列举查到的全中文文献10篇外文5篇
外文文献和翻译
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Intelligent vehicle is a use of computer, sensor, information, communication, navigation, artificial intelligence and automatic control technology to realize the environment awareness, planning decision and automatic drive of high and new technology. It in aspects such as military, civil and scientific research has received application, to solve the traffic safety provides a new way.With the rapid development of automobile industry, the research about the car is becoming more and more attention by people. Contest of national competition and the province of electronic intelligent car almost every time this aspect of the topic, the national various universities are also attaches great importance to research on the topic, many countries have put the electronic design competition as a strategic means of innovative education. Electronic design involving multiple disciplines, machinery and electronics, sensor technology, automatic control technology, artificial intelligent control, computer and communication technology, etc., is a high-tech in the field of many. Electronic design technology, it is a national high-tech instance is one of the most important standard, its research significance is greatThe design though just a demo model, but is full of scientific and practical. First we according to the complex situation of road traffic, in accordance with the appropriate author to make a road model, including bend, straight and pavement set obstacles, etc. On curved and straight, the car along the orbit free exercise, when the small car meet obstacles, pulse modulation infrared sensors to detect the signal sent to the microcontroller, a corresponding control signal according to the program MCU control cars automatically avoid obstacles, to carry on the back, forward, turn left, turn rightSubject partsIntelligent vehicle is a concentration of environment awareness, planning decision, multi-scale auxiliary driving, and other functions in an integrated system, isan important part of intelligent transportation system. In military, civilian, space exploration and other fields has a broad application prospect. The design of smart car control system are studied, based on path planning is a process of the intelligent car control system2.1 theory is put forwardThe progress of science and technology of intelligent led products, but also accelerated the pace of development, MCU application scope of its application is increasingly wide, has gone far beyond the field of computer science. Small to toys, credit CARDS, big to the space shuttle, robots, from data acquisition, remote control and fuzzy control, intelligent systems with the human daily life, everywhere is dependent on the single chip microcomputer, this design is a typical application of single chip microcomputer. This design by implementing the driverless car, on the tests, by the reaction of the single chip microcomputer to control the car, make its become intelligent, automatic forward, turn and stop function, after continuing the perfection of this system also can be applied to road testing, security patrol, can meet the needs of society.In design, the use of the sensors to detect road surface condition, sensor central sea are faint and adopts a comparing amplifier amplification, and the signal input to the controller, the controlled end using stepper motor, because of the step motor is controlled electrical pulse, as long as the output from the controller to satisfy stepper motor merits of fixed control word. In operation of stepping motor and a driving circuit, it also to join a drive circuit in the circuit, each function module is different to the requirement of power supply current, the power supply part set up conversion circuit, so as to meet the needs of the various parts. After comparison choice element, design the circuit principle diagram and the circuit board, and do the debugging of hardware, system software and hardware is often the combination of organic whole. Software, on the use of the 51 single-chip timer interrupt to control pavement test interval and the car movement and speed. Due to take that road is simple, it is using more traditional assembly language for programming. For the correctness of the program design, using a commonly used keil c51 simulation software simulation validation, the last is integrated debugging of software and hardware, and prove thecorrectness and feasibility of the design scheme.2.2 electronic intelligent car design requirements(1) electric vehicles can be able to according to the course to run all the way; (2) electric vehicles can store and display the number of detected metal and sheet metal to the starting line in the distance; (3) are accurately electric cars after exercising all the way to the display of the electric vehicle the entire exercise time; (4) electric cars can't collisions with obstacles in the process of exercise.2.3 the general conception of computer network teaching websiteUsing 89 c51 as the car's control unit, sensor eight-way from outside, in the front of the car, as a black belt in the process of the car into the garage detecting element, at the rear end of the car when connected to eight-channel infrared sensors as the car pulled out of the garage of a black belt in detecting element, the LJ18A3-8 - Z/BX inductive proximity switch as garage iron detecting element, the microcontroller after receiving sensor detects the signal through the corresponding procedures to control the car forward, backward, turn, so that the car's performance indicators meet the requirements of the design.Intelligent car is a branch of intelligent vehicle research. It with the wheel as mobile mechanism, to realize the autonomous driving, so we call it the smart car. Smart car with the basic characteristics of the robot, easy to programming. It with remote control car the difference is that the latter requires the operator to control the steering, start-stop and in a more advanced remote control car can also control the speed (common model car belong to this type of remote control car); The smart car Is to be implemented by computer programming for the car stop, driving direction and speed control, without human intervention. Operator the smart car can be changed by a computer program or some data to change its drive type. This change can be controlled through programming, the characteristics of the car driving way is the biggest characteristic of smart car. The control system of smart car research purpose is to make the car driving with higher autonomy. If any given car a path, through the system, the car can get system for path after image processing of data moving and Angle (a), and can be scheduled path, according to the displacement and Angle information.The control system structure analysisAccording to the above design idea, the structure of the intelligent car control system can be divided into two layers1, the planning layerPC control system, the planning layer provides the information of the whole car driving, including path processing module and communication module. It has to solve the basic problem(1) using what tools to deal with the car path graph;(2) the car movement model is established, the data to calculate the car driving;(3) set up the car's motion model, the data to calculate the car driving;Layer 2, behaviorLower machine control system, the behavior is the underlying structure of a smart car control system, realize the real-time control of the car driving, it includes communication module, motor control module and data acquisition module. It to solve the basic problems are:(1) receiving, processing, PC sends data information;(2) the design of stepping motor control system;(3) information collection and the displacement and Angle of the car, car positioning posture, analysis system control error;The total design schemeSmart car control system are obtained by system structure, order process:(1) start AutoCAD, create or select a closed curve as the cart path, pick up the car starting $path graph(2) to choose the path of the graphics processing, make the car turning exist outside the minimum turning radius of edges and corners with circular arc transition(3) to generate a new path to simulate the motion process of car;(4) to calculate the displacement of the car driving need and wheel Angle, and then sends the data to the machine(5) under the machine after receiving data, through software programming control the rotation speed and Angle of the car wheels and make it according to the predetermined path A complete control system requirements closely linked to eachfunction module in the system, according to the order process and the relationship between them, the total design scheme of the system is available.Design of basically has the following several modulesPart 1, the information acquisition module, data collection is composed of photoelectric detection and operation amplifier module, photoelectric detection were tracing test and speed test of two parts. To detect the signal after budget amplifier module lm324 amplifier plastic to single chip, its core part is several photoelectric sensor.2, control processing module: control processing module is a stc89c52 MCU as the core, the microcontroller will be collected from the information after the judgement, in accordance with a predetermined algorithm processing, and the handling results to the motor drive and a liquid crystal display module, makes the corresponding action.3, perform module: executable module consists of liquid crystal display (LCD), motor drive and motor, buzzer of three parts. LCD is mainly based on the results of single chip real-time display, convenient and timely users understand the current state of the system, motor driver based on single chip microcomputer instruction for two motor movements, can according to need to make the corresponding acceleration, deceleration, turning, parking and other movements, in order to achieve the desired purpose. Buzzer is mainly according to the requirements in a particular position to make a response to the report.译文一、引言智能车辆是一个运用计算机、传感、信息、通信、导航、人工智能及自动控制等技术来实现环境感知、规划决策和自动行驶为一体的高新技术综合体。
外文文献翻译(图片版)
本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。
当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。
事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。
但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。
但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。
此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。
随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。
本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。
相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。
本文有三个部分。
在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。
第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。
引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。
第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。
翻译材料参考5篇
翻译材料参考5篇第一篇：翻译材料参考The Year 2050 •No new international effort has been made to overcome the worst of poverty and under- development. Economic marginalization has been allowed to continue and the inequalities of the 20th century have deepened. Continued malnutrition and poor health care have left child death rates at relatively high levels for large numbers of people. Little has been done to achieve equality between the sexes. More than 100 million primary school age children, two thirds of them girls, are not in school. 2050年•国际社会没有付出新的努力来在改变极端贫困和落后状况。
经济贫困化依然存在并继续发展，同时，20世纪就存在的不平等现象变得更为严重。
持续的营养不良和较差的卫生保健工作使大量人口中的儿童死亡率居高不下（大量人口，营养持续不良，卫生保健差，使儿童死亡率居高不下）。
实现男女平的进程步履维艰（国际社会几乎没有采取任何措施来实现男女平等/在争取男女性别平等待遇方面几乎没有采取任何措施）。
超过一亿多的学龄儿童，无法入校学习，其中2/3为女童。
•Secondary school remains the preser ve of a minority, and average age at marriage has risen only marginally. Many of the poor have therefore continued to have large families to compensate for high death rates, to ensure surviving sons, and to try to insure themselves against destitution. Women still do not have the power to control their own fertility, and many families who want fewer children still do not have access to high-quality family planning.•中学仍然只为少数人敞开大门（只有少数人才能上得了中学），同时，平均结婚年龄稍有提高。
外文参考文献译文及原文
目录1介绍 (1)在这一章对NS2的引入提供。
尤其是，关于NS2的安装信息是在第2章。
第3章介绍了NS2的目录和公约。
第4章介绍了在NS2仿真的主要步骤。
一个简单的仿真例子在第5章。
最后，在第.8章作总结。
2安装 (1)该组件的想法是明智的做法，以获取上述件和安装他们的个人。
此选项保存downloadingtime和大量内存空间。
但是，它可能是麻烦的初学者，因此只对有经验的用户推荐。
(2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在unix-based系统 (2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在Windows系统 (3)3目录和公约 (4)目录 (4)4运行ns2模拟 (6)ns2程序调用 (6)ns2模拟的主要步骤 (6)5一个仿真例子 (8)6总结 (12)1 Introduction (13)2 Installation (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Unix-Based Systems (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Windows-Based Systems (16)3 Directories and Convention (17)Directories and Convention (17)Convention (17)4 Running NS2 Simulation (20)NS2 Program Invocation (20)Main NS2 Simulation Steps (20)5 A Simulation Example (22)6 Summary (27)1介绍网络模拟器(一般叫作NS2)的版本，是证明了有用在学习通讯网络的动态本质的一个事件驱动的模仿工具。
模仿架线并且无线网络作用和协议(即寻址算法，TCP，UDP)使用NS2，可以完成。
一般来说，NS2提供用户以指定这样网络协议和模仿他们对应的行为方式。
外文参考文献及翻译
Study on the Tax Planning of Enterprise Income TaxVogt WollenE-mail: chc0910.Department of Accounting and Financial Affairs, Washington UniversityTel: 86-24-8168-1354 E-mail: agjie126.AbstractThe enterprise income tax occupies very important status in the tax paying of enterprise, and it has large space of tax planning. Under the background that the new enterprise income tax law was issued, we discussed the problem how to use tax planning to reduce the tax burden of enterprise and realize the maximization of the total profit for the enterprise. In this article, we studied the tax financing in the stage of enterprise financing from the selection of financing mode and the confirmation of financing channel, and put forward that the enterprise should select the liability financing mode to the largest extent in the critical risk range of equity structure. We studied the tax planning in the stage of investment of enterprise from three aspects including correctly selecting the investment direction, confirming proper enterprise organization form and selecting tax saving investment subject. We studied the tax planning from two aspects such as income and charge deduction. We studied the tax planning in the distribution stage of enterprise management result from first utilizing taxable income to compensate the loss, the loss recovering sequence of domestic investment profit return and the profit distribution strategy in the low tax region. For above aspects, we all put forward our own new theoretical opinions.Keywords: Enterprise income tax, Tax planning, Tax preferenceComparing with the old enterprise income law, the new enterprise income law changed in many aspects such as the taxpayer, the pre-tax deduction, and the tax preference, which put forward new task for the tax planning of the enterprise income tax. Under the background of new enterprise income tax, we will discuss the tax planning in the main stages such as the enterprise financing, investment, management and distribution.1. Tax planning in the stage of enterprise financingThe tax planning of the income tax in the stage of enterprise financing mainly includes the contents about the financing mode and the financing channel.1.1 Tax planning of financing modeThe financing modes of enterprise mainly include the equity financing and liability financing, and two different financing modes will produce different tax results. Generally speaking, under the fixed tax rate level, the liability financing can produce the interest rigid cost which can be reported before tax. When the account profit is adjusted as the taxable income, the tax law allows that the interest expenditure induced by the liability can be deducted before tax in the same interest rate regulated by the Bank in the same period, which equals that the state finance assumes a quarter of interest cost fro the enterprise. The equity financing is the flexible cost of bonus stock which can be reported after tax. The mode that the enterprise provides bonus stock and dividend to the investors is only one item of the distraction of post-tax profit (net profit), and it must be distributed after tax. The tax saving difference between two financing modes is very obvious. In the equity structure of enterprise, the proportion of the liability equity is higher, and the saving effect of the tax cost is more significant. So under the premise that the rate of or return on investment is higher than the liability cost rate, enhancing the proportion of liability financing will bring extra economic benefits for the owner of the enterprise, and finally increase the value of the enterprise. But we should also pay attention to that will increase the financial risk of the enterprise, and excessive liability will even induce the abnormality of the enterprise equity structure,and the liability crisis will make the financial status of the enterprise fall into collapse. Therefore, before the enterprise makes the tax planning of financing mode, it must ensure that the equity structure is in the critical risk range.1.2 Tax planning of enterprise financing channelThe financing channels of enterprise mainly include bank loan, self-accumulation of enterprise, inter-enterprise lending, interior collection of enterprise, bond or stock issuance and commercial credit. Under usual situation, the sequence of the tax burden from heavy to light is self-accumulation of enterprise, bank loan, inter-enterprise lending and interior collection of enterprise. The principle of tax planning of financing channel is that under the premise that the equity structure is to select the channel with higher profit and lower harm in the critical risk range, through comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various financing channels.2. Tax planning in the investment stage of enterpriseFor the tax planning in the investment stage of enterprise, we mainly consider three aspects, i.e. the selection of investment direction, the selection of enterprise organization form and the selection of investment mode.2.1 Selecting correct investment directionThe new enterprise income tax established the new tax preference which gave priority to the industrial preference, assisted by the regional preference, giving attention to the social advancement. Investors should select the investment industry to reduce the tax burden according to the regulations about the national industrial policies and tax preference, and response the industrial policy guidance of the government. First, because the industrial select possesses strategic meanings for the development trend of the enterprise, so when the investors make the decision of industrial investment, they should scientifically demonstrate the investment and carefully make the decision, and they should consider not only their own industrial advantages, but also national industrial support policies, industrial tax preference policies, and make the rare resources of the enterprise to the green sunrise industries such as the agriculture, scientific technology, environment protection and energy saving. Second, the enterprise income tax regulated regional preference for Chinese western regions, minority regions and special economic zones, and the enterprise should study out multiple selectable investment programs in possible investment regions, and it should not only compare the cost incomes of various regional investment programs, but compare the tax levels of various programs, and make the comprehensive evaluation for the comprehensive benefits of various regional investment programs, which can not only reduce the tax burden, but find the regional investment program with maximum economic benefit.2.2 Selecting proper enterprise organization formThe tax planning of enterprise organization form should mainly consider four parts including establishment, expansion, division and merger. First, we will study the tax planning when the enterprise is established and select the organization form. According to the organization form, the enterprise types include individual proprietorship enterprise, partnership enterprise and limited corporation which can be divided into limited liability company and joint stock limited partnership, and because the tax system regulates different tax burden levels for the enterprises with different organization forms, so the establishment costs and advantages of different organization forms are different, and the tax is one of factors we should consider when we select the organization form of the enterprise. Especially when the organization form of the enterprise has large influence to the production and management, the tax will be the important factor which we should consider, and investors can select the organization form of the enterprise to reduce the tax burden for the enterprise. Second, we will research the tax planning when the enterprise is expanded and needs to select the organization form. Enterprise always actualizes the scale expansion by increasing branches, but the tax policies for the branches with different forms in the tax law are obviously different, so enterprise should select the organization form of the branch. For the filiale and the subsidiary company, they respectively have their advantages and disadvantages for the tax, so the loss of the branch can counteract the gain of the parent company and reduce the total taxable income of the company. The subsidiary company and the parent company are regarded as two entities in the law, but the subsidiary company can obtain various tax preference policies regulated by the laws or local government. So the enterprise should comprehensively consider the profit ability of the branch when it selects the form of the branch, and it should adopt the form of filiale when the branch is in the loss period, and adopt the form of subsidiary company when the branch is in the profit period. Third, we will study the tax planning in the division and merger of the enterprise. According to the regulations of the enterprise income law, enterprises should pay the income tax by 25%, but it also regulates that the small-sized profit-making enterprise can pay the income tax by 20%, so the middle and small-sized enterprise can adopt the division measure to separate the branch from the enterprise to reduce the taxable income and the tax burden. The enterprise income tax regulates that the profitable enterprise annexes unprofitable enterprise, it can use the accumulated loss of the unprofitable enterprise to counteract the profit of the profitable enterprise and reduce the taxable income and the tax burden. Therefore, in the merger of enterprises, the profitable enterprise can reduce the enterprise income tax by annexing unprofitable enterprises.2.3 Selecting the investment subject of tax savingAccording to different forms of investment subject, the investment of enterprise can be divided into monetary investment, tangible investment and immaterial investment. The monetary investment doesn’t increase the tax burden of investors, but it will influence the cash flux and payment ability of the enterprise. Different tax regulations aim at different tangible investment types, for example, for the estate investment, investors need not pay relative sales tax (if the investor belongs to the real estate enterprise, the land value increment tax needs not be paid temporarily), and the depreciation of the estate can be deducted before tax to reduce the tax base of the enterprise income tax. For the sock-in-trade investment, the tax law will regard it as the sales goods and increase the tax bases of the value increment tax and the enterprise income tax, and the enterprise need pay the increment tax and the enterprise income tax. The immaterial investment can deduct the withholding income tax for the enterprise, and realize the deduction before tax through amortization year by year, which can reduce the tax base of the enterprise income tax. So when the enterprise selects the investment subject, it can select the tangible investment and immaterial investment which are better than the monetary investment from the view of the invested enterprise. Certainly, for the view of investing enterprise, it will assume more tax burdens such as the enterprise income tax,the increment tax and the consumption tax when it selects the tangible investment and immaterial investment, so the investing enterprise should comprehensively consider the tax burdens of two parties to select the proper investment form.3. Tax planning in the production and management stage of enterpriseThe tax base of the enterprise income tax is the taxable income amount which equals to that an enterprise’s total income amount of each tax year deducts the tax-free incomes, tax-exempt incomes, each deduction items as well as the permitted remedies for losses of the previous years. And the income items, tax-free incomes and tax-exempt incomes and each deduction items are all generated in the production and management of the enterprise. So the tax planning of the enterprise income tax in the production and management can be implemented from two items such as the income items and the deduction items.3.1 Tax planning of incomeThe total income amount of the enterprise in the present term is decided by the sales amount of the product, the unit sales price of the product and the selected sales mode of the product, so the tax planning of the enterprise income tax about the income mainly includes the scale of production and sale, the sales price and the sales mode. First, for the planning of production and sale scale, under the premise of certain sale unit price, the income scale of the enterprise is decided by the sales amount. The scale of production and sale belongs to the item independently controlled by the enterprise, and the scale of production and sale will influence the tax burden of the enterprise which will influence the scale of production and sale in the same way. Therefore, when the enterprise confirms the scale of production and sale, it must consider the tax burden at term. According to the enterprise’s self management ability, the enterprise should find the critical point of profit and loss, and seek the scale of production and sale with maximum profits. Second, for the planning of sales price, under the premise of certain production and sale amount, the income scale of the enterprise is decided by the price level which is also the item independently controlled by the enterprise. The enterprise should consider many factors such as the cost level, the market demand and the competition strategy, and the tax burden level is the important factor which should be considered by the enterprise, and the confirmation of the sales price can not only include the pre-tax income and income tax of the enterprise, but will directly influence the increment tax and other relative taxes. In the tax planning of income, we should take the sales price as the factor we should mainly considered. Third, for the planning of sales mode, in the sales process of the product, the enterprise possesses the independent selection right to the sales mode, and different sales mode always apply in different tax policies, i.e. the treatment difference of tax exists in this aspect, which offers the possibility to utilize different sales mode to plan the income tax.In a word, under the premise disobeying the tax law, the enterprise should compress the income scale which has exceeded the critical point of the tax rate from the sales scale and the sales price, and make the enterprise obtain the preference policies of low tax rate. For the selection of sales mode, the enterprise should delay the implementation of the income and the tax obligation to the best, which will not only compress the income scale in the present term to make the enterprise obtain the preference policy of low tax rate, but also make the enterprise obtain the profit of interest-free loan because of delaying the implementation of tax obligation.3.2 Tax planning of cost charge deductionThe payout of the enterprise can be divided into the profitable payout and the capital payout according to the time of the profitable term. The profitable payout should be reported in the present cost charge, and the capital payout is divided and respectively reported in the cost charges of the present and future terms. For these two sorts of payout, the planning of the enterprise income tax should treat them differently.3.2.1 Tax planning of profitable payoutBecause different situations of profit and loss, and different tax preferences will differently influence the tax planning ofenterprise, so we should respectively plan the tax of the profitable payout aiming at different situations of profit and loss. First, suppose the enterprise is profitable, because the profitable payout can be deducted from the enterprise income tax, the enterprise should select the planning method with large prophase cost. To make the tax deduction effect of the cost exert its function as soon as possible, and delay the realization of the profit, then enterprise should delay the tax obligation time of the income tax. Second, suppose the enterprise is in loss, the planning method should be combined with the loss remedy of the enterprise. The enterprise should try to make the cost charge in the year with pretax loss remedy higher and make the cost charge in the year without or incompletely with pretax loss remedy lower, and accordingly ensure the tax reduction effect of the cost charge will be exerted to the largest extent. Finally, suppose the enterprise is enjoying the preference policy of the enterprise income tax, because the tax deduction effect of the cost charge in the tax deduction period will completely or partly be deducted through the deduction preference, so the enterprise should select the planning method which has few costs in the tax deduction period and has more costs in the non-tax-deduction period.3.2.2 Tax planning of capital payoutAs the modernization degree of enterprise is gradually enhanced, the proportion of the purchase payout of the long-term assets such as the fixed assets and immaterial assets which reflect the progress of the technology of the enterprise is higher and higher, and the tax planning of the fixed assets depreciation and the immaterial assets salesmanship possesses special importance in the tax planning of the enterprise income tax. First, the tax law doesn’t recogn ize the devaluation preparation of long-term assets which the enterprise picks up, but the taxpayer can utilize the relative regulations about the subsequent expenses of the long-term assets to adjust the depreciation base. The enterprise should combine the long-term development, rebuild the fixed assets designedly, enhance the technical level of the enterprise, and improve the comprehensive competition strengthen of the enterprise. At the same time, the enterprise can put the subsequent expenses according with the capitalization conditions into the fixed assets cost, increase the depreciation picking base, and accordingly increase the depreciation amount of the deduction, reduce the taxable income of the present term and save the tax. For various payouts wh ich don’t accord with the confirmation conditions of long-term assets, they should be counted into the profit and loss of the present term. Second, the “Chinese Enterprise Income Tax Law” regulated that the fixed assets of the enterprise needed to be depreciated quickly because of technical progress, the enterprise could reduce the depreciation fixed number of year or adopt the method of quick depreciation. To reduce the depreciation year can quicken the withdrawal of the costs, move the anaphase cost charges to the anterior period, and move the prophase account profit to the latter period. When the tax rate is fixed, the delayed payment of the income tax equals to obtain an interest-free loan from the country. When the tax rate is not fixed, the extension of the depreciation term can also reduce the tax burden for the enterprise. And the selection of the depreciation method of the long-term assets should be scientific, reasonable and legal. Finally, when the enterprise is in the non-deduction period of the income tax, taxpayer should apply for reducing the residual proportion for the tax department in time according to the characters of the assets. When the residual proportion is reduced, the depreciation tax deduction will increase, which could not only maintain the taxpayer’s right, but bring large tax benefit for the taxpayer.4. Tax planning in the management result distribution stage of enterprise4.1 First utilizing the taxable income to compensate the lossFor the yearly loss of the enterprise, the tax law regulates to allow the enterprise uses the pretax profit in the next year to compensate it. And if the profit in the next year is not enough to compensate, the enterprise is allowed to compensate the loss year after year, but the longest term should be limited in 5 years. In this way, the enterprise can use the selection right of the assets price counting and amortization method allowed by the tax law, and the selection right of the expenses reported range standard to more report the pretax deduction items and deduction amount, and continue to induce the loss before the term of five years is at term, accordingly to prolong the term of the preference policy.4.2 Arranging the domestic investment return to compensate the loss according to the sequence from low tax rate to high tax rateAccording to the enterprise income tax, the investors’ after-tax profits returned from the associated enterprise should pay the income tax, but if the enterprise which is the investor has loss or past yearly loss which has not be remedied, the returned profit can be used to remedy the loss, and for the surplus part, the enterprise should pay the income tax. Therefore, if the investor is the enterprise which can be applicable for different income tax rates, the enterprise can select the sequence from low tax rate to high tax rate, to use the returned investment profit remedy the loss and make the taxpayer’s income tax reduce to the least level.4.3 Keeping that the investment return in the low tax region doesn’t be distrib utedIn the existing enterprise income tax, for the taxpayer’s profit returned from other enterprise which has paid the income tax, the tax amount of the tax payment can be adjusted when computing the income tax of the enterprise. If the profit of the invested enterprise has not be distributed to the investors, the investors need not to pay the income tax, and in this way, to keep that the investment return in the low tax region doesn’t be distributed and turn it into the investment capital can reduce i nvestors’ tax burden.References[1]Thomas Schroeder. Non‐Tax Issues for Gift Planning[J]. The Major Gifts Report,2015,1710[2]Rutherford, Burt. Year-end tax planning complicated by inaction in congress[J]. Beef,2014[3]Root, Liz,van der Krabben, Erwin,Spit, Tejo. Between structures and norms: assessing tax increment financing for the Dutch spatial planning toolkit[J]. The Town Planning Review,2015,863[4]Fratarcangeli, Mauro,Safar, Jason. Cashing out? Start tax planning now to get the most value[J]. Food in Canada,2015,751.企业所得税税收筹划研究Vogt WollenDepartment of Accounting and Financial Affairs, Washington UniversityTel: 86-24-8168-1354 E-mail: agjie126.摘要：企业所得税在企业纳税筹划中占有十分重要的地位，它具有很大的税收筹划空间。
参考文献中英对照
[1]雷斌，肖建庄.再生混凝土抗碳化性能的研究[J].建筑材料学报，2008(10):605-611[1] LeiBin ,XiaoJianZhuang. Research on Carbonation Resistance of Recycle Aggregate Concret [J]. Journal of building materials, 2008 (10) : 605-611.[2]张雷顺，王娟，黄秋风，邓宇.再生混凝土抗冻耐久性实验研究[J].工业建筑，2005(9):64-66 [2] Zhang Leishun, wang Juan, Huang Qiufeng Deng Yu. Study on frost resistance frost durability of recycled aggregate concrete. [J]. Industrial construction, 2005 (9) : 64-66.[3]叶青，纳米复合水泥结构材料的研究与开发[ J].新型建筑材料，2002(1):15-19[3] Ye Qing, the research and development of nanometer composite cement structure [J]. Journal of new building materials, 2002 (1) : 15 to 19[4]黄功学，谢晓鹏，纳米SiO2对水工混凝土耐久性影响试验研究[J].人民黄河，2011(70): 138-140[4]Huang Gongxue, Xie Xiaopeng, Experimental Study on the Effect of Nano-SiO_2 to Durability in Hydraulic Concrete.[J]. The people of the Yellow River, 2011 (70) : 138-140[5]肖建庄，刘琼，李文贵，Vivian Tam.再生混凝土细微观结构和破坏机理研究[J].青岛理工大学学报，2009(4):24-30[5] Xiao Jianzhuang, Liu Qiong Li Wengui, Vivian Tam, On the Micro-and Meso-Struture and Failure Mechanism of Recycle Concrete. [J]. journal of qingdao technological university , 2009 (4) : 24 to 30[6]杨青，钱晓倩，钱匡亮，王章夫，周堂贵.再生混凝土纳米复合强化实验[J].材料科学与工程学报，2011(10):66-69[6]Yang qing ,Qian Xiaoqian, Qian Kuangliang, Wang Zhangfu, Zhou, Tanggui. Recycled Concrete Intensified by Nano-materious [J]. Journal of materials science and engineering, 2011 (10) : 66-69[7]7]J. Camiletti,A. M. Soliman, M. L. Nehdi..Effects of nano- and micro-limestone addition on early-age properties of ultra-high-performance concrete[J]. Materials and Structures，2012(10) [8][8]P. Hosseini,A. Booshehrian,A. Madari.Developing Concrete Recycling Strategies by Utilizationof Nano-SiO2 Particles[J]. Waste Biomass Valor，2011(2):347–355[9]杜江涛.再生混凝土细观结构研究综述[M].广东建材，2010(4):55-57[9] Du Jiangtao. The Review of recycled concrete mesoscopic structure review [M]. Guangdong building materials, 2010 (4) : 55 to 57[10]肖建庄，兰阳，李佳彬，王军龙.再生混凝土长期使用性能研究进展[J].结构工程师，2005(6): 72-76[10]Xiao jianzhuang. lan-yang, Li Jiabin Wang Junlong. The Research of Long-term recycled concrete.[J]. Journal of structural engineers, 2005 (6) : 72-76[11]Laila Raki,James Beaudoin,Rouhollah Alizadeh,Jon Makar.Cement and Concrete Nanoscience and Nanotechnology[J]. Materials 2010(3):918-942[12]谢德文，纳米材料在混凝土中的应用研究[J].能源技术与管理，2008(5):105-113[12]Xie Dewen. The application of nano material in the concrete [J]. Energy technology and management, 2008 (5) : 105-113。
外文参考文献(带中文翻译)
外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance（/docs/pos_papers/2004/041027_SME-finance_final.do c）Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance sector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more its “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs,but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more. Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to lending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPM E’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing it into EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs:•The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive, which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, which strengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating will also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to ease transparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。
中英双语文章
中英双语文章不敢是英文翻译成中文，还是中文翻译成英文，都应该从文章整体内容去翻译。
下面就是店铺给大家整理的中英双语文章，希望大家喜欢。
中英双语文章篇1：神话世界九寨沟Jiuzhaigou, China's Fairyland蜀中山水，不知迷醉了多少古人和今人……Sichuan Province in southwest China is renowned for its many fascinatingnatural wonders which have attraaed millions of travelers over the centuries.近年来，在四川北部南坪县境内，闪现出一颗五光十色的风光“宝石”，这就是人们赞不绝口的“神话世界”九寨沟。
它镶嵌在松潘、南坪、平武三县接壤的群山之中，面积约6万公顷，距成都约400公里。
九寨沟，由树正群海沟、则查洼沟、日则沟三条主沟组成，海拔平均在2，500米左右。
过去，沟中有九个藏族村寨，因此得名。
The recent discovery of the scenic beauty of Jiuzhaigou (Nine-village Ravine)has added charm to the picturesque landscape. Known as "China's Fairyland", Jiuzhaigou is located in the hills along the borders of Nanping,Pingwu and Songpan counties, some 400 kilometers from Chengdu, the pro-vinaal capital. Three scenic areas-Shuzheng qunhaigou, Zechawagou and Rizegou-combine to make up the 60,000 hectares of fairyland, which is nearly 2,500 meters above sea level. Its name "Nine-village Ravine"is sup-posed to be because Tibetans once inhabited nine villages in the ravine.海狭长数里。
外文文献及翻译
外文文献（一）原文DUAL FULL BRIDGE PROTECTED MOTOR DRIVER（A3976）The A3976 is designed to drive both windings of a bipolar stepper motor or bidirectionally control two DC Motors. Both H-Bridges are capable of continuous output currents of up to+/- 500 mA and operating voltages to 30V. Free wheeling, substrate isolated diodes are included for output transient suppression when switching motors or other inductive loads. For each bridge the PHASE input controls load current polarity by selecting the appropriate source and sink driver pair. The ENABLE input, when held high, enables the respective output H-bridge. When both ENABLE pins are held low the device will enter SLEEP mode and consume less than 100mA. The 3976 is protected to ensure safe operation in harsh operating environments and was designed specifically for automotive applications. Protection circuitry will check for open or shorted load, motor lead short to ground or supply, VBB overvoltage, VCC undervoltage, and thermal shutdown. If any of these conditions are detected the outputs will be disabled and fault information will be output to diagnostic pins FAULT1 and FAULT2. The 3976 is supplied in a choice of two power packages, a 16-lead plastic DIP with a copper batwing tab (suffix ‘B’), and a 24-lead plastic SOIC with a copper batwing tab (suffix ‘LB’). In both cases, the power tab is at ground potential and needs no electrical isolation.FEATURES（1）30 V , ±500 mA Continuous Output Rating（2）35V Load Dump Survival（3）Output Short Circuit Protection（4）Coded Fault Diagnostic Outputs（5）Low Current Standby Mode（6）Open Load Monitor（7）Low Current Standby Mode（8）VBB Over Voltage Shutdown（9）Internal Thermal Shutdown Circuitry（10）Internal Low Parasitic Free Wheeling Diodes（11）Crossover Current ProtectionABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGSat TA = +25°COperating Supply Voltage, VBB .................... 30 VNon-Operating Supply Voltage..................... 35 V Output Current, IOUT ............................±500 mA* Logic Supply Voltage, VCC.......................... 7.0 V Fault Output Voltage ................................... 7.0 VLogic Input Voltage Range, VIN.......................... -0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 VPackage Power Dissipation (TA = +25°C), PDA3976KLB..................................2.2 WA3976KB ....................................2.9 WOperating Temperature Range,TA ..............................-40°C to +125°CJunction Temperature, TJ .........................+150°C Storage Temperature Range, TS...............................-55°C to +150°C* Output current rating may be limited by duty cycle, ambient temperature, and heat sinking. Under any set of conditions, do not exceed the specified current rating or ajunction temperature of 150°C.PART NUMBER PACKAGE RØJA RØJTA3976KLB24 Lead SOIC56︒C/W6︒C/WA3973KB16 Lead DIP43︒C/W6︒C/WInput LogicPHASE ENABLE OUTA OUTBX 0 OFF OFF0 1 LOW HIGH1 1 HIGH LOWFault LogicFault Condition FAULT1FAULT2Thermal Shutdown LOW LOWShort to Battery or Open Load LOW HIGHShort to Ground HIGH LOWNormal Operation HIGH HIGHAPPLICATION NOTESOpen Lead Protection. During normal PWM operation diagnostic circuitry will look for a minimum source current level after a bridge is signalled on. Additionally, the diode flyback is monitored on the proper output. The logic will signal a fault and disable the outputs if it determines that the current is below the minimum level AND no flyback is occurring. If the inductive load is too large, the current would take too long to reach the minimal level and afalse open load would be reported. It is recommended that the inductive load be less than38mH.Short Circuit Protection. Internal sense resistors in series with VBB and ground willtrip the fault circuitry if greater than 1.1A is detected. To prevent false overcurrent events due to reverse recovery spikes of the clamp diodes, the current monitor is blanked for 5us after a high side is signalled to turn on. If an additional input command follows after the initial fault, the selected pair of drivers will pulse on for the 5us blanking duration. The short circuit fault will remember the input state where the fault occurred and will wait for that particular logic state after the short has been removed before normal operation is allowed to resume.Thermal Protection. Circuitry turns OFF all drivers when the junction temperaturereaches 170°C typically. It is intended only to protect the device from failures due to excessive junction temperatures and has a hysteresis of approximately 15°C.Layout. The printed wiring board should use a heavy ground plane. For optimum electricaland thermal performance, the driver should be soldered directly onto the board. The load supply pin, VBB, should be decoupled with an electrolytic capacitor (> 47 μF is recommended) placed as close to the device as possibleEnengy or Solar EnegryEnergy means the power which does work and drives machines. All living things (including humans) rely on the sun as a source of energy. Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are energy sources available today because organisms in the past captured sunlight energy and stored it in the complex organic molecules that made up their bodies, which were then compressed and concentrated. With the development of society, a large of energy sources have been used,such as coal, petroleum, natural gas, geothermal energy, nuclear fission power, nuclear fusion power, solar energy, and Hydrogen gas. however, under the circumstances, the quantity of energy source is limited. unlimited usage of energy source results in energy crisis. At present, most of the energy consumed by humans is produced from fossil fuels. The greatest recoverable fossil is in the form of coal and lignite. Although world coal resources are enomous and potentially can fill energy needs for a century or two, their utilization is limited by environmental disruption from mining and emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These would become intolerable long before coal resources were exhausted. Only a small percentage of coal and lignite has been utilized to date, whereas much of the recoverable petroleum and natural gas has already been consumed. Petroleum has several characteristics that make it superior to coal as a source of energy. Its extraction causes less environmental damage than does coal mining. It is a more concentrated source of energy than coal, and it burns with less pollution, and it can be moved easily through pipes. These characteristics make it an ideal fuel for automobiles.Since first commercial oil well in 1859, somewhat more than 100 million barrels of oil have been produced in the United States, most of it in recent years. In 1990 world petroleumconsumption was at a rate of about 65 million barrels per day. Projected use of petroleum and natural gas indicates rapid depletion. Alaskan oil can help the petroleum supply only temporarily. Peak world petroleum resources production will be reached within a few years. Since the first "energy crisis" of 1973-1974, some concrete actions have even taken place. However, the several-fold increase in crude oil prices since 1973 has extacted a toll. In the U.S. and other industrialized nations, the economy has been plagued by inflation, recession, unemployment, and obsolescence of industrial equipment. The economies of some petroleum-deficient developing countries have been devastated by energy prices.Energy crisis was accompanied by worldwide shortages of some foods and minerals, followed in some cases by surpluses, such as the surplus wheat resulting from increased planting and a copper surplus resulting from the efforts of copper-producing nations to acpuire foreign currency by copper export.As known to all,the availability and cost of energy has become dominant factors in society today. Obviously, solving the "energy crisis" makes good sense. Many schemes has been proposed for conserving present energy resources and for developing new ones. It is always possible to use less energy in any process. Therefore, energy engineer is created and developed. The first goal of energy engineer is to determine the methods by which energy utilization is reduced but the output remains the same, or even increases.The second goal is to determine which methods of using less energy are cost effective.Conventional engineering techniques are used to evaluated the mechanisms of energy use. Economic considerations are of equal importance and life cycle cost and saving techniques are used to determine cost-effective measures. The evaluation focuses on those uses which are significant in the overall picture and attempts to determine those technical measures that can reduce usage and save money.Meanwhile, looking for ideal energy sources is also very important to solve energy crisis. The recipe for an ideal energy source calls for one that is unlimited in supply, widely available, and inexpensive; it should not add to the earth's total heat burden or produce chemical air and water pollutants. Solar energy fulfills all of these criteria. Solar energy does not add excess heat to that which must be radiated from the earth. On a global basis, utilization of only a small fraction of solar energy reaching the earth could provide for all energy needs.Solar energy is unlimited in supply, but its exploitation and utilization are limited owing to the limitation of technology and conditions. Solar energy utilization needs an enormous amount of land, and there are economic and environmental problems related to the use of even a fraction of this amount of land for solar energy collection. Certainly, many residents of Arizona would not be pleased at having so much of the state devoted to solar collectors, and some environmental groups would protest the resultant shading of rattlesnake habitat. Solar power cells for the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity have been developed and are widely used for energy in space vehicles. With present technology, however, they remain too expensive for large-scale generation of electricity. Therefore, most schemes for the utilization of solar power depend upon the collection of thermal energy, followed by conversion to electrical energy. The simplest such approach involves focusing sunlight on a steam-generating bioler. Parabolic refkectors can be used to focus sunlight on pipescontaining heat-transporting fluids. Selective coatings on these pipes can be used so that only a small percentage of incident energy is reradiated from the pipes.（二）翻译全双桥电机保护驱动器（A3976）A3759是一种用来驱动双极性步进电机双绕组的单片集成电路，也可以用来双向控制两台电动机。
外文参考文献(带中文翻译)
外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance（/docs/pos_papers/2004/041027_SME-finance_final.do c）Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance sector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more its “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs,but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more. Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to lending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPM E’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing it into EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs:•The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive, which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, which strengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating will also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to ease transparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。
文学作品中英文对照外文翻译文献
文学作品中英文对照外文翻译文献
本文旨在汇总文学作品中的英文和中文对照外文翻译文献，共有以下几篇：
1. 《傲慢与偏见》
翻译：英文原版名为“Pride and Prejudice”，中文版由钱钟书翻译。
该小说是英国作家简.奥斯汀的代表作之一，描绘了19世纪英国中上层社会的生活和爱情故事。
2. 《了不起的盖茨比》
翻译：英文原版名为“The Great Gatsby”，中文版由杨绛翻译。
小说主要讲述了一个居住在纽约长岛的年轻白领盖茨比为了追求他的旧爱黛西而付出的努力，是20世纪美国文学的经典之作。
3. 《麦田里的守望者》
翻译：英文原版名为“The Catcher in the Rye”，中文版由施蛰存翻译。
该小说主人公霍尔顿是美国现代文学中最为知名的反英雄形象之一，作品深刻地揭示了青少年内心的孤独和矛盾。
4. 《1984》
翻译：英文原版名为“1984”，中文版由李敬瑞翻译。
该小说是英国作家乔治.奥威尔的代表作之一，描绘了一个虚构的极权主义社会。
以上是部分文学作品的中英文对照外文翻译文献，可以帮助读者更好地理解和学习相关文学作品。
参考文献,中英文翻译
参考文献[1] 段汉明.城市详细规划设计[M].北京：科学出版社，2006．[2] 王受之.当代商业住宅区的规划与设计.中国建筑工业出版社.2001[3] 吴良镛.人居环境科学导论.中国建筑工业出版社.2001[4] 扬·盖尔.交往与空间EM3.北京：建筑工业出版社，2002[5] 王薇薇.居住区交往空间环境设计初探 EJ3.江苏建筑，2007,6(1)：17— 18[6] 赵庆华.浅谈居住区的户外交往空间EJ3.山西建筑，2002，28 (6)：12— 13[7] 陈向东.创造良好的居住环境一居住区归属感的探索EM3.北京：时代建筑出版社，1998[8] 张程.浅析居住区邻里交往空间设计的要点EJ3.山西建筑，2006，32(9)：21—22[9] 夏更寿.园林建筑小品的应用研究[J].安徽农业科学，2004，32(4)：640— 642[10] 陈易.自然之韵——生态居住社区设计[M].上海：同济大学出版社，2003．[11] 黄越、刘建德．“市场与经济”主导“形式与空间”[J].建筑学报，2005(10)：56—57．[12] 王彦军.走向新社区——城市居住社区整体营造理论与方法.南京：东南大学出版社，2003[13] 邓述平、王伸谷.居住区规划设计资料集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社，1996[14] 黄一如.现代居住环境的探索和实践.北京:中国国建筑工业出版社，2002[15] 王华.居住社区中的“邻里交往”与“空间环境”分析[J].建筑知识，2004(3):13—1 5．[16] 城市居住区规划设计规范 (GB50180--93)[17] GB50220-95.城市道路交通规划设计规范[S]外文资料Planning and Design of Association Space of residential AreaXiaLiangdongAbstract: The association space refers to the indoor and outdoor space for communication between residents．The article presents an overall discussion of the necessity，hierarchy and functionality of association space,with a wish to create positive and healthy association atmosphere and stimu—late good communication among residents so that the residential area can become a homeland full of love and harmony．Keywords:residential area；association space；necessity；hierarchy；Functionality0 forewordAs the housing system reform and the rapid development of real estate, urban residential areas large urban settlements have emerged on the layout of residential buildings, public buildings, public green space, life and living facilities such as roads, to provide urban residents live in the community and The establishment, is an integral part of the city. Exchanges between the living room area residents is to communicate and exchange of indoor and outdoor space.At this stage, people's living standards greatly improved the living environment of continuous improvement district. Developers should not only focus on residential construction and the reasonable comfort, paying greater attention to the construction of residential environment. However, the current environment in the construction of residential areas, they are often the natural ecology of greening the environment is much more to consider, and the promotion of exchanges between the residents of the space environment to consider less, environmental construction can not meet the occupants of the psychological characteristics and needs. From the basic physiological needs gradually to meet the psychological and cultural fields of promoting a higher level, the residential area is not only the function of living, but also people's thinking and feelings of the local exchange. Therefore, the strengthening of exchanges between the residential areas of space construction, increase residential neighbourhood affinity, should be developed in the planning and construction of residential areas should also consider the issue.How to conduct exchanges between the residential areas of space planning and design, improve people's quality of life, the author of his own real estate development experience and try to contact the living room area of need, level of functionality for aReview.A residential area of exchanges between the need for spaceExchanges between the residential areas to create space for the process, in a sense, is in the course of exchanges between the people and the natural world and define the space environment between the development process.1.1 exchanges create a space to meet the spiritual and cultural needs of residents.Jan • Gaelic i n the "contacts and space," a book, the residents will live within the community of contacts divided into three categories: ① necessity of activities (such as school, work, etc.), the participants did not have much choice, subject to very little Material and environmental impact; ②spontaneous activities (such as walking, wait-and-see stop, etc.), greatly dependent on the quality of material and the space environment: ③social activities (such as children's games, chatting and people-to-people contacts between the passive January 1 simple See, hear, etc.), also, to a certain extent, the impact of material and the space environment. Therefore, the exchanges between the residential area of the space will create a direct impact on the residents of the contacts. As people's living standards gradually improved, the residents of the spiritual and cultural needs arising from the exchanges with the requirements will be getting higher and higher.Create a space of 120 contacts is the need to maintain traditional family ties Traditional historical neighborhoods and the living units Daza Yuan on the shape of an objective to maintain and develop the neighbourhood family. As the market economy and the development of new residential development and construction, and many residents to move to multi-storey high-rise residential, the link between households and households reduce, and even people are not familiar with the portal. At the same one floor, did not know each other very common phenomenon, the traditional relations in the neighbourhood gradually indifferent. Carry forward the traditional virtues, to promote family residential, Healthy demonstration projects in the country has long been proposed for residential"High-quality, new life", which "new life", including guidance on the new concept of living, to guide the new consumer awareness, a new form of exchanges, to form a new management model, and so on five aspects. According to this standard, the exchanges create a space it is very important.Create a space of 130 contacts is the need to build a harmonious society Residential area is to build a harmonious society space unit, a harmonious society is an important part. A residential area of a harmonious society can be harmonious.Harmonious residential areas should be a moderate consumption of economic, social management, diversification and harmonious relations between the neighbours, living environment, and with the humanistic spirit and the rich local cultural characteristics of the geographical space. From the hardware side, there should be a scientific and rational planning, good construction quality, improve infrastructure, the complete establishment of contacts, good landscape. From the software side, there should be quality property management, and improve the community-based organizations, the rich cultural atmosphere, good morality. Therefore, the exchanges between the space as an integral part of residential areas, create a far-reaching significance, and China recently and residential real estate will be put on the "build a harmonious family residential district," the objective is consistent.2 residential district-level exchanges between the space ofThe living space planning and construction in accordance with people at different times, different locations, different activities in different levels of privacy, can be divided into private space, semi-private room, semi-public space, public space, the formation of four space-related fields. The level and the field of space will help create a sense of belonging among the residents and enhance the interaction and pro-neighborhood and. People from the private space into the public space, is a gradual process. In this process, after all the residents of different levels of outdoor space, making contacts to become a necessity.2.1 residential building space to create exchangesDwellers in privacy is assured and meet under the premise of hope neighbourhood close, harmonious and to mutual exchanges and contacts. Therefore, the need to have exchanges between the space settings, and create a way as follows:2.11 expand the staircase depthStaircase is home residents in the buffer space, but also public housing tenants upstairs room at the break. The platform is too small to affect the length of stay of residents, not conducive to the exchanges between the residents. Expand the staircase depth, increase platform space, will increase their contacts, exchanges of opportunity.2.12 set up home gardensGarden is home residents into the indoor space for the transition, here, achieved a semi-private room for the transition to private space, residents here can support grass flowers, reception guests. Nanjing-day Hong Villa-home platform into the home in the Garden set up a grill door, both outdoor green landscape will be conducted to the interior of the extension, for two people through the grille gate to create anopportunity for exchange.2.13 expand the unit foyer areaUnit in the entrance foyer area and configure the appropriate expansion of some facilities such as rest stool, reading Baolan, a resident contacts, rest places, and units of the immediate household contacts. Conditional foyer can also do a lobby for households in this exchange, chat.2.14 bottom overheadResidential Design for the elevated bottom of open space and ensure the smooth flow of green space on the ground. Supported by flowers, Zuodeng facilities as residents of rest, such as chat room, and in connection with outdoor landscape, easy to create a good atmosphere for exchanges. Even rainy day also will not be affected, adding unlimited life for fun.2.15 set-Gallery- Gallery of traditional Chinese architecture is a form of construction, is a form can be effective in promoting exchanges between the people of the fun of space incentives, are widely used in modern residential design, such as the Osmanthus Hangzhou City District, Guangzhou Zhuyun Villa And so on. Gallery-factor here is traffic, and the exchange of places, played a role in the integration of the adjacent space, people can chat here, the sun, and so on.2.16 exchanges of high-rise buildingThe rising high-rise building in the physical environment restrictions on the freedom of the people exchanges, to reduce contact between the residents, the elderly rest, the lack of children's play space. Therefore, the high-rise building in the interval to set up a number of similar exchanges in the Chamber of good will to solve these problems. In this way, for the elderly in the rest of the space, to provide children with a playground, and the promotion of social interaction among residents.2.17 Roof GardenOn the platform set up in the roof garden, an increase of green space, was restored to the construction of the ground. People in this walk, fitness, chat, natural contact, an increase of exchanges between the residents of places to create a multi-level exchanges between the space.220 yards, a delegation of the association space"To achieve effective settlements between the groups and the exchanges have recognized the need for clear and appropriate areas of the border and logo." China's traditional courtyard space is part of building space, the area is a strong sense of spaceand border patterns, the neighbourhood is to increase exchanges and contacts between the effective means. Beijing Da Zayuan the old mode of living, residents of harmonious relations in harmony, a human face. Renowned architect Wu Liangyong design of the Beijing-ju infants alley, inheritance and development of this form of living.Shanqiang residential use of the wrong column, platform height difference, changes in residential space, residential settings between Lianlang, plants of the tube, creating a "siege without closure, without dredging through" the group space and formed a semi-private, semi-public The field of space. In the courtyard between the layout Zuodeng, the elderly here Xiejiao, Cuxitanxin, no longer feel lonely: reserve some space, children play in the home, mothers can be seen here in the kitchen, children no longer worried about the safety of: Members of mutual Reference , And mutual exchanges, and exchanges are deep-seated. Not only enhance the feelings and prevent the formation of a collective consciousness, to effectively prevent the destruction and crime, security, have been protected.So that more people can enjoy the environmental landscape comfort, more and more developers are good attention to the landscape of the building. Pichu in the group in a space, as a delegation of the public landscape. However, they often re-design of "visual effect" light "social effect." Although the construction of a large number of hardware shops, flower beds, shrubs planted Joe, it lacks some residents to promote exchanges between the rest of the shelters, chairs, and affected the exchanges between the extension of the neighbourhood. Therefore, the delegation landscape in the strengthening of public infrastructure construction, and create a space for exchanges, will promote exchanges between the residents of outreach.2.3 exchanges between the public spaces to create spaceBy the semi-public space to public space, people exchanges between the exchanges from the neighbourhood to the public exchanges, contacts between the characteristics of exchanges between the decision to create a space for the different practices.2.3.1 open space for public relationsResidential area of central green space is often the area of public venues, as shared by the entire population, is the residential area of the "living room." Here, residents of various gatherings, community activities, fitness. Open space should be designed, without borders and at the same time, various groups in the residential area green space to the center of the road, should be easily accessible, guide the people into public space, to participate in contacts and exchanges.2.3-2 and landscape combine PiecesResidential area of landscape and people's exchanges with the interaction between people in the landscape before the stop watch, the exchanges have the desire, with the landscape, more full of vigor. Therefore, public exchanges between the space and landscape Pieces should be combined, such as sculpture on the square, around the fountain Waterscape layout Zuodeng, people appreciate the side of sculpture, fountain, while exchanges and reduce the distance between people. At the same time should play a guiding role in the landscape, emphasizing participation, attractive to flow through the landscape, gathering popularity.3 exchanges between the living room area of the building featuresDifferent groups of people because of their age, occupation, cultural background of different exchanges of the functions of space have different needs. According to the characteristics of different populations and demand for space contacts between the different functions of the building, creating a different theme of space, will help attract people from outside, spontaneous interaction.3.1 exchanges between the functions of space and building occupants should be suited to the age structureChildren naturally active, have a strong sense of curiosity, games and more activities for climbing, jumping, leisure, such as Xishua. Therefore, the venue should be set up in the slides, swings, Leisure Pool, bunkers and other facilities, taking into account the needs of adults to care for children, some blocks in the surrounding layout stool. On the one hand, children in the game was physical and mental exercise, on the other hand, care for the children of people have been exchanges.Young people like sports. Therefore, in order to increase the sports facilities, planning to basketball courts, tennis courts and other sports space. However, it should be far from some residential, so as to avoid interference on the daily life of residents. Like the elderly in the early morning fitness, such as doing Qigong, a tai chi, like the rest of the time playing chess, play cards, chat, Yangniao such activities. Therefore, to make space in the small square, booths, equipped with Taiwan, tables, chairs and other facilities.3.2 exchanges between the space to take into account the function of building barrier-free facilities layoutExchanges between the living room area is a complex environment, including roads, green space, Pieces, facilities and other environmental factors. Exchanges between the functions of building space in addition to meet the normal use, should give fullconsideration to the disabled, the elderly vulnerable groups, such as the use of a barrier-free design. Barrier-free environment of space means exchanges with no obstruction and dangerous. If the import unit designed around 1.5 m x 1.5m above the level of space for wheelchair users stay; unit foyer reserved space for wheelchairs and Childs vehicles to facilitate wheelchair and Childs vehicles stored: in public relations to the road space On both sides, who set up blind road trip on the trail for the blind walking: the sidewalk in the end, a height difference of the junction, a height difference of public platform set up the ramp for wheelchair users access; elderly morning exercises in the square, as far as possible Be flat no height difference, the use of anti-skid surfacing materials: children playing in the park, the use of soft mats and safety warning signs in different exchanges of space, by setting up the Pieces and personalized theme sculpture, to enhance space And the recognition of sexual orientation, and so on.4 ConclusionIn residential areas of planning and construction, we must be people-centered, according to create a functional level and living space area contacts at all levels, from the psychological and physical needs of starting, through the space environment to create, create a positive, healthy exchanges between the atmosphere, Residential area into a harmonious family homes. Meanwhile, the exchanges between the living room area of thinking and innovation, and developers need to continue to carry out exploration.References[1] Yang • Gaelic. Exchanges and space [M]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press.[2] Wang. Living in the community, "the neighbourhood exchanges" and "space" of [J], building knowledge, 2004 (3) :13-1 5.[3] Nielan Health, Song Kun. Create a pleasant living space - LJ. Architectural Journal, 1997 (11) :29-31中文翻译居住区交往空间规划与设计夏良东【摘要】居住区交往空间是居民进行沟通与交流的户内、户外空间：文章从交往空间营造的必要性、层次性、功能性加以综述，旨在通过交往空间的营造，创造出积极、健康的交往氛围，促进居民交往，使居住区成为亲情和谐的家园。
英语学习-毕业论文中文翻译及外文文献参考
毕业论文中文翻译及外文文献参考广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部管理学部专业信息管理与信息系统年级2009级班级名称09信管 1 班学号150********学生姓名曹华瑜指导教师2012 年5 月10日目录外文文献译文(1)外文文献原文(12)外文文献译文系统的分析与设计摘要如今的世界，已经是步入了信息化的时代，特别是互联网的迅猛发展，带动了信息进入我们生活的各个领域，也使得信息化建设成为各行业、各领域增强自身管理效率和核心竞争力的重要手段。
出版业作为我国社会主义文化产业的一部分，在信息化建设方面相对于其他领域，有成绩是肯定的，但仍然显得滞后，建设水平不够高，离市场需求还有一定距离，还有很大的发展潜力，在我国信息化建设中应该发挥更大的作用。
同时要充分利用先进的电子信息技术改造出版业，来加快出版业信息化建设的步伐。
出版社信息化建设是用一种全新的、先进的管理理念，一种全新的机制，一种全新的企业文化来改变以前的管理模式，是一种管理模式的变革。
它充分利用信息技术与出版社管理模式的结合，来推动管理水平的提升。
面对日益激烈的竞争，出版社必须转变思路，确立全新的经营理念，确立以读者需求为中心，提供专业化的一流服务。
信息化建设更是一场管理体制的革命，它要用先进的思想模式和技术手段改变以前的管理模式，用数字化、规范化、程序化、标准化来进行管理，用量化的指标支持奖惩与分配政策，体现激励机制。
通过这场改革和革命，最终实现出版社的办公自动化、管理网络化、资源数字化、商务电子化。
而在整个的出版过程中，编务管理是出版行业信息管理系统的重要部分,它将编务人员及图书管理人员从繁重的事务性工作中解放出来,并使管理工作更透明、更科学,此次的系统如果有了良好的分析与设计,不但对编务管理,而且对整个出版行业的管理信息系统的建设都具有十分重要的意义。
介绍在存储程序的控制下，计算机把数据处理成信息。
对系统的定义略加思考，任何一个已知的计算机应用至少包含三个部分，硬件、软件和数据。
毕业论文外文文献以及中文译文
Stores like the one in Shenzhen show how much has changed in Chinese retailing. Just two decades ago, shops had surly staff offering a few drab items, often locked safely away in glass cases. Yet there is still a long way to go. Even today, much of the population buys from daily markets or directly from producers. ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱrganised retailing remains relatively new. Most Chinese stores are tiny, family-run outfits. China's top 100 chains account for just a tenth of total retail sales.
外文文献及译文
外文文献及译文(总26页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--本科毕业设计外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：Food Handling Using Computer文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：机电工程学院专业：机械工程及自动化班级：机械054姓名：刘翠芹学号：22指导教师：董明晓教授翻译日期：外文文献：Food Handling and Packaging using Computer vision and Robot AbstractEven though the use of robot vision system in manufacturing sectors is now a commonplace, however, the technology embodied in these devices is poorly matched to industrial needs of food processors. In particular, food processing imposes special demands upon machinery. For instance the vision sensor must be programmed to detect the position of single and isolated object as well as overlapping or occluding objects. Special grippers have to be designed for handling of food articles such that they have minimum contact with the food items and hence causing minimum damage to them. In this project, started overa year ago, a vision guidance system is being developed to meet this objective. The system integrates the modified version of the Hough transform algorithm as the main recognition engine. The methods and procedures were tested on commercially produced beef burgers.1. IntroductionFrom the incoming down to the packaging lines, locating, recognizing and handling food objects are very important in food processing industry. These tasks are performed routinely in food industry mainly for quality evaluationand product classification. Such tasks are very laboriously demanding andtend to rely heavily on role of the human operator [1]. Hands of workersusing raw materials of animal origin can heavily be contaminated with faecaland other micro-pathogenic organisms [2]. The study by Trickett [3] hasshown a strong link between food poisoning and the hygiene standards of food processors. Complete automation of food handling and packaging by means of robotic arm is the most effective means to eliminate influence of manual handling of microbiological quality of foods.Robots have successfully been applied in a wide range of food industries primarily dealing with well-defined processes and products not only because they are relatively clean and hygienic, also because of their flexibility, ruggedness and repeatability. This trend will continue to grow with the increasing scrutiny and regulatory enforcements such as and Hazard Analysisand Critical Control Points (HACCP) together with companies that are lookingfor ways to decrease or eliminate worker exposure to repetitive motion tasks and harsh environment. However there are problems and challenges associated with the use of robots in food industry [4].Firstly the food products, despite of the same type, differ in size, shape and other physical variables. This imposes special demands for machinery to handle them,requiring multiple sensory, manipulation and environmental capabilities beyond those available in robots designed to automate manufacturing tasks. Secondly the success of applying robots for food handlers, hinges upon the success of detecting, locating, recognizing and handling severely overlapping and occluding cases of similar food objects. Thirdly,food objects are often delicate and usually covered with either slippery or viscous substances, making high speed handling of such targets a very challenging task. The existing contact-based mechanisms such as the vacuum suctioning and the clamp gripping are not applicable because they can potentially cause injuries and bruising to food products. Hence further research is needed in order to solve these problems. This paper addresses some of the problems, focusing on the methods used to control the robot directlyfrom the vision sensor, attempting to simulate the way that humans use their eyes to naturally control the motion of their arms.2. Materials and MethodsSample PreparationThe chosen food for this study is a locally produced beef-burger. It possesses all the important characteristics which are unique to food products, such that they are very fragile and easily deformed. The average size of the beef-burgers is mm in thickness and mm radius and gm in weight. Surface images of test samples were acquired using 8-bit robot vision system with uniform white background. The white background provides excellent contrast between the burger and the background. The chosen exposure was adjusted sothat the image intensity histograms were approximately centered at mid-way of the full-scale range. The focal distance was selected to allow single as well as multiple samples to fit in the image frame.Robot visionThe robot vision systems used in this study is the Adept Cobra 600 4-DOF articulated scara robot, manufactured by Adept Tech., USA and equipped with Adept Vision Interface, MV-5 Adept controller and TM1001 CCD monochrome camera manufactured by Pulnix Inc., Canada. The camera was mounted onto link 2 of robot arm and illuminated using the warm white deluxe (WWX) fluorescent lighting. The camera is fitted with a C-mount adapter to permit the use of Tamron f/ 8-mm lens. The TM1001 camera is connected to the AVI card via a 12-pin Hirose type camera connector of Hirose Inc., Japan. The robot vision system was operated using Adept’s AIMS and programming libraries, running onGHz and 255 MB RAM Pentium IV PC. Figure 1 shows the set-up of robot vision system.Image ProcessingThe objective of image processing in robot vision applications is mainly to extract meaningful and accurate information from the images, endowing the robots with more sophisticated position control capabilities through the use of vision feedback. The use of a simple geometric method such as introducing specially designed cues into the image scene will not work in this application since the burger images are generally complex, difficult to model andpartially or extensively occluded depending on the viewing angle. Figure 2 shows the typical beef-burger image.In order to accurately translate burger positions to robot movements, the former geometric features must firstly be extracted and secondly matched to the robot's workspace. In this application one of the useful features which uniquely characterize the pose of a burger in arbitrary locations is its centroid. This geometric descriptor is applicable since the shape of a burger is approximately circular. Furthermore this feature preserves variance to translation, rotation and scaling. Before computing the centroid of the realburger images, several preprocessing operations need to be performed on each image.Edge detection operation is carried out to detect the contour of the connected and isolated components, thereby, effectively transforming the original data into a form suitable for further processing. The edge results of Figure 2 computed using well-known Sobel and Robert operators [5] are shown in Figures 3(a),(b),(c)&(d). From these figures it can be seen that the edges determined by these operators comprised of many false edges, discontinuities and spurious spots resulting from uneven and irregular surface of the burger, non-uniform light reflection and shadows. These drawbacks are not acceptable for application described in this paper.A more sophisticated method is needed in order to obtain acceptable results. The method used to solve these problems was based on Canny edge detection operator [6]. Interested readers are referred to this publicationfor detailed mathematical explanation of this relatively new edge detector. Here only the important principles are presented in order to facilitate discussion on robot vision applications on food handling. Canny method for edge detection is principally based on some general ideas.Firstly Canny was the first to demonstrate that convolving an image with a symmetric 2-D Gaussian filter and then, secondly, differentiating in the direction of the gradient form the edge magnitude image. The presence of edges in the original image gives rise to ridges in gradient magnitude image. The objective is to detect the true edge in the right place. This can be done using method known as non-maximal suppression technique. Essentially this method works by tracking along the top of the ridges, retaining only those points at the top of the ridge, whilst suppressing all others. The tracking process exhibits hysteresis controlled by two important parameters. They are the lower threshold value Tlow, and the upper threshold value Thigh. If the edge response is above Thigh, then this pixel definitely constitutes an edge and hence retained. Pixels less than Thigh but greater than greater Tlow are considered as weak edges. Finally tracking was done to bridge all discontinued edges as well as to eliminate the false edges are retained only if they are connected to the strong edge. The result of these operations is an image with thin lines of edge points with improved edge-to-noise ratio. Even though this method reduces the effect of noise, however, the overall quality of edges depends largely on the optimal selection of the standard deviation ?. which defines the Gaussian mask for Canny’s edge detection. Experimentally the optimum value was set to 3. This corresponds to a 25 X 25 kernel. This valueis fixed for given set of background illumination and image gain. Change in any of these external factors such as illumination, image gain, background colour will also affect the optimum value of ?. Figures 4(a)&(b) show results for canny edge detection with ? set to 1 and 3.Comparing Figure 3 and Figure 4, it can be seen clearly that the edges determined by Canny's operator are less corrupted compared to edges detected either by Sobel or Robert operator. The burger edges are more complete in Figure 4 whereas in Figure 3 they are only partially visible and more obscured. Furthermore the retention of major detail by the Canny operator is very evident. The presence of overlapping and partially occluding burgers are visually recognizable. Canny operator therefore has the ability to detect major features of interest in the burger image, allowing the geometric feature of the pick-and-place species of a burger be accurately determined. The algorithm for determining the pick-and-place specie is given in the following section.Centroid Detection AlgorithmOnce the edges of the burgers have been detected, the next step in image analysis is to retrieve and extract the geometric feature which uniquely defines the shape of a burger. One important criterion of this type of shape analysis and retrieval problems is that the method must be invariant totranslation, scaling and translation of images or objects. The use of Hough transform seems to be adequate since this method achieves translation, scaling and rotation invariance by converting a global detection problem in an image space into a more easily solved local peak detection problem in the parameter space [7]. More importantly the Hough transform allows segmentation of overlapping or semi-occluded objects which is critical for processing of burger images.However the original Hough transform works well if analytic equations of object borderlines are known and invariant. In the present context these conditions are very difficult to be fulfilled because the shape of the burger is not a perfect circle. This imperfection is mainly due to non-rigid properties of the burgers, causing them to be easily deformed when pressed or come in contact with any rigid surface such as the conveyor belts. A straightforward application of Hough transform will yield a multiple set of accumulated votes in the parameter space, corresponding to different shapes and sizes of the objects [7]. This may result in many false alarms. Furthermore the ambiguity of indexing and insufficient description of point features may result in false solutions for the recognition of overlapping or semi-occluding objects. In this work we purpose a method to solve some of these problems by modifying the Hough transform employing the latest technique in object recognition based on centroid-contour distance (CCD) curve. The CCD method is given by Wang [8].Figure 5 CCD Curve of CircleThe basic idea of this technique can be explained using illustration in Figure 5. It shows a point Q lying on the contour of a circle which is characterized by a centroid C, and a radius R. The angle between the point Q and the centroid is given by ? Tracing a burger contour can be considered as circling around its centroid. The tracing path in clockwise or anticlockwise direction from fixed starting point represents a shape contour uniquely. In other words a contour point sequence corresponds to a shape uniquely if the starting point is fixed. Hence for a given C, R and ? a point Q on the contour will accurately satisfy the following criterion if the contour belongs to a perfect circle, . Q=(RCosθ,RSinθ) (1)Since in this case a perfect match is impossible to obtain for reasons stated previously, therefore, a point Q is treated as a point belonging to the edge of a burger if it is bounded by maximum and minimum R values.Mathematically(RminCosθ,RminSinθ )?Q?(RmaxCosθ,RmaxSinθ ) (2) where Rmin < R < Rmax is the range of the burger radius as shown in Figure 6. This method works by firstly treating all edge pixels in the binarized image resulting from Canny edge detection, as probable centroids of the objects. Foreach centroid location, secondly, the CCDcurves are traced using Eq. 2. For tracing ? is varied between 0o < θ? 360o, thereby searching for all pixelswhich are bounded between these two contours. If the increment value for θ in Eq. 2 is kept as 1 then the maximum possible pixels that would satisfyas the circumference point for a centroid are 360. Generally smaller ?values above certain limit improves the computation time of the algorithm. For every pixel in the binarised image being considered as the centroid, it is assumed as the center of a circle.Next the number of instances the circumference points of that circle are also edges in the binarised image are determined. If the number of pixels are greater than a threshold, it implies that the centroid pixel being considered is the centroid of the burger.Practically when the above algorithm is applied to burger images, thetotal number of matches would never be the maximum even for a correct centroid. This is because of inevitable noise, irregular light reflection and burger surface shadows. Thus the threshold value for the number of matches has to be fixed below the maximum value 36.To determine the correct value of the threshold the algorithm was applied to sequence of 19 burger images. The criteria for correctly identifying whichspecies of the burger is most likely to be lifted are that, that burger should be minimally overlapped or maximally exposed. As seen in Figure 2 the burger that lies on the top of the heap as well as on the side of the main pile could fulfill the above criterion, and hence, contributed also as the picked-and-place species. The algorithm is applied for the centroid locations from top-left to bottom-right pixels. Thus multiple burgers that satisfy the criteria to be lifted will be prioritized from top-left to bottom-right.By following this criterion the robot will be led to pick and place only those species, thereby reducing the likelihood of damaging the overlapped specie. Figure 7 shows the number of matches of each burger centroid in asequence of images using Eq. 2.3. Experimental Tests and ResultsThe methods and procedures described in the previous sections were experimented using sequence of burger images.The objective of this experiment is to sort the burger individually by pick-and-place operations. In so doing the robot must first examine the present of burgers in the heap, and second, detect which species of burgerthat was most likely to be lifted-up. Prior to experiment, the camera was calibrated for a given mounting position,enabling robot pose with respect to the position and orientation of the burger be accurately mapped.Figures 8(b)-(f) show the sequence of centroids of minimally overlapped burgers revealed using modified Hough transform, starting with detection of the 1st burger and ending with detection of the 7th burger respectively. Only the first seven centroid locations were shown here even though the locations of a total of 19 burgers were successfully located. Each centroid location was fed into a controller which kinematically positioned and orientated therobot's end-effecter in 3D space. In each detection round the pick-and-placespecies of burger was removed from the heap manually. Clearly from Figure 8 the location of a minimally overlapped or maximally exposed burger was accurately revealed in every picked and placed cycle. No partially overlapped or occluded burgers were detected.It can therefore be concluded that the proposed method works well for detecting minimally overlapping burgers which is important in ensuring a correct pick-and-place sequence of the robot. However, one drawback of this technique is that it is a very computationally intensive method, requiring approximately 3-4 seconds for every result. A time consuming yet accurate position detection algorithm may limit its applications in food industry. Hence, a special hardware for fast position detection is now being developed using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip.Moreover a specially designed end-effecter is needed in meeting the need for robotic handling of beef-burgers. Clearly the use of conventional grippers is not suitable since they do not address the task of handling non-rigid materials and they can increase contamination problems of beef-burgers. In order to solve these problems a novel non-contact end effecter employing pneumatic levitation technique [9] is now being investigated in our laboratory.4. ConclusionTechnological development in robotics has the potential to minimize the contamination risk in food handling and packaging. The successful application of this relatively new technology in food industry, however, requires compliant with several processing parameters, namely recognition ofoverlapping and touching objects. In this paper we have implemented arelatively simple but effective recognition of overlapping and touchingobjects for use in robot positioning and guidance. By using global image descriptor together with the advanced image processing, the typicalproblematic steps of extraction and matching of geometric features are eliminated, making it possible to accurately position the robot arm even under severely overlapping cases.The algorithm resulted form this study in modified Hough transform. This algorithm was tested for detection of beef-burgers, and it was discovered that, the system is particularly robust, converging to the desired pose corresponding to a minimally overlapped burger or maximally exposed burgerfrom initial pose over the entire work space. The algorithm has a very good accuracy in detecting the food objects with more than 10% overlapping or occlusion. Further extensions of this work include improvement of robot end-effecter and the kinematics of control scheme to provide continuous motion for applications requiring dynamic tracking.5. AcknowledgementsThis work is supported by Malaysia Intensified Research in Priority Areas grant IRPA 6012602.6. References[1] KHODABANDEHLOO, K., CLARKE, . 1993. Robotics in meat. Fish and Poultry Processing. Chapman and Hall, London.[2] DE-WIT, . 1995. The importance of hand hygiene in contamination of foods. Antonie Van Leeuwenhuek 51, 523-527.[3] TRICKETT, J. 1992. Food hygiene for food handlers. Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.[4] LEGG, B. 1993. Hi-tech agricultural engineering - a contradiction in terms of the way forward. Mechanical Incorporated Engineer, August, 86-90.[5] GONZALEZ, . and WOODS, . 2002. Digital image processing. Prentice Hall, USA.[6] CANNY, . 1986. A computational approach to edge detection. IEEE Transactions Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence, 8(6), 679-698. [7] ILLINGWORTH, J. and KITTLER, J. 1988. A survey of the Hough transform. Computer Vis., Graphics and Image Process., 44, 87-116.[8] WANG, Z., CHI, Z. and FENG, D. 2003. Shape based leaf retrieval. IEE Proceedings Vis. Image Signal Process., 150(1), 34-42.[9] ERZINCANLI, F. SHARP, J. and ERHAL, S. 1997. Design and Operational Considerations of a Non-contact Robotic Handling System for Non-rigid Materials. Int. J. Mech. Tools Manufact., 38, 353-361.中文译文：利用计算机视觉和机器人进行食品处理和包装1 摘要虽然在制造业使用机器人视觉系统已经相当普及,然而这一技术在机械设备的应用很难符合食品加工的工业需要.特别是,食品加工对机械有特殊要求. 例如视觉传感器必须程序化的检测单一孤立的对象以及重叠或遮挡物体的位置。
列举查到的全中文文献10篇外文5篇
列举查到的全中文文献10篇外文5篇
（原创版）
目录
1.引言
2.中文文献综述
3.外文文献综述
4.总结
正文
【引言】
本文旨在对近年来关于某主题的研究进行综述，以期对该领域的发展提供一定的参考。
为此，我们查阅了大量的中文和外文文献，共计 10 篇中文文献和 5 篇外文文献。
【中文文献综述】
在查阅的 10 篇中文文献中，我们发现主要涉及以下几个方面的研究：（1）某主题的理论探讨；（2）某主题在我国的发展现状；（3）某主题的
未来发展趋势。
这些文献为我们深入理解该领域的理论体系和实践应用提供了有力的支持。
【外文文献综述】
在外文文献方面，我们查阅了 5 篇相关论文，主要涉及以下内容：（1）某主题在国际上的研究进展；（2）跨文化比较研究；（3）某主题在
实际应用中的案例分析。
这些文献有助于我们了解国际上的研究动态，并从中借鉴经验，为我国在该领域的发展提供借鉴。
【总结】
综合以上对中文和外文文献的综述，我们可以看出，某主题是一个具
有广泛研究价值和实际应用意义的课题。
通过对国内外文献的分析，我们可以更好地把握该领域的研究动态和发展趋势，为我国在该领域的进一步研究和实践提供有益的参考。
（注：为简化示例，本文未对具体文献进行详细列举和分析，实际操作时，请根据所查阅的文献进行具体撰写。
中英论文参考文献范例
中英论文参考文献一、中英论文期刊参考文献[1].飞灰酸碱性对二英从头合成的影响.《化工学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年12期.詹明秀.陈彤.付建英.侯霞丽.李晓东.严建华.[5].基于硫基循环抑制技术的危险废物焚烧炉二英排放的控制.《化工学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年11期.吴海龙.林晓青.严密.陈彤.陆胜勇.李晓东.严建华.[6].英买力地区中生界—新生界油气藏石油包裹体特征及成藏期次.《石油学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年1期.罗枭.姜振学.李卓.李峰.刘建良.高甜.冯洁.[7].Zn、Cd化合物对模拟飞灰中二英生成的影响.《化工学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年7期.廖钧红.杨杰.孟炜杰.李晓东.陈彤.[8].SO2抑制二英从头合成的实验及其过程模拟.《化工学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年9期.付建英.陈彤.吴海龙.林晓青.陆胜勇.李晓东.[9].高含氯固体废弃物流化床气化的二《化工学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年3期.郑皎.池涌.李建新.王永川.胡长兴.二、中英论文参考文献学位论文类[1].论二十世纪以来中英敦煌文化学术交流——以英藏敦煌文献的刊布和研究为中心.作者：郭佳惠.专门史四川师范大学2013（学位年度）[2].广东石人嶂钨矿云英岩矿化及钨矿化多样性研究.被引次数：2作者：覃日贤.矿物学;岩石学;矿床学桂林理工大学2013（学位年度）[3].英伦元素在女装设计中的应用与研究.被引次数：2作者：夏婧.设计艺术学东华大学2011（学位年度）[4].英伽登文学作品结构层次理论在中国的影响研究.作者：苏姣姣.文艺学济南大学2014（学位年度）[5].英美不动产登记法律制度研究.被引次数：4作者：刘艳.民商法学山东大学2014（学位年度）[6].阿英与中国近代文学研究.作者：龙莹莹.中国古代文学济南大学2014（学位年度）[7].英源汉语网络词语的认知研究.作者：杨雨晴.英语语言文学湖南师范大学2014（学位年度）[8].中英大学招生简章语篇的互文性对比分析——批评性话语分析视角. 作者：张睿.外国语言学及应用语言学安徽大学2015（学位年度）[9].达英35配合克罗米芬及补佳乐治疗多囊卵巢综合征不孕的疗效观察.被引次数：1作者：乔文娟.妇产科学大连医科大学2014（学位年度）[10].仇英青绿山水研究.作者：王雪歌.美术学河南师范大学2014（学位年度）三、相关中英论文外文参考文献[1]NoentryHowwillallthoseimportsfromChinareachtheshopswhenthere's nocapacityleftatBritain'sports?Theplanningsystemisblamedforholdingupt hedevelopmentofnewcontainerterminals,writesLeeHibbert.JohnPullin《Professionalengineering》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.200510[2]China'smodelofeggdonationisapolicylessonforBritain.Ahuja,K.K.《Reproductivebiomedicineonline》,被SCI收录SCI.20123[3]ManagementofRoadMaintenance:CompareandContrasttheDifferentAppr oachesinBritainandChina. YanhuaCaoMiaomiaoTianRuinanJiangBaolinZhuJingChen2014[4]Dampingofsubsynchronousresonanceusingavoltagesourceconverterba sedhighvoltagedirectcurrentlinkinaseriescompensatedGreatBritaintransmissionnetwork.LukeLivermoreCarlosE.UgaldeLooQingMuJunLiangJanakaB.EkanayakeNickJenk ins《IETgeneration,transmission&distribution》,被EI收录EI.被SCI 收录SCI.20143[5]Nuclearpursuits,2012.RobertS.NorrisandHansM.Kristensen《Bulletinoftheatomicscientists》,被EI收录EI.20121[6]DietarysourcesofsodiuminChina,Japan,theUnitedKingdom,andtheUni tedStates,womenandmenaged40to59years:theINTERMAPstudy.. AndersonCAAppelLJOkudaNBrownIJChanQZhaoLUeshimaHKestelootHMiuraKCurbJ DYoshitaKElliottPYamamotoMEStamlerJ 《JournaloftheAmericanDieteticAssociation》,被SCI收录SCI.20105[7]ComparisonsbetweenPeople'sCongressSysteminChinaandParliamentar ySysteminBritain.HANJingweiFENGJinjing2012[8]ChlorineinsubmarinevolcanicglassesfromtheeasternManusbasin. SunWDBinnsRAFanACKamenetskyVSWysoczanskiRWeiGJHuYHArculusRJ 《GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa:JournaloftheGeochemicalSocietyandtheMe teoriticalSociety》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20076[9]ChinaandBritain:Friendsinneed.TheEconomist《Theeconomist》,2015TN.8961[10]RealtimePCRanditsapplicationtomumpsrapiddiagnosis.. JinLFengYParryRCuiALuY《JournalofMedicalVirology》,被SCI收录SCI.200711四、中英论文专著参考文献[1]二(噁)英污染土壤之生物整治成效及降解机制评估:由实验室到实场之整治设计.高志明.涂耀埏.刘仲康.林伟志.陈若瑛，2013中国环境科学学会2013年学术年会[2]英吉苏凹陷英南2气藏天然气成因判识.时保宏.赵靖舟.张艳，20092009盆地动力学与油气资源战略调查研讨会[3]混合碱分解锆英砂工艺研究.张建东.王力军.蒋东民，2012中国有色金属工业协会钛锆铪分会2012年锆行业大会[4]炼焦煤中Cl、S等元素差异对二(噁)英生成的影响.李晓璐，2013中国环境科学学会2013年学术年会[5]CaO对锆英砂碱熔分解过程的影响.张亚增.陈伟东.闫国庆.闫淑芳，2012中国有色金属工业协会钛锆铪分会2012年锆行业大会[6]近代英华辞典环流从罗存德,井上哲次郎到商务印书馆.沈国威，2013宫廷典籍与东亚文化交流国际学术研讨会[7]中英重污染企业环境报告比较研究基于GRI3.1指南的环境指标的分析. 周一虹.张丽媛，2014中国会计学会环境资源会计专业委员会2014学术年会[8]锆英砂矿(锆精矿)中放射性元素含量与辐射剂量相关问题的说明.王向东.逯福生.贾翃.郝斌.熊炳昆，2012中国有色金属工业协会钛锆铪分会2012年锆行业大会[9]2012年中国锆英砂市场现状及其展望.刘莉，2012中国有色金属工业协会钛锆铪分会2012年锆行业大会[10]朝鲜王朝《史记英选》之编选、刊印与影响.孙卫国.张光宇，2013“中西史学传统的继承和创新”学术研讨会。
中英文的文章
中英文的文章你是不是还在找有中文翻译的英文文章呢?下面就是店铺给大家整理的中英文的文章，希望大家喜欢。
中英文的文章篇1：A Gift of Dreams(Excerpt)梦寐以求的礼物(节选)George H.Brooks乔治·H·布鲁克斯Christmas Eve, 1994. I was a sailor in the U.S. Navy, on a one-day leave in San Francisco. Ihad won ' 300 at poker that ordinarily would have burned a hole in my pocket, but I couldn'tshake an overwhelming sadness.1944年圣诞夜。
当时我是美国海军士兵，到旧金山休假一天。
在那以前，我玩扑克游戏，赢了300元。
通常，钱烧口袋滑，一有就不留。
可我当时极为忧愁烦闷，怎么也无法摆脱那种恶劣的心境。
Scuttlebutt had it we'd be pulling out before the New Year for the South Pacific. I'd just receivedword that another friend had been killed in Europe. And here I was, an 18-year-old alone in astrange city. Nothing seemed to make any kind of sense.What was I going to be fighting for,anyway传闻部队在新年前要开赴南太平洋，而且刚刚听说又有一位朋友在欧洲阵亡。
我年仅18，如今在一个陌生的城市里，单身无靠。
干什么都没有意思。
我究竟为什么打仗来着I spent most of the day in a mental fog, wandering aimlessly through crowds of laughing,happy people. Then, late in the afternoon, my vision suddenly focused, and for the first time ascene registered.我精神迷惘，在欢笑的人群中毫无目的地逛荡，消磨了差不多一整天。
集外文五篇
集外文五篇
胡风
【期刊名称】《现代中文学刊》
【年(卷),期】2014(000)004
【摘要】现在的青年何以不喜欢团结——答刘巍君前天到效春先生房间谈天,见刘君来信中有这个问题。
效春先生这两天事忙无暇作答,他问我有没有意见。
我和刘君一样好久就怀了这样一个疑问,今天乘便写出与刘君及一般朋友们讨论一下。
第一个缘故就是大家都不晓得团结的重要。
现在还要议论团结的重要,似乎是可笑;然而大多数的朋友们确实地还不知道和相信!青年都希望他将来成一个出类拔萃的人物,但是倘若你问他怎样达到这个目的,他总相信现在把功课做好,
【总页数】3页(P86-88)
【作者】胡风
【作者单位】不详
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】H152.3
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列举查到的全中文文献10篇外文5篇
摘要：
1.引言
2.中文文献综述
3.外文文献综述
4.结论
正文：
【引言】
随着科技的发展，各类文献资料日益增多，为我们的研究提供了丰富的参考资料。
本文旨在对近期发表的全中文文献和外文文献进行综述，以期为我国相关领域的研究提供有益的参考。
【中文文献综述】
我们查阅了大量中文文献，从中挑选了10 篇具有代表性的论文进行综述。
这些论文涵盖了各个领域，包括自然科学、社会科学和人文科学等。
具体论文题目和作者如下：
1.《论文题目1》，作者：张三等
2.《论文题目2》，作者：李四等
3.《论文题目3》，作者：王五等
...
这些论文的研究成果和观点为我国相关领域的发展提供了重要的理论支撑和实践参考。
【外文文献综述】
我们还查阅了5 篇具有代表性的外文文献，这些论文同样涵盖了各个领域。
具体论文题目和作者如下：
1.《论文题目1》，作者：John Doe 等
2.《论文题目2》，作者：Jane Smith 等
3.《论文题目3》，作者：Michael Brown 等
...
这些论文的研究成果和观点为我国相关领域的发展提供了有益的借鉴和启示。
【结论】
通过查阅全中文文献和外文文献，我们可以发现，当前相关领域的研究已经取得了显著的进展。
然而，仍然存在一些亟待解决的问题和挑战。