北京师范大学——高级生态学、景观生态学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题
北京师范大学资源学院入学考试试题
北京师范大学资源学院2004年博士入学考试试题自然地理学一．名词解释1．地带性与隐域性2．坡麓阶梯与准平原3．径流与入渗4．梅雨与季风5．植被与植物区系二．请论述戴维斯的侵蚀循环学说三．论述1．我国农牧交错区生态退化的原因是什么？你认为在该区域进行生态恢复的措施有哪些？举例说明。
原因：2．我国资源科学与技术的发展趋势及其所面临的挑战。
北京师范大学资源学院2005年博士入学考试试题自然地理学一.名词解释1.喀斯特与风化壳2.地槽与地台3.物种遗传多样性与生物多样性4.气团和锋5.地带性二.陆地生态系统包括哪些？其分布特点？三.试述中国东部季风区和西北干旱区的地理环境特征四.我国土地资源的特点与存在问题，应如何保护与利用北师大2006年地遥学院自然地理试题一、名词解释1、土壤圈2、地震3、鞍形气压场4、生态幅5、土壤自净能力二、简述气候在土壤形成过程中的影响和作用三、什么是地表水循环？请简述地表水的资源与环境效应。
四、请简述土壤在地球表面环境系统中的作用五、根据你的学习和观察，请说明温度对植物分布的直接或者间接的影响及原因。
六、什么是土地资源？请根据我国的国情说明我国要提倡节约土地资源利用必要性。
北师大资源学院2006年自然地理学(记忆版)北师大资源学院2006年自然地理学(记忆版)一、名解（8个）热成风,环境梯度,沉积型循环,生物风化作用,岩层产状,露点温度,空间连续性原则,还有一个忘了...二、简答（5个）1、什么是潜在蒸发,实际蒸发.简述影响水分蒸发的因子2、人地关系研究内容3、什么是土壤资源,土壤资源特点4、什么是西太平洋副热带高压,对我国天气和气候的影响5、草原土壤的主要成土过程和剖面构造特点三、论述（3个）1、为什么我国东部地区干旱,洪涝灾害频繁发生2、气候变化,侵蚀基准面升降,构造运动对河流阶地的影响3、论述北美大陆和欧亚大陆植被水平地带性分布的特点和异同点。
生态学2004-2009
中国科学院水土保持与生态环境研究中心教育部2004年秋季招收攻读博士学位研究生生态学试题答题说明：在以下各题中任选5题，每题20分，共100分1. 试论现代生态学的发展方向。
2. 简述土壤的生态作用。
3. 试论生态系统的结构与功能。
4. 举例说明种群数量波动的类型、原因及生态策略。
5. 举例说明生态系统食物链的类型及其特点。
6. 简述生物群落次生演替中森林采伐演替系列。
7. 简述氮循环的特征及减轻氮对环境污染的途径。
中国科学院教育部水土保持与生态环境研究中心2005年招收春季攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
1. 简要说明陆生植物的水分生态类型和植物适应干旱的主要途径。
(20分)2. 简要说明植物生活型和生态型的联系与区别，以及二者在生物进化中的意义。
(20分)3. 什么是原生演替与次生演替？举例说明其中一种类型的演替过程和动因。
(20分)4. 解释植被分布的水平地带性和垂直的地带性，简要说明我国大陆植被分布的水平地带性和你熟悉的某一地理位置上的垂直地带性。
(20分)5. 解释生态系统的概念和组成，就你熟悉的领域举例说明生态系统原理在生产实践中的应用。
(20分)2006年招收春季攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
答题说明：任选5题1.简述生态学研究的主要内容和现代生态学的发展方向2.简要说明植物的水分生态类型和陆生植物适应干旱的主要途径3.生态系统由哪些组分组成？简述各组分的作用和地位4.什么是生态演替和次生演替？如何应用演替原理指导植被的恢复与重建？5.何为种群的自疏和他疏？简述自疏过程中植物种群密度和个体大小的变化。
6.试举两例人类目前所面临的严重生态问题并简述成因和应对措施。
北师大历年博士入学考试题
北师大历年专业博士入学考试试题教育学原理2008（A）1. 从现代教育的基本价值和功能分析教育对个人发展的意义（25 分）2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的意义（25 分）3. 互联网对青少年交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的看法。
（20 分）剩下的一题为各个方向规定选择的试题。
（30 分）今年实行的是3+1 模式。
2008 （B）（其中第2,3两题与教育学A卷一样，希望后来者有借鉴）1. 论述义务教育的基本特征以及政府应该承担的责任.（35 分）0 a O9 H\&d9L#F C'q"e（d4R2. 试论教学过程的特殊性及对教学工作的指导意义（35分）2……3. 论述互联网对青少年学生交往行为的影响并就学校教育由此面临的问题等谈谈你的对策。
（30 分）2007（A）1、试论现代教育的基本价值和功能及其对个人发展的意义。
（35 分）2、谈谈近年来教育研究方法论方面的若干变化及其意义。
（30 分）3、要求根据材料写篇小文章。
材料太长，我的准考证实在抄不下来哦，但是出自《发展教育学年鉴2 00 3 》，首都师大出版社2003 版。
具体内容是关于现代德育方面的。
（35 分）2007（B）1. 现代教育的价值取向以及与人美好生活的关系2. 评析基础教育课程改革的价值取向3. 有关网络道德教育插入：2007 年教育政治学与教育法真题1、怎样理解法律上的权利与义务的概念及分类。
2、试述教育与法律的关系。
（ ?（h8u-u4o7U'n8|4B3、高校与学生的法律关系辨析。
2007 经管学院的博士考试1. 教育财政公平与效率关系；2. 大学生就业难成因与对策分析；3. 各级教育中“市场化”问题分析；4. 择校问题成因分析；5. 分析人力资本理论与筛选理论关于教育作用的观点。
2006（B）1、从教育的本质属性角度，评析“教育产业化”。
2、现在德育概念有泛化的趋势，广义的德育包括（思想政治教育、道德品质教育、法制教育、心理健康教育等）以及狭义的德育（道德品质教育）概念的各自内涵及相互关系。
北京师范大学博士入学考试试卷
Part I Reading ComprehensionSection A (50%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked a),b),c) and d).You should decide on the best choice and circle the letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneQuestions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out. Following is a simple guide to the world of money-laundering.Money-laundering is the process by which money obtained by illegal means is given the appearance of legitimate income and returned into circulation. The word and practice are widely believed to have been invented by the US Mafia (黑手党). As a means of mixing the dirty cash obtained from prostitution, gambling, gun-running, blackmail and its other wicked activities, so that it came out more or less clean, the Mafia bought up and operated large numbers of Laundromats (自助洗衣点). As good cash businesses they were a good means of providing the appearance of honest cash flow.Various techniques can be employed and the means of money-laundering, but they essentially boil down to three stages. Step one: moving the money from the scene of the crime A to a remote location B, ideally in another country, preferably a bank account, if possible one that is anonymous. Step two: disguising the trail leading from A to B. Step three: making the cash available to the criminals, along with a plausible explanation of how ti came legally into their possession.Apart from harming the economies that it feeds off, the money-laundering industry is essential to organized crime. As the head of the UN’s crime-fighting wing Pino Arlacchi remarked, organized crime “brutalizes society and diminishes respect for the value like honesty and cooperation upon which successful societies are based”. Or as a senior US official said in 1999, “money-laundering may look like a polite form of white-collar crime, but it is the companion of brutality, deceit and corruption.”The liberalization of markets around the world and deregulation(解除管制) of exchange controls are regarded ad the chief causes of the rapid expansion of money-laundering over the past decade. Together they have opened up many more channels for laundering dirty money and provided more opportunities to hide its origins. UN officials believe the most important single measure in eliminating money-laundering is the ending of bank secrecy.1. We know from the passage that money-laundering .a) has almost been stamped out by the world’s financial authorities.b) has greatly promoted the development of the world’s industries.c) only has a ten-year history but has grown rapidly.d) has expanded rapidly over the past decade.2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “stamp it out” (para.1) in the first paragraph?a) To put an end to it completely.b) To mark a sign by pressing on it.c) To announce it illegal.d) To do harm to is.3. The reason why the Mafia bought up and ran substantial Laundromats is that .a) the Mafia can carry out large numbers of illegal transactions in them.b) the Mafia has many wicked activities like prostitution and gambling in them.c) the Laundromats can give the dirty cash the appearance of legitimate income.d) the Laundromats is such a profit-making industry that it has attracted the Mafia.4. In money-laundering, money would be moved from the scene of the crime to .a) the financial authoritiesb) the circulation fields.c) Laundromats operated by the Mafia.d) anonymous bank account in another country.5. With the worldwide liberalization of markets, money-laundering has expanded rapidly by .a) deregulating the exchange controls.b) buying and operating more Laundromats.c) having more channels to launder dirty money.d) tightening the bank secrecy rules.Passage TwoQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.The media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I remember experiencing the events related to the People’s Park that wore occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impressions of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media. I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities.Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people’s lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city.Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, thevideo coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on “live action” such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened. This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities.In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This events was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. 32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved . Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as is seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television pleading, “Can we all get along?” By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.6. Where is the passage most likely to be from?a) Textbook of Media.b) Thesis.c) Newspaper or Magazine.d) Speech.7. The 1989 San Francisco earthquake was mentioned to show .a) how damaging the earthquake was.b) how people carried out rescue workc) the electronic media extend your consciousness and your contact.d) the viewers’ impression of total disaster.8. The term “ electronic city”( para.2) refers to .a) Los Angelesb) San Franciscoc) Berkeleyd) Earth9. The 1992 Los Angeles riots broke out because .a) the jury acquitted the policemen who had beaten Rodney King.b) people can make their own judgments.c) video coverage from helicopters had made people angry.d) video coverage had provided powerful feedback.10. It can be inferred from the passage that .a) media coverage of events as they occur can have either good of bad results.b) most people who had seen the video of the Rodney King beating agree withthe verdict of jury.c) the 1992 Los Angeles riots lasted a whole week.d) Rodney King seemed very angry when he appeared on television on Friday. Passage ThreeQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Recent research has claimed that an excess of positive ions(离子) in the air can have an ill effect on people’s physical or psychological health. What are positive ions? Well, the air is full of ions, electrically charged particle, and generally there is a rough balance between the positive and the negative charged. But sometimes this balance becomes disturbed and a large proportion of positive ions are found. This happens naturally before thunderstorms, earthquakes of when winds such as the mistral(寒冷的西北风) are blowing in certain countries. Or it can be caused by a build-up of static electricity(静电) indoors from carpets or clothing made of man-made fibers, or from TV sets, duplicators or computer display screens.When a large number of positive ions are present in the air many people experience unpleasant effects such as headaches, fatigue, irritability, and some particularly sensitive people suffer nausea(恶心) or even mental disturbance. Animals are also found to be affected, particularly before earthquakes. Snakes have been observed to come out of hibernation, rats to flee from their burrows, dogs howl and cats jump about unaccountably. This has led the US Geographical Survey to fund a network of volunteers to watch animals in an effort to foresee such disasters before they hit vulnerable areas such as California.Conversely, when large numbers of negative ions are present, then people have a feeling of well-being. Natural conditions that produce these are near the sea, close to waterfalls of fountains ,or in any place where water is sprayed, or forms a spray. This probably accounts for the beneficial effort of a holiday by the sea, or in the mountains with tumbling streams or waterfalls.33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions. They claim that ionizers not only clean and refresh the air but also improve the health of people of people sensitive to excess positive ions. Of course, there are the detractors, other scientists, who dismiss such claims and are skeptical about negative/positive ion research. Therefore people can only make up their own minds observing the effects on themselves, or on others, of a negative rich or poor environment. After all, it is debatable whether depending on seismic(地震的) readings to anticipate earthquakes is more effective than watching the cat.11. What effect does excessive positive ionization have on some people?a) They think they are insane.b) They feel rather bad-tempered.c) They become violently sick.d) They are too tired to do anything.12. According to the passage, static electricity can be caused by .a) using home-made electrical goods.b) wearing clothes made of natural materials.c) waling on artificial floor coverings.d) copying TV programs on a computer.13. A high negative ion count is likely to be found .a) near a pond with a water pump.b) close to slow flowing riverc) in some barren mountains.d) by a rotating water sprinkler.14. What kind of machine can generate negative ions indoors?a) Ionizers.b) Air-conditioners.c) Exhaust-fansd) Vacuum-pump15. Some scientists believe that .a) watching animals to anticipate earthquakes is more effectiveb) the unusual behaviors of animals can not be trustedc ) neither watching nor using seismograph is reliabled) earthquakes cannot affect any animalsPassage FourQuestions 16to 20 are based on the following passage.Joseph Weizenbaum, professor of computer science at MIT, thinks that the sense of power over the machine ultimately corrupts the computer hacker and makes him into a not very desirable sort of programmer. 34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users. They rarely keep records of their programs for the benefit of others, and they rarely take time to understand why a problem occurred.Computer science teachers say they can usually pick out the prospective hackers in their courses because these students make their homework assignments more complex than they need to be. Rather than using the simplest and most direct method, they take joy in adding extra steps just to prove their ingenuity.But perhaps those hackers know something that we don’t know about the shape of things to come. “That hacker who had to be literally dragged off his chair at MIT is now a multimillionaire of the computer industry,”says MIT professor Michael Dertouzos. “And two former hackers became the founders of the highly successfulApple home computer company.”When seen in this light, the hacker phenomenon may not be so strange after all. If, as many psychiatrists say, play is really the basis for all human activity, then the hacker games are really the preparation for future developments. Sherry Turkle, a professor of sociology at MIT, has for years been studying the way computers fit into people’s lives. She points out that the computer, because it seems to us to be so “intelligent”, so “capable”, so “human”, affects the way we think about ourselves and our ideas about what we are. She says that computers and computer toys already play an important role in children’s efforts to develop an identity by allowing them to test ideas about what is alive and what is not.“The youngsters can form as many subtle nuances(细微差距) and textured relationships with the computers as they can with people.” Turkle points out.16. The passage tells about .a) the strange behavior of the computer hackersb) the ultimate importance of bringing up computer hackersc) different opinions concerning the hacker phenomenond) the emergence of computer hackers17. According to Prof.Weizenbaum, what led to the hackers’ strange behavior isa) their strong desire to control the computerb) their ignorance of the responsibility of a programmerc) their incompetence in making new computer programsd) their deliberate attempts to make their programs complex and impracticable18. In Prof. Dertouzos’ opinion, we know that .a) computer industry will certainly make multimillionaires of the hackersb) the hackers are likely to be very successful businessmenc) the hackers probably have better insight into the future than other peopled) only a few hackers will be successful in their later life19. The phrase“to develop an identity”(Para.4) means .a) to become distinguishedb) to seek an answerc) to build up a creative abilityd) to form a habit20. The passage tries to convey to its readers the idea that .a) perhaps the hacker phenomenon is not bad at allb) though the hackers are in fact playing with the computer, there may be somebenefitsc) the computer hackers are the hope of the computer industry of tomorrowd) the computer hackers could be useful if under proper guidancePassage FiveQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.The value of a business increasingly lies not in physical and financial assets that are on the balance sheet, but in intangibles: brands, patents, franchises, software, research programs, ideas and expertise. Few firms try to measure returns on these assets, let alone publish information on them. Yet they are often what underlies a firm’s success. “Our primary assets, which are our software and our software-development skills, do not show up on the balance sheet at all,”says Microsoft’s boss, Bill Gates. “This is probably not very enlightening from a purely accounting point of view.”A sign that companies do not measure their assets properly may be the growing gap between their stock-market value and the book value of their assets. Between 1973 and 1993, the median ratio of market values to book values of American public companies doubles; the difference has grown with a boom in high-tech shares. The gap is biggest for companies that have most rapidly boosted spending on research and development(R&D). Even within industries, the divergence(分歧) between stock-market returns and reported earnings has increased.You might think this would present a problem for investors, who no linger have a good way of telling whether the market value of a company is soundly based. Yet investors seem to know instinctively that knowledge is valuable. 35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, but it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad. Presumably investors understand that companies in knowledge-based businesses can exploit the magic of rising returns to scale. Once a pill or a software program is developed, each extra sale brings in more money at little extra cost: the bigger the market, the greater the profits.In fact, the absence of good measures may bother those who run firms more than those who invest in them. For managers, the big problem is how to judge rates of return. With building a factory, there are time-honored methods for calculating the payback. But what if you are investing in R&D or software, or deciding whether to buy better people or to train more? There aren’t tools for making such decisions.21. The intangibles of a company are reflected in .a) physical and financial assetsb) stock-market valuec) the balance sheetd) the difference between the stock-market value and the book value22. What can we infer about Microsoft?a) It has no book-value assets.b) Its stock-market value equals its book value.c) There’s a great gap between its stock-market value and book value.d) Its stock-market value does not reflect the company’s real value23. Why does the share price of American multinationals rise?a) Because they buy foreign subsidiariesb) Because they invest much in intangible assets.c) Because they have low R&D spendingd) Because the investors know the methods for calculating the payback ofknowledge-based businesses24. An investor who buys stocks of a company in knowledge-based businesses baseshis decision on .a) pure speculation(投机)b) the company’s book valuec) whether the company buys foreign subsidiariesd) the prospect that its research will translate into low cost products25. The phrase “such decisions”(Para.4) refers to .a) running firms in knowledge-based businessesb) investing in firms in knowledge-based businessesc) judging rates of return on firms in knowledge-based businessesd) calculating returns on a newly-built factorySection BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 26~30, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10%)Life is full of dangers and surprise. Your house may burn down. You may fall out of the window and break your neck. Mice and beetles ay eat your floor so that you drop in to the flat below for an uninvited cup of tea.26. .You cannot always prevent disasters, but you can insure against them. Most forms of insurance are voluntar y-it is up to you whether you take out a policy or not. But some forms are compulsory. 27. .The “parties” to an agreement, or contract, are the individuals or groups concerned. With third-party motor insurance, the three parties are (i) you yourself, (ii) your insurance company, and (iii) anybody else---for example, the man whose Jaguar has just smashed up your Mini. Third –party insurance does not cover fire, theft or anything else. It is intended only to protect road users from each other. 28. .Another form of compulsory insurance is National Insurance. Everybody over 16 earning money on a regular basis must pay a sum each week to the state. These weekly contributions cover part of the cost of the National Health Service and the other social service benefits, e.g. unemployment benefits, sickness benefits, old-age pensions, industrial injury benefits and so on. You must be able to prove you have paid your contributions, so you must have a card(kept by your employer unless you are self-employed) onto which stamps are stuck every week. Of course, you can take out private health insurance as well if you wish, but you must still pay your state contributions.There are, of course, many insurance companies in Britain, both large andsmall. But there is also a rather special organization called Lloyd’s, which started as a coffee-house in late 17th century. Lloyd’s is a society of around six thousand members-all of them underwriters-and is administered by a committee controlled by Act of Parliament.29. .You have to go to an insurance broker who will then contact a member of Lloyd’s for you. If you want to insure something expensive---like a fleet of Jumbo jets, for example-your broker will probably have to contact a syndicate of underwriters because the risks would be too high for one man to cover.Lloyd’s will probably insure you against any risk at all---provided you are prepared to pay the premiums.30. .Maybe clowns insure their noses. You never know-anything may happen.A.Professional pianists sometimes insure their hands.B.Insurance on the other hand eliminates risks already in existence and , bycombining them, substitutes a small known loss(premium) contributed by each person insured.C.If you drive a car, for example, you must take out a third-party insurance policy.D.So it is not an insurance company in the normal sense, but an insurance marketand you cannot do business with it directly.E.If you want to insure against all the other terrible things that might happen to youor your car, you can take out a comprehensive policy.F.This spreading of risk protects the individual against losses that may be disastrousif he has to bear them alone.G.Anything may happen, you never know.Part II TranslationSection ADirections: Translate the following five sentences(all of which are underlined sentences in the five reading passages in Section A, Part I.) into Chinese. Remember to write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.31. Money-laundering (洗钱) has been one of the world’s fastest-growing industries over decade despite increasing efforts by the world’s financial authorities to stamp it out.32. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgments, and most peoples, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury was able to acquit (宣布无罪) the policemen involved .33. To increase the supply of negative irons indoors, some scientists recommend the use of ionizers: small portable machines which generate negative ions.34.The hackers are so involved with designing their program, making it more and more complex and bending it to their will, that they don’t bother trying to make it understandable to other users.35. A study has found that the share price of American multinationals that spend heavily on R&D rises when they buy foreign subsidiaries, bu it falls when a multinational with low R&D spending buys abroad.Section BDirections:Translate the following passage into Chinese Remember to write your translation clear on the Answer SHEET.(10%).The media help democracy when they provide more choices to more people, but they do no favors to democracy when they turn themselves from beacons(信号站) of light into heat-seeking missiles. For example, the president’s 1995 State of the Union address took more than an hour, which apparently was about a half hour more than the patience of most network commentators(commentator: person who comments) could tolerate. In their instant analysis after the speech, they all criticized its length and “ lack of focus”. Yet judging by polls and talk shows the next day, most Americans appeared to appreciate the content of the president’s speech. Today the media investigate less and preach mor e.......Part III WritingSection ADirections:For this section, you are asked to read the following short passage first and then to write a composition entitled “Which one Do You Think Is More Important, Pleasure Or Longevity?”. You should not copy any of the sentences in the following passage. You should write no less than 150 words. Remember to write clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.(15%)(Just for your reference)People are almost phobic(恐惧症) about having fun, increasingly viewing themselves as fragile, vulnerable, ready to develop cancer or heart disease at the slightest provocation(刺激). In the name of health, people give up many of their life enjoyments. We have no quarrel with the evidence that some pleasures, like cigarette smoking, high alcohol consumption, addictive drugs, driving much too fast, are unhealthy and should be knocked off. But worrying too much about anything including calories, salt, cancer, and cholesterol(胆固醇)---can rob your life of vitality. Living optimistically, with pleasure, zest, and commitment enriches if not lengthens life.Do you agree to the above point of view? Which one do you think is more important, pleasure or longevity（长寿）Give your own comments and write them down on the ANSWER SHEET.Section BDirections: Answer the following question with no less than 50 words. Remember to write your answer clearly on the ANSWER SHEET.（5%）Who is Confucius(孔子)？（over）。
北师大生态学B卷答案2010汇总
《生态学》期末考试试卷B卷一、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1、生活型2、边缘效应3、碎屑食物链4、演替顶级二、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1.在全部太阳辐射光谱中，主要引起热的变化的光是( )。
A.红光B.紫外光C.绿光D.红外光2.有些植物叶片垂直排列使叶缘向光或在高温条件下叶片折叠,原因是( )。
A植物向光性B.叶片失水C.减少光的吸收D.植物是阴性植物3.生态系统把植物、动物、微生物联系在一起的纽带是( )。
A.功能上的统一性B.生物学上的一致性C.都是生物D.都生活在一起4.逻辑斯蒂方程式中K是( )。
A.种群数量B.环境容纳量C.内禀增长率D.周限增长率5.种群的年龄结构含有大量的幼年个体和较少的老年个体，则该种群属于( )。
A.增长型种群B.稳定型种群C.衰退型种群D. 混合型种群6.地形因子对生物的作用属于( )。
A.直接作用B.间接作用C.替代作用D.补偿作用7.顶级群落的特征是( )。
A.净生产量低B.生物与环境物质交换快C.熵高D.总生产量/生物量高8.生物群落演替的效应是( )。
A.物种多样性越来越高B.每个阶段形成的内环境都不利于自己，而有利于下一个群落C.每个阶段的群落都形成一个有利于本身生存的内环境D.群落结构越来越复杂9.下列不属于K-对策的生物是( )。
A.大熊猫B.金丝猴C.白暨豚D.细菌10.使多样性维持高水平的措施是( )。
A.保持平静B.低度干扰C.中度干扰D.强度干扰11.营养级之内同化量与摄食量之比是( )。
A.组织生长效率B.生态生长效率C.同化效率D.维持价12.短波光随着纬度的降低和海拔高度的升高而( )。
A.减少B.增加C.不变D.不确定13.下列关于我国春季物候期变化的说法不正确的是( )。
A.山上比山下晚B.高纬度比低纬度晚C.沿海比内陆晚D.平原比高原晚14.由沿海向内陆延伸，生态系统生物量逐渐降低的原因是( )。
A.光照逐渐减弱B.温度逐渐降低C.降水逐渐减少D.土壤逐渐贫瘠15.下列说法正确的是( )。
2004生态真题
7层片8C4植物9铆钉假说
10生态系统健康
二、简答题（每小题10分，共60分）
1景观生态学研究中“联通性”、“多样性”、“分维数”、“斑块形状和大小”的定义是什么，各有什么生态学意义?
2请说明荒漠植被、草原植被的主要特征。
3 中国植被分类系统中的三个基本分类单位是什么，它们分别主要依据哪些参数进行划分？
4简述Gaia假说的主要论点。
5简述中国植被分布的水平地带性。
6根据右图所示，解释生物气候图解中数字标号1－18的涵义。
三、综合问答题（每小题25分，共50分）
1什么是生物多样性？表达生物多样性的指标有哪些？试述影响区域生物多样性的因素有哪些？
2试述全球变化的主要内涵，它对生态系统会有哪些方面的影响生入学考试试题
专业：地理学、生态学、防灾减灾工程及防护工程、水土保持与荒漠化防治、土地资源管理
科目代码：813
方向名称：上述专业各相关研究方向
考试科目：生态学原理
一、名词解释（每小题4分，共40分）
1生态侵入2最后产量衡值法则3廊道
4他感效应5生态位6生活型
北京师范大学环境学院考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题
北京师范大学环境学院考博参考书-考博分数线-专业课真题一、专业的设置北京师范大学环境学院每年招收博士生40人，下设人口、资源与环境经济学；环境科学；环境工程，共3个专业。
其中人口、资源与环境经济学专业下设李巍、徐琳瑜的生态价值评估；毛显强的环境经济政策。
环境科学专业下设环境评价、规划与管理，导师有程红光、郝芳华、杨志峰、曾维华；流域水环境过程，导师有郝芳华、李迎霞、刘海飞、刘瑞民、欧阳威、沈珍瑶、王烜、杨晓华；城市生态模拟与管理，导师有陈彬、毛建素、苏美蓉、田光进、杨志峰、张力小、张妍；林春野、赵烨的土壤污染诊断与修复；流域生态过程与湿地健康，导师有蔡宴朋、李春晖、刘强、邵冬冬、舒安平、孙涛、杨薇、杨志峰、易雨君、赵彦伟；环境污染化学，导师有陈静、郭学军、何孟常、刘新会、牛军峰、史江红、孙可、夏星辉；生态系统恢复与规划管理，导师有董世魁、刘世梁、石建斌、战金艳；湿地生态环境，导师有白军红、崔保山、李晓文；刘静玲的水生态系统管理。
环境工程专业下设水质控制工程与环境生物技术，导师有John Charles Crittenden、冯成洪、侯立安、黄海鸥、李安捷、裴元生、全向春、王颖、杨禹、郑少奎、竺建荣；田贺忠的大气污染控制；陈家军、刘希涛的环境模拟与土壤污染修复；李艳霞、马俊伟的固体废物处置与资源化。
由于招生数少于导师人数，实际录取名单由环境学院学位分会讨论后决定。
蔡宴朋老师招生名额为2人，黄海鸥老师招生名额为2人。
二、考试的科目人口、资源与环境经济学的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③环境评价、规划与管理的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3769环境规划与管理流域水环境过程的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3016水环境学城市生态模拟与管理的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3769环境规划与管理土壤污染诊断与修复的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3017土壤环境学流域生态过程与湿地健康的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3768湿地学环境污染化学的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3773环境化学生态系统恢复与规划管理的考试科目为：①1101英语②2282环境学原理③3105恢复生态学湿地生态环境的考试科目为：①1101英语②2285环境生态学③3768湿地学水生态系统管理的考试科目为：①1101英语②2285环境生态学③3768湿地学水质控制工程与环境生物技术的考试科目为：①1101英语②2284环境工程原理③3774环境生物技术大气污染控制的考试科目为：①1101英语②2284环境工程原理③3019大气污染防治原理与技术环境模拟与土壤污染修复的考试科目为：①1101英语②2284环境工程原理固体废物处置与资源化的考试科目为：①1101英语②2284环境工程原理③3017土壤环境学三、导师介绍李巍：博士，教授，北京师范大学环境学院，环境科学、政策与管理系主任，环境影响评价中心副主任徐琳瑜：博导，研究领域：城市生态，环境经济，环境规划、评价与管理毛显强：教授，博士，博导程红光，北京师范大学环境学院副教授，主要从事非点源污染、流域污染控制等方面的科研和教学工作。
北林博士考题
2004年博士研究生入学考试景观生态学1、简述景观格局化的原因和景观格局度量标准。
2、试述生态交错带景观过程和功能的关系。
3、试述景观多样性保护的基本原理。
4、试用一种景观生态规划系统模型，论述某种景观生态工程建设规划的原理和方法。
2005年博士研究生入学考试景观生态学1、简述景观多样性及其成因和度量指标。
2、试分析景观动态变化的驱动力。
3、论述景观生态格局与过程的关系。
4、试举例说明3S技术在景观生态中的应用。
2006年博士研究生入学考试景观生态学答案一、试述景观异质性与景观格局的关系。
（20分）1景观异质性及其起源;2景观格局的内涵;3景观异质性与景观稳定性;4景观异质性与景观多样性;5景观异质性与景观格局的度量。
二、试述干扰对景观破碎化的影响，并举例说明。
（20分）1干扰的生态学内涵;2干扰的形成与传播;3景观破碎化的过程;4干扰与景观破碎化的关系;5举例。
三、如何分析和度量景观稳定性？（20分）1景观稳定性的内涵;2景观稳定性的尺度分析;3景观稳定性与景观动态变化的关系;4景观稳定性的度量。
四、简述景观生态设计的原则和方法。
（20分）1景观生态设计的原则;2景观生态设计类型;3景观生态设计的方法。
五、如何利用3S技术采集景观信息和实施景观动态监测？（20分）1遥感数据采集;2属性数据采集;3数字地形数据采集;4景观信息地理数据库建立;5景观动态监测的3S基础;6景观动态监测的方法论。
2007年景观生态学一、试从尺度角度说明景观结构和景观格局的区别；景观生态规划和景观生态设计的区别。
（20分）答：景观结构与格局是景观生态学研究的重要内容之一。
景观结构是指不同生态系统或景观组成单元的空间与时间的组合关系，即景观组成单元（景观要素）的大小、形状、数量、类型，多样性及其空间配置，生态过渡带，异质性等。
景观结构是景观形状最直观的表现方式，也是景观生态学研究的核心内容之一。
景观格局(Landscape Pattern)是指景观要素在空间上分散或聚集的展布，它是景观组分的空间分布和组合特征的表现，是在景观内部的自然条件约束和人为活动影响双重作用下，为了适应特定的景观功能要求而形成的一种景观整体结构景观格局与景观结构与尺度密切相关，一般来说，景观格局是站在景观尺度上考虑问题，景观结构是站在景观尺度的下一级，即生态系统尺度上考虑问题。
2004年博士生入学考试试题
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试自然地理学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、水体沼泽化2、环境效应3、土壤氧化还原作用4、地带性规律5、生态交错带二．简答题（每题8分）1、举例说明流域系统的整体性与层次性。
2、简述自然保护的基本概念及对社会与自然协调的意义。
3、简述气候变化与异常的原因。
三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、试述生物圈等级理论的主要内容。
2、试述地理环境中水文现象与地貌现象之间的密切联系。
3、试述中国黄土地貌形成的环境背景。
4、试述区划研究与类型研究的差别与联系。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试气候学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、副热带高压2、蒸发潜力3、降水变率4、气候分异5、末次盛冰期二．简答题（每题8分）1、简述大气层圈结构。
2、对于全球气候系统而言，主要外强迫和内强迫因子有哪些？其作用有何不同？3、简述地球轨道参数的意义及其在气候变化中的作用。
三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、论述青藏高原隆起对我国气候形成的作用。
2、何谓El Nino与La Nina，阐述它们对我国气候的主要影响。
3、什么是气候突变？对于一个已知气候记录序列，如何分析气候突变？试举例说明主要方法、基本原理和计算步骤。
4、全球有哪些主要季风区？试阐述亚洲季风系统的环流系统、形成机理和主要气候特征。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试生态学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、限制因子与限制因子定律2、生态金字塔与生态效率3、负反馈调节4、同化效率5、补偿深度二．简答题（每题8分）1、自养生态系统和异养生态系统的区别有哪些？2、一种生物进入新的栖息地，自然种群的数量变动将会经过哪些过程，直至保持相对稳定或灭亡？3、请介绍生态系统中物质循环的模式及其类型。
三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、为什么生物体的生长都呈“S”型曲线形式？2、在湖泊生态系统的各阶段中，初级生产主要能量参数，即生物量、总初级生产量、呼吸量和净初级生产量是如何变化的？3、请说明生物他感作用的概念及其在生物群落组成和演替中的意义。
北京师范大学环境学院环境科学考博真题-参考书-分数线-分析资料-复习方法-育明考博
北京师范大学环境学院环境科学考博指导与分析一、北京师范大学环境学院考博资讯北京师范大学环境学院由于招生数少于导师人数，实际录取名单由环境学院学位分会讨论后决定，其中蔡宴朋老师招生名额为2人，黄海鸥老师招生名额为2人。
（一）考试科目及各方向导师：1.083001环境科学研究方向01：环境评价、规划与管理。
导师分别是程红光、杨志峰、曾维华。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。
（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。
（3）3769环境规划与管理（100%）。
研究方向02：流域水环境过程。
导师分别是郝芳华、李迎霞、刘海飞、刘鸿亮、欧阳威、沈珍瑶、王烜、杨晓华。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。
（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。
（3）3016水环境学（100%）。
研究方向03：城市生态模拟与管理。
导师分别是陈彬、毛建素、田光进、杨志峰、张力小、张妍。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。
（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。
（3）3769环境规划与管理（100%）。
研究方向04：土壤污染诊断与修复。
导师分别是林春野、赵烨。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。
（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。
（3）3017土壤环境学（100%）。
研究方向05：流域生态过程与湿地健康。
导师分别是蔡宴朋、李春晖、邵冬冬、舒安平、孙涛、杨薇、杨志峰、赵彦伟。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。
（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。
（3）3768湿地学（100%）。
研究方向06：环境污染化学。
导师分别是陈静、郭学军、何孟常、刘新会、牛军峰、史江红、夏星辉。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。
（2）2282环境学原理（100%）。
（3）3773环境化学（100%）。
研究方向07：生态系统恢复与规划管理。
导师分别是董世魁、刘世梁、石建斌、战金艳。
考试的科目：（1）1101英语（100%）。
华东师范大学——景观生态学2000、2001年博士研究生入学考试试题
华东师范大学——景观生态学2000～2001年博士研究生入学考试试题
景观生态学（2000年）（五选四）
1、3S技术（遥感，全球定位与地理信息系统）技术在景观生态研究中的作用和意义；
2、试述景观生态规划与设计的基本原则和组要方法；
3、比较美国景观生态学派与西欧景观生态学派的工作特点；
4、分析景观生态网络体系的基本特征及成因
5、请设计一个用于景观空间结构的指标体系，并说明其研究方法。
景观生态学（2001年）（五选四）
1、什么是缀块－廊道－基底模式？如何区分这三类景观结构单元？
2、什么是景观的结构、功能和动态？它们之间的关系是什么？
3、什么是景观连接度？它对景观功能的重要意义是什么？
4、为什么要研究景观格局？研究景观格局的主要方法有哪些？
5、景观生态学与自然保护和土地规划及设计有何关系？举例说明如何利用景观生态原理和方法促进生物多样性保护和自然资源管理。
北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.doc
北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part One Listening Comprehension （略）Part Two Structure and Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)41. The beauty of the reflected images in the limpid pool was the poignant beauty of things that are__________, existing only until the sunset.A. equitableB. ephemeralC. euphoniousD. evasive42. Brooding and hopelessness are the__________of Indians in the prairie reservations most of the time.A. occupationsB. promisesC.frustrations D. transactions43. What__________about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward44. __________considered the human body aesthetically satisfactory.A. Neither prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manB. Nor prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban manC. No prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manD. Neither prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban man45. Not until the 1980's__________in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens46. The buttocks are__________most other parts in the body.A. likely less to cause fatal damage thanB. likely less causing fatal damage toC. less likely to cause fatal damage thanD. less likey to cause fatal damage to47. The concept of internet,__________has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A. the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB. transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC. to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD. the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances48. Because of difficulties in getting a visa, the students had to__________the idea of applying for study in the United States.A. reduce B.yield C. relinquish D. waver49. His request for a day off__________by the manager of the company.A. was turned offB. was turned downC. was put downD. was put away50. The index of industrial production__________last year.A. raised up by 4 per centB. rose up with 4 per centC.arose up with 4 per centD. went up by 4 per cent51. Please__________if you ever come to Sydney.A. look at meB. look me upC. look me outD. look to me52. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered__________yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.A. a sharp set-backB. severe set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up53. By the end of the year 2004, he__________in the army for 40 years.A. will have servedB. will serveC. will be servingD. will be served54. __________there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith__________the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew, would have declinedB. If he had known, would declineC. Had he known, would declineD. Had he known, would have declined55. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could__________.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourning56. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out__________.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route57. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even__________.A. to consider supporting itB. considering to support itC. to considering to support itD. considering supporting it58. Among the first to come and live in North America__________, who later prospered mainly in New England.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there59. The cargo box has a label__________on it. Please handle it with care.A. “flexible”B.“break” C.“fragile” D. “stiff”60. __________we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD. As well asPart Four Cloze TestDirections: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Flowers for the DeadSince flowers symbolize new life, it may seem inappropriate to have them at funerals. Yet people in many cultures top coffins or caskets with wreaths and garlands and put blossoms on the graves of the (76) __________. This custom is part of a widespread, long-lived pattern. Edwin Daniel Wolff speculated that floral tributes to the dead are an outgrowth of the grave goods of ancient (77)__________. In cultures that firmly believed in an (78)__________, and believed further that thedeparted could enter that afterlife only (79) __________they took with them indications of their worldly status, it was a necessity to bury the dead with material goods: hence the wives and animals that were killed to accompany (80)__________rulers, the riches (81)__________with Egyptian pharaohs, and the coins that Europeans used to place on the departed person's eyes as payment for the Stygian ferryman. In time, as economy modified tradition, the actual (82)__________goods were replaced (83)__________symbolic representations. In China, for example, gold and silver paper became a stand-in (84)__________real money. Eventually even the symbolic significance became obscured. Thus, Wolff said, flowers may be the (85)__________step in “three well-marked stages of offerings to the dead: the actual object, its substitute in various forms, and —finally —mere tributes of respect.”Part Five ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (\) and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (\). Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Examples:e.g.1 (86) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (86) begun begane.g.2 (87) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtains went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (87) (Scarcely) had (they)e.g.3 (88) Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (88) not(86) Homes could start been connected to the Internet through electrical outlets. (87) In this way, consumers and business may find easier to make cheaper telephone calls under new rules that the Federal Communications Commission began preparing on Thursday. (88) Taking together, the new rules could profoundly affect the architecture of the Internet and the services it provides. (89) They also have enormous implications for consumers, the telephone and energy industries, equipment manufacturers. Michael K. Powell, the F. C. C. chairman, and his two Republican colleagues on the five-member commission said that (90) a 4-to-1 vote on Thursday to allow a small company providingcomputer-to-computer phone connections to operate in different rules from ordinary phone companies, would ultimately transform the telecommunications industry and the Internet. (91) “This is a reflecting of the commission's commitment to bring tomorrow's technology to consumers today,” said Mr. Powell. He added that (92)the rules governing the new phone services sought to make them as wide available as e-mail, (93) and possibly much less expensive than traditional phones, and given their lower regulatory costs. At the same time, (94) once while the rules allowing delivery of the Internet through power lines are completed, (95) companies could provide consumers with the ability to plug their modems directly into wall sockets, just like they do with a toaster, or a desk lamp.Part Six WritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises试题详解Part One Listening Comprehension(略）Part Two Structure and Written Expression41. B 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. B 50. D51. B 52. A 53. A 54. D 55. B56. B 57. A 58. C 59. C 60. APart Three Reading ComprehensionⅠ.Passage One61. C 62. C 63. A 64. CPassage Two65. D 66. B 67. APassage Three68. B 69. D 70. BⅡ.(71) If you are seriously ill, it's good for you not to be panic and depressed.(72) Medical researchers, among whom Galen, an ancient Greek doctor, is the first one, have found out that depression can not only result in other illness but also aggravate existing ones.(73) Once they know what illness they've got, they get worse.(74) For most people, it's difficult to accept the terrible fact and remain sensible, but we should at least have confidence in ourselves.(75) Even if you get a HIV diagnosis, it is still possible for you to avoid the outbreak.Part Four Cloze Test(76) dead (77) traditions (78) afterlife (79) if(80) the (81) or(82) grave (83) by (84) for(85)lastPart Five Proofreading(86) been being (87) (finD. it (easier) (88) taking Taken(89) (industries), and (equipment) (90) in under(91) reflecting reflection(92) wide widely (93) and given given (94) while (95) like asPart Six WritingEpidemic Diseases and Public Health CrisesWhen SARS epidemic swept across China and stirred up even the entire globe last year, people finally came to realize the concept of public health crises, which in reality have already affected our life in various ways. Why didn't we recognize this until our life has been endangered? Surely, epidemic diseases as a kind of public health crises, have contributed to people's perception of public health crises.Public health itself is not new, but the term ”public health crises “has been fresh for most people in China. It includes not only outbreaks of diseases, but also water erosion, deforestation, desertification and many other problems which mankind as a whole must face. Ever since the industrial revolution and great economic expansion, people's life has been challenged in one way or another due to lots of irresponsible behaviors of mankind. Most of the time, people have accustomed to their ordinary way of life and do not spare time in comprehending the imminent crises.On the other hand, epidemic outbreaks always take on a very severe outlook and thus pose direct dangers to common people. They affect people's daily activities and even their lives, and that is why they can successfully arouse people's concerns about their own health. To some extent, our awareness of our dining habits and carelessness in protecting the environment can be attributed to the outbreak of some epidemics, like SARS and bird flu.We should all be gratitude for this awareness brought about by some epidemics. As China and the world's economy continue to expand, governments and people are fully aware that some measures have to be taken to fend off any possible danger to public health.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 Americanhildren under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that m ost of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how lo w the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not c lear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those whosee themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “I n comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do nothave secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often calledcapital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin, I was surprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__, except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night.I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized thata __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door, so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the other bed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself. I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B.motive C.cause D. sake62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. isover D. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C.fairly D. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrivedto D. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeing D. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being alone D. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C.somewhere D. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. sucha D. such71. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well together72. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him73. A. up me B. upmyself C. up to myself D. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C.air D. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have toclose D. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. inshutting D. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like thatC. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no oneC. It was anyoneD. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lockC. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumpedC. must have jumpedD. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be谢谢观赏based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。
北京师范大学自然资源专业高琼生态系统生态学及模型考博真题-参考书-状元经验
北京师范大学自然资源专业高琼生态系统生态学及模型考博真题-参考书-状元经验一、专业的设置北京师范大学减灾与应急管理研究院/地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室每年招收博士生30人，下设自然地理学、地图学与地理信息系统、自然资源、全球环境变化、自然灾害学，共5个专业。
自然资源专业下设顾卫的海岸带自然资源开发与利用；何春阳、邬建国、于德永的城市生态与规划；何春阳、邬建国、于德永的景观生态与土地系统设计；张全国的微生物生态学；高琼的生态系统生态学及模型。
本专业拟招生5名二、考试的科目微生物生态学的考试科目为：①1101英语②2023高等数学与数理统计③3065生态学三、参考书目专业课信息应当包括一下几方面的内容：第一，关于参考书和资料的使用。
这一点考生可以咨询往届的博士学长，也可以和育明考博联系。
参考书是理论知识建立所需的载体，如何从参考书抓取核心书目，从核心书目中遴选出重点章节常考的考点，如何高效的研读参考书、建立参考书框架，如何灵活运用参考书中的知识内容来答题，是考生复习的第一阶段最需完成的任务。
另外，考博资料获取、复习经验可咨询叩叩：肆九叁叁，柒壹六，贰六，专业知识的来源也不能局限于对参考书的研读，整个的备考当中考生还需要阅读大量的paper，读哪一些、怎么去读、读完之后应该怎么做，这些也会直接影响到考生的分数。
第二，专题信息汇总整理。
每一位考生在复习专业课的最后阶段都应当进行专题总结，专题的来源一方面是度历年真题考点的针对性遴选，另一方面是导师研究课题。
最后一方面是专业前沿问题。
每一个专题都应当建立详尽的知识体系，做到专题知识点全覆盖。
第三，专业真题及解析。
专业课的试题都是论述题，答案的开放性比较强。
一般每门专业课都有有三道大题，考试时间各3小时，一般会有十几页答题纸。
考生在专业课复习中仅仅有真题是不够的，还需要配合对真题最权威最正统的解析，两相印证才能够把握导师出题的重点、范围以及更加偏重哪一类的答案。
各个专业博士入学考试试题整理
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北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题2006-08-16 10:56:00Part One Listening Comprehension （略）Part Two Structure and Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)41. The beauty of the reflected images in the limpid pool was the poignant beauty of things that are__________, existing only until the sunset.A. equitableB. ephemeralC. euphoniousD. evasive42. Brooding and hopelessness are the__________of Indians in the prairie reservations most of the time.A. occupationsB. promisesC.frustrations D. transactions43. What__________about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward44. __________considered the human body aesthetically satisfactory.A. Neither prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manB. Nor prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban manC. No prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manD. Neither prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban man45. Not until the 1980's__________in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens46. The buttocks are__________most other parts in the body.A. likely less to cause fatal damage thanB. likely less causing fatal damage toC. less likely to cause fatal damage thanD. less likey to cause fatal damage to47. The concept of internet,__________has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A. the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB. transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC. to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD. the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances48. Because of difficulties in getting a visa, the students had to__________the idea of applying for study in the United States.A. reduce B.yield C. relinquish D. waver49. His request for a day off__________by the manager of the company.A. was turned offB. was turned downC. was put downD. was put away50. The index of industrial production__________last year.A. raised up by 4 per centB. rose up with 4 per centC.arose up with 4 per centD. went up by 4 per cent51. Please__________if you ever come to Sydney.A. look at meB. look me upC. look me outD. look to me52. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered__________yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.A. a sharp set-backB. severe set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up53. By the end of the year 2004, he__________in the army for 40 years.A. will have servedB. will serveC. will be servingD. will be served54. __________there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith__________the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew, would have declinedB. If he had known, would declineC. Had he known, would declineD. Had he known, would have declined55. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could__________.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourning56. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out__________.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route57. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even__________.A. to consider supporting itB. considering to support itC. to considering to support itD. considering supporting it58. Among the first to come and live in North America__________, who later prospered mainly in New England.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there59. The cargo box has a label__________on it. Please handle it with care.A. “flexible”B.“break” C.“fragile” D. “stiff”60. __________we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD. As well asPart Four Cloze TestDirections: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Flowers for the DeadSince flowers symbolize new life, it may seem inappropriate to have them at funerals. Yet people in many cultures top coffins or caskets with wreaths and garlands and put blossoms on the graves of the (76) __________. This custom is part of a widespread, long-lived pattern. Edwin Daniel Wolff speculated that floral tributes to the dead are an outgrowth of the grave goods of ancient (77)__________. In cultures that firmly believed in an (78)__________, and believed further that thedeparted could enter that afterlife only (79) __________they took with them indications of their worldly status, it was a necessity to bury the dead with material goods: hence the wives and animals that were killed to accompany (80)__________rulers, the riches (81)__________with Egyptian pharaohs, and the coins that Europeans used to place on the departed person's eyes as payment for the Stygian ferryman. In time, as economy modified tradition, the actual (82)__________goods were replaced (83)__________symbolic representations. In China, for example, gold and silver paper became a stand-in (84)__________real money. Eventually even the symbolic significance became obscured. Thus, Wolff said, flowers may be the (85)__________step in “three well-marked stages of offerings to the dead: the actual object, its substitute in various forms, and —finally —mere tributes of respect.”Part Five ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (\) and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (\). Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Examples:e.g.1 (86) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (86) begun begane.g.2 (87) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtains went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (87) (Scarcely) had (they)e.g.3 (88) Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (88) not(86) Homes could start been connected to the Internet through electrical outlets. (87) In this way, consumers and business may find easier to make cheaper telephone calls under new rules that the Federal Communications Commission began preparing on Thursday. (88) Taking together, the new rules could profoundly affect the architecture of the Internet and the services it provides. (89) They also have enormous implications for consumers, the telephone and energy industries, equipment manufacturers. Michael K. Powell, the F. C. C. chairman, and his two Republican colleagues on the five-member commission said that (90) a 4-to-1 vote on Thursday to allow a small company providingcomputer-to-computer phone connections to operate in different rules from ordinary phone companies, would ultimately transform the telecommunications industry and the Internet. (91) “This is a reflecting of the commission's commitment to bring tomorrow's technology to consumers today,” said Mr. Powell. He added that (92)the rules governing the new phone services sought to make them as wide available as e-mail, (93) and possibly much less expensive than traditional phones, and given their lower regulatory costs. At the same time, (94) once while the rules allowing delivery of the Internet through power lines are completed, (95) companies could provide consumers with the ability to plug their modems directly into wall sockets, just like they do with a toaster, or a desk lamp.Part Six WritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises试题详解Part One Listening Comprehension(略）Part Two Structure and Written Expression41. B 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. B 50. D51. B 52. A 53. A 54. D 55. B56. B 57. A 58. C 59. C 60. APart Three Reading ComprehensionⅠ.Passage One61. C 62. C 63. A 64. CPassage Two65. D 66. B 67. APassage Three68. B 69. D 70. BⅡ.(71) If you are seriously ill, it's good for you not to be panic and depressed.(72) Medical researchers, among whom Galen, an ancient Greek doctor, is the first one, have found out that depression can not only result in other illness but also aggravate existing ones.(73) Once they know what illness they've got, they get worse.(74) For most people, it's difficult to accept the terrible fact and remain sensible, but we should at least have confidence in ourselves.(75) Even if you get a HIV diagnosis, it is still possible for you to avoid the outbreak.Part Four Cloze Test(76) dead (77) traditions (78) afterlife (79) if(80) the (81) or(82) grave (83) by (84) for(85)lastPart Five Proofreading(86) been being (87) (finD. it (easier) (88) taking Taken(89) (industries), and (equipment) (90) in under(91) reflecting reflection(92) wide widely (93) and given given (94) while (95) like asPart Six WritingEpidemic Diseases and Public Health CrisesWhen SARS epidemic swept across China and stirred up even the entire globe last year, people finally came to realize the concept of public health crises, which in reality have already affected our life in various ways. Why didn't we recognize this until our life has been endangered? Surely, epidemic diseases as a kind of public health crises, have contributed to people's perception of public health crises.Public health itself is not new, but the term ”public health crises “has been fresh for most people in China. It includes not only outbreaks of diseases, but also water erosion, deforestation, desertification and many other problems which mankind as a whole must face. Ever since the industrial revolution and great economic expansion, people's life has been challenged in one way or another due to lots of irresponsible behaviors of mankind. Most of the time, people have accustomed to their ordinary way of life and do not spare time in comprehending the imminent crises.On the other hand, epidemic outbreaks always take on a very severe outlook and thus pose direct dangers to common people. They affect people's daily activities and even their lives, and that is why they can successfully arouse people's concerns about their own health. To some extent, our awareness of our dining habits and carelessness in protecting the environment can be attributed to the outbreak of some epidemics, like SARS and bird flu.We should all be gratitude for this awareness brought about by some epidemics. As China and the world's economy continue to expand, governments and people are fully aware that some measures have to be taken to fend off any possible danger to public health.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 Americanhildren under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that most of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surpris ing was just how low the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not clear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those whosee themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “In comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do nothave secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often calledcapital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without go vernment—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin, I was surprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__, except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night.I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized thata __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door, so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the other bed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself. I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B.motive C.cause D. sake62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. isover D. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C.fairly D. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrivedto D. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeing D. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being alone D. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C.somewhere D. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. sucha D. such71. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well together72. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him73. A. up me B. upmyself C. up to myself D. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C.air D. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have toclose D. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. inshutting D. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like thatC. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no oneC. It was anyoneD. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lockC. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumpedC. must have jumpedD. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your co mposition should bebased on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。
北师大生态学练习题
北京师范大学2004～2005 学年第二学期期末考试试卷（A 卷）课程名称：基础生态学任课教师姓名：生命科学学院院（系）生物科学与生物技术专业2003 级级学号分数姓名一．名词解释：（每题2分，共20 分）1，定居2，生态系统3，食物链4，植被5，负反馈6，生态因子7，succession8，生物量9，niche10．热带雨林二．选择题（每题1分，共15分）1，蛇与黄鼠的冬眠，下面说法正确的是：A 气温低到不能忍受时，两种动物都会死亡；B 气温低到不能忍受时，鼠会死亡；C 气温低到不能忍受时，蛇会死亡，鼠会觉醒；D 鼠在冬眠过程中一直处于体温低、心律缓慢的沉睡状态。
2，诱导动物冬眠的主要因子是。
A．干旱B．高温C．低温D．光周期E．温度3，诱导鸟、兽换羽、毛的因子是。
A．干旱B．高温C．低温D．光周期E．温度4，下列各项，编制生命表时不需要的是：A．各年龄死亡率B．各年龄开始存活率C．各年龄适合度D．生命期望5，在下图四个数量金字塔中，哪一个与植物→蚜虫→食蚜瓢虫的食物链相符合？A B C D 6，根据Grime 的CSR 三角形对植物生活史的划分，下面说法正确的是A．高山冻原环境支持杂草对策B．放牧草原环境支持杂草对策C．沙漠支持杂草对策D．热带雨林环境支持胁迫忍耐对策7，限制植物群落分布最关键的生态因子是______。
A．竞争者和捕食者 B. 温度和降水 C. 耐受范围最宽的生态因子 D. 植物繁殖体的传播 E. 没有天然屏障的阻隔8，在生态演替中，下列各项中哪一项是最不可能发生的A. 群落的物种构成不断变化B. 物种总数先增多，然后趋于稳定C. 在初始阶段之后，生态系统中的生物量总量下降D. 生态系统中的有机质总量下降9，岛屿生物地理学理论被广泛接受的一个重要原因是该理论能够简单地用一个变量来表述岛屿的生物学特征，这个单一变量是（）A．岛屿面积B．物种数量C．岛屿距大陆的距离D．物种的灭绝速率10，陆地生态系统中净初级生产力最高的生态系统是（）A．热带雨林B．木本和草本沼泽C．北方针叶林D．耕地11，已知两种鼠甲与乙对干旱环境的适应能力为甲＜乙，下面说法正确的是______A. 甲呼出气体温度高于乙B. 乙呼出气体温度高于甲C.甲的肾脏髓质层比乙厚D.尿与血浆浓度的比值甲大于乙12，有关r-对策者和k-对策者，下面说法不正确的是______A．r-对策者生活在不稳定环境 B. r-对策者幼体存活率低 C. k-对策者竞争能力强 D. k-对策者种群恢复能力强13，有关种群遗传与进化，下面说法正确的是______A. 巨大的随机交配种群世代基因型保持不变B. 种群内个体适合度越大，选择强度越大C. 种群越大，漂变强度越大D. 经历过遗传瓶颈的小种群遗传变异会迅速降低。
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北京师范大学——高级生态学、景观生态学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题
1.阐述岛屿生物地理学理论与集合种群理论，并说明二者的差异。
2.生物入侵有哪些机制?并据此论述有哪些有效预防策略。
3.写出种间竞争模型，并对模型的行为进行解释说明。
4.阐述物种—多度模型的三种假说，并画图表示。
5.利它行为的假说。
6.一般来说，热带地区的生物多样性高于温带及极地，请从时间、进化、种间关系、空间、生产力等方面进行说明。
7.比较并说明影响陆地生态系统和淡水生态系统初级生产力的限制因子。
2004年景观生态学试题
一．名词解释（英汉互译）
1.集合种群
2中性模型
3.尺度
4.Shifting mosaic steady state
5 Fractal
6.Fragstats
二．简答题
1.请举例说明景观结构与功能的关系。
2.请说明景观异质性与干扰的关系。
3.请写出半方差计算公式，并画出典型半方差图，并对有关变量进行解释说明。
4.从下面四位人物中任选两位说明他们对景观生态学的主要贡献。
O’Neill M.G.Turner Levins
三．论述题
结合自己的研究领域并说明该领域的有关尺度问题，目前尺度上推的研究有哪些进展。