英汉互译技巧4解析

第二章英汉语言对比

A comparison between English and Chinese

第一部分

Part One

If one wants to be a qualified translator, one should, first of all, have a penetrating study and careful comparison of the similarities and differences between these two languages so that one may find the corresponding laws and methods in the translation between them, do translation effectively and ensure the quality of translation.

刘重德《文学翻译十讲》

Procedures of today

•Similarities between English and Chinese

•Differences between English and Chinese (vocabularies and grammars) •Exercises in class

•Assignments of today

英汉语言的相同之处

similarities

•词类划分:

•汉语：

实词（content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词

虚词（empty word)：介词、连词、语气词、助词（结构助词“的”、“地”、“得”，时态助词“着”、“了”、“过”，情态助词“吗”、“呢”、“吧”、“啊”、“嘛”、“了”等）•英语：

实词(content word): 名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词

虚词（function word):介词、连词、冠词、助动词（shall, will, have/has, do/does/did/done, be）

•英语量词，汉语冠词

•E.g. a chair, the earth, a book, etc.

英汉语言的相同之处

similarities

•词类划分

•句子要素:都有主语、谓语、宾语（表语）、定语和状语的划分。特别是主语和谓语，从本质上来说都是英、汉两种语言的主要组成框架(S+V+O/P)

e.g. I like your new hairstyle.

我喜欢你的新发型。

It is cute.

它很可爱。

People are always talking about “the problem of youth”. If there is one –which I take leave to doubt –then it is older people who create it, not the young themselves. Let us get down to fundamentals and agree that the young are after all human beings – people just like their elders. There is only one difference between an old man and a young one: the young man has a glorious future before him and the old one has a splendid future behind him: and maybe that is where the hub is.

人们总是在谈论“年青人问题”。如果真有这么一个问题——对此我不揣冒昧地表示怀疑——那也是年长者造出来的，而不是年青人自己造成的。让我们认真考虑问题的实质，而且我们要承认年青人毕竟是人——是跟他们长辈一样的人。年青人和老年人之间只有一点不同，那就是年青人的光辉未来在前头，而老年人的辉煌已经留在了身后，或许这就是问题所在。

•We do not choose to be born. We do not choose our parents. We do not choose our historical epoch, the country of our birth, or the immediate circumstances of our upbringing. We do not, most of us, choose to die; nor do we choose the time or conditions of our death. But with all this realm of choicelessness, we do choose how we shall live our lives.

•中国的疆域处于温带和亚热带地区，光、热、水和土等自然资源和自然条件都比较适合农业经济的发展。特别是在黄河流域与长江流域，农耕生产是主要的经济方式。•With the territory in the temperate and subtropical zones, the natural resources such as light, heat, water and soil are fit for the development of the agricultural economy. Especially in the Yellow River Valley and the Yangtze River Valley, farming is the major economic mode.

英汉语言的差异

Differences

•词汇差异（vocabularies）

•语法形态的差异(grammars)

•句法差异(syntax)

•修辞差异(figures of speech)

•段落与篇章差异(paragraphs and discourses)

Differences between vocabularies (Ⅰ)

•各种词性的使用频率

•英语语法重在动词，但使用较少，汉语则惯用动词或动词词组

•英语的代词使用频率高

•英语中的介词数量多，具有巨大的搭配联结能力和表达功能

•英语形容词表达能力强