第八讲代词(一)解析

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History has received her verdict.(判断、裁定)
当先行项为国家名称时,如果仅视为地理名 词,代词或相应的限定词用中性,但若视为政治 实体或者说话人带有感情色彩,代词或相应的限 定词用阴性。例如: China is in East Asia. It is one of the largest countries in the world. In the last decade of the 20th century, China began to assume her role as a world power.
2. A student at Barnard College has to do her own work. (Barnard College 是女子大学)
(3)先行项为中性名词时代词的选择
当先行项为单数中性名词,即表示无生命物的名词 时,代词以及相应的限定词通常用中(it,its,itself)。 例如: That book has lost its cover. I will put a new one on it tomorrow. This machine works by itself. 但是,如果说话人带有感情色彩也可用阴性或阳性代词来指 代中性物,如船员常用she称呼ship: The sailors saw a ship in the distance. She was sailing toward the rocky island.
尤其是当先行项为everybody,everyone时,其 后用复数代词还比较自然。例如: Everyone was clapping their hands.
Did everybody leave the dance early because they weren’t enjoying themselves?
又如人们常称呼自己所喜爱的汽车为she或her,汽车的 女主人也可能称汽车为he或him
如果先行项为动物名称,通常用中性代词来指代,但若要说 话人带有感情色彩,或者把动物拟人化,可用阴性或阳性代词。 例如: Look at that bird. It always comes to my window. The cat leaped onto my bed and coiled herself there. 当先行项为表示天体名称或某些抽象概念的名词时,代词或 相应的限定词用中性,但若说话人带有感情色彩或者把这些无生 命物拟人化,也可用he或she,依习惯而定。例如: The sun is shining in all his splendid beauty.
当通性名词表示特指含义时,随后的代词以及相应的限定词 须根据上下文所表示的具体性别选用适当的形式。例如:
1. In her lifetime, Catherine worked day and night without thinking of her personal comfort. The doctor will forever live in the hearts of her patients.
代词
PRONOUN
代词(Pronoun)属于封闭词类 现代英语有一个发达的代词体系 包括
人称代词(Personal Pronoun) 物主代词(Possessive Pronoun) 反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun) 相互代词(Reciprocal Pronoun) 指示代词(Demonstrative Pronoun) 疑问代词(Interrogative Pronoun) 关系代词(Relative Pronoun) 不定代词(Indefinite Pronoun)。
They each had
their
problems. own problem.
They had each
his
8.2 代词及其先行项的“性”的一致
现代英语体系包含了“性”的标记 单数第三人称代词(Personal Pronoun) 物主代词(Possessive Pronoun) 反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun)
(1)先行项为every-,some-等复合词时代词的选择
当先行项为everyone,everybody,no one,nobody, anyone,anybody,someone,somebody等复合词时,代词以 及相应的限定词通常按照语法一致原则用单数形式。例如:
• Anybody can attend the meeting if he is interested. • Everybody talked at the top of his voice. • If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back later.
当我们使用这些代词和相应的限定词时,就 要注意与先行项保持“性”的一致。
(1)先行项为阳性或阴性名词时代词的选择
当先行项为阳性或阴性名词时,代词以及相应的限定词分别用 阳性或阴性。例如:
The boy is the brightest in the class. All the teachers like him. Mother is not quite herself today. She may have caught a cold.
An instructor should offer his studentschallenging projects.
若要避免这种用法(比如受到女权维护者的反对时), 可以改用复数形式,或者避免使用代词或限定词。例如:
Instructors should offer their / his or her students challenging projects.
8.3 代词及其先行项的“人称”一致
英语的人称代词、物主代词、反身代词以及相应的限定 词有三种人称 代词的三种人称又各有单、复数形式,还有主格 (Subjective Case)和宾格(Objective Case)之分。
人称一致指代词的人称形式必须和它的先行项保持协调。 这有两种意义:第一,在同一句以及上下句中,代词和 它的先行项必须在人称上保持一致;第二,在语篇中, 说话人或者写文章的人必须保持人称的一致,是以第一 人称口气说话,还是以第三人称口气说话,必须首尾一 致且一贯。
The team has won its first game. The team are now on the floor taking their practice shots at the basket.
★ (4)先行项为“复数名词或代词+each”时,
Baidu Nhomakorabea代词的选择
当先行项为复数名词或代词作句子主语并带有each作 同位语时, 如果each出现在动词之前,随后的人称代词或相应的限定词用复数; 如果each位于动词之后,随后的人称代词或相应的限定词用单数。 例如:
在法律文书等正式语体中,还可用he or she,his or her来代 单数通性名词。例如: An instructor should offer his or her students challenging projects.
但是,除法律文书外,he or she,his or her不宜在句中多 次出现,在语篇中也不宜多次重复,否则就违反“简练”的原则。 为了避免使用he or she,his or her,也可以改用复数代词或者 避免使用代词。例如:
(2)先行项为通性名词时代词的选择
英语中有一些通性名词(Noun of Common Gender)如 baby,child,infant,doctor,patient,lawyer, engineer,teacher,student,scholar,speaker, secretary,scientist,customer,parent,person等既可是 男性,也可是女性。当这类名词以其单数形式表示类指 (Generic Reference)时,通常用阳性代词或相应的限定词 来指代。例如:
当先行项为baby,child,infant等 而说话人(如医 生、护士)不知其性别或者不必过问其性别时,可用中性代词it; 但若说话人知其性别(比如说话人是孩子的父母)则必然要根据孩 子的性别来选用代词。例如: There is a baby in the pram. Why, it’s crying. Baby is crying in the pram. She must be hungry.
当先行项为everything,anything,something, nothing时,随后的代词以及相应的限定词一般只按语 法一致原则用单数形式。例如:
Anything on the table can be thrown away, can’t it?
(2)先行项为某些并列结构时代词的选择
当先行项为某些并列结构时,一般根据该并列结构的 单、复数意义来决定代词以及相应限定词的单、复数形 式。例如:
对于中国学生来说,要注意区别英文人名的性别。一般人名是 容易区分男、女性别的。例如:
但有些人名,如Ally(f.),Amy(f.), Barney(m.),Beck(f.),Benny (m.),Carmen(f.),Cecily(f.), Doyle(m.),Emile(m.),Frances (f.),Francis(m.),Giles(m.),Gill (f.),Hallis(m.),Holly(f.),Ira (m.),Ina(f.)等,对于中国学生来说就 要注意确定其性别,随后的代词和相应的限 定词才不会用错。
Teaching Objectives
8.1 代词及其先行项的“数” 的一致 8.2 代词及其先行项的“性” 的一致 8.3 代词及其先行项的“人称” 一致
8.1 代词及其先行项的“数”的一致
代词和物主限定词单、复数形式的选择通常取决于它们的指代对 象,即先行项的单、复数形式。例如: One must remember to remain very still when one ∕he attends a concert. I recognized one of the girls, but I didn’t speak to her.
My friend and roommate has agreed to lend me his car.(我的朋友兼舍友已经同意借我他的小汽 车。) My friend and my roommate have agreed to lend their cars.
(3)先行项为某些集体名词时代词的选择 当先行项为某些集体名词时,随后的代词以及相的 限定词依该集体名词用于何种意义而定。例如:
1. Parents of a teenage child often wonder where he or she went wrong. 2. Parents of teenage children often wonder where they went wrong. 3. When a customer calls, ask him or her to leave his or her phone number. 4. When a customer calls, be sure to ask for a phone number.
但在非正式语体中,也可根据意义一致的原则,用复数代词。 例如:
Someone left their umbrella behind yesterday. Would they please collect it from the office?
No one could have blamed themselves for that.
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