研究生英语综合下册第四单元课文翻译
[分享]研究生英语综合教程下Unit4答案翻译
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研究生英语综合教程下Unit4 答案翻译1) The children get fidgety if they have nothing to do.2) The shipyard has been dealt another crushing blow with the failure to win this contract.3) His pithy advice to young painters was, "Above all, keep your colors fresh."4) It is important to note that foraging for information does not equate to aimless “surfing.”5) The victims' families of the murder have appealed to the Supreme Court to have a definitive answer.6) His addiction to drugs propelled him towards a life of crime.7) On the triumphant return home, the captain, Brian Robson, was applauded for sticking to his guns.8) The ubiquity of advertising is not being driven by corporations searching for new ways to sell products but by media searching for new ways to make money.9) Here are your travel documents, all duly signed.10) By the same token, reduced military budgets would force the government to curtail its foreign involvement.1）孩子们如果他们没什么事情可做的话就会坐立不安。
研究生英语综合Unit Four爱和情感联系原文及翻译
研究生英语综合Unit Four爱和情感联系原文及翻译Love and Emotional Connection in Graduate English Comprehensive Unit FourLove and emotional connection are universal themes that have been explored and celebrated in literature, music, and art for centuries. In "Unit Four: Love and Emotional Connection" of the Graduate English Comprehensive course, we delve into the original text and its translation, examining various perspectives on these profound human experiences. This article aims to analyze the content of the original text and its translation, without the use of headings or subheadings, in order to present a comprehensive discussion on the topic.The original text in Unit Four discusses the numerous facets of love and emotional connection, shedding light on different cultural and historical contexts. It emphasizes the importance of these emotions in fostering relationships and forming bonds between individuals. The translation, although faithfully capturing the essence of the original text, presents the ideas and concepts in a manner more accessible to English-speaking students.The texts in Unit Four provide readers with a wide range of examples and case studies that illustrate the complexities of love and emotional connection. Through these examples, we come to understand that love is not a uniform experience. It can manifest in various forms, such as filial love, romantic love, or even the love for humanity as a whole. These differentforms of love demonstrate the depth and breadth of human emotions and the intricate connections that tie individuals together.Furthermore, the original text delves into the concept of emotional connection, highlighting its significance in fostering empathy and understanding between individuals. It explores the notion that emotional connection goes beyond superficial interactions and requires a deeper level of emotional engagement. The translation conveys this message effectively, encouraging readers to develop a broader perspective on love and emotional connections.The texts in Unit Four also explore the impact of technology on love and emotional connections in contemporary society. With the emergence of social media platforms and online dating apps, the nature of relationships has undergone significant changes. The original text raises thought-provoking questions about the authenticity of virtual connections and the potential challenges they pose to the development of genuine emotional bonds. The translation adeptly captures these concerns, provoking readers to reflect on the consequences of technology on their own relationships.Moreover, the original text prompts readers to contemplate the role of love and emotional connection in the pursuit of personal fulfillment and happiness. It challenges conventional notions of success and urges individuals to prioritize emotional well-being over material wealth. The translation successfully conveys these ideas, inspiring readers to reevaluate their own values and priorities in life.In conclusion, the original text and its translation in Unit Four of the Graduate English Comprehensive course provide a thought-provokingexploration of love and emotional connection. Through the analysis of various examples, the texts emphasize the diverse nature of love and the profound impact of emotional connection. They also delve into the complexities of love in the digital age and its implications for genuine human connections. Ultimately, the texts encourage readers to reflect on their own experiences and perspectives on love and emotional connection, promoting personal growth and understanding.。
研究生英语综合教程UNIT4课文及翻译(含汉译英英译汉)
UNIT41. Think for a moment about your own life — the activities of your day, the possessions you enjoy, the surroundings in which you live. Is there anything you don’t have at this moment that you would like to have? Anything that you have, but that you would like more of? If your answer is “no,” then congratulations — either you are well advanced on the path of Zen self-denial, or else you are a close relative of Ted Turner . The rest of us, however, would benefit from an increase in our material standard of living. This simple truth is at the very core of economics. It can be restated this way: we all face the problem of scarcity.2 Almost everything in your daily life is scarce. You would benefit from a larger room or apartment, so you have a scarcity of space. You have only two pairs of shoes and could use a third for hiking; you have a scarcity of shoes. You would love to take a trip to Chicago, but it is difficult for you to find the time or the money to go — trips to Chicago are scarce.3 Because of scarcity, each of us is forced to make choices. We must allocate our scarce time to different activities: work, play, education, sleep, shopping, and more. We must allocate our scarce spending power among different goods and services: food, furniture, movies, long-distance phone calls, and many others.4 Economists study the choices we make as individuals and how those choices shape our economy. For example, the goods that each of us decides to buy ultimately determine which goods business firms will produce. This, in turn, explains which firms and industries will hire new workers and which will lay them off.5. Economists also study the more subtle and indirect effects of individual choice on our society. Will most Americans continue to live in houses, or — like Europeans will most of us end up in apartments? Will we have an educated and well-informed citizenry? Will museums and libraries be forced to close down? Will traffic congestion in our cities continue to worsen, or is there relief in sight? These questions hinge, in large part, on the separate decisions of millions of people. To answer them requires an understanding of how people make choices under conditions of scarcity.6. Think for a moment about the goals of our society. We want a high standard of living for all citizens: clean air, safe streets, and good schools. What is holding us back from accomplishing all of these goals in a way that would satisfy everyone? You probably already know the answer: scarcity. 1. 想一想你的生活：你每天从事的活动，你所拥有的财产，你所居住的环境。
研究生英语综合教程下册1-5课文及翻译
研究生英语综合教程下册1-5课文及翻译Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。
Unit2 Commercialization and Changes in Sportsmercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights. 商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。
研究生英语下册 Unit4
Unit 4 Text ARags to Rags, Riches to Riches(从贫穷到贫穷，从富有到富有)Clive Crook[1] Opportunity is the crux [krʌks](关键)of the American idea. Opportunity is what the New world has always represented: struggle, risk, self-determination, and the hope of spiritual and material progress. Even now, to new immigrants, that of something like it is the pull(诱人的)---and for them at least, it is no false promise. If you move to America, you move up, and this is true whether you are rafting(木筏) across the Rio Grande or negotiating the hazards['hæzɚd](危险) of the H1B visa program. British emigrants (I am one) are fond of Spain [spein](西班牙) and the United States. They go to Spain to retire; they come here to rise to new challenges. This lure [lʊə(r)](诱惑), barely diminished after more than three centuries/ˈsɛntʃərɪ/, has ever been an incalculable [in'kælkjuləbl](无数的) source of national strength.机会是美国思想的核心，始终是这个新世界说代表的理念：奋斗、冒险、自主以及精神和物质进步的希望。
研究生英语综合教程下unit4
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9. someone who secretly uses or changes the information in other people’s computer systems hacker
10. GM food refers to ______ modified food which is not affected by particular diseases or harmful insects Genetically 英 [dʒe'netikəli]
20. education via the Internet; e-education Webucation
Starting out
Task 2
Step One Directions: Work in pairs to match inventors in Column A with inventions in Column B. (P96)
Mouse
15. email messages that a computer user has not asked for and does not want to read, for example from someone who is advertising something Spam垃圾邮件
Reading Focus – Global Understanding
As a consequence, our ability to interpret and make rich mental connections remains disengaged tremendously 12) _______. Another good case in point, illustrating the point variations that 13) ___________ extend across many regions of the brain when we apply different media, is Friedrich Nietzsche. When his vision was failing and it was tough for him to keep his eyes focused on a page, he bought a typewriter, with which 14) _________ could once again flow from his mind to words the page. But, as one of Nietzsche’s friends claimed, it made Nietzsche’s terse prose even 15) ____________ and more telegraphic. tighter
研究生英语综合教程下册1,4,5,6单元课文翻译
研究生英语综合教程下册1,4,5,6单元课文翻译研究生英语综合教程（下）系列教材翻译参考译文全章节Unit 1幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳？麦克高恩1. 咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说：“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
2. 我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中：在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。
实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都说他们的生活之后与某种方式的改变。
3. 诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理：大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来一甚至最终会成功发达。
4. 那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证：为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。
我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气：一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。
5. 这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面一种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。
那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质一是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。
事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义一或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历（哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻）最有发言权。
研究生英语综合教程下册1-5课文及翻译
研究生英语综合教程下册1-5课文及翻译Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。
Unit2 Commercialization and Changes in Sportsmercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights. 商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。
21世纪工程硕士研究生英语-综合教程(下册)Unit4课文翻译
Unit 4 Downsizing裁员Adom Cohen, Cathy Booth Thomas1. The e-mail looked harmless enough. Be at the Renaissance Austin Hotel, 20minutes away, in about an hour. Just another stupid meeting, no doubt. But by the time Dell information technology specialist Chuck Peterson walked into a room filled with 75 of his co-workers and a few managers he had never seen before, he knew what was up. “None of them would look at us,” he says. “They had their backs to us or they were looking at their feet.”这封E-mail看起来并没有任何伤害。
在Renaissance Austin旅馆召开会议，到旅馆的路程是二十分钟路程，大约一个小时后召开。
毫无疑问，又不过是一个无聊的会议。
但是，当戴尔公司信息技术专家Chuck Peterson步入房间那一刻，就知道要发生什么了，房间里是他的75个同事和几个以前从来没有见过的经理。
“他们没人看我，“他说，”他们都背对着我或是看着他们自己的脚“。
2. The bosses stuck to their script. The economy is bad. We can’t afford to keepyou. So we’re not. Hand in your badges on the way out. There were no individual explanations for why these workers－out of a work force of 40,000－had been picked. The members of the firing squad never even introduced themselves. It was over in eight minutes.这些上司们除了照着讲稿没有多讲一句话。
研究生英语综合教程 崔校平 翻译及课后答案 Unit4
Unit 4 Lierature and ArtsText A 参考译文诗，如同这世界，可以说是有四个时代的，不过程度不同罢了；诗的第一个时代是铁器时代、第二个是黄金时代；第三个是白银时代；第四个是黄铜时代。
在诗的第一个时代，铁器时代，粗野的歌人，用震耳的旋律，歌颂更粗野的魁酋们的丰功伟业，当时，人人都是战士，各式社会的最高实践箴言是：“保持我们所有的东西，夺取我们所能夺取。
”，这箴言尚未以正义的名义和法律的形式装扮起来，而是刀光剑影的一句露骨格言，白刃相向就是meum et meum(而我之间)一切问题的裁判和公断。
在那些日子，只有三种职业兴隆（除了时时都兴隆的祭司职业以外），那就是王者、盗贼、乞丐的职业：乞丐多半是穷途落魄的王者，盗贼则多半是前途似锦的王者。
向一个陌生者询问的第一个问题是：“你是乞丐还是盗贼?”陌生人回答，往往先冒充乞丐，等到方便时机，便证明他堪称为盗贼。
每个人的自然欲望，是把他所能获得的权势和财产，尽量独占为己有，不择手段，强权就是公理；加上一个同样自然的欲望，那就是让尽可能多的人知道，他在这个普遍追求中夺得多少东西。
成功的武士变成魁酋，成功的魁酋转成王者：他接着便需要一个工具来宣扬他的功业的名声和财富的多寡。
这个工具他在歌人身上找到了，歌人事前在他的美力充分感发之下，是随时准备歌颂他的武力的。
这就是诗的起源：诗，正如其他职业那样，是因有这种商品的需求而兴起，按照市场范围的扩大而繁荣的。
所以，诗在起源时是歌功颂德的。
各民族最早的粗野诗歌，好像是一种简要的历史介绍，用臃肿浮夸的调子，颂扬一些杰出人物的功绩和财产。
诗的黄金时代取材于铁器时代。
这个时代开始之时，诗便开始回顾往事，一种类似扩大的国家行政体系的制度已经建立起来，个人的力量和勇敢已经不足以扩张武人勇士的势力，不足以使帝王废立和国家兴亡了，有组织的人群，社会的制度，世袭的继承等等，将予以抑制。
人们也更多生活在真理光辉之中，交换着观察成果，从而看出了鬼神的作用不是那么经常在他们之间发生，从古代诗歌和传说看来好像经常在他们祖先之间发生似的。
研究生综合英语 第二版 曾建彬主编 课文翻译Unit4
Unit4爱是一门艺术吗？艾里克·弗洛姆爱是一门艺术吗?那就需要知识并付出努力。
或者爱是一种令人愉悦的情感，只有幸运儿才能“坠入”爱河呢?这本小书是以第一种假设为前提的，而大多数人无疑都相信第二种假设。
人们并非认为爱无关紧要。
人们对于爱总是如饥似渴，悲欢离合的爱情电影他们百看不厌，百般无聊的爱情歌曲他们百听不烦。
但很少有人认为爱需要学习。
对爱的这种奇怪观点基于几个错误前提，这些前提或单独或一起支撑着这一观点。
多数人认为爱就是“被人爱”，而非“爱别人”，或主动去爱的能力。
因此，对他们而言，关键问题就在于如何被爱，如何粉可爱。
他们采取各种途径以期达到此目的。
一种方法就是成为成功人士，在自己的社会地位所许可的范围内获取最大量的权力和财产。
这种方法的效法者多为男性。
另一种方法则是通过保持身材和注重打扮使自己富有魅力。
女性尤为青睐该方法。
其他一些让自己魅力四射的方法有：举止得体，谈吐风趣，乐于助人、低调内敛等。
这些方式男女均有采用。
很多使自己可爱的方式和使自己成功的途径并无区别，那就是“赢得朋友和影响他人”。
事实上，社会上大多数人所理解的“可爱”无非是受大众欢迎和对异性有吸引力这两点的综合而已。
导致“爱不需要学习”这种看法的第二个前提是：人们想当然地认为爱的问题是“对象”问题，而不是“能力”问题。
人们认为爱是件很简单的事，困难在于要找到爱或被爱的对象。
造成这种态度的几大根源基于现代社会的发展。
原因之一是：在20世纪，人们对“恋爱对象”的选择出现了巨大变化。
在维多利亚时代，同许多传统文化一样，人们一般认为爱情并非是那种最终走向婚姻的自然产生的个人情感。
恰恰相反，人们认为婚姻是按照传统习俗约定的：或为父母之命，或为媒妁之言，也可能无须这些中介撮合；婚姻是按社会习俗的考虑决定的，婚姆既成，爱情随之自然而然地产生。
过去几十年以来，西方世界普遍认可自由恋爱。
在美国，尽管传统爱情观念并没有完全消失，但人们普遍在寻我“浪没爱情”寻找那种最终会走向的自由。
研究生英语综合Unit Four爱和情感联系原文及翻译
Unit Four下面的文章选自奈杰尔贝诺克瑞提斯的婚姻与家庭。
此书在美国的一些大学里被用作社会学和妇女研究等课程的教材，它强调了在当代社会和家庭中所发生的重要变化，探索了家庭成员所面临的选择，以及我们很多人都还未意识到的种种约束。
该书还审视了当今美国家庭的多样性，运用跨文化和多元文化的比较，以激发创造性思维来研究21世纪家庭所面临的许多严峻问题。
爱和情感连系奈杰尔·贝诺克瑞提斯1爱，对于人类的生存是不可或缺的。
它既是一种情感，又是一种行为。
家庭通常是我们最早和最重要的爱和情感支持的来源。
众所周知，缺乏爱的婴幼儿会产生各种各样的问题，如抑郁症、头痛、生理残疾、神经质或身心疾病，这些病有时会伴随他们一生。
而对比之下，拥有爱和拥抱的婴儿通常体重增加得快，哭得少，而笑得多。
到了五岁时，他们的智商和语言测试的分数明显比前一类儿童高得多。
1 Love- as both an emotion and a behavior- is essential for human survival- The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support. Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems- for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties- that sometimes last a lifetime. In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more. By five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests.2很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友，在学校的表现，如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况，以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。
综英4课文1,3,4,5,6,9单元重点翻译
综英4课文1,3,4,5,6,9单元重点翻译Uｎｉt11.Tｈose memories of forkｉng out thouｓanｄs of pouｎｄｓa year sｏthaｔhe could eａt weｌｌａnd gｏto the odｄｐarty,ｂｅganｔo fａｄe.那些每年为孩子支付费用让她可以吃好参加新奇排队得记忆开始慢慢消退。
2.Tｈiｓｆoｒmeｒsciｏｎof Generａtion Yｈａｓmoｒphｅd overｎｉghｔｉntｏａmember oｆGenｅration Grunｔ。
这位前“千玺一代”得后裔一夜之间变成哼哼唧唧得一代得成员3.I pａssed theｅxams,bｕｔａｔtｈe intｅrｖiewｓtｈeyａccused mｅｏf being‘ｔｏｏdｅtａcｈed'aｎd talｋing iｎｌanguaｇe thａｔwas‘too tecｈnｏcraｔic’,which I didn’ｔthiｎk poｓsibｌe,bｕt obviｏuslｙitｉｓ我通过了考试,但就是面试时她们却谴责我太冷漠,讲话像技术政治论者,我不这样认为,但显然我得确就是这样得。
4.For thｅreｓtｉt is9－ｔo—５“ｃhilｌing"beforｅheadinｇtｏｔheｐub、其余得都就是朝九晚五得“无所事事",晚上去酒吧喝酒打发时间、5.Ｉwentｔo aｐreheｎsiｖe and I woｒkedｍy backside oｆｆtoｇoｔo theｇｏoduniversｉty、我上得就是一所综合性中学,我拼命读书才考上一所好得大学。
6.but havingｗorked fｕｌｌ-time since leａvingｓchoｏl hersｅｌf,she aｎd heｒhusｂanｄｆiｎd it tｒｉｃky to advisｅhim oｎｈｏw to proceed、她自从离开学校就开始做全职工作,因此她与她得丈夫发现建议孩子如何继续找工作就是件很棘手得事情7.Ｃａrry on lifｅas normal and dｏｎ’t allｏw them to abｕse yoｕr baｎk aｃcoｕntｏr sap yｏur rｅserｖeｓof emotioｎal energy父母要过正常得生活,不要让孩子滥用您得银行卡或榨干您得情感能量8.Afteｒthatｔhe sｏn or daugｈter needsｔo beｎuｄged f ｉｒｍｌｙｂaｃk inｔo theＳaddle、在这之后,儿女就该被父母坚决要求继续求职9.Iｆyｏu asｋｍe,real lifeｉs not all it's crａcked upｔoｂｅ.Ｔｗelve yeａrｓat scｈool aｎｄthree yｅarｓat universitｙ,tｅａcｈerｓbａnginｇon about oppｏｒtuniｔies in the big wiｄｅworｌｄbｅｙｏndｏｕr sｈeltered lifeａｓstudｅnts,and wｈaｔdｏＩｆiｎd？依我瞧,现实生活并没有人们想象得那么美好。
研究生英语综合教程下Unit4
Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Inlarity of text-messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice. 1. the ubiquity of 铺天盖地的… 2. not to mention 更别说… 由于网络上无处不在的文字，更不用说手机上备受欢 迎的文本信息，我们今天的阅读量与二十世纪七八十 年代相比不可同日而语。那时，只有电视一种媒介选 择。
但这是不一样的阅读，而隐藏在这种阅读之后的又是不 一样的思维——或许是对自我的一种新认识。
“We are not only what we read,” says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain. “We are how we read.” 1.a developmental psychologist 发展心理学家 2.We are not only what we read， We are how we read 不是阅读的内容塑造了我们，而是阅读的方式塑造了我 们。 “不是阅读的内容塑造了我们，”塔夫斯大学的发展心 理学家、《普鲁斯特与鱿鱼：阅读思维的科学与故事》 的作者玛丽安娜· 沃尔夫说，“而是阅读的方式塑造了我 们。”
研究生学位英语课文及翻译-Unit Four
Textual Selection1、When, at the beginning of The Iliad/伊利亚特/-and Western literature-King Agamemnon steals Achilles' slave-girl/奴隶女人/, Briseis, the king tells the world's greatest warrior/战士勇士/ that he is doing so "to let you know that I am more powerful than you, and to teach others not to bandy words with me/跟我犟嘴/ openly defy/不服从，公然反抗/ their king"'. But literary scholar/文学家/ Jonathan Gottschall believes that the true focus of Homer's epic is not royal authority/皇家权威/, but royal genes/皇家基因，皇家遗传/.2、Gottschall is one of a group of researchers/研究团队/, calling themselves literary Darwinists/文学达尔文主义者/, devoted to studying literature/文学/ using the concepts/概念/ of evolutionary/演化，进化/ biology and the empirical/以实验为依据的/, quantitative/量化的/ methods of the sciences. "Women in Homer/荷马史诗/ are not a proxy/代理人/ for status/显赫的地位/ and honour; says Gottschall. "At bottom/事实上/, the men in the stories are motivated/驱使/ by reproductive concerns/繁衍后代/. Every Homeric raid involves/荷马式的袭击/ killing the men and abducting/抢夺/ the women:' The violent world of the epics史诗中的残暴世界/, he says, reflects a society where men fought for scarce mates/少数的配偶/ and chieftains/首领/ had access to as many women as slaves/奴隶/ and concubines/宫女/. And he thinks that everything written/文学撰述/ since Homer is open to similar analysis.3、Literary Darwinism is a mode of analysis; it's also a bit of/一些，少许/ a crusade/运动/, an attempt/试图/ to shake up/撼动/ literary criticism/文学评论/. "Literary theory requires a theory of human nature/人性本质/, because literature is shaped/形状/ by human motives/动机/ and cognitive biases/认知偏见/; says Joseph Carroll of the University of Missour/密苏里/, St Louis. The problem, say the literary Darwinists/文学达尔文主义者/, is that for the past few decades/过去几十年/ the humanities/人类，人性/ have, in the case of/如果发生/ critics/评论，批评/ deconstructing texts/解构文本时/, denied/否定了/ the need for a theory of human nature, asserting/坚持/ that the study of texts can be concerned/不安的/ with nothing outside those texts. Or else/要不/ they have been stuck on theories of human nature that are rooted in/使根深蒂固/ the subjective/主观的/ and the social.4、Those influenced by Freudianism/洛伊德主义/, for example, might read a novel looking for hints/暗示提示/ of a child's sexual desire/性欲/ for its parent. A Marxist/马克思主义者/ would seek out economic and class/阶级/ conflicts/冲突/. Carroll has no truck with/不理/ this: "The theories up to/胜任/ this point have all had a little bit of the truth, but have also all been fundamentally/基本/ flawed/瑕疵/; he says. "None comes to terms with/对某事妥协/ the fundamental facts/基本事实/ of human evolution."5、Literary darwinists believe that literature/文学/ reflects a universal/普遍一般/ human nature shaped by natural selection, and as a result/作为结果/, read texts in terms of /依据/animal concerns/关系/ such as mate choice/配偶选择/, relations between kin/亲属关系/, and social hierarchies/社会阶级/. Such a scientistic approach/方法，途径/ can meet with hostility/敌对/. "At one meeting of the Modern Languages Association/协会/, someone stood up and called me a proto-fascist/原始的法西斯/; says Nancy Easterlin, an expert in Romantic literature/罗马语系专家/ at the University of New Orleans/新奥尔良/, Louisiana.///伊丝特琳利用认知学的一些观点来分析华尔华滋（William Wordsworth ）《前奏》（the Prelude ）的母子关系。
研究生英语综合教程下册1-5课文及翻译
研究生英语综合教程下册1-5课文及翻译Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happiness3 This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth. This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger. Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome. In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled. More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达。
Unit2 Commercialization and Changes in Sportsmercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports. In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format. Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game. For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights. 商业化对于大多数体育运动的结构和目标没有太大的影响。
当代研究生英语下册第四单元课文翻译
UNIT4Driven by the telecommunications revolution, the global economy is like a speeding train that keeps getting faster, says Thomas Friedman, the New York Times foreign policy columnist. "What's worse," Friedman writes, "no one can slow the train down. because the world economy today is just like the Internet: everybody is connected but nobody is in charge. "《纽约时报》对外政策专栏作家托马斯·弗里德曼指出，全球经济受到电信革命的驱动，就像一列正在飞驰的列车一样发展愈来愈快。
弗里德曼还写道：“更糟糕的是，没有人能让该列车减速，因为今天的全球经济就像互联网一样，人人与之相连，但没有人能控制它。
”The idea that the global economy is out of control has a certain appeal to those who feel left in the dust by corporate mega-mergers, down-sizing, monolithic chain stores, ever-morphing financial markets, and an emerging culture that seems alien to human values.面对公司大并购、削减、大规模连锁店、不断变化的金融市场以及一种正在兴起的、似乎有悖人类价值观的文化，一些人感觉已经落伍，全球经济正在失控这一论点对于他们颇具吸引力。
研究生英语综合教程（下）课文翻译（详解版）
Unit 1 The Hidden Side of Happin ess1 Hurric anes, housefires, cancer, whitew aterraftin g accide nts, planecrashe s, viciou s attack s in dark alleyw ays. Nobody asks for any of it. But to theirsurpri se, many people find that enduri ng such a harrow ing ordeal ultima telychange s them for the better. Theirrefrai n mightgo someth ing like this: "I wish it hadn't happen ed, but I'm a better person for it."1飓风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
”2 We love to hear the storie s of people who have been transf ormed by theirtribul ation s, perhap s becaus e they testif y to a bona fide type of psycho logic al truth, one that someti mes gets lost amid endles s report s of disast er: Thereseemsto be a built-in humancapaci ty to flouri sh underthe most diffic ult circum stanc es. Positi ve respon ses to profou ndlydistur bingexperi ences are not limite d to the toughe st or the braves t .In fact, roughl y half the people who strugg le with advers ity say that theirlivessubseq uentl y in some ways improv ed.2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学上的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
研究生英语综合教程(下)系列教材 1、4、8全文+全部reading more 翻译
研究生英语综合教程(下)系列教材1、4、8全文+全部reading more 翻译Unit 1A愉悦舒适不能指引你领略人生的全部，与逆境的艰苦搏斗常常会使人生变得丰富而有意义。
幸福隐藏的另一面凯思琳•麦克高恩1咫风、房屋失火、癌症、激流漂筏失事、坠机、昏暗小巷遭歹徒袭击，没人想找上这些事儿。
但出人意料的是，很多人发现遭受这样一次痛苦的磨难最终会使他们向好的方面转变。
他们可能都会这样说:“我希望这事没发生，但因为它我变得更完美了。
(此文来自袁勇兵博客)”2我们都爱听人们经历苦难后发生转变的故事，可能是因为这些故事证实了一条真正的心理学_L的真理，这条真理有时会湮没在无数关于灾难的报道中:在最困难的境况中，人所具有的一种内在的奋发向上的能力会进发出来。
对那些令人极度恐慌的经历作出积极回应的并不仅限于最坚强或最勇敢的人。
实际上，大约半数与逆境抗争过的人都诸如此类有关危机改变一生的发现有着可观的研究前景，这正是创伤后成长这一新学科的研究领域。
这一新兴领域已经证实了曾经被视为陈词滥调的一个真理:大难不死，意志弥坚。
创伤后压力绝不是唯一可能的结果。
在遭遇了即使最可怕的经历之后，也只有一小部分成年人会受到长期的心理折磨。
更常见的情况是，人们会恢复过来—甚至最终会成功发达.那些经受住苦难打击的人是有关幸福悖论的生动例证:为了尽可能地过上最好的生活，我们所需要的不仅仅是愉悦的感受。
我们这个时代的人对幸福的追求已经缩小到只追求福气:一生没有烦恼，没有痛苦和困惑。
这种对幸福的平淡定义忽略了问题的主要方面—种富有意义的生活所带来的那种丰富、完整的愉悦。
那就是幸福背后隐藏的那种本质—是我们在明智的男男女女身上所欣赏到并渴望在我们自己生活中培育的那种不可言喻的品质。
事实证明，一些遭受苦难最多的人-他们被迫全力应付他们未曾预料到的打击，并重新思考他们生活的意义—或许对那种深刻的、给人以强烈满足感的人生经历(哲学家们过去称之为对“美好生活”的探寻)最有发言权。
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第一组：Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all familiar signs and symbols intercourse. These signs are the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life:when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not.人们远离了熟悉的符号和社会交往的信号之后感到焦虑，由此产生了文化休克。
这些符号在日常生活中有许多自我定位的表现形式：当我们见到人们时，何时握手并且说什么；何时并且如何给小费，怎样给雇员下达命令，怎样买东西，何时接受和拒绝邀请，何时认真或者不认真对待声明。
这些符号形式多样，指导着我们应对日常生活中的各种情况：与人见面忽略These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are aquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which are unconsciously learned. 规则我们在成长过程中所了解的这些符号，比如言语、手势、面部表情和习俗，是我们成长过程中获得的，都是文化中的一部分如我们所讲的语言和所接受的信仰一样。
我们所有人所寻求（删除）的心灵平静和办事效率都依赖于这些成百上千的符号，而大部分符号都是在潜意识下学习的/了解的。
我们在成长过程中了解这些符号，可能是言语、手势、面部表情和习俗；正如我们所讲的语言和所接受的信仰是文化中的一部分，这些符号也是文化中的一部分。
1502210047 雷鸣宇1502210048 刘聪1502210050 孙攀龙1502210052 仵宁飞1502210053 贠康第二组：当一个人进入陌生文化的环境中，那些所有或大部分熟悉的事物都消失了。
他（她）就如同一条离开水的鱼。
不论他的眼界有多开阔，意志有多坚定，这一系列支撑他的熟悉的事物/这一系列支撑他生活的事物全都在眼前消失。
紧接着人们就会感到挫败和焦虑。
人们对于挫败通常采取相同的方法。
首先，人们不愿融入那些使他们不适的环境：“东道国糟透了，因为它使我们感觉很糟。
”“东道国的生活方式糟透了，我们感觉很糟。
”文化休克的另一个阶段是回归本土，这时家乡的环境突然之间显得犹为重要，所有事情都会失去理智的/毫无根据地被夸大。
所有的困难和问题都被遗忘，只剩下回家这一件好事被记着。
通常只有回到家乡才能让他们回归现实。
1502210054 黄小研1502210057 鲁帆1502210058 马未未1502210059 汪晶1502210055 李占平第三组：一些文化休克的症状在于：过度关心清洁，以及感觉新鲜的及陌生的事物都是脏的。
这些和喝水，食物，餐具，床上用品都有关；害怕身体接触服务员或佣人；感觉无助，渴望可以依赖一个本国的长期居民；对耽搁感到烦躁并且放大/夸大由于文化原因引起的小小的挫折；推迟甚至完全拒绝学习东道国的语言；过度的害怕/担心被欺骗，被盗，或受伤；非常关心小的痛苦和皮肤的问题；最后特别想回家，渴望去一个熟悉的环境，想拜访亲戚，总之是想跟了解自己的人交谈。
1502210060 张美红1502210061 陈鸿1502210062 董文科1502210064 刘贵祥1502210065 马孝江第四组：7.个人在文化休克对于他们影响的程度上各有千秋。
尽管各不相同，但是仍有那些在国外生活不下去的人。
那些已经经历了严重文化冲击并且很好的适应了那里的环境的人可以在这个过程中辨别步骤。
至于文化休克影响他们到何种程度，各有不同。
并非人人都有文化休克的情况，但是确实存在一些无法在国外生活的人。
Those who have seen people go through a …人们经历了严重的文化休克，随后适应了环境、心里满意，那些亲眼目睹的人能够辨别这个过程中的每一步。
8.在刚开始的前几周大多数的人们会对新的环境着迷。
新来的这些人待在酒店而且跟那些讲他们语言的侨胞联系，同时对那些外国人非常礼貌（并感到亲切）和蔼。
这样的蜜月期取决于环境，（进而）可能会持续从几天甚至几周不等。
如果这个人非常重要（而且）她/他会经常出现在重要场合，而且受到宠爱，（那么）在一些新闻采访中他就会高兴又充满善意的以国际友好的形式去诉说文化休克这样的一个进程。
如果他回到家以后他可能会把他在那个国家的开心肤浅的经历著作在书中。
如果这个人非常重要，他会经常出席重要场合，备受关爱，在新闻采访中他会谈进步、谈意志、谈国际友好，娓娓道来。
他回家后，可能会写书，写自己在国外愉快但肤浅的经历。
武贝贝1502210066武晨光1502210067杨涛1502210068赵彦飞1502210069仝毅杰1502210070第五组：第9段如果外国游客/异乡人/异国者/来访者一直待在国外并且需要认真应对真实的生活条件/环境，那么这种“走马观花式旅行”的心态通常不会持续太久。
然后，第二个阶段开始了，这一阶段的特征表现为对东道国的敌对和攻击性的态度/有敌对和偏激情绪。
这种敌意直接/事实上来源于游客/来访者在调整的过程中所经历的困难。
这些困难包括服务人员问题、学校问题、语言问题、住房问题、交通问题和购物问题，事实上东道国的人们却认为上述问题无关紧要。
他们会帮助你，但是他们不能理解你对于那些问题的忧虑。
因此，他们对于你和你的担忧是没感觉的，不同情的。
结果你会说，“我只是不喜欢他们”。
你变得激进，你和你的同乡们待在一起并且批评东道国的处事方式和东道国的人民。
还存在东道国的人对这些问题在很大程度上漠不关心的事实麻木的、淡然的东道国、东道国的生活方式、东道国的国民1502210071裴蕾1502210072张宇1502210074马砚樵1502210075马志涛1502210076陈蓓第六组：这种评价不是客观的而是一种贬低。
没有试着说明环境的影响，也没有可靠的分析实际环境和养育他们的历史背景，你经历的或多或少由东道国人们造成的交流困难会让你感到不适。
你没有通过客观地分析实际情况，分析这些情况隐藏的历史环境来尽力阐释现实，但是你在谈话中认为自己经历的困难或多或少地是东道国的人民造成的，让你感到不适。
“视财如命的美国人”和“懒惰的拉丁美洲人”是最初居民形式的代表/人们心中一般的刻板印象。
传统形式的使用或许会奴役具有严重文化休克的人的自负，但是可以确定的是不能引起对东道国和他们人民的真正理解。
文化休克的第二个阶段是在疾病上的某种意义上的危机，如果你克服它你就留下，否则在你达到紧张崩溃的阶段之前就离开。
Salve 缓和、安慰使用这些陈词滥调可能会对经历严重文化休克的人有些自我安慰。
在某种意义上是危机阶段否则你还没有紧张崩溃，你就回国了。
第六组翻译组员：康元元符娇娇艾强陈刚陈松第七组：‘美元把握美国’和‘懒惰的拉丁美洲’是一种比较温和的陈词滥调。
一个人刻板的性格可以缓解其在严重文化冲击时的自我。
但刻板的性格导致他不能真正的了解东道国及其人民。
第二阶段的文化休克让你有疾病的危机感。
如果你能够克服，那么你留下。
如果你不能克服，那么请在你的神经崩溃之前离开。
当漂泊异国他乡的游客顺利地懂得了一些外语知识并且能够自行地照顾自己/开始独挡一面，那么这种文化休克就被削弱了/缓解了。
这样就开始了对异地文化环境的调整。
游客们仍然有不少的困难，但他采取了“我要忍受，我必须忍受”的态度。
一般情况下处于这一时期的游客对东道主国家的人比较友好。
糟糕的可怜鬼，这种/你的语言能力及应付能力能够给你带来信心。
命中注定，必须忍受有优越感他没有指责批评，反而常开玩笑，而且幽默化解自己所处的窘境。
1502210082 蒋科1502210083 李大印1502210084 李建平1502210085 李强1502210086 王珂第八组：在最后的调整期，来客已经对那个国家的风俗习以为常，就像换了另一种方式生活。
虽然有时会觉得有压力，但他能在新的环境下生活，不再有焦虑感。
只有完全掌握了社会交往的关键，这种压力才不会存在。
接受了……把它当作另一种生活方式。
Cues: 符号经过长时间的适应以后人们就会明白当地的人在说些什么，但是他们还是不能明确当地人们所想要表达的意思。
接下来随着逐渐的适应你将不仅会接受当地的食物，饮料，习俗和生活习惯，甚至可能会喜欢上这些文化。
当你离开这里时也许你还会将这些东西带回到你的家乡，如果你长期定居在这里，也许你会逐渐地习惯这里的习俗甚至慢慢地开始忘记曾经自己的家乡和那里的人们。
[错译]a complete adjustment 完全适应leave for goodmiss the country and the people如果你回国，不再返回，一般来说你会想念那个国家和那里的国民，因为你曾经非常熟悉。
1502210087颜立德1502210088杨朔1502210089赵超1502210090李莎1502210091 石亚茹第九组：这很好的表明了那些新来人经历的困难是非常真实的。
如果一个人从温和的地区来到一个热带地区，他们经常会感到肠胃不适。
有时陌生的食物也会使人们感到心烦。
例如，在里约，水和能源的短缺是非常真实的。
当这些物质的困难和那些不知道如何联系产生的困难，以及通过风俗习惯所呈现的不确定性的困难叠加在一起时，随之产生的挫折和焦虑都是可以理解的。
新奇的食物人们面临着这些现实的困难，而且与其他困难重叠交织，包括不知道如何与他人交往，不了解当地人文风情，所以由此而产生的挫折和焦虑都是可以理解的。