语言学第四章

xp
(spec)(Mod) X (Complement*)(Mod)
The Expanded XP rule
6.What is deep structure and what is surface structure? • Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure(or D-structure). • Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which resultsfrom appreopriate transformations is called surface structure(or Sstructure).
• The phrase stucture rule for NP ,VP, AP, and pp. NP (Det) N (PP) the pretty girl VP (Qual) V (NP) often dream a dream AP (Deg) A (PP) very careful about you PP (Deg) P (PP) in the middle of the river
2.What is phrase stucture rule?
• The special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase stucture rule.
Det. N. Adv. V. P Det. Adj. N.
c) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.
Det. Adj. N. Aux V. P Adj P Det N.
d) This cloth feels quite soft.
Chapter 4
By: J.W.
1.What is syntax?
• Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
• Sentence: • A set of words expressing a statement, a question or an order, usually containing a subject and a verb.(------X-ford)
xp →(Specifier)X(complement)
VP PP V P N
a) rich in minerals.
b) often read detective stories.
head
xp →(Specifier) X (complement)
VP
Deg.百度文库V. Adj
NP
N.
b) often read detective stories.
N
V
P
Det
Adj
N
A huge moon hung in the black sky.
Mod Mod
S
Infl Pst NP VP
VP
NP
Det
N
V
Det N
Adv
Adv
The man examined his car carefully yesterday.
Mod Mod
S Infl Pst
cp cp C S VP NP NP VP S Infl PN Pst
N Infl
V
P
N
C
V
P
N
c)Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
7.Indicatte the category of each word in the following sentences.
a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.
Det. Adj. N. V. P Det. N. Adv.
b) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.
3.What is category? How to determine a word's category?
• Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb. Word level categories are divided into two kinds: a. major lexical categories: Noun, verb, Adjective.Prepositon. a. minor lexical categories:Determiner. Degreee words. Qualifier.Auxiliary.Conjunction. • To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely, meaning, inflection and distribution.
5.What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?
• Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases. • A phrase can contain specifiers, head, complements and Modifiers. • Specifiers :The words on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers. • Head: The word around which a phrase is formed is termed head. • Complement:The words on the right side of the heads are complements. • Modifiers, which specifies optionally expressible properties of head.
Det. N. V. Deg Adj.
8.The following phrases include a head, a complement, and in some cases a specifier .Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.
NP
PP NP
VP
PP NP
NP
Det
Adj
N
P
Det
N
V
P Det
N
A wooden hut near the lake callapsed in the storm
Mod
10.The following sentences all contain conjined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.
• • • •
a) b) c) d)
rich in minerals. often read detective stories. the argument against the proposals already above the window.
rich in minerals
head complement
4.What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?
• Some structures are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and or or. Such phrasesare called coordinate structures. • Coordination exhibitsthe followfor important properties: 1. There is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction. 2. A category at any levelcan be ccoordinated. 3. Coordinated categories must be of the same type. 4. The category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the category type of the elements being conjoined.
a)Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants. b)Helen put on her clothes and went out. c) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.
CP C NP
S
VP NP
head
xp →(Specifier) X (complement)
PP NP
A
P
Det
N
d) already above the window.
9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentence, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree structures. a)A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution. b)A huge moon hung in the black sky. c) The man examined his car carefully yesterday. d)Awooden hut near the lake callapsed in the storm
c) the argument against the proposals
head
xp →(Specifier) X (complement)
VP NP
NP
Det
N
V
Det
N
c) the argument against the proposals
d) already above the window.
CP
C
S
Infl Pst
VP NP PP
NP
VP
NP
NP
Det. Adj
N
V
Det
N
p
Adj.
N
A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution.
Mod Mod
CP C
S Infl VP PP NonPst NP NP
Det Adj
PP
N Infl
V
Det Adj
N
P
N
a)Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.
CP
S
C
CP
S
NP Infl
NonPst
VP PP VP NP Infl NP
N
V
P Det
N
C
V Adv
Pst
N
b)Helen put on her clothes and went out.