外文文献翻译---台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施

外文文献：
Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building In
Taiwan
Green Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is prioritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative methodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research
in Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach.
Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment
1. Introduction
The environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century[1],if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptable solution to the current water shortage problems, because of the consequent environmental problems. Previous studies have concluded
that water savings are necessary not only for water conservation but also for reducing energy consumption [2,3].
Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently been a critical problem during the dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in building new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are endeavoring to spread publicly the concept of water-conservation. While industry and commerce have made excellent progress in water
conservation, progress among the public has been extremely slow.
Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, proposed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper focuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this work is not only aimed at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental
impact on the earth.
2. Water conservation index
The water conservation index is the ratio of the actual quantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consumption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of t he water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.
2.1. Goal of using the water conservation index
Although Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to the world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recent improvements i n citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due to the improper water facilities designs in the past, the low water fee, and the usual practical behavior of people when using water, Taiwanese people have tended to use a large quantity of tap water. In 1990,the average water-consumption quantity in Taiwan was 350l per person per day, whereas in Germany it is about 145l per person per day, and in Singapore about 150l per person per day. These statistics reveal the need for Taiwanese people to save water.
The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate water-saving will become a
new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of water used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure of water and thus save water resources.
2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resources
Some construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.
2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipment
A research of household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construction designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For example, the amounts of water used in taking a shower and having a bath is quite different.
A single shower uses around 70l of water, whereas a bath uses around 150l. Furthermore, current construction designs for housing in Taiwan tend to put two sets of bathtubs and toilets, and quite a few families have their own massage bathtubs. Such a situation can be improved only by removing the tubs and replacing them with shower nozzles, so that more water can be possibly saved. The commonly used water-saving devices in Taiwan now include new-style water taps, water-saving toilets, two-sectioned water closets, water-saving shower nozzles, and auto-sensor flushing device systems, etc. Water-saving devices can be used not only for housing, but also in other kinds of buildings. Public buildings, in particular, should take the lead in using water-saving devices.
2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply device
The rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-made devices, and then uses simple water-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the peak-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about
2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough water storage devices, such as dams, to save all the rain. It is quite a pity that annually about 80% of the rain in Taiwan is wasted and flows directly into the sea, without being saved and stored. The rain-storage water supply system is used with a water-gathering system, water-disposal system, water-storage system and water-supply system. First, the water-gathering system gathers the rain. Then, the water flows to the water-disposal system through pipes, before being sent to the water-storage system. Finally, it is sent to the users’equipment through another set of pipes. Using the drain on the roof of a building, leading to the underground water-storage trough, is considered an effective means of gathering rain. The water, after simple water-disposal processes, can be used for chores such as house cleaning, washing floors, air-conditioning or watering plants.
2.2.
3. Establishing the intermediate water system
Intermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficiently saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate water system device can gather, dispose and recycle a certain quantity of waste-water from nearby government buildings, schools, residences, hotels, and other buildings. The obtained water can be used for flushing toilets, washing cars, watering plants and cleaning the street, or for garden use and to supplement the water of rivers or lakes. A small-scale intermediate water system gathers waste-water from everyday use, and then, through appropriate water-disposal procedures, improves the water quality to a certain level, so that finally it can be repeatedly used for non-drinking water. There are extensive ways to use the intermediate water. It can be used for sanitary purposes, public fountains, watering devices in gardens and washing streets. In order to recycle highly polluted waste-water, a higher cost is needed for setting up the associated water-disposal devices, which are more expensive and have less economic benefits than the rain-utilization system. Except for the intermediate water-system set within a single building, if we build them within
large-scale communities or major construction development programs, then it is sure to save more water resources efficiently and positively for the whole country as well as improve the environmental situation.
4. Method for assessing the recycling of rain
Systems for recycling rain and intermediate water are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.
4.1. Calculation basis of recycling rainwater
The designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critical point of the evaluation is to estimate and assess meteorological precipitation. Meteorological records normally include yearly, monthly, daily and hourly precipitation. Yearly and monthly precipitation is suitable for rough estimates and initial assessment. However, such approximation creates problems in determining the area of the rainwater collection device and the volume of the storage tank. Thus, daily precipitation has been most commonly considered. Hourly precipitation could theoretically support a more accurate assessment. However, owing to the increasing number of parameters and calculation data increases, the complexity of the process and the calculation time, result in inefficiencies. Herein, daily precipitation is adopted
in assessing rainwater systems used in buildings [4,7].
4.3. Case study and analysis
Following the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building is
located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediate water for the restrooms, and the utilization condition is set at 20 m per day, while
the out flow coefficient (Y) is 0.9. A typical meteorological precipitation in Taipei in 1992 was adopted as a database. The rainwater storage tank was set to an initial condition before the simulation procedure. Herein, four tank volumes were considered in the simulations of rainwater utilization—15, 25, 50, 100 m. The results indicate that increased storage tank volume reduces overflow and increases the utilization of rainwater. Given a 50 m storage tank, the quantity of rainwater collection closely approaches the utilization quantity of rainwater. Consequently, this condition obtains a storage tank with a roughly adequate volume. When the volume of the storage tank is 100 m, the utilization rate is almost 100% and the overflow quantity approaches zero. Despite this result being favorable with respect to utilization, such a tank may occupy much space and negatively impact building planning. Consequently, the design concept must balance all these factors. The building in this case is six floors high, and the roof area is small in comparison to the total floor area. The water consumption of the water closet per year, but the maximum rainwater approaches 7280 m collection is 2136 m per year. Thus, significant replenishment from tap water is required. This result also leads to a conclusion that high-rise buildings use rainwater systems less efficiently than other buildings. Lower buildings (e.g. less than three floors) have highly efficient rainwater utilization and thus little need for replenishment of water from the potable water system.
The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yield different results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze differences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment. The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When the volume of the rainwater tank is 50 m, the utilization rate of rainwater exceeds 80% with about 25% substitution with tap water. Using this approach and the assessment procedure, the volume of rainwater storage and the performance of
rainwater use systems in building design, can be determined.
In the formula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.
5. Green building label and policy
“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Building in North Ame rican countries. Many fashionable terms such as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Department of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided to adopt the term “Green Building” to signify ecological and environmental protection architecture in Taiwan.
5.1. Principles of evaluation
Green Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustainable building. This evaluation system is based on the following principles:
(1) The evaluation index should accurately reflect environmental protection factors such as material, water, land and climate.
(2) The evaluation index should involve standardized scientific quantification.
(3) The evaluation index should not include too many evaluation indexes; some similar quality index should be combined.
(4) The evaluation index should be approachable and consistent with real experience.
(5) The evaluation index should not involve social scientific evaluation.
(6) The evaluation index should be applicable to the sub-tropical climate of Taiwan.
(7) The evaluation index should be applicable to the evaluation of community or congregate
construction.
(8) The evaluation index should be usable in the pre-design stage to yield the expected result.
According to these principles, the seven-index system shown in Table 4 is the current Green Building evaluation system used in Taiwan. The theory evaluates buildings’ impacts on the environment through the interaction of “Earth Resource Input” and “Waste Output”. Practically, the definition of Green Building in Taiwan is “Consume the least earth resource and create the least construction was te”.
Internationally, each country has a different way of evaluating Green Building. This system provides only the basic evaluation on “Low environment impact”. Higher level issues such as biological diversity, health and comfort and community consciousness will not be evaluated. This system only provides a basic, practical and controllable environmental protection tool for inclusion in the government’s urgent construction environment protection policy. The “Green Building” logo is set to award Green Build ing design and encourage the government and private sector to pay attention to Green Building development. Fig. 7 is the logo of Green Building in Taiwan [6,8].
5.2. Water conservation measure
This paper focuses on water conservation index in green building evaluation system. Water conservation is a critical category of this evaluation system, and is considered in relation to saving water resources through building equipment design. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the desired result. The evaluation index is also based on research in Taiwan and is practically applicable. Using water-saving equipment is the most effective way of saving water; using two-sectioned water-saving toilets and water-saving showering devices without a bathtub are especially effective. Various other types of water-recycling equipment for reusing intermediate water and rain are also evaluated. In particular, rainwater-use systems in building designs are encouraged. When a candidate for a Green Building project introduces water recycling system or a rainwater use system, the applicant should propose an appropriate calculation report to the relevant committee to verify its water-saving efficiency. This guideline actually appears to be a
reasonable target for performing Green Building policy in Taiwan.
A new building can easily reach the above water conservation index. This evaluation system is designed to encourage people to save more water, even in existing buildings. All this amounts to saying that large-scale government construction projects should take the lead in using such water-saving devices, as an example to society.
6. Conclusion
This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with standardized scientific quantification. This evaluation index contains standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected results. The measure of evaluation index is also based on the essential research on Taiwan and is a practical and applicable approach. The actual water-saving rate (WR) for Green Building projects should be <0.8, and the AR of the water-saving equipment should be higher than 0.8. Thus, qualified Green Building projects should achieve a water saving rate of over 20%. For the sustainable policy, this program is aimed not only at saving water resources, but also at reducing the environmental impact on the earth.
The Green Building Label began to be implemented from 1st September 1999, and over twenty projects have already been awarded the Green Building Label in Taiwan, while the number of applications continues to increase. For a country with limited resources and a high-density population like Taiwan, the Green Building policy is important and represents a positive first step toward reducing environmental impact and promoting sustainable development.
中文译文：
台湾的绿色建筑节约用水评价措施
在台湾绿色建筑评价是一个新的制度，在它的一个7个类别中，通过建筑设备设计节省水资源，使水资源保护置于优先地位。

本文介绍了绿色建筑计划，提出了节约用水指标用定量方法和案例研究。

这个评价指标涉及到规范的科学量化，可用于预先设计阶段，以取得预期效果。

在台湾这项措施的评价指标，也是基于一个现实的和适用的办法的必需研究。

关键词：绿色建筑;评价制度;节约用水;建筑设备
1 、导言
环境问题在整个20世纪的后半段受到了全球深层关注。

淡水短缺和污染正成为一个最严重的全球性问题之一。

许多组织与会议就有关水资源政策和问题达成了共识：如果没有更好的解决方法，在21世纪水资源短缺可能导致战争[ 1 ] 。

其实，台湾已经经历了明显的不和谐的超负荷供水。

由于相应的环境问题，建设新的水坝已不再是一个可以接受的解决当前的水资源短缺问题的办法。

以前的研究得出结论：节水是必要的，不仅是为了节约用水，而且还为降低能源消耗[ 2,3 ] 。

台湾位于亚洲季风区，可以获得充足的雨水。

年降水量平均约为2500毫米。

但是，最近一个关键的问题在旱季缺水。

关键的、核心的问题是分布不均，暴雨，陡峭的山坡和短的河流。

此外，为满足国内城市地区对水的大量利用需求，在用水困难的地区建设新的水库，也是至关重要的因素。

政府部门正全力传播众所周知的概念，节约用水。

工业和商业在节约用水方面都取得了良好的进展，而公共场所在节约用水方面的进步却一直非常缓慢。

由于全球性趋势，在台湾的建筑与建筑研究所（ABRI）还有财政部内部，提出"绿色建筑"的概念，并建立了评价指标体系。

通过建筑设备的设计节省水资源。

这个制度把优先节约用水作为它的一个七个类别之一。

本文侧重于水资源的保护措施，为绿色建筑在台湾和用定量程序证明节水效率。

这项工作的目的是，不仅是为节约水资源，而且还减少了在地球对环境的影响。

2、节约用水指标
节约用水指标应是实际数量的水消耗在建筑物内，一般以平均水耗计。

这个指数也被称为"节水率" 。

评价的水消费量，包括节水效率的评估，厨房，浴室和所有水龙头，以及回收的雨水和中水。

2.1 、使用节约用水指数的目标
虽然台湾有很多的雨，由于其人口众多，平均雨量为分配给每一个人相比世界平均水平是很少的。

如图 1所示。

因此，台湾是反而是用水紧缺的国家。

然而，最近由于公民的生活水平的提高，导致城市用水需求较大幅度增长。

并如图2所示，其中，再加上很难取得新的水资源，使水资源短缺问题更为严重。

在过去由于不适当的供水设施的设计，低水费，以及人们在使用水的一般性行为，使台湾人往往使用了大量的自来水。

在1990年，平均水的消费量在台湾每人每天是350升，而在德国每人每天约145升，和在新加坡每人每天约150升。

这些统计数字显示，需要台湾人民节约用水。

促进设计更好的节水设施，方便节水将成为一个新趋势，其中，市民和设计师，因为关注的环保问题。

节约用水指数也旨在鼓励利用雨水，中水在日常生活中使用和使用节水型设备，以减少使用，从而节省水资源。

2.2 、有效利用水资源的方法
一些为有效利用水资源的施工考虑和建设系统设计描述如下面。

2.2.1 、使用节水型设备
研究家庭自来水消费显示，用在冲洗厕所和洗澡的比例大约占家庭总耗水量的50 ％，如所给表 1 。

许多建筑设计师往往在房屋使用豪华的供水设施，以及大量的水造成浪费。

使用节水型设备来取代这些设施可以节省大量的水。

举例来说，用在淋浴间和浴室的水是不同的。

一个单一的淋浴头使用70升左右的水，而用浴缸洗澡大约使用150升。

此外，当前在台湾房屋的建筑设计往往设计两套浴缸和厕所，不少家庭都有自己的按摩浴缸。

要使这种情况得以改善，只有通过淘汰浴缸和更换他们的淋浴喷头，以节约更多的水。

现在在台湾普遍使用节水型设备包括新型水龙头，节水型厕所，多次使用水的壁橱，节水型淋浴喷头，自动传感器冲厕装置系统等。

这些节水设备不仅用于房屋，而且还可用在其他类型的建筑物。

如公共建筑物，特别是要带头使用节水型设备的公共建筑。

2.2.2 、建立一个雨水储存供水设备
雨水储存供水设备储存雨水是利用自然地貌或人为制造的设备，利用简单的水净化程序，就可以供给用户使用。

雨水不仅可以用来替代淡水供应，而且可以作为消防用水。

它的使用可以减少雨水的高峰期对城市的负荷。

在台湾平均每年降雨量是约2500毫米，几乎高于全球平均水平的三倍。

然而，由于地域限制，我们无法建立足够的水存储设备，如水坝，以保存所有雨水。

很可惜的是，在台湾每年约80 ％的雨水被浪费，没有被保存和储存，直接流入海中。

雨水储存供应系统被作为雨水收集系统，水处置系统，蓄水系统和供水系统。

首先，它作为雨水收集系统用来收集雨水。

然后，水流通过管道流向水处理系统，之前被送到水的存储系统。

最后，它通过另外的管道送到用户的设施。

在建筑物屋顶上留下的雨水，可以流向地下蓄水槽。

这被认为是一种收集雨水的有效手段。

雨水经过简单处理，可用于杂务，如内务清洁，清洗地板，安装空调或浇灌植物。

2.2.3 、建立中水系统
中水是从城市收集的雨水，并包括已处理完毕的再造废水，并可以在一定范围内反复使用，但不可饮用或与人接触。

冲厕所消耗的中水占所有中水的35 ％。

如果每个人使用中水冲洗马桶，大量饮用水可以有效地节约。

建议在一个大的区域建立大型中级中水系统设备。

每个中水系统的设备可以从附近的政府建筑物，学校，住宅，酒店，和其他建筑物收集，处理和回收一定数量的废水。

所得到的水可用于冲洗厕所，清洗车辆，灌溉植物及清洗街道，或为花园使用，并补充河流或湖泊的水。

一个小规模的中水系统从日常使用生活污水的收集废水，然后，通过适当的水处理过程，改善水质到一定程度，最后成为可以重复使用的非饮用水。

有很多的地方使用中水。

它可用于卫生目的，如公共喷泉，花园的灌溉设备和清洗街道。

相比雨水利用系统，为了回收高污染废水，成本较高，因为需要设立相关的水处理设备，因而处理费用更加昂贵，并且产生较少的经济效益。

除了设置在一定区域的中水系统，如果我们又在这些大型社区或大型建筑工程建立中水系统的发展计划，那就一定能有效地节约更多的水资源，而且积极的为整个国家改善环境作出贡献。

4 、回收雨水的评价方法
因为水费低和水处理设备成本高，回收雨水和中水系统还不能产生很好的经济效益。

然而，回收雨水系统比重谁更容易实施。

在这里引入一种评估回收雨水的方法回收雨水的消耗占消耗水总量的比值。

4.1 、计算的基础上回收雨水
设计一个循环回收雨水系统，首先要确定雨水的数量和需求，这将决定雨水收集装置区和储罐数量。

雨水的数量其实由一个简单的方程式和收集降水装置区域决定。

不过，降水不能均匀的分布在所有的日子和地点。

特别是，降雨通常是集中在某些季节和地点。

因此，临界点评价是估计和评估气象降水。

气象纪录通常包括每年，每月，每日和每小时降水。

每年及每月的降水只适合粗略的估计和评估。

然而，这种近似结果带来的问题是确定该地区的雨水收集装置和大量的储罐。

因此，最常见的考虑是每日降水。

每小时降水理论上可以支持更准确地评估。

然而，由于更多参数和计算数据的增加，使过程复杂和计算时间长，导致效率低下。

在这里，每个建筑物的雨水系统是通过每天的降水来估计。

[ 4,7 ] 。

4.3、案例研究与分析
以下为上述的指导建筑，一所小学采取雨水利用系统的建设就是采用仿真和验证评估结果的例子。

在台北市有一个建筑面积1260平方米和总楼面面积6960平方米的多学科教学楼。

大约屋面建筑面积的80 ％作为雨水收集面积约为1008平方米。

雨水是用来作为中水用在洗手间，每天利用约为20立方米，其流量系数（ y ）是0.9 。

一组典型的气象积累作为一个数据库在台北在1992年获得通过。

在使用仿真以前，雨水蓄洪池作为一个初始条件。

在这里，四个储水罐被认为模拟雨水的利用-——15 ， 25 ， 50 ， 100立方米。

结果表明，增加蓄水池容积，减少流量，可增加雨水利用。

一个50立方米的储罐雨水收集量与可利用的雨水量最接近。

因此，这一储罐取得足够的容量。

当储罐的容量是100立方米时，使用率几乎是100 ％，溢流量几乎为零。

尽管这一结果有利于得到利用，但如果容积大可能会占据很大的空间，从而对建设规划产生不利影响。

因此，设计的原则是必须平衡所有这些因素。

例子中楼房有六层，屋顶面积相比总楼面面积很少。

每年壁橱消费的水接近7280立方米，但每年最多收集雨水2136立方米。

因此，大量补充自来水是必需的。

这一结果也导致一个结论，认为高楼群使用雨水系统的效率比其他建筑物较低。

较低的建筑物（如少于3楼）可高效的利用雨水，因此没有必要从饮用水系统补充水。

从雨水和自来水利用率来评价雨水储罐的效率。

由于降水量和雨量分布不同因而产生了不同的结果。

图5和图6 的结果说明，，雨水利用率和效率是不同的。

从1985年到1994年模拟运行这一个时期，储罐包括四个不同的容量。

当雨水储罐容量是50立方米
时，雨水的使用率超过80 ％，约25 ％的来自自来水。

使用此方法和评估程序，在建筑设计才能确定雨水利用系统中雨水储罐的容积和性能。

在公式的水利用指数， C在循环回收水消费量雨水消费总量比值计算中，一些中水或雨水的回收设备是一个特殊的比重。

因此，这个评估程序， C可以作为近似价值水利用指数。

5 、绿色建筑的标志和政策
在日本所谓的“绿色建筑”是“与环境和谐的建筑”，在欧洲成为“生态建筑”或“可持续发展建筑”，而在北美国家称为“绿色建筑”。

许多时髦的术语如“绿色消费” ，“绿色生活” ，“绿色照明”已被广泛采用。

目前在台湾，“绿色”已被作为环境保护一种象征。

建设部行政院已决定采取“绿色建筑” 计划，标志在台湾生态和环境保护好的建筑。

5.1 、评价原则
绿色建筑是一个普遍的和有系统的设计方法的可持续发展建筑。

这个评价体系是基于以下原则：
（ 1 ）评价指标应准确反映环保因素，如材料，水，土地和气候。

（ 2 ）评价指标应包括规范的科学的量化评价。

（ 3 ）评价指标不应包括太多的指标，一些类似的质量指标应结合起来。

（ 4 ）评价指标应与实际经验一致并且容易让人理解。

（ 5 ）评价指标不应涉及社会科学的评价。

（ 6 ）评价指标应适用于台湾的热带气候，。

（ 7 ）评价指标应适用于评价社区或聚集的建筑。

（ 8 ）评价指标应在预先设计阶段取得预期的结果。

根据这些原则，表4所示七指标体系是台湾当前绿色建筑评价体系。

通过动态的“地球的资源投入”和“废物输出”，从理论上评估建筑物对环境的影响。

实际上，在台湾定义绿色建筑是“消耗最少地球资源，并创造最少建筑废料” 。

在国际上，每个国家都有不同的方式评价绿色建筑。

这个系统提供的基本评价是“低环境影响” 。

更高层次的问题，例如生物多样性，卫生和舒适和社会意识将不会进行评估。

这个系统提供了
基本的，实用性和可控环境的保护工具，以便政府紧急制定保护施工环境的政策。

“绿色建筑”标志设置是为了奖励绿色建筑设计，并鼓励政府和私营部门要注意绿色建筑的发展。

图、七是在台湾绿色建筑的标识[ 6,8 ] 。

5.2 、节约用水措施
本文的重点是在绿色建筑评价体系中节约用水指数。

节约用水评价制度通过建立设备设计来达到节约水资源的目的。

这个评价指标包含了在预先设计阶段进行标准化的科学量化，以取得预想的结果。

在研究的基础上进行评价，在台湾几乎是适用的。

使用节水型设备是最有效的方法节水;采用两套节水型厕所和没有浴缸的节水型淋浴设备特别有效的。

各种其他类型的中水和雨水回收再利用的设备也进行评估。

特别是，雨水利用系统在建筑设计中让人感到鼓舞。

当作为绿色建设项目的候选工程时，必须介绍循环用水系统或雨水利用系统，申请人应向有关的委员会提出适当的计算报告，以核实其节水效率。

这一方针，在台湾实际上似乎是一个为达到绿色建筑目标合理的政策。

一个新的建筑可以轻松地达到上述水利用指数。

这个评价体系，旨在鼓励人们以节省更多的水，即使在现有的建筑物中。

所有这等于说，政府的大型建设项目作为一个例子要带头在社会使用这种节水型设备。

6 、结论
本文介绍了绿色建筑计划，并提出了节水指数并进行规范化、科学化和量化。

这个标准化的科学量化的评价指标可用于预先设计阶段，以取得预期的结果。

这项措施的评价指标也是基于台湾现实的和适用的必要研究。

绿色建筑实际的节水率（WR）应< 0.8 ，和AR型节水型设备应高于0.8 。

因此，合格的绿色建筑项目应实现节水率达20 ％以上。

这个可持续的政策计划的主要目标是，不仅在节约水资源，但也减少在地球上对环境的影响。

绿色建筑标签从1999年9月1日开始实施，在台湾超过 20个项目已经获得绿色建筑标签，而申请的数目继续增加。

对于一个资源有限的地区和高密度人口的台湾，绿色建筑的政策是很重要的也是积极的第一步，减少了对环境的影响和促进了可持续发展。