微观经济学6(2)
微观经济学第第6章参考答案
第6章参考答案一、基本概念1、引致需求:生产者对生产要素的需求是从消费者对产品的需求中“派生”出来的,我们称之为引致需求。
2、完全竞争生产要素市场:如果生产要素市场中要素买卖双方人数众多,并且买卖双方信息对称;要素没有任何区别,并且可以充分自由流动,那么这种市场被称作完全竞争生产要素市场。
3、边际收益产品:生产者增加一单位生产要素所增加的收益,用字母MRP 表示。
4、卖方垄断:在产品市场上是垄断卖方,在要素市场上是完全竞争买方的生产者。
5、买方垄断:在产品市场上是完全竞争卖方,在要素市场上是垄断买方的生产者。
6、利息率:资本的收益增值与资本的价格之比,用公式表示为:/Z P γ=。
7、补偿性工资差别:指在实际经济活动中,即使能力和受教育程度无差别的劳动者,从事不同的工作也会存在工资差别。
8、垄断性工资差别:由于劳动者的特殊素质或特殊阶层,使其在某些工作上处于垄断地位而产生的工资差别。
9、极差地租:经营较优土地的农业资本家所获得的、并最终归土地所有者所占有的超额利润。
10、准租金:对供给数量暂时不变或长期不变的生产要素的支付。
11、经济租金:支付给生产者或要素的所有者的超额报酬,等于生产者或要素的所有者的实际收入减去其机会成本的余额。
12、洛伦兹曲线:将一国总人口根据其收入由低到高排序,然后考虑收入最低的百分比的人口所得到的收入的百分比,最后将人口累计百分比和收入累计百分比的对应关系描绘在图形上所得到的曲线。
13、基尼系数:衡量一国或一地区贫富差距的标准,是国际上用来综合考虑居民内部收入分配差异状况的一个重要分析指标。
14、产量分配净尽定理:当产品市场和要素市场处于完全竞争状态时,如果生产函数为线性齐次函数,即规模报酬不变,那么各生产要素的报酬之和恰好等于全部产品。
二、分析简答1、论述完全竞争生产者、卖方垄断生产者、买方垄断生产者实现利润最大化的条件。
答:完全竞争生产者利润最大化的条件是:生产者购买生产要素的边际收益等于要素价格。
张元鹏《微观经济学》(中级教程)笔记(第6章 生产者行为理论Ⅱ)
张元鹏《微观经济学》(中级教程)第六章生产者行为理论(Ⅱ)复习笔记跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、成本的性质与成本函数在经济分析中,成本被认为是厂商进行生产活动所使用的生产要素的货币支出,或生产要素的所有者必须得到的报酬或补偿。
1.经济成本、会计成本、机会成本(1)会计成本会计成本是指厂商所使用,且从市场上购买或租来的生产要素的支出,这一般是可以从会计账簿上看出来的。
(2)机会成本机会成本是指人们利用一定资源获得某种收入时所放弃的用于其他可能的用途所能够获取的最大收入。
机会成本的存在是与资源的稀缺性紧密联系的。
(3)经济成本经济成本是指厂商所使用的全部资源的机会成本,需要另行计算才能知道。
设为经济成本,为各种投入要素的数量,为第种投入要素的种市场价格,则:2.显性成本和隐性成本企业的生产成本可以分为隐性成本和显性成本两部分,且这两部分成本都可以从机会成本的角度来理解。
(1)显性成本显性成本即财务上的会计成本,意指厂商在要素市场上购买或租用其所需的生产要素的实际支出,包括工薪、原材料、折旧、动力、运输、广告和保险等方面的费用。
(2)隐性成本隐性成本则是指应支付给厂商自有的且被用于生产过程中的那些生产要素,但实际上没有支付的报酬。
隐性成本与厂商所使用的自有生产要素相联系,反映着这些要素在别处同样能被使用的事实。
3.会计利润、经济利润和正常利润(1)会计利润会计利润是指厂商销售产品的总收益减去会计成本(即显性成本)后的余额;(2)经济利润经济利润是指厂商销售产品的总收益减去按机会成本计算的经济成本(显性成本加隐性成本)的余额,或称超额利润。
微观经济学高鸿业第6章
厂商短期均衡的决定
• 完全竞争产品市场厂商短期均衡的数学模型 TR TC. (1) TR P Q (2)
PP TC f (Q) b dTR dTC 或MR MC即P MC dQ dQ (3) (4) (5)
d 2TR d 2TC dMR dMC dMC 或 即 0 (6) 2 2 dQ dQ dQ dQ dQ P AVC (7) 其中式(1)~(2)为定义方程式,式(3)~(4)为行为方程 式,式(5)~(7)为均衡条件。
• •
•
第四节 完全竞争市场下的短期均衡 第六节 蛛网模型
问/答
第五节 完全竞争市场下的长期均衡
厂商与行业的长期调整及长期均衡
• • 长期的经济涵义再说明:单个厂商;整个行业 厂商长期均衡:最优生产规模的选择 P=MR=SMC=LMC
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第一节 市场、厂商与行业
第二节厂商的收益和利润 第三节 完全竞争市场的特点 第五节 完全竞争市场下的长期均衡
第四节 完全竞争市场下的短期均衡 •
•
第六节 蛛网模型
问/答
厂商短期均衡的决定
• • 短期的经济涵义再说明:单个厂商;整个行业 完全竞争厂商的利润最大化条件 一阶条件:由MR=MC,得P=MC; 二阶条件:由dMR/dQ<dMC/dQ,得dMC/dQ>0
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封 闭 型 蛛 网 模 型
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第2章 像经济学家一样思考)
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)第2章像经济学家一样思考课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1.循环流量图(circular flow diagram)答:循环流量图是指表明物品和劳务、生产要素以及货币支付在家庭和企业之间如何流动的经济图形,如图2-1所示。
在这个模型中,经济由两类决策者——家庭和企业——所组成。
企业用劳动、土地和资本(建筑物和机器等)这些投入来生产物品和劳务,这些投入被称为生产要素。
家庭则拥有生产要素并消费企业生产的所有物品与劳务。
图2-1 循环流量图图2-1中,经济决策由家庭和企业做出。
家庭和企业在物品与劳务市场(在这个市场上,家庭是买者而企业是卖者)以及生产要素市场(在这个市场上,企业是买者而家庭是卖者)上相互交易。
外面一圈的箭头表示货币的流向,里面一圈的箭头表示相应的物品与劳务的流向。
循环流量图的形式是简化的,是整体经济的一个简化模型,因为它不包括国际贸易和政府。
2.生产可能性边界(production possibilities frontier)(深圳大学2007研;北京工业大学2008研)答:生产可能性边界也称为社会生产可能性边界或生产可能性曲线,指一个经济在可获得的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产品的产量的各种组合。
由于整个社会的经济资源是有限的,当这些经济资源都被充分利用时,增加一定量的一种产品的生产,就必须放弃一定量的另一种产品的生产。
整个社会生产的选择过程形成了一系列的产品间的不同产量组合,所有这些不同产量的组合就构成了社会生产的可能性边界。
微观经济学第6章习题修改——
《微观经济学》P82 MR=28习题修改:(1)习题10及习题17有所重复,建议删除习题10(2)习题11需求函数为 P=50-3Q(3)习题12 2410C Q Q A =++(4)习题15题面修改:一个垄断企业生产某产品的总成本函数为:TC=313Q -302Q +1000Q ,产品在实行差别定价的两个市场上出售,在利润极大时产量48。
第一个市场的需求函数为P 1=1100-13q 1;在第二个市场需求曲线上,当价格为均衡价格时的弹性为-3。
试问该企业的纯利润为多少?(5)习题16 题面修改:需求函数为340020d Q P =-(6)习题18 题面修改:需求函数为 2400400Q P =- 习题答案:9、完全竞争厂商的短期成本函数为STC=0.13Q -22Q +15Q+10,试求厂商的短期供给函数。
答:根据完全竞争场上实现利润最大化的原则P=SMC ,有:P Q Q =+-1543.02 解得6.0)15(2.1164P Q --±= 根据利润最大化的二价条件''MC MP <的要求,取解为:6.022.14-+=P Q考虑到最小的平均可变成本:AVC=5,于是该厂商在短期只有在5≥P 时才生产,而在P<5时必定会停产,所以,该厂商的短期供给函数)(P f Q =为:⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧<=≥-+=5,05,6.022.14P Q P P Q 10、某成本不变的完全竞争行业的代表性厂商的长期总成本函数为LTC=3q -602q +1500q ,试求:(1)若产品价格为975元,厂商利润极大时的产量、平均成本和利润。
(2)该行业长期均衡时的价格和厂商的产量。
(3)用图形表示上述(l)和(2)。
(4)若市场需求曲线是P=9600-2Q ,试问长期均衡中留存于该行业的厂商数是多少?答:(1)利润极大时P MC MR ==,已知产品价格P=975元,解得351=q ,52=q 。
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解
第14章竞争市场上 的企业
第13章生产成本
第15章垄断
第16章垄断 竞争
第17章寡头
第19章收入与歧视
第18章生产要素市 场
第20章收入不平等 与贫困
第21章消费 者选择理论
第22章微观 经济学前沿
作者介绍
读书笔记
这是《曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解》的读书笔记模板,可以替换为自己 的心得。
目录分析
第2章像经济学家 一样思考
第1章经济学十大 原理
第3章相互依存性 与贸易的好处
第5章弹性及其应 用
第4章供给与需求 的市场力量
第6章供给、需求 与政府政策
第8章应用:赋税 的代价
第7章消费者、生 产者与市场效率
第9章应用:国际 贸易
第11章公共物品和 公共资源
第10章外部性
第12章税制的设计
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分 册)》(第6版)课后习题详解
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 读书笔记
目录
02 内容摘要 04 作者介绍 06 精彩摘录
思维导图
关键字分析思维导图
习题
教材
消费者
微观经济 学
企业
习题
供给
微观经 济学
经济学
原理
第章
需求
曼昆经济 学பைடு நூலகம்
市场
经济学家
第篇
收入
应用
税制
内容摘要
本书特别适用于参加研究生入学考试指定考研参考书目为曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》的考生, 也可供各大院校学习曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》的师生参考。曼昆的《经济学原理》是世界上最流 行的初级经济学教材,也被众多院校列为经济类专业考研重要参考书目。为了帮助学生更好地学习这本教材,我 们有针对性地编著了它的配套辅导用书(均提供免费下载,免费升级):1.曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分 册)》(第6版)笔记和课后习题详解(含考研真题)[视频讲解]2.曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》 【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【35小时高清视频】3.曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》 (第6版)课后习题详解4.曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第5版)课后习题详解5.曼昆《经济学原 理(微观经济学分册)》配套题库【名校考研真题(视频讲解)+课后习题+章节练习+模拟试题】6.曼昆《经济 学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)笔记和课后习题详解(含考研真题)[视频讲解]7.曼昆《经济学原理 (宏观经济学分册)》【教材精讲+考研真题解析】讲义与视频课程【27小时高清视频】8.曼昆《经济学原理 (宏观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解9.曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》(第5版)课后习题 详解10.曼昆《经济学原理(宏观经济学分册)》配套题库【名校考研真题(视频讲解)+课后习题+章节练习+ 模拟试题】本书是曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)教材的配套e书,参考国外教材的英文答案 和相关资料对曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)教材每章的课后习题进行了详细的分析和解答, 并对个别知识点进行了扩展。课后习题答案久经修改,非常标准,特别适合应试作答和临考冲刺。另外,部分高 校,如武汉大学、深圳大学等,研究生入学考试部分真题就来自于该书课后习题,因此建议考生多加重视。
曼昆微观经济学第二章课后答案
.画出大炮与黄油的生产可能性边界。解释为什么这条边界的形状最有可能是向外凸出。
答:假设该社会如果将全部资源用来生产“大炮”,可以生产500 门炮;如果将全部资源用来生产黄油,可
以生产2 000 千克黄油。
图2—3 大炮与黄油的生产可能性边界
图中的生产可能性边界最有可能性是向外凸出的。这是因为,根据大炮衡量的黄油的机会成本取决于经济中
美元看了一场电影。
答:属于过程(4)和(8),Shanna 在物品与劳务市场上支出7 美元,消费了一场电影。
D
.Sally
凭借他在顶峰工业公司10%
的股权赚到了1
万美元。
答:属于过程(1)和(5),Sally 在生产要素市场上提供资本,获得分红收入。
6
图2—2 循环流向图
2
.设想一个生产军用品和消费品的社会,我们把这些物品称为“大炮”和“黄油”。
最终制定出解决经济问题的政策。
9
.在图书馆或网上找一份最近年度的《总统经济报告》(gp /eop/index.html
), 阅读
和你感兴趣的问题有关的章节。概括出现在的经济问题,并描述委员会建议的政策。
答:2000 年度的《总统经济报告》着重阐述了新经济。我阅读了其中的第一章第四节有关财政政策的内容。
正在生产的每种物品的数量。当经济用它的大部分资源生产黄油时,生产可能性边界是非常陡峭的。因为甚至最
适于生产大炮的工人和机器都被用来生产黄油,经济为了每千克黄油所放弃的大炮数量的增加相当可观。与此相
比,当经济把其大部分资源用于生产大炮时,生产可能性边界非常平坦。在这种情况下,最适于生产大炮的资源
答:实证表述是描述世界是什么的观点,是描述性的。规范表述是企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点,是命
曼昆微观经济学课后答案第六版
曼昆微观经济学课后答案第六版【篇一:曼昆《经济学原理》第6版微观经济学分册第3章课后习题答案p63-p66】情况下,生产可能性曲线是直线,而不是外凸的?【重要级别】☆☆☆【难度级别】☆☆☆【考查要点】生产可能性边界定义【参考答案】当生产一种产品的机会成本为常数时,生产可能性曲线是直线而不是外凸的。
2?解释绝对优势和比较优势有什么不同。
【重要级别】☆☆☆☆【难度级别】☆☆☆【考查要点】绝对优势定义;比较优势定义【参考答案】绝对优势和比较优势都是用于衡量不同生产者生产效率差异的概念,绝对优势以生产效率为评价标准,比较优势以机会成本为评价标准。
同一生产者可能同时在两种物品上都具有绝对优势,但不可能同时在两种物品上都拥有比较优势。
绝对优势反映了生产率的高低,比较优势反映了相对机会成本的高低。
3?举例说明一个人在做某件事上有绝对优势,而另一个人有比较优势。
【重要级别】☆☆☆【难度级别】☆☆【考查要点】绝对优势应用;比较优势应用【参考答案】工程师a每小时的工资为500元,一个小时可以把自己的家打扫干净。
b每小时的工资为50元,两个小时可以把与a相同面积的房屋打扫干净。
在此例中,无论是赚钱还是打扫房间,a都拥有绝对优势。
但从比较优势的角度来看,打扫a的家,a的机会成本是500元,而b的机会成本是100元,所以b在打扫房间上具有比较优势。
4?对贸易来说,是绝对优势重要还是比较优势重要?以你对上一道题的答案为例来解释你的推理。
【重要级别】☆☆☆☆【难度级别】☆☆【考查要点】绝对优势应用;比较优势应用【参考答案】对贸易而言,比较优势重要。
如果按照绝对优势,a 和b之间没有从事贸易的可能。
但是如果从比较优势来看,a专门工作而b专门打扫房间,在相同的时间内,a和b都可以获得更高的收入,这样双方的状况都变得更好。
5?一国是倾向于出口还是进口自己有比较优势的物品?解释原因。
【重要级别】☆☆☆☆【难度级别】☆☆【考查要点】比较优势应用【参考答案】倾向于出口自己具有比较优势的产品。
微观经济学选择题
研究生课程班学员以同等学力申请硕士学位水平认定考试《微观经济学》试题(一)一、单项选择题(每题 2 分,共 20 分)1 、需求和供给同时减少的隋况下A 、均衡价格和均衡交易量都将下降B 、均衡价格将下降,均衡交易量的变化无法确定C 、均衡价格的变化无法确定,均衡交易量将减少D 、均衡价格将上升,均衡交易量将下降2 、如果需求曲线是一条直线,那么A 、随着需求量的增加,需求价格弹性的绝时值保持不变B 、随着需求量的增加,需求价格弹性的绝对值自上而下不断减少C 、随若需求量的增加,需求价格弹性的绝对值自上而下不断增加D 、当需求量等于 1 时,需求价格弹性为单位弹性3 、无差异曲线为斜率不变的直线时,表示相结合的两种商品是A 、可以替代的B 、完全替代的C 、互补的D 、互不相关的4 、消费者偏好的可传递性意味着(从原点出发的直线和每个无差异曲线只有一个交点)A 、无差异曲线的抖率不能为正B 、无差异曲线凸向原点C 、离原点越远的无差异曲线代表更高的效用D 、两条无差异曲线不能相交5 、如果规模报酬不变,单位时间里增加了 20 %的劳动使用量,但保持资本量不变,则产出将A 、增加 20 %B 、减少 20 %C 、增加大于 20 %D 、增加小于 20 %6 、如果一家企业劳动的边际产量和价格分别是 16 个单位和 3 元,资本的边际产量和价格分别是 46 个单位和 6 元,那么,这家企业(16/3小于46/6资本的效率更高,因此应该用资本替换劳动投入)A 、劳动投入太多,资本投入太少B 、劳动投入太少,资本投入太多C 、劳动投入和资本役入都太少D 、劳动投入和资本投入都太多了7、在短期,如均衡产出水平下有 AVC <p< Ac ,则完全竞争厂商(平均可变成本小于价格小于平均成本,总收益大于总变动成本)A 、能获取超额利润B 、蒙受损失,应立即停产c 、蒙受损失,但在短期内继续生产D 、盈亏相抵8 、完全垄断厂商如果处于A 、长期均衡时,一定处于短期均衡B 、长期均衡时,不一定处于短期均衡C 、短期均衡时,一定处于长期均街D 、以上都不是9 、一对青年考虑周末活动,男青年想看篮球赛,女青年较喜欢芭蕾。
中级微观经济学第六章 需 求—比较静态分析
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2曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)模拟试题及详解(二)
曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)模拟试题及详解(二) 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、名词解释1.边际替代率答:边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution ,MRS ),即无差异曲线的斜率,是指在维持效用水平不变的前提下,消费者增加一单位某种商品的消费数量时所需要放弃的另一种商品的消费数量。
商品1对商品2的边际替代率的定义公式为:2121x MRS x ∆=-∆ 其中,1x ∆、2x ∆分别为商品1和商品2的变化量。
如果商品数量的变化趋于无穷小,那么,边际替代率就是无差异曲线的斜率。
因此,求无差异曲线上任何一点的边际替代率,只要过该点作切线,这条切线的斜率的绝对值就是该点的边际替代率。
2.无差异曲线答:无差异曲线是序数效用论的一种分析方法,是用来表示消费者偏好相同的两种商品的所有的数量组合。
或者说,它是表示能够给消费者带来相同的效用水平或满足程度的两种商品的所有的数量组合。
无差异曲线如图1-1所示。
图1-1 无差异曲线图1-1中,横轴和纵轴分别表示商品1的数量1X 和商品2的数量2X 。
图3-2中的曲线表示商品1和商品2的不同组合给消费者带来的效用水平是相同的。
与无差异曲线相对应的效用函数为()120,U f X X U ==。
其中,1X 、2X 分别为商品1和商品2的消费数量;0U 是常数,表示某个效用水平。
无差异曲线具有以下三个基本特征:第一,由于通常假定效用函数是连续的,所以,在同一坐标平面上的任何两条无差异曲线之间,可以有无数条无差异曲线;第二,在同一坐标平面图上的任何两条无差异曲线不会相交;第三,无差异曲线是凸向原点的,即无差异曲线的斜率的绝对值是递减的。
《微观经济学》课后练习题参考答案6
第六章完全竞争市场一、选择题:二、名词解释:1.完全竞争:是一个理想的市场,市场上有无数个生产同质商品的厂商,没有行业进入壁垒并且信息完全。
2.总收益:指厂商出售一定数量产品后所得到的全部收入,它等于产品单价(P)乘以销售数量(Q)。
公式:TR = P·Q:3.平均收益(average revenue):指厂商销售每单位产品所得到的平均收入,它等于总收益除以总产销量。
公式:AR = TR/Q = P·Q/Q = P]4.边际收益(marginal revenue):指每增加或减少一单位产品的销售所引起的总收益的变动量。
公式:MR = △TR/△Q,或MR = dTR/dQ5.生产者剩余:指厂商在提供一定数量的某种产品时实际接受的总支付和愿意接受的最小总支付之间的差额。
它通常用市场价格线以下,厂商的供给曲线(即SMC曲线)以上的面积来表示。
三、问答题:1、试述完全竞争市场的基本特征及其理论意义。
答:完全竞争的市场类型必须满足四个基本条件:(1)市场上存在着大量的买者和卖者,每一个行为者只占极微小的市场份额,他们可以增减消费量或产量,但没有谁能够独自影响市场价格。
市场上的所有人都只是根据自己的利益独自决定如何行动,这些行动汇集起来共同决定了市场价格。
但对单个的参与者来说,他只是一个价格接受者。
(2)市场上的商品是同质的,即在同一市场上所有的生产者都提供完全一样的商品,不仅商品的质量相同,甚至外观、销售条件等都是一样的。
因而,产品具有完全相互替代性,消费者对购买哪一个生产者的商品不存在偏好,惟一影响消费者选择的因素是价格。
卖者也不会有任何垄断条件,如果哪个厂商提价,他的产品就会卖不出去,而且他也没有必要降价,因为单个厂商总是可以按照既定的价格将产品卖出去,实现自己那一份相对微不足道的市场份额。
(3)所有生产要素都可以自由流动。
每个厂商都可以依照自己的意愿自由进入或退出某个行业,不存在任何障碍。
微观经济学第六章
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3、成本递减行业的长期供给曲线
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四、生产者剩余(Producer surplus)
生产者剩余:厂商在提供一定数 量的商品时实际得到的价格(市 场价格)与愿意接受的价格的差 额。 短期内,只要P>AVC,厂商就开 工生产。由于短期内,FC是沉没 成本,一时无法回收的,厂商开 工生产增加1单位产量所增加的成 本是变动成本(也是MC),因此 只要P>MC,厂商就愿意开工。 这时生产一定数量的商品实际得 到的与他愿意接受的(大于边际 成本的部分)的差额就是生产者 剩余。
小麦市场的需求曲线是向下倾斜的一条直线, 当小麦价格上升时其需求量也会下降。但是单 个农场主所面临的需求曲线并不是向下倾斜的: 它是一条水平线。一旦某个农场主试图提高价 格时,则对其销售的小麦需求量马上会降为零, 因为消费者将会转而购买其他农场主所生产的 小麦。但是,在既定的市场价格下,每一个农 场主都可以销售他想销售的任何数量的小麦, 因为任何一个农场主生产的产品数量相对于整 个市场容量都是很小的。
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微观经济学chapter2-6习题答案
Chapter 2Thinking Like an EconomistsTRUE OR FALSE1. Economists devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories. (T)2. While the scientific method is applicable to studying natural sciences, it is not applicable to studying a nation’s economy. (F)3. It is difficult for economists to make observations and develop theories, but it is easy for economists to run experiments to generate data to test their theories. (F)4. Good assumptions simplify a problem without substantially affecting the answer. (T)5. Assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand. (T)6. Economic models omit many details to allow us to see what is truly important. (T)7. The circular-flow diagram explains, in general terms, how the economy is organized and how participants in the economy interact with one another. (T)8. In the circular-flow diagram, households and firms are the decision makers. (T)9. In the circular-flow diagram, factors of production are the goods and services produced by firms. (F)10. In the circular-flow diagram, firms own the factors of production and use them to produce goods and services. (F)11. In the circular-flow diagram, one loop represents the flow of goods and services, and the other loop represents the flow of factors of production. (F)12. The production possibilities frontier is a graph that shows the various combinations of outputs that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. (T)13. Refer to Figure 2-1, if this economy uses all its resources in the dishwasher industry, it produces 35 dishwashers and no doghouses. (T)Figure 2-114. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 75 doghouses. (F)15. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 30 doghouses and 20 dishwashers. (T)16. Refer to Figure 2-1, it is possible for this economy to produce 45 doghouses and 30 dishwashers. (F)17. Refer to Figure 2-1, unemployment could cause this economy to produce at point B. (T)18. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of moving from point A to point D is 10 dishwashers. (T)19. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of moving from point B to point D is 15 doghouses. (F)20. Refer to Figure 2-1, the opportunity cost of an additional doghouse increases as more doghouses are produced. (T)21. If an economy can produce more of one good without giving up any of another good, then the economy’s current producti on point is inefficient. (T)22. When a production possibilities frontier is bowed outward, the opportunity cost of the first good in terms of the second good increases as more of the second good is produced.(F)23. A production possibilities frontier wil l be bowed outward if some of the economy’s resources are better suited to producing one good than another. (T)24. While the production possibilities frontier is a useful model, it cannot be used to illustrate economic growth. (F)25. Microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. (T)26. Macroeconomics is the study of economy-wide phenomena. (T)27. Economists acting as scientists make positive statements, while economists acting as policy advisers make normative statements. (T)28. Normative statements describe how the world is, while positive statements prescribe how the world should be. (F)29. "Other things equal, an increase in supply causes a decrease in price" is a normative statement, not a positive statement. (F)30. There is only one explanation for why economists give conflicting advice on policy issues, and it is that they have different values about what policy should try to accomplish.(F)31. The slope of a line is equal to the change in the x-variable divided by the change in the y-variable. (F)Chapter 3 Interdependence And The Gains From TradeTRUE OR FALSE1. Interdependence among individuals and interdependence among nations are both based on the gains from trade. (T)2. If a person chooses self-sufficiency, then she can only consume what she produces. (T)3. If Wrex can produce more math problems per hour and more book reports per hour than Maxine can, then Wrex cannot gain from trading math problems and book reports with Maxine. (F)4. Trade allows a country to consume outside its production possibilities frontier. (T)5. Opportunity cost refers to how many inputs a producer requires to produce a good. (F)6. Opportunity cost measures the trade-off between two goods that each producer faces. (T)7. For a country producing two goods, the opportunity cost of one good will be the inverse of the opportunity cost of the other good. (T)8. If one producer has the absolute advantage in the production of all goods, then that same producer will have the comparative advantage in the production of all goods as well. (F)9. If a country has the comparative advantage in producing a product, then that country must also have the absolute advantage in producing that product. (F)10. If one producer is able to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than some other producer, then the producer with the lower opportunity cost is said to have an absolute advantage in the production of that good. (F)11. Unless two people who are producing two goods have exactly the same opportunity costs, thenone person will have a comparative advantage in one good, and the other person will have a comparative advantage in the other good. (T)12. The principle of comparative advantage states that, regardless of the price at which trade takes place, everyone will benefit from trade if they specialize in the production of the good for which they have a comparative advantage. (F)13. Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a comparative advantage. (T)14. Two countries can achieve gains from trade even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of both goods. (T)15. As long as two people have different opportunity costs, each can gain from trade with the other, since trade allows each person to obtain a good at a price lower than his or her opportunity cost. (T) 16. When each person specializes in producing the good in which he or she has a comparative advantage, each person can gain from trade but total production in the economy is unchanged. (F) 17. For both parties to gain from trade, the price at which they trade must lie exactly in the middle of the two opportunity costs. (F)18. David Ricardo was the author of the 1817 book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation. (T)19. International trade may make some individuals in a nation better off, while other individuals are made worse off. (T)20. Trade can make some individuals worse off, even as it makes the country as a whole better off. (T) SHORT ANSWER1. Explain the difference between absolute advantage and comparative advantage. Which is more important in determining trade patterns, absolute advantage or comparative advantage? Why? Absolute advantage refers to productivity, as in the producer who can produce a product at a lower cost in terms of the resources used in production. Comparative advantage refers to the producer who can produce a product at a lower opportunity cost. Comparative advantage is the principle upon which trade patterns are based. Comparative advantage is based on opportunity cost, and opportunity cost measures the real cost to an individual or country of producing a particular product. Opportunity cost is therefore the information necessary for an individual or nation to determine whether to produce a good or buy it from someone else.2. The only two countries in the world, Alpha and Omega, face the following production possibilities frontiers.Alpha’s Production Possibilities Frontier Omega’s Pro duction Possibilities Frontiera.Assume that each country decides to use half of its resources in the production of eachgood. Show these points on the graphs for each country as point A.b.If these countries choose not to trade, what would be the total world production ofpopcorn and peanuts?c.Now suppose that each country decides to specialize in the good in which each has acomparative advantage. By specializing, what is the total world production of eachproduct now?d.If each country decides to trade 100 units of popcorn for 100 units of peanuts, show onthe graphs the gain each country would receive from trade. Label these points B. Alpha’s Production Possibilities Frontier Omega’s Production Possibilities Frontiera.Alpha would be producing 125 units of peanuts and 75 units of popcorn (point A on itsproduction possibilities frontier) and Omega would be producing 50 units of peanutsand 150 units of popcorn (point A on its production possibilities frontier).b.The total world production of peanuts would be 175 units and the total world productionof popcorn would be 225 units.c.The total world production of peanuts would now be 250 units and the total worldproduction of popcorn would now be 300 units.d.Alpha would be producing 250 units of peanuts and would trade 100 of them to Omega,leaving Alpha with 150 units of peanuts. Alpha would then receive 100 units of popcornfrom Omega. Omega would be producing 300 units of popcorn and would trade 100 ofthem to Alpha, leaving Omega with 200 units of popcorn. Omega would then receive100 units of peanuts from Alpha.Choice1. People who provide you with goods and services (b)a.are acting out of generosity.b.do so because they get something in return.c.have chosen not to become interdependent.d.are required to do so by the government.2. When an economist points out that you and millions of other people are interdependent, he or she is referring to the fact that we all (b)a.rely upon the government to provide us with the basic necessities of life.b.rely upon one another for the goods and services we consume.c.have similar tastes and abilities.d.are concerned about one another’s well-being.3. When can two countries gain from trading two goods? (d)a.when the first country can only produce the first good and the second country can onlyproduce the second goodb.when the first country can produce both goods, but can only produce the second good atgreat cost, and the second country can produce both goods, but can only produce thefirst good at great costc.when the first country is better at producing both goods and the second country is worseat producing both goodsd.Two countries could gain from trading two goods under all of the above conditions.4. Shannon bakes cookies and Justin grows vegetables. In which of the following cases is it impossible for both Shannon and Justin to benefit from trade? (a)a.Shannon does not like vegetables and Justin does not like cookies.b.Shannon is better than Justin at baking cookies and Justin is better than Shannon atgrowing vegetables.c.Justin is better than Shannon at baking cookies and at growing vegetables.d.Both Shannon and Justin can benefit from trade in all of the above cases.5. A production possibilities frontier is bowed outward when (d)a.the more resources the economy uses to produce one good, the fewer resources it hasavailable to produce the other good.b.an economy is self-sufficient instead of interdependent and engaged in trade.c.the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced is constant.d.the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced depends on how much ofeach good is being produced.” could bea.100.b.150.c.200.d.250.7. Assume for the United States that the opportunity cost of each airplane is 100 cars. Then which of these pairs of points could be on the United States' production possibilities frontier? (c)a.(200 airplanes, 5,000 cars) and (150 airplanes, 4,000 cars)b.(200 airplanes, 10,000 cars) and (150 airplanes, 20,000 cars)c.(300 airplanes, 15,000 cars) and (200 airplanes, 25,000 cars)d.(300 airplanes, 25,000 cars) and (200 airplanes, 40,000 cars)8. What must be given up to obtain an item is called (c)a.out-of-pocket cost.parative worth.c.opportunity cost.d.absolute value.9. A farmer has the ability to grow either corn or cotton or some combination of the two. Given no other information, it follows that the farmer’s opportunity cost of a bushel of corn multiplied by his opportunity cost of a bushel of cotton (c)a.is equal to 0.b.is between 0 and 1.c.is equal to 1.d.is greater than 1.10. If Korea is capable of producing either shoes or soccer balls or some combination of the two, then(d)a.Korea should specialize in the product in which it has an absolute advantage.b.it would be impossible for Korea to have an absolute advantage over another country inboth products.c.it would be difficult for Korea to benefit from trade with another country if Korea isefficient in the production of both goods.d.Korea’s opportunity cost of shoes is the inverse of its opportunity cost of soccer balls.11. Mike and Sandy are two woodworkers who both make tables and chairs. In one month, Mike can make 4 tables or 20 chairs, where Sandy can make 6 tables or 18 chairs. Given this, we know that the opportunity cost of 1 chair is (a)a.1/5 table for Mike and 1/3 table for Sandy.b.1/5 table for Mike and 3 tables for Sandy.c. 5 tables for Mike and 1/3 table for Sandy.d. 5 tables for Mike and 3 tables for Sandy.12. If Shawn can produce more donuts in one day than Sue can produce in one day, then (c)a.Shawn has a comparative advantage in the production of donuts.b.Sue has a comparative advantage in the production of donuts.c.Shawn has an absolute advantage in the production of donuts.d.Sue has an absolute advantage in the production of donuts.13. Kelly and David are both capable of repairing cars and cooking meals. Which of the following scenarios is not possible? (c)a.Kelly has a comparative advantage in repairing cars and David has a comparativeadvantage in cooking meals.b.Kelly has an absolute advantage in repairing cars and David has an absolute advantagein cooking meals.c.Kelly has a comparative advantage in repairing cars and in cooking meals.d.David has an absolute advantage in repairing cars and in cooking meals.14. Comparative advantage is related most closely to which of the following? (b)a.output per hourb.opportunity costc.efficiencyd.bargaining strength in international trade15. Two individuals engage in the same two productive activities. In which of the following circumstances would neither individual have a comparative advantage in either activity? (c)a.One individual’s production possibilities frontier is steeper than the other individual’sproduction possibilities frontier.b.One individual is faster at both activities than the other individual.c.One individual’s opportunity costs are the same as the other individual’s opportunitycosts.d.None of the above is correct; one of the two individuals always will have a comparativeadvantage in at least one of the two activities.16. Total output in an economy increases when each person specializes becausea.there is less competition for the same resources.b.each person spends more time producing that product in which he or she has acomparative advantage.c. a wider variety of products will be produced within each country due to specialization.ernment necessarily plays a larger role in the economy due to specialization.17. Which of the following statements is not correct? (d)a.Trade allows for specialization.b.Trade has the potential to benefit all nations.c.Trade allows nations to consume outside of their production possibilities curves.d.Absolute advantage is the driving force of specialization.18. By definition, imports are (d)a.people who work in foreign countries.b.goods in which a country has an absolute advantage.c.limits placed on the quantity of goods leaving a country.d.goods produced abroad and sold domestically.19. By definition, exports are (d)a.limits placed on the quantity of goods brought into a country.b.goods in which a country has an absolute advantage.c.people who work in foreign countries.d.goods produced domestically and sold abroad.20. Which of the following would not result from all countries specializing according to the principle of comparative advantage? (d)a.The size of the economic pie would increase.b.Worldwide production of goods and services would increase.c.The well-being of citizens in each country would be enhanced.d.Each country’s production possibilities frontier would shift outward.Chapter 4The Market Forces of Supply and DemandTRUE OR FALSE1. In a market economy, supply and demand determine both the quantity of each good produced and2. the price at which it is sold. (T)3. Prices allocate a market economy’s scarce resources. (T)4. Sellers as a group determine the demand for a product, and buyers as a group determine the supply of a product. (F)5. In a competitive market, the quantity of each good produced and the price at which it is sold are not determined by any single buyer or seller. (T)6. In a perfectly competitive market, the goods offered for sale are all exactly the same. (T)7. The law of demand states that, other things equal, when the price of a good rises, the quantity demanded of the good rises, and when the price falls, the quantity demanded falls. (F)8. The market demand curve shows how the total quantity demanded of a good varies as the income ofbuyers varies, while all the other factors that affect how much consumers want to buy are held constant. (F)9. If something happens to alter the quantity demanded at any given price, then the demand curve shifts. (T)10. If the demand for a good falls when income falls, then the good is called an inferior good. (F)11. A decrease in income will shift the demand curve for an inferior good to the right. (T)12. An increase in the price of a substitute good will shift the demand curve for a good to the right. (T)13. A decrease in the price of a complement will shift the demand curve for a good to the left. (F)14. If a person expects the price of socks to increase next month, then that person’s current demand for socks will increase. (T)15. A decrease in the price of a product and an increase in the number of buyers in the market affect the demand curve in the same general way. (F)16. Whenever a determinant of demand other than price changes, the demand curve shifts. (T)17. The quantity supplied of a good or service is the amount that sellers are willing and able to sell at a particular price. (T)18. When the price of a good is high, selling the good is profitable, and so the quantity supplied is large. (T)19. If something happens to alter the quantity supplied at any given price, then we move along the fixed supply curve to a new quantity supplied. (F)20. A decrease in supply shifts the supply curve to the left. (T)21. A reduction in an input price will cause a change in quantity supplied, but not a change in supply.(F)22. If there is an improvement in the technology used to produce a good, then the supply curve for that good will shift to the left. (F)23. When a seller expects the price of its product to decrease in the future, the seller's supply curve shifts left now. (F)24. When the market price is above the equilibrium price, the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied. (F)25. Price will rise to eliminate a surplus. (F)26. Sellers respond to a shortage by cutting their prices. (F)27. A shortage will occur at any price below equilibrium price and a surplus will occur at any price above equilibrium price. (T)28. In a market, the price of any good adjusts until quantity demanded equals quantity supplied. (T)29. A decrease in demand will cause a decrease in price, which will cause a decrease in supply. (F) SHORT ANSWER1.a. What is the difference between a "change in demand" and a "change in quantity demanded?"Graph your answer.b.For each of the following changes, determine whether there will be a change in quantitydemanded or a change in demand.i. a change in the price of a related goodii. a change in tastesiii. a change in the number of buyersiv. a change in pricev. a change in consumer expectationsvi. a change in incomea. A change in demand refers to a shift of the demand curve. A change in quantitydemanded refers to a movement along a fixed demand curve.b. A change in price causes a change in quantity demanded. All of the other changes listedshift the demand curve.A change in quantity supplied A change in supply2.Suppose we are analyzing the market for hot chocolate. Graphically illustrate the impact each of the following would have on demand or supply. Also show how equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity would change.a.Winter starts and the weather turns sharply colder.b.The price of tea, a substitute for hot chocolate, falls.c.The price of cocoa beans decreases.d.The price of whipped cream falls.e. A better method of harvesting cocoa beans is introduced.f.The Surgeon General of the U.S. announces that hot chocolate cures acne.g.Protesting farmers dump millions of gallons of milk, causing the price of milk to rise.h.Consumer income falls because of a recession, and hot chocolate is considered a normalgood.i.Producers expect the price of hot chocolate to increase next month.j.Currently, the price of hot chocolate is $0.50 per cup above equilibrium.(a) (b)(c) (d) (e) (f)(g) (h)(i) (j)In (j), a price above equilibrium will affect both quantity demanded and quantity supplied and will cause a surplus in the market. It will not cause either demand or supply to shift.3.Fill in the table below, showing whether equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity go up, go down, stay the same, or change ambiguously.CHOICE1. Which of the following is an example of a market? (d)a. a gas stationb. a garage salec. a barber shopd.All of the above are examples of markets. (d)2. In a competitive market, the price of a producta.is determined by buyers and the quantity of the product produced is determined bysellers.b.is determined by sellers and the quantity of the product produced is determined bybuyers.c.and the quantity of the product produced are both determined by sellers.d.None of the above is correct.3. A downward-sloping demand curve illustrates (d)a.that demand decreases over time.b.that prices fall over time.c.the relationship between income and quantity demanded.d.the law of demand.4. Refer to Table 4-1. Whose demand does not obey the law of demand? (c)a.Aaron’sb.Angela’sc.Austin’sd.Alyssa’s5. Refer to Table 4-1. If these are the only four buyers in the market, then the market quantity demanded at a price of $1 is (d)a. 4 units.b.7.75 units.c.14 units.d.31 units.6. When we move along a given demand curve, (c)a.only price is held constant.b.income and price are held constant.c.all nonprice determinants of demand are held constant.d.all determinants of quantity demanded are held constant.7. Which of the following is not held constant in a supply schedule? (c)a.technologyb.the price of the goodc.the prices of inputsd.expectations8. A market supply curve is determined by (b)a.vertically summing individual supply curves.b.horizontally summing individual supply curves.c.finding the average quantity supplied by sellers at each possible price.d.finding the average price at which sellers are willing and able to sell a particular quantityof the good.9. A decrease in quantity supplied (a)a.results in a movement downward and to the left along a fixed supply curve.b.results in a movement upward and to the right along a fixed supply curve.c.shifts the supply curve to the left.d.shifts the supply curve to the right.10. Another term for equilibrium price is (b)a.dynamic price.b.market-clearing price.c.quantity-defining price.d.balance price.11. If, at the current price, there is a surplus of a good, then (a)a.sellers are producing more than buyers wish to buy.b.the market must be in equilibrium.c.the price is below the equilibrium price.d.quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.12. If a shortage exists in a market, then we know that the actual price is (c)a.above the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.b.above the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.c.below the equilibrium price and quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.d.below the equilibrium price and quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.13. If the demand for a product increases, then we would expect (c)a.equilibrium price to increase and equilibrium quantity to decrease.b.equilibrium price to decrease and equilibrium quantity to increase.c.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to increase.d.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to decrease.14. If the supply of a product decreases, then we would expect (a)a.equilibrium price to increase and equilibrium quantity to decrease.b.equilibrium price to decrease and equilibrium quantity to increase.c.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to increase.d.equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity both to decrease.15. When supply and demand both increase, equilibrium (d)a.price will increase.b.price will decrease.c.quantity may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.d.price may increase, decrease, or remain unchanged.16. What would happen to the equilibrium price and quantity of coffee if the wages of coffee-bean pickers fell and the price of tea fell? (a)a.Price would fall and the effect on quantity would be ambiguous.b.Price would rise and the effect on quantity would be ambiguous.c.Quantity would fall and the effect on price would be ambiguous.d.Quantity would rise and the effect on price would be ambiguous.17. Which of these statements does not apply to market economies? (c)a.Prices prevent decentralized decision making from degenerating into chaos.b.Prices coordinate the actions of millions of people with varying abilities and desires.c.Prices ensure that anyone who wants a product can get it.d.Prices ensure that what needs to get done does in fact get done.Chapter 5Elasticity and its Its ApplicationTRUE OR FALSE1. The demand for bread is likely to be more elastic than the demand for solid-gold bread plates. (F)2. In general, demand curves for luxuries tend to be price elastic. (T)3. Goods with close substitutes tend to have more elastic demands than do goods without close substitutes. (T)4. The demand for gasoline will respond more to a change in price over a period of five weeks than over a period of five years. (F)5. The price elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. (T)6. Demand is inelastic if the price elasticity of demand is greater than 1. (F)7. Price elasticity of demand along a linear, downward-sloping demand curve increases as price falls.(F)8. If the price elasticity of demand is equal to 1, then demand is unit elastic. (T)9. When demand is inelastic, a decrease in price increases total revenue. (F)10. The income elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income. (T)11. Normal goods have negative income elasticities of demand, while inferior goods have positive income elasticities of demand. (F)12. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, then the two goods are substitutes. (T)13. If the cross-price elasticity of demand for two goods is negative, then the two goods are complements. (T)14. Price elasticity of supply measures how much the quantity supplied responds to changes in the price. (T)15. Supply and demand both tend to be more elastic in the long run and more inelastic in the short run. (T)16. If the price elasticity of supply is 2 and the quantity supplied decreases by 6%, then the price must have decreased by 3%. (T)17. If a supply curve is horizontal, then supply is said to be perfectly elastic, and the price elasticity of supply approaches infinity. (T)18. A government program that reduces land under cultivation hurts farmers but helps consumers. (F)19. OPEC failed to maintain a high price of oil in the long run, partly because both the supply of oil and the demand for oil are more elastic in the long run than in the short run. (T)20. Drug interdiction, which reduces the supply of drugs, may decrease drug-related crime because the demand for drugs is inelastic. (F)Short Answer1. Using the midpoint method, compute the elasticity of demand between points A and B. Is demand along this portion of the curve elastic or inelastic? Interpret your answer with regard to price and quantity demanded. Now compute the elasticity of demand between points B and C. Is demand along this portion of the curve elastic or inelastic?。
《微观经济学》试题及参考答案(六)
《微观经济学》试题及参考答案一、单项选择题(本大题共10小题,每题1分,共10分)1.需求曲线是一条倾斜的曲线,其倾斜的方向是()。
A.右上方B.右下方C.左下方D.左上方2.供给曲线是一条倾斜的曲线,其倾斜的方向是()。
A.右上方B.右下方C.左下方D.左上方3.一种商品价格下降对其互补品最直接的影响是( )A.互补品的需求曲线向左移动B.互补品的需求曲线向右移动C.互补品的供给曲线向右移动D.互补品的价格下降4.当消费者的收入不变,两种商品的价格同比例同方向变化时,预算线的位置会发生()。
A.平行移动B.不变C.斜率的变化D.截距的变化5.生产者制造10个单位产品的总成本(含一次性固定成本)是10万元,制造11个单位产品的总成本是10.2万元,则第11个产品的边际成本是()。
A.10万元B.10.2万元C.0.2万元D.不能确定6.若一种商品的消费量随着消费者收入的增加而减少,那么该商品一定是()A.正常品B.奢侈品C.必需品D.低档品7.已知某商品的需求富有弹性,在其它条件不变的情况下,卖者为增加收益,应该()A.适当降低价格B.适当提高价格C.保持价格不变D.先降价后提价8.某厂商每年从企业的总收入中取出一部分作为自己所提供的生产要素的报酬,这部分资金被视为()。
A.显性成本B.经济利润C.隐性成本D.不变成本9.一个理性的厂商在MR>MC时,()。
A.在任何条件下都应增加产量B.在任何情况下都应减少产量C.只在完全竞争条件下才增加产量D.只在完全竞争条件下才减少产量10.一个市场上只有一个厂商,生产一种没有替代品的产品,这样的市场结构被称为()A.完全竞争B.完全垄断C.垄断竞争D.寡头竞争二、多项选择题(本大题共5小题,每题2分,共10分)1.下列哪种情况可以使预算线向右上方平行移动()A. 收入减少,商品价格不变。
B. 收入增加,商品价格不变。
C. 收入不变,两商品价格同比例同方向增加。
微观经济学第6章作业
微观经济学第6章作业(1)(总10页)--本页仅作为文档封面,使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《微观经济学》第六章市场理论作业(1)一、完全竞争市场(一)名词解释完全竞争;停止营业点;成本不变行业;成本递增行业;成本递减行业(二)选择题1、在完全竞争条件下,如果某行业的厂商的商品价格等于平均成本,则A、新的厂商要进入这个行业;B、原有厂商要退出这个行业;C、既没有厂商进入业没有厂商退出;D、既有厂商进入也有厂商退出该行业2、厂商获得最大利润的条件A、边际收益大于边际成本的差额达到最大值;B、边际收益等于边际成本;C、价格高于平均成本的差额达到最大值;D、以上都不对3、假定在某一产量水平上,某一厂商的平均成本达到了最小值,这意味着A、边际成本等于平均成本;B、厂商获得了最大利润;C、厂商获得了最小利润;D、厂商的经济利润为零4、在完全竞争市场上,厂商的短期均衡条件是A、P=AR;B、P=MC;C、P=MR;D、P=AC5、在一般情况下,厂商得到的价格若低于()就应停止营业A、平均成本;B、平均可变成本;C、边际成本;D、平均固定成本6、在完全竞争条件下,如果厂商把产量调整到平均成本曲线最低点所对应的水平,则A、它将取得最大利润;B、它没能获得最大利润;C、它是否获得最大利润无法确定;D、它一定亏损7、完全竞争市场的厂商短期供给曲线是指A、AVC>MC中的那部分AVC曲线;B、AC>MC中的那部分AC曲线;C、MC≥AVC中的那部分MC曲线;D、MC≥AC中的那部分MC曲线8、在完全竞争的市场中,行业的厂期供给曲线取决于A、SAC曲线最低点的轨迹;B、SMC曲线最低点的轨迹;C、LAC曲线最低点的轨迹;D、LMC曲线最低点的轨迹9、成本递增行业的长期供给曲线是A、水平直线;B、自左向右上倾斜;C、垂直于横轴;D、自左向右下倾斜10、若在最优产出水平P 超过AVC ,但小于AC 时,则企业是在A 、获取利润;B 、使总亏损最小;C 、使总亏损最小,或使总盈利最大;D 、使单位产品中所获利润最大11、在最优短期产出水平,厂商将A 、取得最大利润;B 、使总亏损最小;C 、使总亏损最小,或使总盈利最大;D 、使单位产品中所获得利润最大12、厂商在停止生产点A 、P=AVC ;B 、TR=TVC ;C 、企业总亏损等于TFC ;D 、以上都对13、当完全竞争厂商和行业都处于长期均衡时,A 、P=MR=SMC=LMC ;B 、P=MR=SAC=LAC ;C 、P=MR=LAC 的最低点;D 、以上都对14、若生产要素的价格和数量变化方向相同,则该行业是A 、成本不变行业;B 、成本递增行业;C 、成本递减行业;D 、以上任何一个(三)计算题1、假定在完全竞争行业中有许多相同的厂商,代表性厂商LAC 曲线的最低点的值为6美元,产量为500单位;当厂商产量为550单位的产品时,各厂商得SAC 为7美元。
任保平《微观经济学》习题详解(第6章 显示偏好与跨期消费)
任保平《微观经济学》 第六章 显示偏好与跨期消费课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
1.请给出一个违反显示偏好弱公理的例子(绘图说明)。
答:(1)显示偏好弱公理的定义为:设(1x ,2x )是按价格(1q ,2q )选择的消费组合,(1y ,2y )是价格为(1q ,2q )时可选择但实际上并未被选择的另一消费组合,则(12,x x )就被直接显示偏好于(1y ,2y ),并且如果(1x ,2x )已被显示偏好于(1y ,2y ),则(1y ,2y )就决不会被直接显示偏好于(1x ,2x )。
(2)违反显示偏好弱公理的例子如图6-7所示。
如果在预算1时,消费者选择了(1x ,2x ),而在新的预算2下,消费者又选择了(1y ,2y ),则消费者的行为就违反了显示偏好弱公理。
因为,在预算2下面,(1x ,2x )仍然是可以买得起的消费组合。
这说明消费者的行为是内在不一致的,从而违反了显示偏好弱公理。
图6-7 不符合显示偏好弱公理的消费行为2.请说明显示偏好弱公理在分析跨期消费行为时是如何应用的? 答:(1)跨期消费行为与显示偏好弱公理给定消费者的跨期预算约束和他对两个时期消费偏好的无差异曲线,就能找到这个消费者在两期之间的最优消费组合。
根据这个最优的行为模式,能够利用显示偏好弱公理,可以确定消费者无差异曲线的变动范围,从而推断出在利率变动后消费者将是借款者还是贷款者。
(2)如图6-8所示。
如果消费者最初是贷款者,从显示偏好弱公理可知,当利率上升时,新的消费组合不可能移至禀赋点E 的右边。
微观经济学习题-第6章2,3,4
第六章(§2§3§4)不完全竞争的市场2010级医药贸易同学分享-洋一、单项选择题1、在西方经济学中,()市场模型通常被用来作为判断其它类型市场的经济效率高低的标准。
A 、完全竞争B 、垄断竞争C 、垄断D 、寡头2、对完全垄断厂商来说,()。
A 、提高价格一定能够增加收益B 、降低价格一定会减少收益C 、提高价格未必能增加收益,降低价格未必减少收益D 、以上都不对3、垄断条件下,当商品的需求价格弹性小于1时,厂商的边际收益()。
A 、大于0B 、大于1C 、小于0D 、小于14、当一个厂商所面临的需求曲线向右下方倾斜时,如果这条需求曲线上的某点满足E d =2,P =20元,那么,根据厂商的边际收益、价格和需求的价格弹性三者之间的关系,我们 可以知道:在该点所对应的产出水平上,厂商的MR 为()。
A 、30元B 、10元C 、60元D 、-10元5、经济学家一般把()企业在LAC 最低点上的产量称作理想的产量。
A 、垄断B 、垄断竞争C 、完全竞争D 、寡头 *6、在垄断厂商实现利润最大化的产出水平Q 处,有()。
A 、P(Q *)=MR(Q *)=MC(Q *)B 、P(Q *)>MR(Q *)=AC(Q *)C 、P(Q *)>MR(Q *)=MC(Q *)D 、P(Q *)>MC(Q *)=AC(Q *)* 7、对于垄断厂商而言,如果在某一产出水平Q 处有P(Q * )>AC(Q * ** )和MR(Q)>MC(Q)* 那么,在Q 的基础上增加1单位产品的销售将会()。
A 、使其总利润会减少B 、厂商总收益会减少,其数额等于P(Q *)-AC(Q *)C 、对总利润没有影响,但会缩小边际收益和边际成本之间的差额D 、总利润会增加,并缩小边际收益和边际成本之间的差额8、垄断利润属于()。
A 、经济成本B 、正常利润C 、经济利润D 、隐成本9、当垄断厂商所面临的市场需求增加时,他将会()。
《微观经济学》第六章垄断市场
例题: 已知某垄断者的成本函数为TC=0.6Q2 +4Q+5, 产品的需求函数为P=12-0.4Q 求: Q为多少时总利润最大,价格、总收 益和利润各是多少?
答案: Q=4
P=10.4
TR=41.6
利润:11
(四)垄断厂商的长期均衡:
三种情况: 1、垄断厂商在短期内是亏损的,但在长期内,又 不存在一个可以使他获得利润(或至少使他亏损 为零)的生产规模,于是该厂商退出生产
小
(4 ) P < SAVC,垄断厂商停止生产。
垄断厂商短期均衡的条件:MR=SMC
思考:
垄断厂商在短期内是否一定能获得利润?
不是,在MR=SMC的短期均衡点上,可能获得 最大利润,也可能亏损,造成亏损的原因可能是 既定的生产规模过小(表现为成本曲线的位置过 高),也可能是垄断厂商所面临的市场需求过小 (表现在相应的需求曲线的位置过低)。亏损可 能生产,也可能不生产,主要取决于价格P和 SAVC的比较
三、垄断厂商的价格歧视: 价格歧视:垄断者对于相同的产品收取不同的价格。
(一)实行价格歧视的市场条件:
1、必须是垄断市场
2、完全垄断的总市场必须能够分割为许多相互独立 或隔离的市场
3、各个市场有不同的需求价格弹性
(二)实行价格歧视的依据: 主要依据是顾客和产品的不同特点 1、顾客的收入:收入高,则收费高
P
P
Q
Q
市场的需求曲线就是厂商的需求曲线: 是向右下方倾斜的曲线
首先,分析其平均收益曲线
因为AR=TR/Q=(P×Q)÷Q=P
可见,平均收益AR曲线与需求曲线是重叠的
P
AR曲线,同时,也需求曲线
Q
2、收益曲线
设商品A的价格为下表,则其AR、TR、MR 如下: Q P 1 2 3 4 8 8 5 7 7 6 6 6 7 5 5 8 4 4 9 3 3 10 11 12 2 2 1 1 0 0
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三、价格歧视的种类
• 1、一级价格歧视(first degree price discrimination)又称完全价格歧视(perfect price discrimination),指每一单元产品以消费者所愿支 付的最高价格出售,即每一单位产品的销售价格 都不一样,不同消费者所获得的价格是不同的。
•1998年,美国司法部门曾试图中止微软利用“视窗”的垄 断地位以阻碍网页浏览器竞争的行为,最后也只要求微软进 行“某些行为改进”
• 2004年3月,欧盟委员会又对微软的垄断地位重拳出击 :除了对微软进行6.12亿美元罚款外,还要求微软在4个月 内公开主导市场的“视窗”系统的源代码,以帮助竞争对手 开发伺服器软件;同时在90天之内将其媒体播放器软件与视 窗系统分开销售。
令π对Q1,Q2的偏导数为零,则可得
MR1(Q1)=MC(Q1+Q2)
MR2 (Q2) =MC (Q1+Q2)
即
MR1=MR2=MC
价格的确定:
市
场 1:
M
R
1=
P1(1
-
1 e d1
)
市
场
2:
M
R
2
=
P
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(1
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1 e d2
)
M R 1= M R 2
P1(1
-
1 e d1
)=
P 2 (1
-
1 e d2
• 一级价格歧视要求垄断企业能够区分不同消费者 对产品价值的预期(willingness to pay)或保留价格 (reservation price ),从而向产品价值预期高的消 费者高的卖高价,低的卖低价。
一级价格歧视
• 不实行价格歧视,垄断厂商收取价格Pm
$ H
消费者剩余= △ HPmF= △ HEF
• 在现实生活中很常见,如规定买五送一, 买十送三。
二级价格歧视
• 二级价格歧视能比单一价格获取更多利润
$
H
比单一价格增加利润EJKL
Pm
F
P2
J
K
M
GC
L
E
AR
I
MR
O
Qm Q2
Q
3、三级价格歧视
• 三级价格歧视(third degree price discrimination)指不同消费者可能付不同的 价格,而同一消费者所购买的不同单元的 价格是一样的。或者说,同一产品在不同 的市场上的价格不一样,但在同一市场上 则只有一个价格。
SAC2
B’
E
D1
MR1
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QS QL
Q
P=MR=SMC=LMC=SAC=LAC
$
SMC2 SAC2
LMC LAC
E
P2
d2
O
Q2
Q
完全竞争厂商的长期均衡
四.完全垄断市场效率评价与管制
1、垄断企业效率评价:不能以最低 平均成本生产。价格较高但产量较低。 价格高于边际成本,没有在长期平均 成本的最低点生产。
第三节 垄断厂商的差别定价
一、价格歧视含义与条件
歧视价格:指以不同价格销售同一种产品。
✓ 厂商能够控制价格 ✓ 厂商了解不同消费者的需求弹性 ✓ 厂商能有效区分不同消费者 ✓ 各个市场的需求弹性不同
二、垄断厂商实行价格歧视的原因
•假设你为一出版公司的老板,该公司的一位畅销作者 刚刚写完他最新的一本小说。你为出版这本书的排他 性权利向作者支付了固定200万美元。我们再假设,印 刷该书的成本为零。出版公司能得到10万名崇拜者的 最高价格30美元,而能得到整个市场50万名潜在读者的 最高价格5美元。什么价格能使该公司利润最大化呢?
• 最常见的价格歧视方法。要求厂商将消费 者区分为不同组别,且不同组别消费者具 有各自需求函数且需求弹性各不相同。
三级价格歧视
• 通过三级价格歧视实现利润最大必须满足条件
MR1=MR2=MC
• 证明:设两市场需求函数分别为P1(Q1)与P2(Q2),
成本函数为TC(Q1+Q2),则利润函数为
π= P1(Q1) ·Q1+ P2(Q2) ·Q2- TC(Q1+Q2)
Cha6(2) 完全垄断市场中价格与 产量决定
• 第一节 完全垄断市场概述
• 第二节 垄断企业的利润最 大化行为
• 第三节 垄断厂商的差别定 价
第一节 完全垄断市场概述
一、垄断的特点和条件
1、基本特征 – 厂商就是行业(One seller - many buyers) – 产品不能替代(One product(no good substitutes)) – 独自决定价格(Price maker) – 存在进入障碍(Barriers to entry) – 实行差别价格(Price discrimination)
O
GQ (b) Q
第二节 垄断企业的利润最大化行为
一、垄断厂商的短期均衡
1、垄断厂商的利润最大化条件 一阶条件:MR=MC 二阶条件:dMR/dQ<dMC/dQ
2、几种短期均衡的情形
1)获取超额利润的 $ 短期均衡:P>AC
P0
A MC
AC
Profit
C
B
D = AR
E
MR
O
Q0
Q
2) 超额利润为零的 3) 短期均衡:P=AC $
MC
Pm
J
F
PC
G
E
AR
I
MR
O
Qm
QC
Q
一级价格歧视
• 不实行价格歧视,产量Qm,没达到社会最
优$ 水平Qc
H
无谓损失 Deadweight
生产者剩余=
Loss
MC PmIEF= △ HIE
Pm
J
F
PC
G
E
AR
I
MR
O
Qm
QC
Q
一级价格歧视
• 一H$ 级价格歧视下,产量达到社生产会者最剩优余=水△平HIG
– 使不可能的产品 供给成为可能 C
P0
G
Loss
B
MC
AC
A
AVC
F
D = AR
E
MR
O
Q0
Q
案例研究:垄断药品和无品牌药品
成本和收益
专利期内的价格
MC
专利到期后的价格
D = AR
MR
O 垄断数量 竞争数量 Q
2、对垄断的公共政策: 1)用反托拉斯法增强竞争 2)管制 3)公有制
微软与反垄断诉讼:
•1990年,美国联邦商务委员会对微软所谓掠夺性行为进行 了一系列调查,最后放弃了;
垄断的特点和条件
• 2、形成原因
• 规模经济,如自来水公司、煤气公司 • 政府创造的垄断,如:专利权和版权 • 对资源的控制,如南非的德比尔公司 • 掌握某种生产技术或诀窍,如可口可乐的配方
二、垄断厂商的需求曲线与收益 曲线
• 1、垄断厂商的需求曲线(市场需求曲线)
P
D
O
Q
• 2、垄断厂商的收益曲线 平均收益:AR=TR/Q=P 边际收益:MR=dTR/dQ=d(P·Q)/dQ=P+Q·dP/dQ<P 例:设反需求函数为P=a-bQ,则总收益函数为 TR=P·Q=aQ-bQ2,边际收益函数为MR=dTR/dQ=a-2bQ
于是,MR=40-2Q
由利润最大化条件MR=MC,得40-2Q=2Q 解得,Q=10,P=30,π=PQ-C=30×10-50-
102=150
• 3、垄断厂商和竞争厂商在在遵循利润 最大化时的区别
• 对于竞争企业:P=MR=MC
• 对于垄断企业: MR=dTR/dQ=d(P·Q)/dQ=P+Q·dP/dQ <P
这是欧盟史上最大单笔罚单,金额打破了 微软曾经创下的8.99亿欧元纪录。一个软件巨头, 一个硬件巨头,强大的WinTel联盟此时成了一对 难兄难弟。
不过与微软到此即止不同的是,英特尔接 下来还很有可能继续“时运不济”,在美国继续 遭遇反垄断调查和处罚,成为政府为消除非充分 竞争市场影响经济复苏供上的“祭品”。
消费者剩余= 0
Pm
J
F
MC
P=MC
PC
G
E
AR
I
MR
O
Qm
QC
Q
一级价格歧视
• 实施中的困难
– 消费者人数太多 – 难以估计不同消费者的保留价格或最高愿付价
格
• 2、二级价格歧视(second degree price discrimination)指不同单元的产品以不同的 价格出售,而购买同一数量的不同消费者 都付同一价格。最普遍的便是数量优惠, 此时每一个消费者获得的价格因其购买数 量的变化而变化,而所有消费者所面临的 定价机制是一样的。
完全垄断中,价格与产量之间无一一对应关 系,不存在供给曲线。这一结论可推广到带 有不同程度垄断因素的不完全竞争市场中。
三、垄断厂商的长期均衡
• 垄断厂商长期均衡:短期利润最大长期
利润最大
$
MR=SMC=LMC
SMC1
LMC LAC
PS G
Profit
A A’
PL H
ProfitF
SAC1
SMC2
B
• 2008年2月欧盟委员会宣布,因美国微软公司拒 不遵守2004年欧盟作出的反垄断决定,欧盟再次对微软公司 处以8.99亿欧元(约合13.5亿美元)的罚款。至此,欧盟对微软 开出的罚单总金额已达到16.8亿美元。
"祭品"英特尔:遭遇欧盟10.6亿欧元巨额罚 款
2009年5月12日,欧盟对英特尔持续近 9年的反垄断调查终于有了结果:欧盟委员会裁定 英特尔滥用市场垄断地位阻挠AMD正常的市场竞 争,而对英特尔处以创纪录的10.6亿欧元罚款。