高一英语讲义-阅读理解

高考英语阅读理解综合讲解

【阅读理解的选择题归纳为以下几种题型】

1.细节理解题；

2.主旨大意题；

3.猜测词义题；

4.推理判断题；

5.英汉互译题；

6.归纳概括题；

7.观点态度题；

8.选择标题题。

我们可将阅读理解归纳为以下四大题型，根据阅读理解题考查角度的不同，可采用不同的解题技巧来应付。

Ⅰ.细节理解题

属于细节类型的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节，题型可以多种多样。此类题型一般分两种。第一种是直接理解题，在原文中可以直接找到答案。第二种是词义转换题，正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的转换。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节，所选答案一定要符合原文，切不可望文生义。这类题型的主要提问方式常为：

【提问方式】Wh-特殊问句；From the text...,According to...,True/not true,划线词语、句子，简单计算、排列事件顺序、识图等。

① Which of the following is true/NOT true in the passage?

② Which of the following statements is NOT discussed/mentioned in the passage?

③ Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

④ All the following statements are NOT true except .

细节题的破解一般采用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、甄别、分析、对比，有根有据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率，节省了宝贵的时间。

寻读法还特别适用于对图形表格类题材的理解。做此类型的题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。英语中有许多功能词，如：表因果关系的because, since, as等；表转折关系的but, however ,on the contrary, on the other hand等等。

抓住提问中的关键字眼，仔细阅读相关细节的材料内容，一般可以在短文中直接找到或稍加归纳就可以找到正确答案。

注意排除下列干扰项：

(1)扩缩范围

文章为了表达得准确严密，很注意对范围的限定。有的是通过加上相应的词语限制，如涉及到数量时常用many,almost all,nearly,more than,over,only a few,normally等限制.有些干扰项是通过改变或去掉限定词语，甚至是扩大或缩小了语言范围。

(2)偷换概念

命题者设计试题时往往把原文的概念偷换成另一个不同的概念。望文生义是造成错误的主要原因。

(3)正误并存

在一干扰项中，某个句子或词语是正确的，其他分句或词语是错误的或表达不全面，正误并存，命题者借此以假乱真。要排除这类干扰项，只要一个选项局部有误或选项不全面，都属排除的干扰项。

Ⅱ主旨大意题

【提问方式】常见的主题句和主旨型题干：

1) What is the topic sentence of the passage?

2) This article/text/passage mainly tells that _____________.

3) Which of the following gives a general idea of the passage?

4) Which of the following is the main idea of the passage?

5）What` s the topic/subject of the text/the second paragraph？

6）What is stated in...? The text is cheifly concerned with_______。

【提问方式分类】

1．主题型：

What’s the main idea of this passage ?

What does this passage mainly discuss?

What’s the topic of this passage ?

【选择标题题】2．标题型：

What’s the best title?

The best title for this text is (to tell ) ————.

3．目的型：

The main purpose of this text is ————.

The author’s purpose of writing this text is to ————.

What’s the main purpose of the passage?

【解题方法】

(1)最常用的方法是仔细研读短文的1、2两句-----即短文的主题句，或辅以阅读各段的第1、2句----即段落中心句。此方法多适用于说明文、议论文。

(2)记叙文等需要通读全文，抓住关键事或论题来归纳意思(常说明一个道理)。

(3)全文末尾(段)找答案。此类文章的特点是以列举事实开头，通过论证，最后阐述核心观点。

在处理文章标题的选择时，要避免下列三种错误：①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小)；②过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)；③以事实或细节代替抽象具体的大意。

常见解题方式：

确定文章的标题和主题(title or topic)

标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它可以是单词，短语，也可以是句子。要确定文章标题，首先，要在阅读原文的基础上，考虑标题是否与主题密切相关；其次，看标题是否能概括全文内容。不能只概括短文中的某些事实或细节；然后，要注意标题范围不应太大或太小；最后，标题应简练并能吸引读者。即:1、独特新颖2、概括性强3、短小精炼。

例：常见的标题型题干：

如：In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work. Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts. He always had an interest in word games and to fill his tim e he planned a game which he called “Lexico”. However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss Cross”. He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商业性的)success.

Q: The text is mainly about________.

A. Lexico

B. Three men C . A word game D. Alfred Butts.

【解题思路】答案A 和C以偏概全。因此此题的正确答案应为D。

如：Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.

Q: What is the main idea of the passage?＿＿＿＿

A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.

B. Bingham is a diligent student.

C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.

D. A good lawyer needs good education.

【解题思路】此文没有主题句。全篇共四句，只陈述了四个细节(detail)性的事实。因此就答案本身看，个个都对。读者只能将所有的details综合起来，进行逻辑推理，才能构成一个没有言明的主题思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情况，即作者想告诉我们的是：Joshua Bingham 接受过良好的教育，所以答案是Ｃ。