土木工程专业英语试题 (2)
土木工程专业英语2
Sentence translation
【句9】While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall building of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.
【译】只有当突出地面的建筑物的所有柱构件能够彼此连接使整 个建筑物成为一个空心筒体或一个劲性箱体时，一幢高层建筑的 整个结构在强度和刚度，抵御风荷载方面才能最有效。
Sentence translation
【句7】The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams.
【译】建筑物的外柱可以被适当的分隔，但却仍能作 为一个筒体共同工作，这个筒体是通过在梁柱中线处 连接交叉对角构件构成的。
Sentence translation
土木工程专业英语(完整 大学)
Lesson 26PavementNew words1. pavement [ ☐♏♓❍☜⏹♦] n. 路面2. apron [ ♏♓☐❒☜⏹] n.围裙, 停机坪It is usually the area where aircraft are parked, unloaded or loaded, refueled or boarded.3. subgrade [ ♦✈♌♈❒♏♓♎] n. 路基4. profile [ ☐❒☜◆♐♋♓●] n.剖面, 侧面, 外形, 轮廓5. rehabilitation [ ❒♓☎♒✆☜♌♓●♓♦♏♓☞☜⏹] n.复原，维修6. swelling [ ♦♦♏●♓☠] n. 膨胀，河水猛涨,涨水7. heaving [ ♒♓♓☠] n. 鼓起，隆起8. extant [♏♦♦✌⏹♦] adj.现存的, 未毁的9. overlay [ ☜◆☜●♏♓] n. 覆盖,10. unpaved ☯✈⏹☐♏♓♎] adj.没有铺石砖的, 没有铺柏油的11. liquefy [ ●♓♦♓♐♋♓] v.(使)溶解, (使)液化12. bituminous [♌♓♦◆❍♓⏹☜♦] adj.含沥青的13. hydrocarbon [ ♒♋♓♎❒☜◆♌☜⏹] n.烃, 碳氢化合物14. macadam [❍☜✌♎☜❍] n.碎石, 碎石路15. silicate [ ♦♓●♓♓♦] n. [化]硅酸盐16. kiln [ ♓●⏹ ♓●] n. (砖, 石灰等的)窑, 炉, 干燥炉vt.烧窑, 在干燥炉干燥17. clinker [ ●♓☠☜] n. (一种表面光洁如玻璃的)炼砖, 渣块18. nonbituminous [ ⏹⏹♌♓♦◆❍♓⏹☜♦]19. solidify [♦☜●♓♎♓♐♋♓] v.(使)凝固, (使)团结20. dowel [ ♎♋◆☜●] n. 木钉, 销子vt.用暗销接合Phrases and Expressions1. traveled way 车行道2. composite pavement 复合路面3. flexible pavement 柔性路面4. rigid pavement 刚性路面5. open-graded 开级配6. coarse-graded 粗级配7. fine-graded 细级配8. Asphalt Institute (A.I.) 沥青协会9. Present Serviceability Index (PSI) 现有性能指标10. macadam aggregate 碎石骨料11. cold-laid mixture 冷铺12. hot-laid mixture 热铺13. rock asphalt 岩沥青14. Appian Way 亚壁古道Text PavementBackgroundPavements serve structural, functional and safety purposes. 路面具有结构、功能和安全的目的。
土木工程专业英语
3、This force prevents the cracks from developing by eliminating or considerably reducing the tensile stress at the critical midspan and support sections at service load, thereby raising the bending, shear, and torsional capacities of the sections.这个力能消除或大大减少使用荷载在跨中及支座等临界面处产生的拉应力，阻止裂缝出现，从而提高截面的抗弯、抗剪和抗扭的能力。
11、the allowable stress intensities are chosen in accordance with the concept that the stress or strain corresponding to the yield point of the material should not be exceeded at the most highly stressed points of the structure.允许应力强度是按照如下原则选择的，在构件的最大受力点处的应力和应变不能超过相应的材料的屈服点。
土木工程专业英语期末复习题
《专业英语》复习题一、选择题1.civil engineering dealt with permanent structures for (civilian) use,whereas military engineering dealt with temporary structures for military use2.attention must (be paid to) the working temperature of the machine.3.diplomatic relations (have been established) between china and theunited states of America4.a direct current is a current (flowing) always in the same direction.5.it’s our duty to (comply with) the specification.6.dose your shop (supply) rebar ?7.neither I nor he (is) fond of music.8.the (above-mentioned)cements(水泥) are widely used on theconstruction site.9.the production of steel has been increased (by) 70%.10.i f the garden is big, some floodlights can be (installed).11.(wherever) you go, you can see many buildings.12.d ams, (bridge), water supply systems, and other large projectsordinarily employ several engineers to work together.13.the bigger quantity you order,(the lower until cost you will beoffered).14.i n modern road constructions, powerful modern machines areemployed to move mountains and fill valleys to make the (surfaces) as direct as possible.15.b esides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be(durable).16.t ensile failure of (reinforced) concrete happens easily and involvesprogressive micro-cracking.17.c oncrete is (inherently) a porous material (多孔材料)18.–may I use your bike for a moment?--(by all means)(一定，务必)19.conclusions can be (drawn) from the above discussion.20.it’s a small country, yet has a lot of (potential) resources.21.a person’s calorie requirements vary (throughout)22.there is a computer syetem (with which) the company is experiencing problems.23. usually there is (less) traffic in the streets on weekday than on Sundays.24. The thief tried to open the locked door but (in vain)25. cracks would not only be unsightly but would (expose) the steel bars to corrosion by moisture and other chemical action.26.(having packed) their luggage, the tourists hurried to the airport.27.generous public funding of basic science would (lead to) considerable benefits for the country’s health,wealth and security.28.”you are very selfish,it’s high time you (realized) that you are not the most important person in the world,” edgar said to his boss angrily.29.(even if) the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have include all variables and modeled accurately.30.remember that customers don’t (bargain) about prices in the city.二、词组互译1.tensile strength 抗拉强度：pressive strength 抗压强度3.construction engineering 建筑工程4.reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土5.raw material 原材料6.civil engineers 土木工程师7.assemblage technology 装配技术8.simply supported beam 简支梁9.continuous beam 连续梁10.f raming member 框架构件11.b ending strength 抗弯强度12.s hearing strength 抗剪强度13.b ill of quantities 工程量清单14.e stimated cost 预算成本15.t he column-diagonal truss tube 对顶柱桁架筒体16.c ash flow 现金流动17.t hree-dimensional 三维的18.E nglish for specialized science and technology 专业外语19.g eotechnical engineering 岩土工程20.f oundation settlement 地基沉降21.f undamental assumption 基本假设22.b ending moment 弯曲力矩23.s hear stress 剪应力，剪切应力24.n ormal stress 正应力，法向应力25.o n schedule 按时26.b e in equilibrium with 与···平衡27.h orizontal plane 水平面28.v ertical plane 垂直面29.s oil mechanics 土力学30.a erial photographs 航空摄影31.s anitary engineering 卫生工程32.d etrimental agents 有害因素33.j oint action 联合作用34.d eformed bars 变形钢筋35.c urrent situation(present situation) 现状36.p ositive sequence 正序37.n egative sequence 逆序（负序）38.f abrication plant 加工厂（加工设备）39.f inancial budget 财政预算40.d ivide by 除以41.i n charge of 负责（主管）42.t ake account of 考虑到，顾及43.s pectacular achievements 惊人的成就44.u ltrahigh-rise buildings 超高层建筑45.t erminate contract 解除合同（终止合同）46.s pandrel beams 外墙托梁47.e ncroach on 侵占，蚕食48.i ntersect surfaces 相交曲面49.b undled-tube structures 束筒结构50.t ake delivery of 取货，提货三、翻译句子1.The term civil engineering originally came into use to distinguish itfrom military engineering .土木工程这个术语起初是用来与军事工程相区别的，土木工程处理的是民用的永久性建筑结构，而军事工程则是主要负责处理临时性的军用建筑。
土木工程专业英语期末题库二
《土木工程专业英语》考点提炼二一、词汇汉译英1.初步设计：preliminary design ：2.屈服强度：yield strength3.水灰比：water-to-cement ratio4.空气调节：air conditioning5.园艺：horticultural6.承重墙：bearing wall7.管道；沟渠：conduit8.骨架：framework9.有限的；临界的：terminate10.分层：stratification二、词汇英译汉1.Residential:住宅2.high-rise building:高层建筑3.boundary:界限4.refuse disposal:垃圾处理5.sedimentation:沉降6.reinforced concrete:钢筋混凝土7.construction management:工程管理8.refuse disposal：垃圾处理9.water treatment and disposal：水处理10.Air-pollution control：空气污染控制三、句子英译汉1、The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation,is that part of a building below ground.上部结构是建筑物在地面上的部分 , 而下部结构以及基础是建筑物的地下部分。
2、Good planning guides the visitor to his destination in the structure and impresses him，perhaps subconsciously，by visibly relating the several units of the edifice．好的方案可以使来访者在建筑中找到其目的地并留下印象，这种印象也许是下意识地通过把大的建筑体系中一些单元明显地联系起来而造成的。
(完整word版)15级《土木工程专业英语》复习题库
《土木工程专业英语》复习题库一、Vocabulary（词汇）1、structural engineering 结构工程2、project management 项目管理3、civil buildings民用建筑4、fire—resistant 防火5、dead loads 恒载6、bearing capacity承载力7、soil investigation 土质勘察8、moment—resisting frames 抗弯框架9、lightweight floor systems 轻质楼盖系统10、prestressing concrete预应力混凝土11、providing samples for testing 取样试验12、cement mortar 水泥灰浆13、general contractor 总承包商14、elastic modulus弹性模量15、shear deflections 剪切变形16、geotechnical engineering 岩土工程17、experienced engineer 经验丰富的工程师18、the most severe loading conditions 最不利荷载状态19、geometric nonlinearities 几何非线性20、construction costs施工成本21、 simple beam 简支梁22、原材料 raw materials23、masonry 砌体24、particle size粒径25、 fundamental period基本周期26、consolidation固结27、 permeability渗透性28、subcontractors 分包商29、 internal force内力30、curtain-wall幕墙二、Comprehension.（阅读）Frequently, frames will not be as as shear—wall construction, and therefore may produce excessive deflection for the more slender high—rise building designs。
土木工程专业英语Lesson 2 Building and Architecture
in……sense 在……意义上说 in all senses 在任何意义上说 in the proper (strict, literal) sense 在本来（严格、字面） 的意义上说
This art includes，in addition to buildings，all the civil engineering structures such as dams，canals，tunnels， aqueducts，and bridges．
An apartment building，an office building，and a school differ in form because of the difference in the functions they fulfill．
一幢公寓，一座办公楼和一所学校在结构形式上各有不 同，因为它们要实现的功能是不一样的。
office building
school
In an apartment building every habitable space，such as living rooms and bedroo while bathrooms and kitchens can have artificial light and therefore can be in the interior of the building． 在公寓里面，每一处居住的空间，比如起居室和卧室必须有 从窗户进来的自然光，而浴室和厨房则可以用人工光线，因 此可以布置在建筑的内部。
Low-cost housing project
A prestige office building will be more generously budgeted form than other office buildings．
土木工程专业英语 题库
土木工程专业英语题库一、单选题（题数：45，共90.0 分）1The material costs make up only about（）of the cost of the completed steel structure in a building（2.0分）0.0 分A、one-thirdsB、one-thirdC、one-thirdlyD、one-three正确答案：C C2Steel and composite construction is often adopted in（）owing to high structural efficiency with large strength-to-self-weight ratios as well as large flexural rigidities against instability and serviceability problems.（2.0分）2.0 分A、super high-rise buildingsB、long span bridgesC、roof structuresD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D3Both elastic theory and plastic theory are used for composite members, the differences being as follows: concrete in tension is （）neglected in elastic theory, and（）neglected in plastic theory.（2.0分）2.0 分A、usually, usuallyB、always, alwaysC、usually, alwaysD、always, usually正确答案：C C4Failure modes include（）and less rigidity of bending（2.0分）2.0 分A、Strength failureB、Lateral-torsional-bucklingC、Local buckling of platesD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D5（）, where the column’s failure is due to the crushing of concrete or due to the yielding of the steel bars under the full load capacity of the column.（2.0分）2.0 分A、Short columnsB、Long columnsC、Slender columnsD、None正确答案：A A6（）loaded columns, where the loads are applied at any point on the column section, causing moments about both the x axis and y axis simultaneously（2.0分）2.0 分A、AxiallyB、EccentricallyC、BiaxiallyD、None正确答案：C C7Strictly speaking, all（）nonlinearities of the different materials should be observed in calculating the strength of steel-concrete composite column.（2.0分）2.0 分A、geometrical and physicalB、mechanical and geometricalC、mechanical and physicalD、none正确答案：A A8The main structural forms of steel structure are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Truss structuresB、Frame structuresC、Grids structuresD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D9A tendon with a duct that contains multiple pieces of prestressing steel strand is commonly called a（）tendon.（2.0分）2.0 分A、multistrandB、monostrandC、singleD、strand正确答案：A A10The（）system makes use of either column capitals, drop panels or both to increase the shear and moment resistance of the system at the columns where the shears and moments are greatest.（2.0分）2.0 分A、flat plateB、waffle slabC、flat slabD、two-way slab with. beams正确答案：C C11The height of Khalifa tower is 828m, and the total number of floors is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、100B、130C、162D、188正确答案：C C12It includes（）,keyways, threads, or abrupt changes in plate width or thickness.（2.0分）2.0 分A、holesB、groovesC、notchesD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D13Prestressing by（）involves installing and stressing prestressing strand of bar tendons only after the concrete has been placed, hardened and attained a minimum compressive strength for that transfer.（2.0分）2.0 分A、pretensioningB、post-tensioningC、pretensionedD、post-tensioned正确答案：B B14When grease is used, the prestressing steel is permanently free to move relative to the sheathing and the tendon is referred to as an]（）tendon.（2.0分）2.0 分A、bondedB、unbondedC、barD、strand正确答案：B B15In（）members the prestressing strands are tensioned against restraining bulkheads before the concrete is cast.（2.0分）2.0 分A、pretensioningB、post-tensioningC、pretensionedD、post-tensioned正确答案：C C16Yan Fu, a translator at the end of the Qing Dynasty, thinks that the standard of translation is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、faithfulnessB、expressivenessC、eleganceD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D17This section mainly introduces the professional English vocabulary and expression related to（）of steel structure technology（2.0分）2.0 分A、the development levelB、market prospectC、design principleD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D18For walls, a（）is a slab wider than the wall and extending the length of the wall（2.0分）2.0 分A、combined footingB、spread foundationC、grid foundationD、mat foundation正确答案：B B19（）, because there is only one point at the intersection of the center line of the long and narrow section, which is their shear center（2.0分）2.0 分A、Cross sectionB、Angle sectionC、T-sectionD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D20Reinforced concrete beams not included（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Singly reinforced rectangular beamsB、Doubly reinforced rectangular beamsC、Plain concreteD、Singly or doubly reinforced T -beams正确答案：C C21Standard parts can be measured（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、yield strengthB、ultimate strengthC、elastic modulusD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D22The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、0.01B、0.1C、0.001D、正确答案：A A23The classification and grade of steel are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、carbon structural steelB、low alloy structural steelC、quality carbon structural steelD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D24The assumed complete interaction enables definition of（）for the whole inhomogeneous cross-section.（2.0分）2.0 分A、section propertiesB、stiffnessC、slender ratiosD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D25（）are most economical for spans from 4.5 to 6m（2.0分）2.0 分A、Flat platesB、Waffle slabC、Flat slabTwo-way slab with beams正确答案：A A26The "Structural Welding" provides welding processes for（）and SAW.（2.0分）2.0 分A、SMAWB、GMAWC、FCAWD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D27Concrete is assumed to fail when the compressive strain reaches（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、0.3B、0.03C、0.0033D、0.003正确答案：C C28In the（）, the steel mesh reinforcements of 3-4mm in diameter are embedded into the horizontal mortar joints every 2-5 courses.（2.0分）2.0 分A、steel mesh reinforced brick masonryB、reinforced hollow unit masonryC、reinforced grouted cavity masonryD、composite brick masonry正确答案：A A29In steel mesh reinforced brick masonry，the steel mesh reinforcements of 3-4mm in diameter are embedded into the horizontal mortar joints every 2-5（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、layersB、coursesC、piecesD、blocks正确答案：B B30Bending in a main plane is called（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、biaxial flexural memberB、unidirectional bending memberC、platform beamD、castellated beam正确答案：B B31Civil Engineering English is set as a required course to cultivate high-quality civil engineering talents, which is beneficial to（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、improve the students' attention to professional English learningB、promote the construction progress and height of professional English online coursesC、training senior civil engineering talents with international vision and professional English literacy D、All of the above are right正确答案：D D32It is believed that automobile is blamed for such problems as（）and slum conditions in the central areas, and air and noise pollition.（2.0分）2.0 分A、urban expansionB、wasteful land useC、congestionD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D33（）has excellent deep drawing and deep drawing properties（2.0分）2.0 分A、Fire resistant steelB、ultra-low yield point steelC、high friction factor steel plateD、structural casting steel正确答案：B B34According to the load, it can be divided into（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Axially loaded columnsB、Eccentrically loaded columnsC、Biaxially loaded columnsD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D35The compressive capacity of unreinforced masonry is far greater than its（）capacity（2.0分）2.0 分A、tensileB、bendingC、shearD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D36If the bearing soil capacity is different under different foundations—for example, if the foundations of a building are partly on soil and partly on rock—a（）settlement will occur（2.0分）2.0 分A、differentB、differentialC、identicalD、same正确答案：B B37The grade of asphalt is divided according to () technical index（2.0分）2.0 分A、PenetrationB、ductilityC、softening pointD、flash point正确答案：A A38The reinforced concrete confining elements are horizontal members called （）and vertical members called（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、ring beams, structural columnsB、structural columns, ring beamsC、ring beams, ring beamsD、structural columns, structural columns正确答案：A A39The advantages of steel structure residence are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Good seismic performanceB、Low comprehensive costC、Fit with the development direction of housing industrializationD、All of the above are right40Three different types of composite columns:（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、steel reinforced concrete columnsB、rolled section columns partly encased in concreteC、concrete filled steel tubesD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D41（）was founded in 1969（2.0分）2.0 分A、SSCIB、ISSHPC、ISSD、HCV正确答案：A A42Which of the followings is mechanical imperfection of steel members?（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、initial out-of-straightnessB、initial eccentricityC、residual stressD、initial crookedness43The whole instability of solid web compression member refers to（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Flexural bucklingB、Torsion bucklingC、Flexural-torsional bucklingD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D44The section form of compression member is（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、doubly symmetricB、singly symmetricC、unsymmetricD、All of the above are right正确答案：D D45The characteristics of vocabulary are（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Professional vocabulary and semi professional vocabularyB、Get used to using compound wordsC、Get used to using abbreviationsD、All of the above are right二、多选题（题数：5，共10.0 分）1As English majors pay attention to the （）of technical problems, the translation standards of professional English are more focused on "faithfulness" and "expressiveness"（2.0分）2.0 分A、scientificityB、logicalityC、correctnessD、strictness正确答案：ABCD ABCD2Factors affecting the properties of steel include（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、chemical compositionB、process of steelmakingC、time-hardeningD、cold work正确答案：ABCD ABCD3Applications of steel structures include（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Large-span structuresB、Multi-story &high-rise buildingsC、Buildings of heavy duty plantsD、Portal frames正确答案：ABCD ABCD4Masonry structure can be divided into（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Brickwork structureB、stone masonry structureC、Block masonry structureD、Reinforced masonry structure正确答案：ABCD ABCD5Major Courses You will learn（）（2.0分）2.0 分A、Engineering GeologyB、Engineering MeasuremenC、Soil MechanicsD、Foundation Engineering正确答案：ABCD ABCD。
土木工程专业英语考试试卷2018
土木工程专业英语2018-2019学年期末试卷专业班级姓名学号教师1.Please Translate the Words into English(10points).钢筋混凝土隧道工程土木工程桩钢-混凝土复合结构2.Please Translate the Words into Chinese(10points).well-graded soil contact stress Precastconcrete corrugated steeltensile strength3.Please Chose the True Words into Chinese(10points).1)Environmental engineering. In this branch of engineering, civil engineers design, build and ( ) systems to provide safe drinking water.A.superviseB.specificationC.scrubberD. structure2)The purpose of a building is to provide a ( ) for the performance of human activities.A.shelterB.specialistC.apseD. structure3)These discharges emanate from large ( ) that carry both sanitary and storm wastes.A.conductB. conduitsC.concreteD. structure4)Materials and structural forms are combined to make up the various parts of a building, including the load-carrying frame, skin, floors, and （）.A.partB. converterC.partitionD. partly5)They also design, build, and supervise projects to control or ( ) pollution of the land and air.A.closeB. innovationC.eliminateD.encroach4.Please Translate the Sentence into English(25points).作为骨架结构的结果，圈墙变成一种帘墙，而不起支撑作用。
《土木工程专业英语》复习题
《土木工程专业英语》一、单项选择（共15小题；每小题2分，满分30分）1. Before designing a project, civil engineers should survey both the ( ) and subsoil features of the proposed site.A. photographyB. geographerC. topographyD. graphy2. Dams, ( ), water supply systems, and other large projects ordinarily employ several engineers to work together.A. beamB. columnC. brickD. bridge3. In modern road constructions, powerful modern machines are employed to move mountains and fill valleys to make the ( ) as direct as possible.A. routesB. rootsC. surfacesD. lane4. Between the buildings （）a primary school.A. standB. standsC. to standD. standing5. Tensile failure of ( ) concrete happens easily and involves progressive micro-cracking.A. forcedB. reinforcedC. steelD. unreinforced6. ( ) concrete is used only for footings and concrete slabs laid on the ground, and for other massive structures.A. forcedB. reinforcedC. steelD. Plain7.The laws that （）how the buildings maybe made are building codes.A. tellB. tellsC. toldD. telling8. The steel bars in concrete take the ( )component of the bending moment.A. shearB. compressiveC. tensileD. draw9.It is expensive （）future cities on the sea.A. buildB. builtC. to buildD. builds10. Cracks would not only be unsightly but would ( ) the steel bars to corrosion by moisture and other chemical action.A. adoptB. exposeC. employD.make11. The（）cements are widely used on the construction site.A. above-mentionedB. above-mentioningC. above-mentionD. above-mentions12. Besides its ability to sustain loads, concrete is also required to be ( ).A. capableB. considerableC. durableD. beautiful13. It is our duty to （）the specification .A. comply withB. completeC. knowD. make14. Concrete is ( ) a porous material.A. natureB. inherentlyC. madeD. not15. Conclusions can be ( ) from the above discussion.A. drawnB. tensileC. towed C. looked二、单词填空（共10空；每空2分，满分20分）1. The Romans bound their empire together with an extensive system of roads radiating in many directions from Rome.2. Portland cement must pass a series of chemical and physical tests before it can be shipped.3. Concrete consists of water , cement , aggregate and sand .（admixture）4. A simple contract consists of an agreement entered into by two or more parties.5. The presence of cracks in concrete reduces its resistance to the action of corrosion of reinforced bars.6. Concrete is a widely used material in numerous civil engineering structures三、英译中（短句翻译，共10句，每句2分，满分20分）1. Later in history, when well-traveled routes were made sturdier with rocks and stones, the path was raised above the surrounding land, it became a “high way”.史上记载，当交通量大的道路用更坚实的岩石和石头来建造，且路面被建在路基上，它就变成了一条“高速公路”。
土木工程专业英语课后完整答案
Unite12、Translate the follow ing phrase s into Chines e /Englis h .（1）Compre ssion Member s 受压构件（2）critic al buckli ng load 临界屈曲荷载（3）the slende rness ratio细长比（4）stub column短柱（5）reduce d modulu s 简化模量（6）Effect ive length计算长度（7）Residu al stress残余应力（8）Trial-and-errorapproa ch 试算法（9）Radius of gyrati on 回转半径（10）Tangen t modulu s 切线模量3、Translate the follow ing senten ce into Chines e.(1)This idealstateis neverachiev ed in realit y, howeve r, and some eccent ricit y of the load is inevit able.然而，在现实中,这种理想状态从来没有实现，一些荷载偏心是不可避免的(2)In many instan ces the member s are also called upon to resist bendin g, and in thesecasesthe member is a beam-column.在许多情况下，构件同样需要能够抵抗弯矩，在这些情况下，构件被称之为梁柱。
(3)If the member is so slende r that the stress just before buckli ng is belowthe propor tiona l limit---that is, the member is stillelasti c---the critic al buckli ng load is givenby Q.如果该构件很细长以至于在压曲前的应力低于比例极限---也就是说，该构件仍然是弹性状态---该构件的该临界屈曲荷载就可以由公式Q给出。
土木工程专业英语
土木工程专业英语1Building material is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. 建筑材料是用于建造目的的任何材料，许多自然形成的物质，如粘土、砂子、木材、岩石，甚至树枝和树叶都已用来建造房屋。
Apartfrom naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic[1]. 除天然材料之外，人们还采用许多人造材料，它们或多或少地都是人工合成的。
The manufacture of building materials is anestablished industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific speciality trades, such as carpentry, plumbing, roofing and insulation work. This reference deals withhabitats and structures including homes.建材生产已经是许多国家的固有产业，这些人工材料通常都按特定工种分类，如木工、管道工、屋面和隔热保温工程。
此处涉及到的是用于居住和结构(包括住家)的建筑材料。
A brick is a block made of kiln-fired material, usually clay or shale, but also may be of lower quality mud, etc. 砖是一种窖中烧制的块材，通常由粘土或页岩，甚至低级泥土等制成。
土木工程专业英语试题 (2)
一、选择填空20%1. Between the buildings （ B ）a secondary school.A. standB. standsC. to standD. standing2. Neither I nor he （ B ） fond of music.A. amB. isC. areD. were3.The laws that （ A ）how the buildings maybe made are building codes.A. tellB. ellsC. toldD. telling4.It is expensive （ C ）future cities on the sea.A build B. built C. to build D. builds5.The（ A ）cements are widely used on the construction site.A.above-mentionedB.above-mentioningC.above-mentionD.above-mentions6.The production of steel has been increased （ B）70%.A.inB.byC.atD.on7.Let’s discuss only such questions （ C ）concern everyone of us.A.whichB.thatC.asD.those8.He has to know（ D ）strong the materials are.A. thatB.whatC.whichD. how9.The Great Wall of China is the biggest structure（ A ）man has ever built.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when10. （ B ）you go, you can see many buildings.A.WhoeverB.WhereverC.WheneverD.Whatever11.We are looking forward to （ C） from you soon.A.hearB.heardC.hearingD. hears12.Five yuan （ A ）too cheap for the dictionary.A.isB.areC.wereD.has been13.We should aim at combining beauty and comfort （ C ）a welcoming friendliness.A.toB.inC.withD.for14.We can see an engineer （ A ）a device in the picture.A.adjustingB.adjustsC.adjustedD.adjust15.You are studying at college,（ B ）.A.so do weB.so are weC.we are soD.we do so16. （ C ）of the English films are familiar to me. I’ve never seen them before.A.BothB.NothingC.NoneD.Any17.If the garden is big, some floodlights can be （ A ）A.installedB.producedC.requiredD.fixture18.Dose your shop （B）rebar ?A.developB.supplyC.settleD.make19.It’s our duty to （ A ）the specification .ply withpleteC.knowD.make20.The bigger quantity you order, ( A ).A. the lower price you will be offeredB. the low price you will be offeredC. you will be offered lower priceD. you will be offer low二、词组互译20%1．小区规范 ( zoning codes) 2.钢筋混凝土 (reinforced concrete)3.供热设备 (the heating system)4.人工费 (labor cost)5.工艺 (workmanship)6.铸铁管 (cast iron pipe)7.承包商 (contractor)8.土木工程 (the civil engineering)9.工程量清单 (the bill of quantities) 10.建筑师 (architect) 11.tripod (三脚架) 12.lighting system (照明系统)13.site safety program (工地安全方案) 14.quality assurance (质量保证)15.bank guarantees (银行担保) 16.material cost (材料费) 17.technical staff (技术人员) 18.the layout of the rooms (房屋布局)19.town planning rules (城市规划) 20.office automation system (办公自动系统)三、选词填空10%( minimum \ insurance \ as well \ vary \ serve \ support \ apply \ foundation \ spread \ protect…from )1. Foreign language can ( serveas )a tool.2. We have to ( support ) the roof with pillars.3. Roofs( vary ) in shape from place to place.4. They are trying to achieve the maximum of efficiency with the ( minimum ) of labor.5. He has found a suitable piece of land and an experienced builder ( as well ).6. As he bought the fire( insurance ), he didn’t suffer severe ly from the great fire.7. As indicated the ( foundation )are bases of the building, which play an important part in construction.8. We should ( apply ) theory to practice.9. The disease( is spreadby )flies.We should ( protect )our plants ( from ) the cold.四．翻译句子（30％）1. Materials used for doors and window frames are timber, iron and aluminum alloys. ( 用于门、窗框的材料可以是木材、铁、铝合金。
土木工程英语考研真题试卷
土木工程英语考研真题试卷一、听力理解（共20分）1. 听短对话，选择最佳答案（共5题，每题2分）- 例题：What is the main purpose of the lecture?A. To introduce a new construction material.B. To discuss the history of civil engineering.C. To analyze the structural stability of a bridge.2. 听长对话，回答相关问题（共5题，每题2分）- 例题：What is the speaker's opinion on using recycled materials in construction?A. It is cost-effective.B. It is environmentally friendly.C. It is not widely accepted.3. 听短文，完成信息填空（共5题，每题2分）- 例题：The new bridge is designed to withstand ________.二、阅读理解（共30分）1. 阅读下列短文，选择最佳答案（共10题，每题3分）- 例题：According to the passage, what is the primary function of the new dam?A. To generate hydroelectric power.B. To prevent flood.C. To provide irrigation water.2. 阅读并回答问题（共5题，每题3分）- 例题：What is the main concern of the author regarding the urban development?三、完形填空（共20分）阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
土木工程专业(建筑工程方向)专业英语期末考试试题
土木工程专业（建筑工程方向）专业英语期末考试试题土木工程专业（建筑工程方向）专业英语期末考试试题考试说明：试卷共80分，考试时间60分钟，采用半开卷方式考核。
第一部分：翻译（20分）1、 Cement is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate (smallstones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete. Concrete has a high and its strength depends on the proportion in which cement, and stones and water are mixed. It hardens with age and process of hardening continues for a long time after the concrete has attained sufficient strength.2、用英文给出理论力学的定义。
第二部分：单词（40分）1、高性能商品混凝土2、应力3、脆性4、框架结构5、悬臂梁6、剪力分配法7、材料力学8、工程力学9、永久荷载10、承重墙11、钢筋商品混凝土12、先张法13、挠度14、抗压强度15、砌体16、螺栓连接17、粗骨料18、刚度19、收缩20、桩基础21、内横墙22、踢脚23、屈服强度24、力偶25、伸长率26、素商品混凝土27、高层建筑28、施工机械29、有限元法30、稳定性31、32、33、34、35、36、37、38、39、40、楼梯大厅上部结构沉降计算简图各向同性结论应力-应变曲线剪力墙建筑施工第三部分：选择题（12分）1、 Who was the first man that called himself a civil engineer?A. John SmeatonB. Thomas ThefordC. sir Benjiamin BakerD.Jamse Brindley2、 Which type of subdiscipline of civil engineer deals with soil, rock andunderground water, and their relation with design, construction and operation of engineering projects?A. structural engineerB. environmental engineeringC. geotechnical engineeringD. survey engineering3、 Building can be classified according to their number of storeys, and thenaccording to this classification, a 12-storey residential building is a building.A．low-rise building B. mid-high-rise buildingC. mid-rise buildingD. high-rise building4、 Nowadays surface.A. RoofB. RoadC. RailwayD. Concrete第四部分：学习专业英语的意见与建议（8分）从教学方法，教材及学习效果和收获方面入手。
题库试卷F
土木工程专业英语 试题 第1页（共2页）试卷F建筑工程学院开放教育本科试卷库试题土木工程专业英语试题一、Translate the following into Chinese. （每小题 1 分，共20 分）(3) dimension (4) procurement (5) layout (6) craftsmen (7) perimeter (8) skeleton (9) painter (10) trench (11) plate (12) solid (13) sketch (14) rafter (15) accountant (16) screw (17) architect (18) opaque(19) schedule (20) layer 二、Translate the phrases into Chinese or English. （每小题1分，共 25 分）(3) abutment joint (4) cement mortar (5) convertible shovel (6) hydraulic jack(7) lateral stability (8) environmental pollution (9) Douglas fir (10) golden section (11) performance parameter (12) compacted subgrade (13) equilibrium equation (14) sand finish土木工程专业英语 试题 第2页（共2页）(15) bending moment (16) 平屋顶 (17) 工程管理 (18) 剪切强度 (19) 预应力混凝土 (20) 建筑规程 (21) 电气系统 (22) 防火材料 (23) 施工设备 (24) 壁纸 (25) 安全系数三、Translate the following into Chinese. （每小题 5 分，共15 分）proof, heat and sound insulation, damp proof and fire resistance.(2) The classical definition of flexible pavements includes primarily those pavements having an asphalt concrete surface.(3) A designer using a computer system and the appropriate software can automatically duplicate forms and shapes commonly used.四、Translate the sentences into English. （每小题 5 分，共10 分）(2)环境工程师和建筑师的目标之一就是要确保建筑中的舒适条件。
土木工程专业英语 测试二
版本二土木工程专业英语测试二（unit4 & unit 5&unit 6 ）得分________________班级_________________ 姓名_________________ 学号___________________Test 2Part 1Section A: Translate the following Chinese items into English (20’)1.承重墙bearing wall2.水平梁horizontal beams3.高层建筑high-storey building4.垂直柱vertical support5.内墙与外墙interior and exterior wall6.总工chief engineer7.项目经理project manager 8.工程部works department9.总部headquarter 10.施工人员constructor11.工作效率work efficiency 12.智能楼宇intelligent building13.混凝土搅拌机concrete mixer 14.质量与安全quality and safety15.地下工程underground works 16.打桩机piling machine17.连续基础continuous foundation 18.软土compressible /soft soil19.剪力实验sheer test 20.独立垫式基础independent foundationSection A: Translate the following Chinese items into English (20’)1.sharply-pointed ridge 尖顶2. honeycomb bricks _空心砖3. qualified engineer合格的工程师4. cleaning up 清场5. at the lowest cost 以最低的成本6. in harmony和谐一致7. plan and speed of the job工程计划与进度8. within the required time在规定的时间内9. superstructure上层结构10. trial operation试验施工11. precast concrete piles预制混凝土桩12. strength variation test 应力变化测试13. vertical tolerance垂直误差14. triaxial tests三轴试验15. a soil mechanics survey土力学勘探16. soil sample土样17. differential settlement不均匀沉降18. soil stratum土层19. steel joists 钢梁20. plain concrete without reinforcement不加钢筋的素混凝土Part 2 Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (45’)1．Buildings must be able to carry not only their own load, but also the weight of the people and objects within them. (4)房屋不仅仅能够承担其自身的重量，还能承担屋内人和物的重量。
土木工程专业英语lesson 2 Introduction to Structural Design
参考译文
有了这些信息，结构设计者则可以选择适当 的横截面。不过，在任何分析之前必须决定要使 用的建筑材料 ： 通常是钢筋混凝土、 钢结构或 兼有。理想情况下， 每个方案都应准备不同的设 计。
ds
The forces that act on a structure are called loads．They belong to one of two broad categories：dead load and live load． Dead loads are those that are permanent， including the weight of the structure itself， which is sometimes called the self-weight． Other dead loads in a building include the weight of nonstructural components such as floor coverings， suspended ceilings with light fixtures， and partitions．
LESSON 2
Introduction to Structural Design
Structural Design
Ideally， the engineer and architect will collaborate throughout the design process so that the project is completed in an efficient manner． In effect， however， the design can be summed up as follows: The architect decides how the building should look： the engineer must make sure that it doesn’t fall down． Although this is an oversimplification， it affirms the first priority of the structural engineer： safety．
土木工程 专业英语
1. Civil engineering is that branch of engineering which aims to provide a comfortable and safe living for the people. 土木工程是工程学的一个分支，它的目的是为人们提供一个舒适，安全的生活。
2. Tall building development involves various complex factors such as economics , aesthetics , technology , municipal regulations, and politics. 高层建筑的发展涉及到各种复杂因素，如经济学，美学，科技，市政规章和政治。
3. Various damping strategies are employed to reduce the effect of wind loads applied to tall buildings. 各阻尼策略来降低施加到高大建筑物风荷载的影响。
4. A bridge usually controls the capacity of a transportation system ,and is the highest cost per mile of the system. 网桥通常控制一个运输系统，是每英里成本最高的系统。
5. The arch form is intended to reduce bending moments ( and hence tensile stresses) in the superstructure and should be economical in material compared with an equivalent straight, simply supported girder or truss. 拱形式是为了减少弯曲力矩（和拉伸应力）在上层建筑及用等效直，简支梁或桁架相比应该是经济的材料。
土木工程专业英语试题
《土木工程专业英语》课程试题学生姓名：刘文奇学号： 2015610263原文：Modern Buildings and Structural MaterialsMany great buildings built in earlier ages are still in existence and in use. Among them are the Pantheon and the Colosseum in Rome, Hagia Sophia in Istanbul; the Gothic churches of France and England, and the Renaissance cathedrals, with their great domes, like the Duomo in Florence and St. Peter’s in Rome.They are massive structures with thick stone walls that counteract the thrust of their great weight. Thrust is the pressure exerted by each part of a structure on its other parts.These great buildings were not the product of knowledge of mathematics and physics. They were constructed instead on the basis of experience and observation, often as the result of trial and error. One of the reasons they have survived is because of the great strength that was built into them-strength greater than necessary in most cases. But the engineers of earlier times also had their failure. In Rome, for example, most of the people lived in insulae, great tenement blocks that were often ten stories high. Many of them were poorly constructed and sometimes collapsed with considerable loss of life.Today, however, the engineer has the advantage not only of empirical information, but also of scientific data that permit him to make careful calculations in advance. When a modern engineer plans a structure, he takes into account the total weight of all its component materials. This is known as the dead load, which is the weight of the structure itself. He must also consider the live load, the weight of all the people, cars, furniture, machines, and so on that the structure will support when it is in use. In structures such as bridges that will handle fast automobile traffic, he must consider the impact, the force at which the live load will be exerted on the structure. He must also determine the safety factor, that is, an additional capability to make the structure stronger than the combination of the three other factors.The modern engineer must also understand the different stresses to which the materials in a structure are subject. These include the opposite forces of compression and tension. In compression the material is pressed or pushed together; in tension the material is pulled apart or stretched, like a rubber band. In addition to tension and compression, another force is at work, namely shear, which we defined as the tendency of a material to fracturealong the lines of stress. The shear might occur in a vertical plane, but it also might run along the horizontal axis of the beam, the neutral plane, where there is neither tension nor compression.Altogether, three forces can act on a structure: vertical-those that act up or down; horizontal-those that act sideways; and those that act upon it with a rotating or turning motion. Forces that act at an angle are a combination of horizontal and vertical forces. Since the structures d esigned by civil engineers are intended to be stationary or stable, these forces must be kept in balance. The vertical forces, for example, must be equal to each other. If a beam supports a load above, the beam itself must have sufficient strength to counterbalance that weight. The horizontal forces must also equal each other so that there is not too much thrust either to the right or to the left. And forces that might pull the structure around must he countered with forces that pull in the opposite direction.One of the most spectacular engineering failures of modern times, the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940, was the result of not considering the last of these factors carefully enough. When strong gusts of wind, up to sixty-five kilometers an hour, struck the bridge during a storm, they set up waves along the roadway of the bridge and also a lateral motion that caused the roadway to fall. Fortunately, engineers learn from mistakes, so it is now common practice to test scale models of bridges in wind tunnels for aerodynamic resistance.The principal construction materials of earlier times were wood and masonry brick, stone, or tile, and similar materials. The courses or layers were bound together with mortar or bitumen, a tar-like substance or some other binding agent. The Greeks and Romans sometimes used iron rods or clamps to strengthen their buildings. The columns of the Parthenon in Athens, for example, have holes drilled in them for iron bars that have now rusted away. The Romans also used a natural cement called pozzolana, made from volcanic ash, that became as hard as stone under water.Both steel and cement, the two most important construction materials of modern times, were introduced in the nineteenth century. Steel, basically an alloy of iron and a small amount of carbon, had been made up to that time by a laborious process that restricted it to such special uses as sword blades. After the invention of the Bessemer process in 1856, steel was available in large quantities at low prices. The enormous advantage of steel is its tensile strength; that is, it does not lose its strength when it is under a calculated degree of tension, a force which, as we have seen, tends to pull apart many materials. New alloys have further increased the strength of steel and eliminated some ofits problems, such as fatigue, which is a tendency for it to weaken as a result of continual changes in stress.Modern cement, called Portland cement, was invented in 1824. It is a mixture of limestone and clay, which is heated and then ground into a powder. It is mixed at or near the construction site with sand, aggregate (small stones, crushed rock, or gravel), and water to make concrete. Different proportions of the ingredients produce concrete with different strength and weight. Concrete is very versatile; it can be poured, pumped, or even sprayed into all kinds of shapes. And whereas steel has great tensile strength, concrete has great strength under compression. Thus, the two substances complement each other.They also complement each other in another way: they have almost the same rate of contraction and expansion. They therefore can work together in situations where both compression and tension are factors. Steel rods are embedded in concrete to make reinforced concrete in concrete beams or structures where tension will develop. Concrete and steel also form such a strong bond-the force that unites them-that the steel cannot slip within the concrete. Still anotheradvantage is that steel does not rust in concrete. Acid corrodes steel, whereas concrete has an alkaline chemical reaction, the opposite of acid.Prestressed concrete is an improved form of reinforcement. Steel rods are bent into the shapes to give them the necessary degree of tensile strength. They are then used to prestress concrete, usually by pretensioning or posttensioning method. Prestressed concrete has made it possible to develop buildings with unusual shapes, like some of the modern sports arenas, with large spaces unbroken by any obstructing supports. The uses for this relatively new structural method are constantly being developed.The current tendency is to develop lighter materials. Aluminum, for example, weighs much less than steel but has many of the same properties. Aluminum beams have already been used for bridge construction and for the framework of a few buildings.Attempts are also being made to produce concrete with more strength and durability, and with a lighter weight. One system that helps cut concrete weight to some extent uses polymers, which are long chainlike compounds used in plastics, as part of the mixture.译文：现代建筑和结构材料许多早期伟大建筑依然沿用至今。
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一、选择填空20%1. Between the buildings （ B ）a secondary school.A. standB. standsC. to standD. standing2. Neither I nor he （ B ） fond of music.A. amB. isC. areD. were3.The laws that （ A ）how the buildings maybe made are building codes.A. tellB. ellsC. toldD. telling4.It is expensive （ C ）future cities on the sea.A build B. built C. to build D. builds5.The（ A ）cements are widely used on the construction site.A.above-mentionedB.above-mentioningC.above-mentionD.above-mentions6.The production of steel has been increased （ B）70%.A.inB.byC.atD.on7.Let’s discuss only such questions （ C ）concern everyone of us.A.whichB.thatC.asD.those8.He has to know（ D ）strong the materials are.A. thatB.whatC.whichD. how9.The Great Wall of China is the biggest structure（ A ）man has ever built.A.thatB.whichC.whereD.when10. （ B ）you go, you can see many buildings.A.WhoeverB.WhereverC.WheneverD.Whatever11.We are looking forward to （ C） from you soon.A.hearB.heardC.hearingD. hears12.Five yuan （ A ）too cheap for the dictionary.A.isB.areC.wereD.has been13.We should aim at combining beauty and comfort （ C ）a welcoming friendliness.A.toB.inC.withD.for14.We can see an engineer （ A ）a device in the picture.A.adjustingB.adjustsC.adjustedD.adjust15.You are studying at college,（ B ）.A.so do weB.so are weC.we are soD.we do so16. （ C ）of the English films are familiar to me. I’ve never seen them before.A.BothB.NothingC.NoneD.Any17.If the garden is big, some floodlights can be （ A ）A.installedB.producedC.requiredD.fixture18.Dose your shop （B）rebar ?A.developB.supplyC.settleD.make19.It’s our duty to （ A ）the specification .ply withpleteC.knowD.make20.The bigger quantity you order, ( A ).A. the lower price you will be offeredB. the low price you will be offeredC. you will be offered lower priceD. you will be offer low二、词组互译20%1．小区规范 ( zoning codes) 2.钢筋混凝土 (reinforced concrete)3.供热设备 (the heating system)4.人工费 (labor cost)5.工艺 (workmanship)6.铸铁管 (cast iron pipe)7.承包商 (contractor)8.土木工程 (the civil engineering)9.工程量清单 (the bill of quantities) 10.建筑师 (architect) 11.tripod (三脚架) 12.lighting system (照明系统)13.site safety program (工地安全方案) 14.quality assurance (质量保证)15.bank guarantees (银行担保) 16.material cost (材料费) 17.technical staff (技术人员) 18.the layout of the rooms (房屋布局)19.town planning rules (城市规划) 20.office automation system (办公自动系统)三、选词填空10%( minimum \ insurance \ as well \ vary \ serve \ support \ apply \ foundation \ spread \ protect…from )1. Foreign language can ( serveas )a tool.2. We have to ( support ) the roof with pillars.3. Roofs( vary ) in shape from place to place.4. They are trying to achieve the maximum of efficiency with the ( minimum ) of labor.5. He has found a suitable piece of land and an experienced builder ( as well ).6. As he bought the fire( insurance ), he didn’t suffer severe ly from the great fire.7. As indicated the ( foundation )are bases of the building, which play an important part in construction.8. We should ( apply ) theory to practice.9. The disease( is spreadby )flies.We should ( protect )our plants ( from ) the cold.四．翻译句子（30％）1. Materials used for doors and window frames are timber, iron and aluminum alloys. ( 用于门、窗框的材料可以是木材、铁、铝合金。
)2. Steel and concrete are the most widely used structural materials today. ( 钢和混凝土是当前广泛使用的结构材料。
)3. The Letter of Agreement is a promise of the Contractor to the Employer.( 协议书是承包商对业主的承诺。
)4. Each unit price should include material cost, labour cost and machine cost.( 每个单价应包括材料费、人工费、机械费。
)5. Now the popular interest in investment is infrastructure and housing development projects. ( 现在的投资热点是基础设施工程和住宅开发工程。
)6. Style of lamps should match other decoration. ( 灯的样式应与其他装饰相一致。
)7. The light fixtures should be functional as well as decorative.(灯具应既体观功能又具有装饰性。
)8. We cannot expect a stable superstructure without a solid foundation.( 没有牢固的基础，难以想象会有稳定的上部结构。
)9. Construction is the translation of a design to reality.( 施工就是把设计变为现实。
)10. We supply rebar with various diameters and strength.( 我们销售不同的直径和强度的钢筋。
)11.I saw some workers working in the site.( 我看到工人们在工地干活。
)12. To translate this idea into reality needs hard work.( 把这一想法变为现实需要艰苦的劳动。
)13. It is the individual touch that makes a house a home.( 将房屋布置成个家，各人有各人的做法。
)14. The manager found the project much behind the schedule.( 经理发现工程进度落后于计划进度。
)15. All kinds of electric equipment are installed in modern homes.( 现代住宅中装有各种电器设备。
)五．阅读理解（20％）（一）．Shelter from the natural elements is a basic need. Early people met this need by dwelling in caves and then their descendants began to construct buildings. An ancient building material, timber, is still being used in house building. Improved techniques now overcome many of its weaknesses. The strength of timber is different along and across the grain. Multiple layers are bonded by adhesives to make the grain run in various directions. Durability is improved by better methods of preservation and improved timber does not burn easily. Devices for joining timber structures have also been improved and they spread the applied load over a wide area. More extensively it is used for joists, rafters, window frames, doors and floors. Timber also has appeal for conservationists because it is renewable.We can plant more trees and manufacture the timber into a usable form. It involvesno pollution of the environment.Clay is used in the form of bricks and tiles. The great advantage of brick construction is its low cost. Clay is cheap and plentiful, and bricks are small enough to be laid easily by hand.Stone is strong and durable. In many respects, it is an ideal building material. However, it is difficult to handle. Stones must be cut from the solid rock in a quarry for use in a large building. All this labor makes stone very expensive and difficult to work with. Stone is used today mainly as a thin outside covering for large buildings and for the decorative walls and floors of entrance lobbies.Many other kinds of materials besides the basic structural materials are needed for a building. Concrete, steel, glass, alloys, plastics, adhesives and pitch are among them. 判断对错1. There is little room for improvement in the building material.F2. Trees can not pollute the environment. T3. Bricks are made of clay. T4. Stone is as cheap as bricks. F5. There are many kinds of building materials. T（二）To cure concrete properly, the exposed surfaces must be keptcontinually moist form the moment the concrete first begins to set. The concrete must thereafter be kept continually moist for a minimum of 14 days and longer if at all possible.The simplest method of keeping concrete moist is to spray the surface with water at frequent intervals (频繁地). Sand or burlap （麻袋片） can be spread over the surface to help retain moisture.A covering is necessary, in any case, for the first 3 days after placing to protect the concrete from the direct rays（光线） of the sun.Special curing compounds （养护剂）can also be sprayed on the concrete. The spraying should take place as soon as the surface of the concrete has lost its watery appearance. Properly applied, a curing compound will allow the concrete to continue curing even after the concrete has been placed in service, as with a concrete highway, for example. Spraying on a curing compound is often the only practical method of curing concrete that has been poured into an unusual shape.A third method of curing concrete is to spread a sheet of polyethylene film or building paper over the surface of the concrete. The polyethylene or building paper should overlap the sides of the exposed concrete. This covering must remain on top of the concrete for the entire curing period.1. According to the passage, all the exposed surfaces of the concrete must be kept moist, ( B ).A. after the concrete has setB. as soon as the concrete begins to setC. whenever the concrete is placedD. before the concrete is placed2. The concrete must thereafter be kept continually moist for ( A ).A. at least 14 daysB. only 14 daysC. about 14 daysD. less than 14 days3. To keep concrete moist, ( C ).A. we can only spread some sand or burlap over the surface.B. we spray (喷)?some water over the surface.C. we should spray water on the surface frequently.D. we should spray water mixed with sand over the surface.4. After the concrete is placed, ( B )A. it should be covered for a long time.B. it must be covered to avoid the strong sun light.C. it should be covered for 3 days.D. it may be covered for the first 3 days if possible.5. Special curing compounds ( B )A. can only be used from the moment to concrete first begins to set.B. can be used even after the concrete has been placed in service.C. can always be used on the concrete highway.D. can be sprayed on anything.。