生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释

绝对不应期absolute refractory period

The time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.

动作电位action potential

An action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back to the negative potential (repolarization).

主动转运active transport

The movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy

后负荷afterload

Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.

自身调节autoregulation

In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes, depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called auto-regulation.

完全强直收缩complete tetanus

When the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions are so rapid that they literally fused together, and the contraction appears to be completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.

去极化depolarization

The change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium equilibrium.

入胞endocytosis

Very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

平衡电位equilibrium potential

Electrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance and no net movement of charged particles occurs.

兴奋性excitability

Excitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all tissues and cells. 兴奋excitation

Excitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle, acceleration of the heart beat.

出胞exocytosis

A stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.

易化扩散facilitated diffusion

In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.

以通道为中介的转运facilitated diffusion via ion channel

Channels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores. Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K+,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their electrochemical gradients across the membrane.