3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do.①与careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wis e,wrong , careful , polite , 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词连用,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语.②与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词：possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult,necessaryIt’s necessary for you to study hard .necessary 修饰 to study hard,表示学习努力是有必要的It’s foolish of him to do it .foolish 修饰逻辑主语him2作表语：放be动词后,构成表语Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅.He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了.注意：（3）作宾语：①动词+不定式.如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.it 作形式宾语下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer, like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect ,choose, get等②动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词,作宾语.如：I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can’t decide when to go there.注意：不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语.如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.We think it important to obey the laws .不定式动词可充当介词宾语,如：I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干.Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的.（4）作宾语补足语：①动词+宾语+不定式to doHe warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so不带to的不定式注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage,beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如：With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院.②表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.被动语态③ There +不定式We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里.注意：1有些动词需用 as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider.如：We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师.Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲.2在动词feel 一感,hear, listen to二听,have, let, make三让,notice, see, watch, observe, look at五看即：吾看三室两厅一感觉等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to.如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.3help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him toclean the room.（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后.与所修饰名词有如下关系：1）He is looking for a room to live in.动状关系He has got a chance to go abroad.同位关系3主谓关系：She is always the last person to speak at the meeting . ----I’mgoing to the post office , for I have a letter to post .逻辑主语是I -------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now 逻辑主语不是I4动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席.注意：如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词.如：I need a pen to write with . I will wirte with the pen 我需要一直钢笔写字I have a little baby to look after .I must look after the little baby 我有一个婴儿要照看He is looking for a room to live He is looking for a room to live in .What did you open it with 你用什么打开它如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词：He has no place to live. 他无处安身.This is the best way to work out this problem. 这是解决这个问题的最好办法.He has no money and no place to live in .I think the best way to travel by is on foot .There is no time to think about .注意：①不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表被动、也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send 你要送什么东西吗 Have you got anything to be sent 你有什么东西需要送吗②说明所修饰名词的内容： We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们制定了一个完成工作的计划.③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语： He is the first to get here. 他第一个来到这儿.6作状语：①表目的：He worked day and night to get the money. 他夜以继日地工作来赚钱.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain. 她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条表链.注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致： wrong：To save money, every means has been tried. right：To save money, he has tried every means. 为了省钱,他使出了浑身解数. wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed. right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary. 为了学好英语,他需要一本词典.作目的状语：既可以放在句首,也可以放在句尾 To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked. 说实话,我不喜欢他讲话的方式.②表结果往往是与预期愿望相反的结果意料之外：常放在never only后He arrived late only to find the train had gone. 他来晚了,只见火车已经走了.I visited him only to find him out. 我去拜访他,只见他出去了.③表原因：常放在形容词后面They were very sad to hear the news. 他们听到这条新闻非常伤心.④表程度：It's too dark for us to see anything. 太暗了,我们什么也看不见.The question is simple for him to answer. 这问题由他来回答是很简单的.三、不定式的省略：①情态动词除ought外, ought to do②would rather, had better③感官动词和使役动词④由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式,第二个 to 可以省去.如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.⑤help⑥Why…/Why not…⑦But 和 except 前是动词 do 时,后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式.试比较：He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.⑧通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后,可以省去 to be .如：⑨保留to省略do动词. If you don't want to do it, you don't need to. 如果你不想做这件事,你就不必做.⑩不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to.下列短语中,如果意义明确,常常省略到to：want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able toHe wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他希望学医并成为医生.五、注意：1．to 作介词：agree to, object to,close to , come to , lead to , refer to , equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to动名词一、定义：动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能.二、形式：一般式 doing 谓语动词同时发生 being done Seeing is believing. 眼见为实.完成式 having done having been done 谓语动词发生之前We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影.否定式：not + 动名词动名词的形式： I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告.被动式： He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会.完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过.复合结构：物主代词或名词所有格+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次.His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦.三、动名词的句法功能：（1）作主语：谓语用单数Reading aloud is very helpful.Collecting stamps is interesting.Playing with fire is dangerous.当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语.结构：It’s no good/use doing.... It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的.（2）作表语：动名词可以和主语调换位置.如：My hobby is collecting stamps.In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs. 在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵.3作宾语：They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝.We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染.注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句.此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如： We found it no good making funof others. 我们发现取笑他人不好.只接V-ing做宾语的动词和动词短语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit,deny, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…from,keep …from, stop…from,protect…from, set about, be engag ed in, spend…in, succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like接动名词、不定式均可,且意义相同的动词：like, love, dilike,hate, begin, star, continue, prefer, cease, can’t bear/endure/stand接动名词、不定式均可,但意义不同的词：forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等Stop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doing 后悔做过Try to do 企图做,尽力做 try doing 试着做Go on to do 继续做另一件事 go on doing 继续做同一件事Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做注意：Need, require, want作“需要”讲,其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,be worth也有类似用法.如：The flowers need watering/to be watered.The problem is worth discussing.（4）作定语：动名词作定语,一般表示用途.如：a waiting room,a diving board,a reading room,a dining hall动名词与现在分词作定语的区别：1现在分词作定语表动作,它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系,可改写成一个定语从句.如果为单词,放在被修饰n之前,为短语,放在被修饰n之后.如：a sleeping boy =a boy who is sleepinga developing country =a country which is developing2动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质,可改写成一个for的短语,两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系.如：a washing machine = a mashine for washinga swimming pool = a pool for swimmingHe can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路.Is there a swimming pool in your school 你们学校有游泳池吗（5）作同位语： The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密.His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变.分词一、现在分词和过去分词的区别：1在语态上,现在分词表示主动意义；过去分词表示被动意义,不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生.像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词.如：a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球2在时间上,现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生,过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性.如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶注意：分词作时间状语,如果先于主动词的动作,且强调先后,要用having done.如：Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.=After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.二、注意：1分词作状语,其逻辑主语要与主句主语保持一致2分词前常有when / while / as / before/ after/ if / unless /even if 等引导词3如果过去分词的动作发生在主句谓语之前,用having been done Having been hurt in a traffic accident, I was given an operation.4分词做状语,主语之前不可有and /but / so / or/ so that 等连词如有,则此句子为祈使句Working hard, you will succeed.Working hard and you will succeed.5)否定式,在分词之前+ not6)固定搭配： be dressed in be lost in thoughts lost in thoughts, he knocked into me.7)分词的逻辑主语与主句不同,分词要有自己的逻辑主语,称为“独立主语” The money used up, I had no food to eat现在分词二、定义：既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能.二、形式：肯定式：V-ing；否定式：not + 现在分词（1）主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语.例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去.Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球.（2）被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作.The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要.Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误.三、现在分词的句法功能：（1）作定语：现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后.In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了.The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father. 正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲.现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.（2）现在分词作表语： The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒.The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心.be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构.3作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等.例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着. （4）现在分词作状语：①作时间状语： While Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人.②作原因状语： Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人.③作方式状语,表示伴随： He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗.④作条件状语： If Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间.⑤作结果状语： He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎.⑥作目的状语： He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了.⑦作让步状语： Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了.⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head．All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了.Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习.有时也可用with without +名词代词宾格+分词形式 With the lights burning,he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了.⑨作独立成分： udging fromby his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看,他一定是个演员. Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心.过去分词一、形式：只有V-ed一种形式.①规则,V-ed, ②不规则二、句法功能1．过去分词作定语：①单个过去分词做定语时用于被修饰的名词前,做前置定语 frozen food、polluted river、a terrified boyVt.过去分词作定语,表被动及完成Vi 过去分词作定语,表示完成 a married man an escape man the risen sun a fallen leafOur class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行.Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会.②凡是用作定语修饰人或表示与个人相关的心理状态,用过去分词,而修饰物时,则用现在分词做定语a satisfied smile a satisfying answerTom tired at the tiring speech,started to sleep.③过去分词短语做定语时,用于被修饰的名词之后,相当于省略了which/who is/are:A book written by luxun a student called MaryThe meeting being held now is important.The meeting held yesterday was importantThe meeting to be held tomorrow is important.2．过去分词作表语： The window is broken. 窗户破了.They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕.注意：be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态.区别： The window is broken.系表 The window was broken by the boy.被动有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成.如：boiled water开水 fallen leaves落叶newly arrived goods新到的货 the risen sun升起的太阳 the changed world 变了的世界这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等.3．过去分词作宾语补足语：①做宾语补足语的动词一般是Vt,表示被动或完成With+sth./sb. DoneWith the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了.With trees planted around the school, it looks nicer.②Have /get + sb/sth. Done 叫人做....Make oneself kmow/ understood/ hearted 让自己被....③see /hear/ watch / notice/ observe / listen to等构成的感官动词及 think/ find 等表示心理状态的动词 ~ sth/ sb. done1)I hear this song sung2)I found the dooe unlocked when I got home.④ want / wish / like / expect / order sth /sb. Done 希望、命令......被做I want the problem discussed at the meeting.4．过去分词作状语：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲.原因Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了.时间Given more time, I'll be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好.条件Though told of the danger, he s till risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险,他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子.让步Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧,他走进山洞. 方式/伴随。