法律英语合同法

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法律英语知识点归纳

法律英语知识点归纳

法律英语知识点归纳法律英语是指在法律领域中使用的英语语言和术语。

对于从事国际商法、国际仲裁、国际贸易等方面的工作人员来说,掌握法律英语是非常重要的。

本文将详细介绍一些常用的法律英语知识点。

一、法律体系及法律原则1. Common Law(普通法):源于英国的法律制度,以判例为基础,注重司法判决的先例。

2. Civil Law(民法):法律体系以法典为基础,强调通过法典和条例规范法律事务。

3. Statute(法令):由立法机关制定通过的具有法律效力的规定。

4. Case Law(判例法):法院对特定案件的判决和裁决形成的先例,对类似案件具有法律约束力。

5. Precedent(先例):判决或裁决后的法律准则,被认为可以指导类似案件的判决。

6. Hierarchy of Laws(法律等级):指不同法律的优先级别,一般按照宪法、法令、法律、法规、命令、条例等顺序排列。

二、合同法1. Contract(合同):双方达成的协议,包括权利和义务。

2. Offer(提议):要约,表明愿意与他人达成协议。

3. Acceptance(接受):对提议的同意。

4. Consideration(对价):作为一方履行合同义务的回报。

5. Breach of Contract(违约):未能按照合同约定履行义务。

6. Force Majeure(不可抗力):无法预见或控制的事件,免除违约责任。

7. Jurisdiction(管辖权):法院对案件有管辖权的能力。

8. Damages(赔偿金):违约方需支付给另一方的经济损失补偿。

9. Termination(终止):合同约定的条件下,解除合同关系。

三、知识产权法1. Intellectual Property(知识产权):由创造性思维产生的无形资产。

2. Copyright(版权):保护个人作品的权益。

3. Patent(专利):保护新发明的独特性和可产业化的权益。

4. Trademark(商标):区分商品来源的标志。

法律英语词汇大全

法律英语词汇大全

法律英语词汇大全法律在现代社会中扮演着重要的角色,而法律英语作为一门专门的语言学科,具有其自身的特点和词汇体系。

本文将为您提供一份法律英语词汇大全,帮助您更好地理解和运用法律英语。

一、合同(Contracts)1. Offer(要约)- An expression of willingness to enter into a contractual agreement.2. Acceptance(接受)- The act of agreeing to the terms of an offer made by another party.3. Consideration(对价)- Something of value exchanged for the promise of another party in a contract.4. Breach(违约)- The failure to fulfill the terms of a contract withouta legitimate excuse.5. Termination(终止)- The ending or cancellation of a contract by the parties involved.6. Damages(损害赔偿)- The monetary compensation awarded to a party who suffers harm as a result of a breach of contract.7. Force Majeure(不可抗力)- An unforeseeable and uncontrollable event that prevents the fulfillment of contractual obligations.8. Assignment(转让)- The transfer of rights and obligations under a contract from one party to another.9. Non-performance(不履行义务)- The failure to fulfill contractual responsibilities.10. Confidentiality(保密性)- The requirement to keep certain information obtained during the course of a contract confidential.二、法院和司法程序(Courts and Judicial Procedures)1. Plaintiff(原告)- The party who initiates a lawsuit by filing a complaint in court.2. Defendant(被告)- The party against whom the lawsuit is filed and who must respond to the complaint.3. Trial(审判)- A formal legal proceeding in court in which evidence is presented and a decision is reached.4. Evidence(证据)- The information presented in court to support or refute a claim.5. Witness(证人)- A person who provides testimony under oath in court.6. Verdict(裁决)- The decision reached by the judge or jury in a trial.7. Appeal(上诉)- The process of asking a higher court to review and overturn a decision made by a lower court.8. Jurisdiction(管辖权)- The authority of a court to hear and decide a specific type of case.9. Subpoena(传票)- A legal document that requires a person to appear in court or produce evidence.10. Contempt of Court(蔑视法庭)- Behavior that disrespects or obstructs the functioning of a court, punishable by fines or imprisonment.三、知识产权(Intellectual Property)1. Patent(专利)- An exclusive right granted to an inventor to protect their invention from being used, made, or sold by others.2. Trademark(商标)- A distinctive sign or symbol that identifies and distinguishes the goods or services of one party from those of others.3. Copyright(版权)- The exclusive rights granted to authors, artists, and other creators to protect their original works.4. Infringement(侵权)- The unauthorized use or reproduction of intellectual property protected by law.5. Licensing(许可证)- The process of granting permission to use intellectual property to another party.6. Trade Secret(商业秘密)- Confidential information that provides a competitive advantage to its owner and is protected from disclosure.7. Royalties(专利权使用费)- Payments made to the owner of intellectual property for the use or sale of their rights.8. Fair Use(合理使用)- The limited use of copyrighted material without the permission of the copyright holder, typically for purposes such as criticism, commentary, or education.9. Anti-counterfeiting(反盗版)- Measures taken to prevent the unauthorized production, distribution, and sale of counterfeit goods.10. Infringement Notice(侵权通知)- A formal notice sent to an alleged infringer of intellectual property rights, demanding that they cease their infringing activities.这份法律英语词汇大全涵盖了合同、法院和司法程序以及知识产权等方面的关键词汇,能够帮助您更好地理解和运用法律英语。

何家弘 法律英语 第九章 合同法

何家弘 法律英语 第九章 合同法

何家弘法律英语第九章合同法全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Chapter Nine of He Jiahong's book "Legal English" discusses contract law. In this chapter, the author examines the principles of contract law in both common law and civil law jurisdictions, as well as the key elements of a contract, including offer, acceptance, consideration, intention to create legal relations, and capacity.One of the main topics covered in this chapter is the different types of contracts, including bilateral contracts, unilateral contracts, and contracts under seal. In addition, the author explores the concept of implied contracts and the distinction between formal and informal contracts.He Jiahong also discusses the formation of contracts, including the importance of offer and acceptance in creating a legally binding agreement. The author explains how an offer can be terminated, revoked, or rejected, and the requirements for acceptance to be valid.Another important aspect of contract law that is examined in this chapter is the doctrine of consideration. He Jiahong explains the significance of consideration in contract formation and the rules regarding adequacy of consideration and past consideration.Furthermore, the author delves into the principles of intention to create legal relations and capacity in contract law. He explains how parties must have the intention to be legally bound by the terms of a contract for it to be enforceable, and the rules regarding minors, intoxicated persons, and mentally incapacitated individuals entering into contracts.Overall, Chapter Nine of "Legal English" by He Jiahong provides a comprehensive overview of contract law principles and key concepts. By examining the various aspects of contract formation, the author offers a thorough understanding of the legal framework that governs contractual relationships in both common law and civil law systems.篇2Title: Chapter Nine of He Jiahong's "Legal English: Contract Law"Chapter Nine of He Jiahong's "Legal English: Contract Law" delves into the intricate details of contract law and provides a comprehensive overview of the key concepts and principles governing contractual relationships. This chapter examines the formation, interpretation, and enforcement of contracts, as well as the rights and obligations of the parties involved.One of the central themes of this chapter is the concept of offer and acceptance, which is essential for the formation of a valid contract. According to He Jiahong, an offer is a proposal by one party to enter into a contract on certain terms, while acceptance is the unconditional agreement to the terms of the offer. The chapter outlines the requirements for a valid offer and acceptance, including communication of the offer and acceptance, intention to create legal relations, and certainty of terms.Moreover, He Jiahong discusses the importance of consideration in contract law, which refers to the exchange of something of value between the parties. He explains that consideration is necessary to make a contract legally binding and distinguishes it from a mere promise or gift. The chapter explores different types of consideration, such as goods, services,or money, and highlights the role of consideration in preventing gratuitous promises.Furthermore, this chapter addresses the issue of contractual interpretation, emphasizing the importance of interpreting contracts objectively and in accordance with the parties' intentions. He Jiahong explains that the courts will consider the language of the contract, the surrounding circumstances, and the parties' conduct to determine the meaning of the agreement. He also discusses the various rules of contractual interpretation, such as the contra proferentem rule and the parole evidence rule.In addition, He Jiahong examines the remedies available for breach of contract, including damages, specific performance, and injunctions. He explains that damages are the most common remedy for breach of contract and can be awarded to compensate the non-breaching party for any losses suffered as a result of the breach. The chapter also explores the principles governing the assessment of damages, such as remoteness, mitigation, and causation.Overall, Chapter Nine of He Jiahong's "Legal English: Contract Law" provides a comprehensive overview of the key principles and concepts of contract law. It offers valuable insightsinto the formation, interpretation, and enforcement of contracts, as well as the rights and obligations of the parties involved. This chapter serves as an essential resource for students, practitioners, and scholars seeking to deepen their understanding of contract law in a legal English context.篇3Chapter 9 Contract LawContract law is a fundamental part of the legal system in most countries around the world. The principles of contract law govern the relationships between parties entering into agreements, and are essential for regulating commerce and promoting fairness in business dealings. In this chapter, we will examine the key concepts and principles of contract law as outlined by legal scholar He Jiahong in his book on legal English.One of the fundamental principles of contract law is the concept of offer and acceptance. An offer is a promise by one party to do something in exchange for something from the other party, and acceptance is the agreement to the terms of the offer. For a contract to be legally binding, there must be a valid offer and acceptance between the parties involved. This principle iscrucial in determining whether a contract exists and what the terms of the contract are.Another important concept in contract law is consideration. Consideration is the exchange of something of value between the parties, such as money, goods, or services. In order for a contract to be enforceable, there must be consideration from both parties. This principle ensures that both parties are giving something of value in exchange for the promises made in the contract.The principle of intention to create legal relations is also essential in contract law. This principle states that the parties must have intended for their agreement to be legally binding. In commercial agreements, this intention is usually assumed. However, in other types of agreements, such as family agreements, the intention to create legal relations may not be present, and therefore the agreement may not be legally binding.One of the key components of contract law is the concept of capacity. Capacity refers to the legal ability of a party to enter into a contract. Minors, people of unsound mind, and those under the influence of drugs or alcohol may lack capacity toenter into a contract. In these cases, the contract may be voidable by the party lacking capacity.Contracts can also be classified into different types, such as bilateral and unilateral contracts. Bilateral contracts involve a promise from each party to the other, while unilateral contracts involve a promise from one party in exchange for an act from the other party. Understanding the different types of contracts is essential for interpreting and enforcing contract law.In conclusion, contract law is a complex and important area of legal study. Understanding the key concepts and principles of contract law is essential for anyone entering into business agreements or other contractual relationships. By following the guidelines outlined in this chapter, parties can ensure that their agreements are legally binding and enforceable.。

法律英语词汇大全

法律英语词汇大全

法律英语词汇大全在法律领域,理解和掌握法律英语词汇是非常重要的。

本文将为您提供一个全面的法律英语词汇大全,以帮助您更好地理解和应用法律英语。

一、法律系统与机构1. Legal system - 法律体系2. Judiciary - 司法机关3. Court - 法院4. Judge - 法官5. Lawyer/attorney - 律师/律师6. Prosecutor - 检察官7. Plaintiff - 原告8. Defendant - 被告9. Jury - 陪审团10. Witness - 证人二、合同法1. Contract - 合同2. Offer - 供应3. Acceptance - 接受4. Consideration - 对价5. Mutual assent - 相互同意6. Breach of contract - 违约7. Performance - 履行8. Termination - 终止9. Damages - 损害赔偿三、刑法1. Crime - 犯罪2. Offense - 违反3. Felony - 重罪4. Misdemeanor - 轻罪5. Homicide - 杀人罪6. Robbery - 抢劫罪7. Theft - 盗窃罪8. Assault - 袭击罪9. Burglary - 入室盗窃罪10. Arson - 纵火罪四、知识产权1. Intellectual property - 知识产权2. Patent - 专利3. Trademark - 商标4. Copyright - 版权5. Infringement - 侵权6. Royalties - 版权使用费五、公司法1. Corporation - 公司2. Shareholder - 股东3. Board of directors - 董事会4. Corporate governance - 公司治理5. Merger - 合并6. Acquisition - 收购7. IPO (Initial Public Offering) - 首次公开发行六、国际法1. International law - 国际法2. Treaty - 条约3. Diplomacy - 外交4. Sovereignty - 主权5. Human rights - 人权6. United Nations - 联合国7. World Trade Organization - 世界贸易组织七、家庭法1. Family law - 家庭法2. Divorce - 离婚3. Child custody - 子女抚养权4. Alimony - 赡养费5. Prenuptial agreement - 婚前协议6. Domestic violence - 家庭暴力八、地产法1. Property law - 房地产法2. Real estate - 房地产3. Landlord - 房东4. Tenant - 租户5. Lease agreement - 租赁协议6. Eviction - 驱逐九、金融法1. Financial law - 金融法2. Banking - 银行业3. Insurance - 保险4. Securities - 证券5. Insider trading - 内幕交易6. Money laundering - 洗钱十、法律程序1. Legal procedure - 法律程序2. Jurisdiction - 司法管辖权3. Due process - 正当程序4. Statute of limitations - 诉讼时效5. Appeal - 上诉6. Habeas corpus - 人身保护令总结:本文提供了一个全面的法律英语词汇大全,包含了法律体系与机构、合同法、刑法、知识产权、公司法、国际法、家庭法、地产法、金融法以及法律程序等方面的常用词汇。

LEC学习材料-合同法

LEC学习材料-合同法

合同法CONTRACTSIn law, a contract is a binding legal agreement that is enforceable in a court of law or by binding arbitration. That is to say, a contract is an exchange of promises with a specific remedy for breach. Agreement is said to be reached when an offer capable of immediate acceptance is met with a "mirror image" acceptance (i.e., an unqualified acceptance). The parties must have the necessary capacity to contract and the contract must not be either trifling, indeterminate, impossible, or illegal. Breach of contract is recognized by the law and remedies can be provided.As long as the good or service provided is legal, any oral agreement between two parties can constitute a binding legal contract. The practical limitation to this, however, is that only parties to a written agreement have material evidence (the written contract itself) to prove the actual terms uttered at the time the agreement was struck. In daily life, most contracts can be and are made orally, such as purchasing a book or a sandwich. Sometimes written contracts are required by either the parties, or by statutory law within various jurisdiction for certain types of agreement, for example when buying a house or land.Contract formationIn common-law systems, the five key requirements for the creation of a contract are:1. offer and acceptance (agreement)2. consideration3. an intention to create legal relations4. legal capacity5. formalitiesOffer and acceptance analysis is a traditional approach in contract law used to determine whether an agreement exists between two parties. As a contract is an agreement, an offer is an indication by one person (the "offeror") to another (the "offeree") of the offeror's willingness to enter into a contract on certain terms without further negotiations. A contract is said to come into existence when acceptance of an offer (agreement to the terms in it) has been communicated to the offeror by the offeree.Treitel defines an offer as "an expression of willingness to contract on certain terms, made with the intention that it shall become binding as soon as it is accepted by the person to whom it isaddressed", the "offeree". An offer is a statement of the terms on which the offeror is willing to be bound.The "expression" referred to in the definition may take different forms, such as a letter, newspaper, fax, email and even conduct, as long as it communicates the basis on which the offeror is prepared to contract.Whether two parties have an agreement or a valid offer is an issue which is determined by the court using the Objective test (Smith v. Hughes). Therefore the "intention" referred to in the definition is objectively judged by the courts. In the English case of Smith v. Hughes the court emphasised that the important thing is not a party's real intentions but how a reasonable person would view the situation. This is due mainly to common sense as each party would not wish to breach his side of the contract if it would make him or her culpable to damages, it would especially be contrary to the principle of certainty and clarity in commercial contract and the topic of mistake and how it affects the contract. As a minimum requirement the conditions for an offer should include at least the following 4 conditions: Delivery date, price, terms of payment that includes the date of payment and detail description of the item on offer including a fair description of the condition or type ofservice. Without one of the minimum requirements of condition an offer of sale is not seen as a legal offer but rather seen as an advertisement.Acceptance is a final and unqualified expression of assent to the terms of an offer. It is no defense to an action based on a contract for the defendant to claim that he had not intended to be bound by the agreement, if his conduct demonstrated that he had.Rules of acceptanceThere are several rules dealing with the communication of acceptance:•The acceptance must be communicated: see Powell v Lee (1908) Prior to acceptance, an offer may be withdrawn.•An exception exists in the case of unilateral contracts, in which the offeror makes an offer to the world which can be accepted by some act. A classic instance of this is the case ofCarlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. [1892] 2 Q.B. 484 in which an offer was made to pay £100 to anyone who having boughtthe offeror's product and used it in accordance with the instructions nonetheless contracted influenza. The plaintiff did so and the court ordered payment of the £100. Heractions accepted the offer - there was no need to communicate acceptance. Typical cases of unilateral offers are advertisements of rewards (e.g., for the return of a lost dog).•An offer can only be accepted by the offeree, that is, the person to whom the offer is made.•An offeree is not usually bound if another person accepts the offer on his behalf without his authorization, the exceptions to which are found in the law of agency, where an agent may have apparent or ostensible authority, or the usual authority of an agent in the particular market, even if the principal did not realize what the extent of this authority was, and someone on whose behalf an offer has been purportedly accepted it may also ratify the contract within a reasonable time, binding both parties.•It may be implied from the construction of the contract that the offeror has dispensed with the requirement of communication of acceptance (called waiver of communication - which is generally implied in unilateral contracts): see also Re Selectmove Ltd [1994] BCC 349.•If the offer specifies a method of acceptance (such as by post or fax), acceptance must be by a method that is no lesseffective from the offeror's point of view than the method specified. The exact method prescribed may have to be used in some cases but probably only where the offeror has used very explicit words such as "by registered post, and by that method only": see Yates Building Co. Ltd v. R.J. Pulleyn & Sons (York) Ltd (1975) 119 Sol. Jo. 370.•Silence cannot be construed as acceptance: see Felthouse v.Bindley (1862) 142 ER 1037.•However, acceptance may be inferred from conduct.Vitiating FactorsThere are the factors affecting the validity of an otherwise effective contract. They include mistakes, misrepresentation, duress, undue influence and illegality.DischargeOnce it is determined that a party is under an immediate duty to perform, the duty to perform must be discharged. A contract may be discharged in one of the following ways:·By performance·By tender of performance·By frustration·By operation of law·By occurrence of condition subsequent·By illegality·By rescission·By novation·By cancellation·By release·By substituted contract·By accord and satisfaction·By account stated·By lapse·By effect of running of statute of limitationsBreach of contract is a legal concept in which a binding agreement or bargained-for exchange is not honored by one or more of the parties to the contract by non-performance orinterference with the other party's performance. If the party does not fulfill his contractual promise, or has given information to the other party that he will not perform his duty as mentioned in the contract or if by his action and conduct he seems to be unable to perform the contract, he is said to breach the contract.Remedies for Breach of Contract•Damages, which may include:o Compensatory damageso Punitive damageso Incidental damageso Liquidated damageso Nominal damages•Coercive reliefo Specific performanceo Injunctionso Restitutiono Account of profits【版权声明】《合同法CONTRACTS》的版权属于法律英语证书(LEC)全国统一考试委员会所有。

法律英语合同法经典案例(3篇)

法律英语合同法经典案例(3篇)

第1篇Court: Supreme Court of the State of New YorkFacts:In the year 2010, Mr. John Smith and Mr. William Johnson entered into a contract for the sale of a piece of land located in the town of Oakwood. The contract, which was drafted by Mr. Johnson’s attorney, was titled “Land Sale Agreement” and contained several key terms and conditions. The agreement was executed on January 15, 2010, and was intended to be legally binding on both parties.The agreement stipulated that Mr. Johnson would sell the land to Mr. Smith for the sum of $500,000. The sale was subject to several conditions, including the approval of the zoning board and the payment of all applicable taxes and fees. The agreement also contained a clause that required Mr. Smith to provide a down payment of $50,000 within 30 days of the execution of the agreement.Mr. Smith promptly made the down payment and the parties proceeded to fulfill the other conditions of the agreement. However, several months later, Mr. Johnson informed Mr. Smith that he had decided to withdraw from the sale due to a change in his personal circumstances. Mr. Smith was informed that Mr. Johnson was no longer willing to proceed with the sale and demanded the return of his down payment.Mr. Johnson refused to return the down payment, claiming that the agreement did not allow for the return of the down payment in the event of a unilateral withdrawal. Mr. Smith, on the other hand, argued that the agreement was silent on the issue of unilateral withdrawal and that, as a matter of contract law, he was entitled to the return of his down payment.Issues:The central issue in this case was whether Mr. Smith was entitled to the return of his down payment under the terms of the Land Sale Agreement.1. Did the Land Sale Agreement contain an express or implied term that allowed for the return of the down payment in the event of a unilateral withdrawal?2. If the agreement was silent on the issue, was Mr. Smith entitled to rely on principles of contract law to seek the return of his down payment?Decision:The Supreme Court of the State of New York ruled in favor of Mr. Smith, holding that he was entitled to the return of his down payment.The court first analyzed the express terms of the Land Sale Agreement.It found that the agreement was silent on the issue of unilateral withdrawal and the return of the down payment. The court then turned to the principles of contract law to determine whether Mr. Smith could seek the return of his down payment.The court held that under New York contract law, when an agreement is silent on a particular issue, the court may look to the parties’ reasonable expectations and the circumstances surrounding the contract to determine the intent of the parties. The court found that, given the nature of the transaction and the fact that Mr. Smith had made a significant down payment in reliance on the agreement, it would be unreasonable to allow Mr. Johnson to withdraw from the sale without returning the down payment.The court further held that the doctrine of promissory estoppel could be applied in this case. Promissory estoppel prevents a party from reneging on a promise if it would result in injustice to the other party. The court found that Mr. Smith had reasonably relied on the agreement and had incurred expenses in anticipation of the sale, and that it would be unjust to allow Mr. Johnson to withdraw without compensating Mr. Smith for his losses.Discussion:This case is a classic example of how contract law can be applied to resolve disputes arising from the interpretation of an agreement. The court’s decision highlights several key principles of contract law:1. Silent Terms: When an agreement is silent on a particular issue, the court may look to the parties’ reasonable expectations and the circumstances surrounding the contract to determine the intent of the parties.2. Principles of Contract Law: The court can apply principles ofcontract law, such as promissory estoppel, to resolve disputes thatarise from the interpretation of an agreement.3. Reasonableness: The court considers the reasonableness of the parties’ actions and the circumstances surrounding the contract when interpreting an agreement.Conclusion:The case of Smith v. Johnson serves as an important reminder of the complexities involved in the interpretation of contracts. Itdemonstrates the importance of careful drafting and the need for parties to clearly articulate their intentions when entering into a legally binding agreement. For lawyers and parties alike, this case provides valuable guidance on how to navigate the often-treacherous waters of contract law.第2篇Case No.: 98-1232Court: United States District Court for the District of ColumbiaFacts:The case of United States v. Microsoft Corporation is one of the most significant antitrust cases in the history of the United States. It revolves around the allegations that Microsoft Corporation engaged in antitrust violations by monopolizing the market for Intel-compatiblecomputer operating systems and by engaging in anticompetitive practices in the software industry.Background:Microsoft Corporation, founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in 1975, quickly became the dominant player in the personal computer software industry. By the late 1990s, Microsoft's Windows operating system had a market share of over 90%. The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) and several state attorneys general filed a lawsuit against Microsoft in 1998, claiming that the company had violated antitrust laws.Allegations:The DOJ alleged that Microsoft had engaged in several antitrust violations:1. Monopolization: Microsoft was accused of monopolizing the market for Intel-compatible computer operating systems by bundling its Internet Explorer web browser with its Windows operating system, thereby pushing out competitors like Netscape Navigator.2. Predatory Pricing: The DOJ claimed that Microsoft engaged in predatory pricing by selling its Windows operating system at below cost to computer manufacturers, thereby driving competitors out of the market.3. Abuse of支配地位: Microsoft was accused of using its dominant position in the operating system market to force computer manufacturers to agree not to sell computers with non-Microsoft software, such as the Netscape Navigator web browser.Trial:The trial took place in the United States District Court for theDistrict of Columbia and lasted for several years. The case was tried by Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson, who presided over the trial and later issued a preliminary injunction against Microsoft.Findings of Fact:Judge Jackson found that Microsoft had engaged in antitrust violations, including:1. Monopolization: The judge found that Microsoft had monopolized the market for Intel-compatible computer operating systems and that the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows was an illegal act.2. Predatory Pricing: The judge found that Microsoft's below-costpricing of Windows was predatory and aimed at driving competitors out of the market.3. Abuse of支配地位: The judge found that Microsoft had engaged in anticompetitive practices by requiring computer manufacturers to agree not to sell computers with non-Microsoft software.Remedies:Judge Jackson issued a preliminary injunction against Microsoft, ordering the company to separate its operating system business from its applications business. He also ordered Microsoft to license its operating system technology to competitors on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms.Appeal:Microsoft appealed the judgment to the United States Court of Appealsfor the District of Columbia Circuit. The appellate court upheld thetrial court's findings of fact but reversed the trial court's decision on remedies. The appellate court held that the trial court had erred in ordering the separation of Microsoft's operating system and applications businesses.Supreme Court Review:Microsoft appealed the appellate court's decision to the United States Supreme Court. The Supreme Court declined to review the appellatecourt's decision, thereby allowing the appellate court's ruling to stand.Final Outcome:As a result of the case, Microsoft entered into a consent decree with the DOJ and the state attorneys general. Under the consent decree, Microsoft agreed to modify its business practices and to submit to regular monitoring by the government. The consent decree required Microsoft to license its operating system technology to competitors on fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms and to allow computer manufacturers to offer non-Microsoft software on new computers.Legal Implications:The case of United States v. Microsoft Corporation has had significant legal implications for the software industry and for antitrust law in the United States. The case established that companies with significant market power can be held liable for antitrust violations even if they have not engaged in explicit price-fixing or boycotts. It also highlighted the importance of fair competition in the technology sector and the need for antitrust enforcement to ensure that consumers benefit from a competitive market.Conclusion:United States v. Microsoft Corporation is a classic case in the field of contract law and antitrust. It serves as a reminder of the importance of fair competition and the role of antitrust law in preventing monopolies and promoting innovation. The case has had a lasting impact on the software industry and has shaped the way antitrust law is applied in the United States.第3篇IntroductionThe case of SARS Corp. v. Green Tech Inc. stands as a classic example of contract law disputes in the United States. This case involves the interpretation of a contract, the enforceability of certain clauses, and the determination of damages. The case highlights the importance of clear and precise contract drafting, as well as the role of courts in resolving contractual disputes.Factual BackgroundSARS Corp. ("SARS") and Green Tech Inc. ("Green Tech") entered into a contract for the supply of advanced technology equipment. The contract, dated January 1, 2020, was signed by both parties and contained several key provisions. The agreement provided for a supply of 100 units of technology equipment at a cost of $10 million. Delivery was to be completed within six months of the contract date, with payment terms set at 30 days after delivery.The DisputeAfter the contract was signed, SARS began the production process. However, due to unforeseen technical difficulties, SARS was unable to meet the delivery deadline. SARS notified Green Tech of the delay and requested an extension of the delivery date. Green Tech agreed to an extension but only for an additional two months.Despite the extension, SARS was still unable to complete the delivery within the revised timeframe. SARS again notified Green Tech of the delay, this time explaining that the technical issues were more severe than initially thought and would require a further extension of the delivery date. Green Tech refused to grant any further extensions and terminated the contract.SARS filed a lawsuit against Green Tech, claiming breach of contract and seeking damages for the lost profit and the costs incurred in producing the equipment. Green Tech responded by arguing that the contract did not allow for any extensions beyond the original six-month period and that SARS was therefore in breach of contract.The Court's DecisionThe court, after hearing both parties' arguments and examining the contract, found in favor of Green Tech. The court held that thecontract's language was clear and unambiguous and that it did not provide for any extensions beyond the original six-month period. The court further found that SARS had breached the contract by failing to deliver the equipment within the agreed timeframe.The court also addressed SARS's claim for damages. The court ruled that while SARS was entitled to recover the costs incurred in producing the equipment, it was not entitled to recover lost profit, as this was not a direct result of Green Tech's breach of contract. The court reasonedthat SARS could have continued to produce the equipment for other customers during the period it was contracted to supply Green Tech, thus mitigating its damages.Analysis of the CaseThe case of SARS Corp. v. Green Tech Inc. is a classic example of the importance of clear and precise contract drafting. The contract in this case was clear in its terms and did not provide for any extensions beyond the original delivery period. As a result, the court was able to easily determine that SARS was in breach of contract.The case also highlights the role of courts in interpreting contracts. While contracts are generally intended to be self-executing, courts are often called upon to interpret ambiguous or unclear terms. In this case, the court's interpretation of the contract's terms was straightforward and based on the plain language of the agreement.Additionally, the case demonstrates the principle of mitigation of damages. SARS was found liable for breaching the contract, but it was not entitled to recover lost profit because it failed to mitigate its damages by continuing to produce the equipment for other customers.ConclusionThe case of SARS Corp. v. Green Tech Inc. is a valuable lesson in contract law. It emphasizes the importance of clear and precise contract drafting, the role of courts in interpreting contracts, and theprinciple of mitigation of damages. This case serves as a reminder to parties entering into contracts to carefully review the terms of the agreement and to seek legal advice if necessary to ensure that their rights and obligations are clearly defined.。

【法律英语】合同法 一般规定(英文)

【法律英语】合同法 一般规定(英文)
*Article 2 For the purpose of this Law, a contract shall refer to an agreement by which relationships of civil rights and obligations are established, altered or terminated between and among natural persons, legal persons or other organizations as equal parties. Agreements concerning marriage, adoption, guardianship and other relationships that involve identityshall be governed by other laws.
[B]Article 2 A contract in this Law refers to an agreement amongnatural persons, legal persons or other organizations as equal parties for the establishment, modification, termination of a relationship involving the civil rights and obligations of such entities. Agreements concerning personal relationships such as marriage, adoption, guardianship, etc. shall be governed by the provisions in other laws.

合同法英语作文模板

合同法英语作文模板

合同法英语作文模板英文回答:Contract Law。

Contract law is the body of law that governs the formation, performance, and enforcement of contracts. A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates, modifies, or terminates a legal relationship.The essential elements of a contract are:Offer: A proposal to enter into a contract that is communicated to the other party.Acceptance: An agreement to the terms of the offerthat is communicated to the offeror.Consideration: Something of value that is exchangedfor the promise to perform the contract.Capacity: The legal ability to enter into a contract.Mutual assent: A meeting of the minds of the parties on the terms of the contract.Contracts can be either express or implied. An express contract is one that is created by the spoken or written words of the parties. An implied contract is one that is created by the conduct of the parties.Once a contract is formed, it is legally binding on the parties. The parties must perform their obligations under the contract or face legal consequences. The most common legal consequences of breach of contract are damages and specific performance.Damages are a monetary award that is designed to compensate the non-breaching party for the losses suffered as a result of the breach. Specific performance is a court order that requires the breaching party to perform thecontract as agreed.中文回答:合同法。

法律英语

法律英语
第七课
1.a writ of execution
2.judgement creditor
3。garnishment
4.judgement debtor判决债务人
5.dispose of 处理
6.attachment财产保全
7.exempt from使。。。免受
8.set aside保全程序
20.federal question(jurisdiction)联邦问题(管辖权)
21.the us courts of appeals美国法院的上诉
22.the court of appeals for the district上诉法庭区
23.the court of appeals for the federal circuit联邦巡回上诉法院
erning law适用法律,准据法
23.the operation of the judicial process
司法过程的运行
lesson two
1.choice of law 法律的选择
2.multi—state transactions跨洲交易、事项
3.substantive rights实体权利
13.summons 传票
14.affirmative defense 积极抗辩
15.counter—claim 反诉
16.on one’s part就某人而言,在某人一方
17.give notice to 通知
18.under penalty of 违者以。。。惩治
19. in essence 实质上
4.choice of forum选择法院

很全的一版法律英语词汇

很全的一版法律英语词汇

很全的一版法律英语词汇引言法律英语是法律专业人士必备的一项重要技能。

无论是在法律实践中的法庭辩论,还是在法律文书的撰写中,合适的法律英语词汇都是至关重要的。

本文档旨在提供一个很全的法律英语词汇列表,帮助读者提高法律英语的水平。

一、通用法律术语w - 法律2.Legislation - 法规3.Statute - 法令4.Regulation - 规章5.Act - 法案6.Case - 案例7.Jurisdiction - 管辖权8.Court - 法院9.Judge - 法官10.A ttorney - 律师11.D efendant - 被告12.P lntiff - 原告13.W itness - 证人14.E vidence - 证据15.V erdict - 裁决二、合同法1.Contract - 合同2.Offer - 出价3.Acceptance - 接受4.Consideration - 对价5.Breach - 违约6.Performance - 履行7.Damages - 损害赔偿8.Termination - 终止9.Agreement - 协议10.C ounteroffer -还盘三、刑法1.Crime - 犯罪2.Offense - 违法行为3.Murder - 谋杀4.Robbery - 抢劫5.Theft - 盗窃6.Assault - 袭击7.Fraud - 欺诈8.Sentence - 判决9.Conviction - 定罪10.G uilty - 有罪11.I nnocent - 无罪四、知识产权法1.Copyright - 版权2.Trademark - 商标3.Patent - 专利4.Infringement - 侵权5.Intellectual Property - 知识产权6.License - 许可证7.Royalty - 版税8.Invention - 发明9.Trade Secret - 商业秘密10.F r Use - 合理使用五、公司法pany - 公司2.Shareholder - 股东3.Director - 董事4.Merger - 合并5.Acquisition - 收购6.Incorporation - 注册成立7.Bylaws - 法规章程8.Share - 股份9.Dividend - 红利10.B oard of Directors - 董事会六、劳动法1.Employment - 就业2.Employee - 员工3.Employer - 雇主4.Discrimination - 歧视5.Overtime - 加班6.Termination - 解雇7.Retaliation - 报复8.Worker’s Compensation - 工伤赔偿9.Collective Bargning - 集体协商10.M inimum Wage - 最低工资结论以上展示了一个很全的法律英语词汇列表,覆盖了通用法律术语以及一些常见的法律领域术语。

法律英语合同法高频词汇

法律英语合同法高频词汇

法律英语合同法高频词汇Legal English Vocabulary for Contract Law.Contract law, being a crucial aspect of legal practice, is rich in terminology and jargon. This article aims to provide an overview of some of the high-frequency vocabulary used in the field of contract law, focusing on legal English terminology.1. Contract.A binding agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law.2. Party.An individual or entity involved in a contract.3. Offer.A proposal made by one party to another, stating their willingness to enter into a contract under certain terms.4. Acceptance.A positive response to an offer, indicating the willingness of the recipient to be bound by the terms of the contract.5. Consideration.Something valuable exchanged between the parties as a 诱因 or inducement to enter into the contract.6. Intention to Create Legal Relations.The intention of the parties to be bound by legally enforceable obligations.7. Capacity to Contract.The legal ability of a party to enter into a contract.This includes being of sound mind, having reached the ageof majority, and not being under any legal disqualification.8. Void Contract.A contract that is null and void from the outset, meaning it has no legal effect.9. Voidable Contract.A contract that can be annulled or set aside by one or more parties due to certain defects or irregularities.10. Breach of Contract.The failure of a party to perform their obligations under the contract.11. Damages.Compensation awarded to a party for losses suffereddue to a breach of contract.12. Force Majeure.An event or circumstance that is unforeseeable, unavoidable, and beyond the control of the parties, which prevents the performance of a contract.13. Fraud.Deceit or misrepresentation made by one party to another, inducing them to enter into a contract.14. Misrepresentation.A false statement of fact or law made by one party to another, either innocently, negligently, or fraudulently, which induces the other party to enter into a contract.15. Duress.The use of undue pressure or coercion by one party to induce another to enter into a contract.16. Unconscionable Contract.A contract that is so unfair or one-sided as to be considered unenforceable by law.17. Liquidated Damages.A pre-estimated amount of money agreed upon by the parties as compensation for a breach of contract, rather than calculating the actual losses suffered.18. Penalty Clause.A clause in a contract that imposes a punishment on a party for breaching the contract, which is intended to enforce the contract's terms.19. Breach of Warranty.The failure of a party to fulfill a warranty or guarantee made in the contract.20. Contractual Obligation.A duty or responsibility owed by a party to another under the terms of the contract.21. Performance.The fulfillment of the obligations set out in a contract by the parties.22. Termination of Contract.The ending of a contract either by agreement between the parties or due to a breach or other legal grounds.23. Third-Party Rights.Rights that arise in favor of a third party who is not a direct party to the contract but who is affected by its terms or performance.24. Assignment of Contract.The transfer of rights and obligations under a contract by one party to another party.25. Novation.The substitution of a new contract for an existing contract, with the consent of all parties.This list provides a snapshot of some of the key vocabulary used in contract law. However, it is important to note that contract law is a vast and complex field, and the vocabulary used can vary depending on the jurisdiction and the specific circumstances of each case. Therefore, it is always advisable to consult legal experts and professional legal resources when dealing with contract law matters.。

法律英语常用词汇大全民事法律

法律英语常用词汇大全民事法律

法律英语常用词汇大全民事法律民事法律是指规范个人之间关系以及个人与社会之间关系的法律规范体系。

在法律英语中,有许多常用词汇与表达方式用于描述与解释民事法律的各个方面。

本文将为您介绍一些常用的法律英语词汇,以帮助您更好地理解民事法律。

一、合同和责任1. Contract (合同): A legally binding agreement between two or more parties, which establishes the rights and obligations of each party.- Offer (要约): A proposal made by one party to another, indicating their willingness to enter into a contract.- Acceptance (接受): The act of agreeing to the terms and conditions of an offer, creating a legally binding contract.- Consideration (对价): Something of value exchanged between the parties, typically money or goods, as part of the contract.2. Breach of contract (违约): The failure, without legal excuse, to perform any promise that forms the whole or part of a contract.- Damages (损害赔偿): Monetary compensation awarded to the injured party in a breach of contract case, intended to restore them to the position they would have been in if the contract had been performed.- Specific performance (强制履行): A court order requiring the breaching party to fulfill their obligations as specified in the contract.- Rescission (撤销): The cancellation of a contract, returning the parties to their positions prior to the contract.3. Tort (侵权行为): A civil wrong that causes harm or loss to someone, giving the injured party the right to sue for damages.- Negligence (疏忽): Failure to exercise reasonable care, resulting in harm to another person.- Duty of care (注意义务): The legal obligation to act in a way that avoids causing harm to others.- Proximate cause (直接原因): The primary cause of an injury, which is legally sufficient to result in liability.二、争议解决和证据1. Arbitration (仲裁): A process in which disputes are resolved by one or more impartial individuals, known as arbitrators, rather than by a court.- Mediation (调解): A process in which a neutral third party assists the disputing parties in reaching a voluntary and mutually acceptable agreement.- Litigation (诉讼): The process of going to court to resolve a legal dispute.- Plaintiff (原告): The party who initiates a lawsuit and seeks a legal remedy.- Defendant (被告): The party against whom a lawsuit is filed and who is required to respond to the allegations made by the plaintiff.2. Evidence (证据): Any type of information or material that is presented in court to prove or disprove a fact in issue.- Testimony (证词): Oral or written statements made by a witness under oath.- Exhibit (展品): A document or physical object presented as evidence in court.- Expert witness (专家证人): A person with specialized knowledge or experience in a particular field, called upon to provide an opinion or analysis in court.三、赔偿和保险1. Compensation (赔偿): Payment or remuneration for injury, loss, or harm suffered by someone.- Personal injury (人身伤害): Physical or psychological harm caused to an individual, often resulting in a claim for compensation.- Wrongful death (非正当死亡): A death caused by the negligent or intentional actions of another person, leading to a legal claim by the deceased person's family or estate.- Liability insurance (责任保险): Insurance coverage that protects individuals or businesses from the risk of being sued and held legally liable for injuries or damages caused to others.2. Settlement (和解): An agreement reached between the parties involved in a legal dispute, typically resulting in the withdrawal of a lawsuit in exchange for specific terms and conditions.- Release (解除): A legal document signed by a party, absolving the other party from any further liability or obligation, often in exchange for a settlement payment.- Indemnity (赔偿款): A contractual obligation to compensate an individual or entity for losses or damages they may suffer.四、合法程序和法院1. Due process (正当程序): The principle that individuals have the right to fair treatment and a fair trial before being deprived of life, liberty, or property.- Habeas corpus (人身保护令): A legal action that requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court, especially to secure their release unless lawful grounds are shown for their detention.- Jurisdiction (管辖权): The power and authority of a court to hear and decide a case.- Appellate court (上诉法院): A court that reviews decisions made by lower courts, typically focusing on issues of law rather than fact.2. Plaintiff's attorney (原告律师): The lawyer who represents the plaintiff in a civil lawsuit.- Defense attorney (辩护律师): The lawyer who represents the defendant in a civil lawsuit.- Judge (法官): The official who presides over a court of law and decides legal issues and the outcome of a case.- Jury (陪审团): A group of citizens selected to hear and evaluate the evidence presented in a trial and render a verdict.总结:本文介绍了一些常用的法律英语词汇,涵盖了民事法律中的合同和责任、争议解决和证据、赔偿和保险,以及合法程序和法院等方面。

法律英语汉译英(专业词汇部分)

法律英语汉译英(专业词汇部分)

法律英语汉译英(专业词汇部分)Unit One第一课美国联邦下的法律1.成文法statutory law★2.普通法common law3.判例法case law4.立法机构legislature5.法院court6.宪法Constitution7.立法权law-making power8.私法private law9.合同法contract law10.侵权法tort law11.商法business law12.公司法corporate governance law13.专利和版权patent and copyright14.合同/契约争议contractual disputes15.刑事案件criminal case16.民事案件civil case17.民事侵权诉讼civil tort actions18.家庭法family law19.法律选择choice of law20.多个司法管辖区multi-jurisdiction21.诉讼litigation/lawsui t/suit/action★22.实体权substantive right23.准据法/适用法applicable/governing/proper law★24.签订conclude25.证券欺诈案件 a case include claims of securities fraud26.履行perform27.履行地performance28.受理/处理案件to hear the case★29.原告plaintiff★30.被告defendant★31.与合同最密切联系most involved with the contract32.选择法庭choice of forum第二课双重法院体系1.司法的judicial2.初审法庭trial court3.终审法院court of last resort★4.上诉法院court of appeals5.上诉,申诉appeal…to6.证人witness7.证据evidence8.陪审团jury9.查明事实的人,事实发现者fact-finder10.上诉的,有权受理上诉的appellate11.遗嘱probate12.小额诉讼法院small claims court13.律师attorney14.程序procedure15.提出(申请)file★16.申请小额索赔file claims for small sums of money17.定罪conviction★18.仲裁人,公断人,裁决人arbiter19.最高法院the Supreme Court20.先例procedureUnit Two第一课抗辩制1.上诉人appellant2.被上诉人appellee3.诉由,案由cause of action★4.向某人提起诉讼,到法院告某人to bring an action/lawsuit against sb.5.第三那人被告third-party defendant6.庭审程序trial procedure★7.英美法系国家的司法程序Anglo-American judicial procedure8.认定事实find the fact9.证据submission10.抗辩制adversary system11.提起诉讼begin suit12.界定争议shape the issues13.出示证据produce evidence14.争议当事人parties to the controversy15.纠问的inquisitorial16.庭前调查pre-trial investigation17.大陆法传统civil law tradition18.庭辩风格style of presentation and argument19.有利害关系的当事人interested parties第二课开启一个诉讼1.起诉sue2.诉讼当事人litigant3.司法救济,救济;减轻,缓解relief4.提供法律救助to furnish a relief5.纠正,补偿redress6.诉诸法院bring to court★7.和解settlement★8.仲裁arbitration9.自力救济self-help10.搁置纠纷let matters rest11.损害赔偿damages★12.实际履行specific performance13.对事管辖权jurisdiction over the subject matter14.对人管辖权jurisdiction over the parties15.管辖权jurisdiction16.违约之诉damages for breach of contract17.法庭forum18.最低限度联系minimum contacts19.实体公正substantial justice20.审判地venue21.规定(援引法条)provide/read第三课诉状和对抗诉状的动议1.诉状pleading2.起诉状complaint3.向法院提交诉讼状或答辩状/办理立案to file a pleading/lawsuit with the court4.陈述,阐明to set forth5.书记员clerk6.传票summons7.出具传票to issue a summons8.向某人送达传票、起诉书、法律文书to serve a summons, complaint, legal document on sb.9.通知notify10.同意出庭an entry of appearance11.指控,声称allegation12.成为争议问题put in issue13.积极抗辩affirmative defense14.反诉counterclaim15.(用辩解)减轻extenuate16.未到庭,未履行义务to be in default17.驳回dismiss18.传票送达service of process/service of summons19.法律上的充分性legal sufficiency20. 提出异议,反对challenge第四课调查取证1.庭前取证,调查pre-trial discovery2.录取证词,宣誓证明depose3.证词笔录,书证deposition4.宣誓under oath5.书面质询written interrogatories6.人身伤害案件personal injury case7.保持中立take no part8.意外因素surprise element9.争议controversy。

何家弘 法律英语 第九章 合同法 英汉对照

何家弘 法律英语 第九章 合同法 英汉对照

Lesson 9 合同法Part One Contract and Contract Law 合同与合同法Contract, as we will use that term, ordinarily connotes an agreement between two or more persons—not merely a shared belief, but a common understanding as to something which is to be done in the future by one or both of them.当我们使用“合同”一词的时候,通常是说它是一份存在于两方或三方之间的契约。

它不是一种简单的信任,而是通常理解为合同的一方或双方在将来的时候都要去做的某种事情。

Sometimes, the term contract is used also to refer to a document—the set of papers in which such an agreement is set forth.有时候,“合同”也用来指一套包括四部分内容的文件。

For lawyers, contract usually is used to refer to agreement that has legal effect;i.e., it creates obligations for which some sort of legal enforcement will be available if performance is not forthcoming as promised.对于律师而言,“合同”通常是指具有法律效力的协议,即设置了一种法律义务,当某行为没有按照预先约定的那样去履行时,可以依照合同去依法强制履行。

Thus, it will sometimes be necessary to distinguish among three elements in a transaction, each of which can be called a contract: (1) the agreement –in-fact between the parties, (2) the agreement-as- written (which may or may not correspond accurately to the agreement-in-fact), and (3)the set of rights and duties created by (1) and (2).因此,有时候,在一次交易中,区分三种不同的因素就变得非常必要,这些因素中的每个因素都可以叫做合同:(1)双方之间的事实合同(2)书面合同,它可能与事实合同不完全一致(3)基于前(1)(2)两项而对应产生的权利和义务。

法律英语词汇

法律英语词汇

法律英语词汇在当今全球化的时代,法律英语作为一种重要的专业英语,被广泛应用于国际法律交流和合作中。

因此了解和掌握一些常见的法律英语词汇是每位法律从业者的基本要求。

本文将从不同领域的法律英语词汇出发,为读者提供一份简要的参考。

一、合同法1. Contract - 合同2. Offer - 出价3. Acceptance - 接受4. Consideration - 对价5. Breach of contract - 违约6. Damages - 赔偿7. Termination - 终止8. Force majeure - 不可抗力9. Arbitration - 仲裁10. Jurisdiction - 管辖权二、刑法1. Crime - 犯罪2. Offense - 罪行3. Guilty - 有罪4. Innocent - 无辜5. Evidence - 证据6. Attorney - 律师7. Bail - 保释金8. Trial - 审判9. Verdict - 裁决10. Sentence - 判决三、知识产权法1. Copyright - 版权2. Patent - 专利3. Trademark - 商标4. Infringement - 侵权5. Royalties - 版权费6. Intellectual property - 知识产权7. Fair use - 合理使用8. Injunction - 禁令9. License - 许可10. Trade secret - 商业秘密四、劳动法1. Employee - 雇员2. Employer - 雇主3. Labor contract - 劳动合同4. Minimum wage - 最低工资5. Overtime pay - 加班费6. Discrimination - 歧视7. Harassment - 骚扰8. Unemployment benefits - 失业救济金9. Collective bargaining - 集体谈判10. Work injury compensation - 劳动争议五、国际法1. Treaty - 条约2. Diplomacy - 外交3. Sovereignty - 主权4. United Nations - 联合国5. International Court of Justice - 国际法庭6. Human rights - 人权7. Humanitarian law - 人道主义法律8. Peacekeeping - 维和9. Sanctions - 制裁10. War crime - 战争罪六、民事诉讼1. Plaintiff - 原告2. Defendant - 被告3. Complaint - 控诉4. Pleading - 辩词5. Judgment - 判决书6. Appeal - 上诉7. Discovery - 调查8. Subpoena - 传票9. Mediation - 调解10. Settlement - 和解总结:了解法律英语词汇不仅有助于提高法律专业的英语水平,也为国际法律领域的合作和交流提供了便利。

法律英语重点专业词汇表

法律英语重点专业词汇表

法律英语重点专业词汇表以下是一份法律英语中的重点专业词汇表,供参考使用:- 案件(case)- 起诉(file a lawsuit)- 被告(defendant)- 原告(plaintiff)- 辩护(defense)- 公诉人(prosecutor)- 辩护律师(defense lawyer)- 证人(witness)- 法官(judge)- 律师(lawyer)- 合同(contract)- 法律文件(legal document)- 法律条文(legal provision)- 法规(regulation)- 立法(legislation)- 法庭(court)- 诉讼(litigation)- 裁决(judgment)- 判决(verdict)- 上诉(appeal)- 不当行为(misconduct)- 违法行为(illegal act)- 犯罪行为(criminal act)- 合法(legal)- 非法(illegal)- 违反(violate)- 证据(evidence)- 调查(investigation)- 宪法(constitution)- 法治(rule of law)- 监管(regulation)- 法律系统(legal system)- 民事法(civil law)- 刑法(criminal law)- 劳动法(labor law)- 知识产权(intellectual property)- 合同法(contract law)- 诉讼程序(litigation process)这些词汇是法律英语学习中的重点,希望对您有所帮助。

请注意,在具体使用时,务必考虑上下文和专业背景,避免使用不正确或不当的法律术语。

(完整版)法律英语短语汇总大全

(完整版)法律英语短语汇总大全

(完整版)法律英语短语汇总大全一、合同和协议- Agreement/Contract: 合同- Amendment: 修订- Breach of contract: 违约- Confidentiality clause: 保密条款- Force majeure: 不可抗力- Governing law: 管辖法律- Indemnification: 赔偿- Jurisdiction: 管辖区域- Liquidated damages: 违约金- Non-disclosure agreement: 保密协议- Termination clause: 终止条款- Validity: 有效性二、法律程序- Appellant: 上诉人- Bail: 保释- Defendant: 被告- Evidence: 证据- Hearing: 审理- Injunction: 禁令- Judgment: 判决- Legal counsel: 法律顾问- Plaintiffs: 原告- Trial: 审判- Verdict: 裁决- Witness: 证人三、知识产权- Copyright: 版权- Infringement: 侵权- Intellectual property: 知识产权- Patent: 专利- Trademark: 商标- Royalties: 版税- Trade secret: 商业秘密- Fair use doctrine: 合理使用原则- License agreement: 许可协议- Prior art: 先知技术- Utility model: 实用新型四、责任和赔偿- Negligence: 疏忽- Damages: 损害赔偿- Liability: 责任- Mitigation: 缓解- Tort: 侵权行为- Misrepresentation: 虚假陈述- Personal injury: 人身伤害- Strict liability: 严格责任- Breach of duty: 违反职责五、公司法和商法- Director: 董事- Shareholder: 股东- Merger and acquisition: 兼并收购- Partnership: 合伙企业- Proxy: 代理人- Articles of incorporation: 公司章程- Bylaws: 公司章程- IPO (Initial Public Offering): 首次公开发行- Stock option: 股票期权六、人权和公民权- Freedom of speech:- Equality: 平等- Discrimination: 歧视- Privacy: 隐私权- Human rights: 人权- Freedom of religion: 宗教自由- Right to vote: 选举权- Due process: 正当程序- Civil rights: 公民权利- Prohibition of torture: 禁止酷刑以上仅为一小部分法律英语短语,希望对您有帮助!以上是一份完整的法律英语短语汇总,包括合同和协议、法律程序、知识产权、责任和赔偿、公司法和商法以及人权和公民权等方面的常用词汇。

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Lesson5 合同法11122295 张梦瑶合同法的重要性合同法是美国法律体系的核心。

而且它也是我们整个社会的基础。

这并不是一种夸张的说法。

这只是一个简单的观察——只是我们经常观察不到。

我们的社会依赖于市场在各个层面上的自由交易。

这正好将合同法变成了一种可能。

在市场上发生的交换活动通常都要建立在个人或“法人”间自愿的立场上。

如果没有合同法,这类自愿的协议永远不可能生效。

合同法旨在使这些协议具有“可强制执行性”。

这也是说它通常允许合同的一方当事人在证实另一方违约后,可以从违约方处获取损害赔偿金。

如果没有合同法,这些自愿订立的协议将立刻变得不切实际而且没有办法被执行。

既然这些协议是我们社会和经济的核心,所以我们可以不夸张地说,合同法是我们整个社会的基础。

更准确地说,正是我们的合同法制度支持才使得更多订立私人协议变成可能。

由于这些协议,我们社会各个阶层才可以完成交易交换商品和服务的交易。

由于交易必须受到合同法的制约,所以合同法可以被称为市场文明的基准。

合同的定义合同就是指一份自愿交换有价物而订立的私人协定。

它通常是一种有价格承诺的交易。

比如,一个买房者会承诺付给卖房者250,000美元来使卖方将无负担产权转让给他。

美国《合同法重述(第二版)》的第一条规定,将合同定义为“一个承诺或一系列承诺,如果违反了这个承诺,那么法律就会来救你;如果其履行了承诺,那么法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。

”使合同具有法律约束力的要求经过发展,普通法规定了六条使合同具有法律约束力的基本准则。

它们是:a)协定:一方向另一方提出约定并且另一方接受了它。

b)对价:一方提供物品作为交换来换取另一方的物品。

c)意向:双方都准备遵守这个合同。

d)行为能力:双方的当前的智力情况和精神状况都能清楚明白这个合同。

e)真实意愿:双方对合同内容达成一致都是在自愿的情况下。

f)合法性:在这个合同里的每一部分都是合法的。

不同种类的合同在这里,我们给合同提出一个更加专业的定义:合同是一份双方自愿订立的私人协议。

各方当事人通过制定合同来互相交换有价值的东西。

一份合同成立是应具备以下条件:1)一方当事人向另一方当事人提出约定同时另一方当事人要接受了它。

2)合同各方根据该合同在特定条款和条件下交换有价利益,并且就价格、地点、时间、需要交付的商品或服务和其它交易的必要条款达成十分明确的协议。

合同可根据其特征分为不同种类:一份合同可能是明示或默示合同。

在明示合同中,条款、条件和允诺都用文字被详尽地表示出来,而默示合同的实质性条款并没有用文字明确规定,它必须通过具体情景、各方当事人的语言或行为予以确认。

一份合同可能是单诺合同和双诺合同。

单诺合同只有一方做出允诺并且负有根据合同条款履行合同的义务,而双诺合同包含着相互之间所做的允诺。

一份合同可能是有效合同和无效合同。

有效合同符合了所有合同的必备法律条件,它可以由法院强制执行。

无效合同没有法律效应。

因此,它不是真正意义上的合同。

一份合同可能是不可强制执行合同和可撤销合同。

不可强制执行合同大致符合有效合同的基本要求,但被法令或法规禁止强制执行。

可撤销合同约束交易的一方当事人,但给了另一方当事人选择撤销合同或者坚持履行合同的机会。

一份合同可能是待履行合同和已履行合同。

待履行合同是指合同各方尚未完全履行他们在合同中所必须承担的义务的合同。

只有当全部义务履行完毕时,这份合同才是已履行合同。

纠纷和救济如果合同的一方当事人想要控告合同的另一方未履行合同或未按规定履行合同,他可以坚称未履行合同或未按规定履行合同的一方违约。

当合同的一方当事人无正当理由没有或拒绝以令另一方当事人满意或及时的方式履行合同中的实质性条款时,我们就可以认为发生了违约行为。

如果发生违约且对受害方造成了直接伤害,那么侵害方在法律上负有违约责任。

更确切地说,受害方可以对侵害方提起诉讼并诉称:1)该(口头、书面、默示)合同是由两方共同制定而成。

2)受害方已履行自己在合同中的义务或者由于另外一方的不法行为而导致其无法履行自己在合同中的义务。

3)侵害方没有或拒绝以合理或及时的方式去履行合同中至少一条实质性的条款或条件。

4)由于侵害方无法履行在合同中的义务而对受害方造成了直接伤害或损害。

如果受害方在官司中胜诉,那么他所得到的救济通常就被局限在损害赔偿金上。

这些损害赔偿金的数额通常是使受害方能够处于违约方以适当方式及时履行合同后其本应所处地位所必须的一笔数额。

一般来说,直接损害赔偿金和附带损害赔偿金起到付给受害方交易利益的作用,使受害方能够处于违约方履行合同而非违约时其所应处于的地位上。

由于违约所带来的损失和赔偿金的授予通常都有一段时间的间隔(受害方要投诉违约方,通常还会进行一场诉讼),因此全部金额的利息也是归受害方所有。

不过,在某些情况下,如果受害方只收到了直接损害赔偿金和附带损害赔偿金,他无法从协议中获益。

有时,受害方会适当地寻求间接损害赔偿金,即违约造成的可预料的后果所产生的损失。

这些赔偿金大大地超过了合同本身的价值总量。

(因此,在法律允许的范围内,会建议拒绝承担间接损害赔偿金的责任。

)在有些情况下,金钱赔偿并不足以补偿受害方。

当违约方允诺给受害方有着独一无二或者不可取代的价值的东西但却违约,拒绝履行允诺时就会发生这样的情况。

此时,受害方可坚称没有一笔资金能够充分补偿它并且会坚持强制履行合同。

在这种情况下,受害方事实上是在证明自己只有在强制履行合同时才能从协议中获益这一结果。

仅仅给予一些金钱补偿是不可能使其回到原本位置获得与协议被正常履行时所获得的利益的。

因此,协议必须被履行。

但是法院很少会去强制履行合同,除非事关房地产的销售。

这是由于每个不动产都是被其所有者视为特殊的,独一无二且有独特的价值的。

虽然还有其它类型的合同会被专门强制执行,但这些合同的数量有限,且在这个毫无情感色彩的商业世界里会越来越少。

因为在这个世界中,支付金钱通常被认为能够对任何损失或失落情绪进行补救。

在有些情况下,受害方能够撤销一份之前同意签订的合同。

这被称为合同的撤销或解约。

通过该救济,合同双方能将自己置于未签订合同前的位置。

那些被虚假陈述欺骗而签订不平等合同的签约者一直都可以选择解约。

解约通常也适用于免除受害方履行显失公平的合同的义务。

显失公平的合同是一种典型的具有欺骗性的合同在预先印妥的合同中都藏有霸王条款。

这些条款完全有着极端不公平性和片面性,并且对合同的一方具有压迫性。

相较之下,非法合同对于受害方而言是不可撤销的。

更确切地说,这类合约从一开始就被视为是无效合同。

也就是说,自始至终这类合同都是不具法律效应的。

诈欺是指欺骗合同的一方当事人去接受一份不平等的合同。

不幸的是,这样的事情一直在商业和私人交易中发生。

欺骗、玩弄诡计和背叛是自从人类出现就一直伴随着我们的。

诈欺的类型就如人们的发明创造力和想象力所能达到的程度那般广泛。

有时,合同的一方当事人会在事后才能发现自己一开始是在被欺骗的情况下同意签署合同的。

这样的当事人希望能以有关范围内的故意及疏忽的虚假陈述为理由而免于履行合同。

当合同谈判前发生以下事件就可认为发生虚假的陈述:1)合同的一方当事人(侵害方)陈述一个重要的事实给另一方(受骗方)听以致力于诱导该方签署一份已经由侵害方拟定好的合同。

2)受骗方在听完侵害方的陈述后被诱导来签署拟定的合同。

在这种情况下,受骗方会依赖于该陈述并被诱导认为签署拟定这样的合同是很合理的。

3)侵害方的陈述被证实是虚假的。

4)侵害方在当时也知道这样的陈述是虚假的(故意虚假陈述),或者在没有确定其真假的情况下就草率地做出陈述(过失虚假陈述)。

5)由于在相信对重要事实的虚假陈述的基础上被诱导签署拟定的合同,受骗方最终承受了直接损失。

如果受骗方能够证明上述的每一点都存在于合同签订的过程中,他就能以故意或过失虚假陈述为理由起诉侵害方。

而这些一旦被证实,合同将被撤销、已付款项将被索回,受骗方还将获得附带的损害赔偿金或所有由诈欺所造成的损失赔偿。

受骗方可以在自己的案件得以证实后选择救济。

由于故意及过失虚假陈述根据定义都是由于侵害方的欺诈行为所导致的,受骗方也可以要求获得惩罚性损害赔偿金。

结论不同类型的合同被用来来达到不同的目的。

例如,租约是用来卖出不动产在一段特定时期内的所有权的,而销售合同则是用来出售和转让不动产所有权的。

保险合同是用来卖出防止损失的保险。

作为交换条件,每隔一段特定的时期,投保者需要付出一定的资金来作为付出。

已经存在的合同以及可能的合同的数量是无限的。

合同是法人们在社会中同意交换商品、服务和其它有价物的方式。

所有这些合同是合同当事人在私下达成的协议并由此将互相交换有价利益作为其自身的义务。

合同法使得这些约定具有强制执行性。

这就意味着合同中的受害方可以在另一方违约或者不履行合同时要求损害赔偿金,有时甚至也可以要求违约方强制履行合同。

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