制药工程专业英语试卷
药剂英文试题及答案
药剂英文试题及答案Pharmacology Exam Questions and AnswersSection A: Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)1. Which of the following is a side effect of beta-blockers?A. Increased heart rateB. Decreased blood pressureC. Increased respiratory rateD. Increased blood sugar levelsAnswer: B. Decreased blood pressure2. The primary mechanism of action of aspirin is:A. Inhibition of acetylcholinesteraseB. Agonist activity at beta-adrenergic receptorsC. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymesD. Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesisAnswer: C. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes3. Which class of drugs is used to treat Parkinson's disease?A. BenzodiazepinesB. AntipsychoticsC. Dopaminergic agentsD. AnticholinergicsAnswer: C. Dopaminergic agents4. The therapeutic index is defined as:A. The ratio of the minimum effective dose to the maximum safe doseB. The ratio of the maximum safe dose to the minimum toxic doseC. The ratio of the minimum toxic dose to the maximum effective doseD. The ratio of the minimum effective dose to the minimum toxic doseAnswer: D. The ratio of the minimum effective dose to the minimum toxic dose5. The term "prodrug" refers to a substance that:A. Is administered as a drug but must be metabolized to be activeB. Is an active drug that is converted into a less active metaboliteC. Is a drug that is immediately active uponadministrationD. Is a drug that is converted into a more potent form by the bodyAnswer: A. Is administered as a drug but must be metabolized to be activeSection B: Short Answer Questions6. What is the difference between a receptor agonist and an antagonist?Answer: A receptor agonist is a substance that binds to a receptor and activates it, producing a biological response.An antagonist, on the other hand, binds to a receptor butdoes not activate it, and may block or reduce the effect ofan agonist.7. Explain the concept of drug half-life.Answer: The half-life of a drug is the time required forthe concentration of the drug in the body to decrease by half. It is an important parameter in determining the dosinginterval for a medication.8. What are the factors that can affect drug absorption?Answer: Factors affecting drug absorption include the chemical properties of the drug, the presence of food in the gastrointestinal tract, the pH of the environment, and the blood flow to the absorption site.9. Describe the difference between a narrow therapeutic index drug and a wide therapeutic index drug.Answer: A drug with a narrow therapeutic index has a small margin between its effective dose and toxic dose, requiring careful dosing to avoid toxicity. A drug with a wide therapeutic index has a larger margin between its effective and toxic doses, allowing for greater dosing flexibility and less risk of toxicity.10. What is the role of the liver in drug metabolism?Answer: The liver plays a crucial role in drug metabolism by converting lipophilic drugs into more water-soluble metabolites, which can then be more easily excreted by thekidneys. The liver contains various enzymes, particularly the cytochrome P450 system, which are responsible for the biotransformation of many drugs.Section C: Essay Questions11. Discuss the importance of pharmacokinetics in drug therapy.Answer: Pharmacokinetics is the study of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted by the body. Understanding the pharmacokinetic properties of a drug is essential for optimizing drug therapy, ensuring efficacy, and minimizing adverse effects. It helps in determining the appropriate dosing regimen, frequency, and duration of treatment.12. Explain the concept of drug-drug interactions and provide examples.Answer: Drug-drug interactions occur when two or more drugs affect each other's action or metabolism. This can lead to increased or decreased drug effects, or the development of new side effects. Examples include the interaction between warfarin and aspirin, where aspirin can enhance the anticoagulant effect of warfarin, and the interaction between phenytoin and isoniazid, where isoniazid can decrease the effectiveness of phenytoin by inducing its metabolism.13. Discuss the role of genetics in individual responses to drugs.Answer: Genetics can significantly influence anindividual's response to a drug. Genetic variations canaffect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. For example, genetic polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 enzymes can。
制药工程专外
制药工程专业英语Unit 1production of drugs P1单词Compound 化合物intermediate 中间产物alkaloids 生物碱enzymes酶peptide 肽hormones 荷尔蒙modification 修饰chloramphenicol 氯霉素metabolites 代谢物substitute 替代品derivative衍生物active 活性absorption 吸收extraction 提取Recombinant 重组insulin 编码neuroactive 神经活性start materials 起始原料recrystallization 重结晶methanol 甲醇Ethanol 乙醇isopropanol 异丙醇butanol 丁醇benzene 苯翻译Known examples are the enzymatic cleavage of racemates of N-acetyl-D, L-amino acids to give L-amino acids, the production of 6-aminopenicillanic acid from benzylpenicillin by means of penicillinamidase and the aspartase-catalysed stereospecific addition of ammonia to fumaric acid in order to produce L-aspartic acid.著名的例子是对N -乙酰- D，L -氨基酸消旋给予L -氨基酸酶裂解，从青霉素生产8 -氨基青霉烷酸的青霉素酰胺酶手段和天冬氨酸酶，催化氨立体除了富马酸为了酸生产L -天门冬氨酸。
Reading material 1 p7Antagonist 抑制剂receptor 受体clinical investigation 临床研究antibacterial抗菌的inhibition 抑制mercurial 水银dominate 占主导Unit 3 chemotherapy: an introduction P29单词chemotherapy化学治疗superstition 迷信pathogenic 致病的翻译The activity of the arsenical drugs is explained as due to a blocking of essential thiol groups.For example, lipoic acid dehydrogenase contains two cysteine molecules, while are kept near each other by folding of the molecule. As a result, an arsenical can react with these thiol groups and inactivate the molecule, as show in equation.对含砷药物活性被解释为由于阻塞必不可少的巯基。
药学专业英语试卷
2011 至 2012 学年第 2 学期药学专业英语 试卷 A 卷出卷教师： 适应班级：国生物F0903班~F0906班考试方式：闭卷 本试卷考试分数占学生总评成绩的 80 %复查总分 总复查人一、将下列英单词或词组翻译成汉语（本题20 分，每小题0.5分）1、conception2、physiology3、untoward effect4、ingestion5、hazardous6、antagonist7、hypertension8、epinephrine9、first-pass effect10、high performance liquid chromatography 11、infrared spectroscopy 12、equilibrium constant 13、resolution 14、metabolite 15、lipophilic ity16、nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy 17、drug delivery 18、eukaryote 19、smallpox 20、mitochondria《药学专业英语》试卷 第 1 页 （ 共 6 页 ）21、lipophilic compound 22、Good Laboratory Practice 23、embryo24、median lethal dose 25、deterioration 26、donor 27、feedback 28、second message 29、tumor30、mammalian 31、catalyst 32、oxide 33、affinity 34、solvent35、pharmacokinetics 36、dosage 37、titration38、process analytical technologies 39、absolute bioavailability二、将下列词语翻译成英语单词或词组（本题20分，每空0.5分）1、细菌2、碳水化合物3、血压4、消化5、炎症6、关节炎7、研究与开发8、标准偏差9、吸收 10、受体《药学专业英语》试卷 第 2 页 （ 共 6 页 ）学院名称 专业班级： 姓名： 学号：密 封 线 内 不 要 答 题┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃密 ┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃封 ┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃线┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃11、药物化学 12、构效关系 13、保质期 14、药理学 15、免疫学 16、药效学17、排泄物，分泌物excretion/feces 18、水解（作用） 19、生物转化 20、成瘾性 21、阻断药 22、急性反应 23、效应 24、扩散 25、气-固色谱法 26、机制 27、发酵 28、标准溶液 29、中医学 30、临床试验 31、血浆 32、固态 33、研究生课程 34、胶囊 35、染色体 36、酶 37、抑制剂 38、碱基 39、核糖体 40、口服液三、将下列英文文章翻译成汉语（本题30分）Separation TechniquesNearly all the samples presented to the pharmaceutical analyst are mixtures ，sometimes very complex ones. The determination of the amount of each isolated component is usually a simple《药学专业英语》试卷 第 3 页 （ 共 6 页 ）matter. The analysis of these same components in each other’s presence may ，however ，be difficult or even impossible because of interference by one substance in the assay of another. Interference can take several forms. The interfering substance can respond quantitatively to the analytical method for the desired component. An example is the interference caused by acetic acid in the assay of hydrochloric acid by titration with alkali. This is not an entirety hopeless situation ，for the analysis will at least yield the sum of the amounts of the desired component and the interfering component. Another common example is the interference observed in absorption spectroscopy when two solutes have overlapping absorption bands. Sometimes the interference is a partial, nonquantitative response to the assay. For example ，the nonaqueous titration of weakly acidic drugs in tablets containing stearic acid may be unsuccessful because of consumption of titrant by the stearie acid; this is not a reproducible effect ，probably because of incomplete dissolution of stearic acid in the titration medium. It is very difficult to compensate for interferences of this type. Another commonly encountered form of interference is an impairment of the analytical method for the desired component ，leading to nonquantitative results even for this component. A trace of copper in a sample of magnesium can vitiate a visual complexometric titration of the magnesium by poisoning the indicator. Another instance is the quenching of quinine fluorescence by hydrochloric acid.When an analytical method cannot be applied directly to a mixture because of possible interference ，a separation of the mixture into its components may be necessary.《药学专业英语》试卷 第 4 页 （ 共 6 页 ）学院名称 专业班级： 姓名： 学号：密 封 线 内 不 要 答 题┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃密 ┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃封┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃线┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃四、将下面两段文章翻译成英语（本题20分，每题10分）1、制药行业的从业者从事的是药品销售和买卖，以及药品的研究与开发。
制药工程专业英语课后练习题含答案 (2)
制药工程专业英语课后练习题含答案题目一：Drug Substance Manufacturing1.What is Drug Substance Manufacturing?–A. It is the process of producing a finished drug product.–B. It is the process of producing the activeingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.–C. It is the process of packaging and labeling a finished drug product.–D. It is the process of performing clinical trials ona drug product.Answer: B. It is the process of producing the active ingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.2.What are the steps involved in Drug Substance Manufacturing?–A. Synthesis, isolation, and purification.–B. Packaging, labeling, and testing.–C. Clinical trials, manufacturing, and distribution.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. Synthesis, isolation, and purification.3.What is the mn purpose of Drug Substance Manufacturing?–A. To produce a finished drug product for human use.–B. To provide the active ingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.–C. To test and validate the safety and efficacy of a drug product.–D. To distribute a drug product to consumers.Answer: B. To provide the active ingredient or drug substance used in a drug product.题目二：Pharmaceutical Formulation1.What is Pharmaceutical Formulation?–A. It is the process of producing a finished drug product.–B. It is the process of selecting and combining ingredients to produce a drug product.–C. It is the process of packaging and labeling a finished drug product.–D. It is the process of performing clinical trials ona drug product.Answer: B. It is the process of selecting and combining ingredients to produce a drug product.2.What are the key considerations in PharmaceuticalFormulation?–A. Safety, efficacy, and stability.–B. Cost, avlability, and taste.–C. Appearance, texture, and smell.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. Safety, efficacy, and stability.3.What is the role of excipients in Pharmaceutical Formulation?–A. They are the active ingredients in a drug product.–B. They are the inactive ingredients in a drug product that help to improve its properties.–C. They are the ingredients in a drug product that are responsible for the color and flavor.–D. None of the above.Answer: B. They are the inactive ingredients in a drug product that help to improve its properties.题目三：Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)1.What is Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)?–A. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.–B. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the efficacy of pharmaceutical products.–C. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the affordability of pharmaceutical products.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. It is a set of regulations and guidelines that ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.2.What are the key components of Good Manufacturing Practice(GMP)?–A. Quality control, documentation, and facility design.–B. Clinical trials, manufacturing, and distribution.–C. Cost control, inventory management, and customer service.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. Quality control, documentation, and facility design.3.Why is Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) important?–A. It helps to ensure the quality and safety ofpharmaceutical products.–B. It helps to reduce the cost of producingpharmaceutical products.–C. It helps to increase the avlability ofpharmaceutical products.–D. None of the above.Answer: A. It helps to ensure the quality and safety of pharmaceutical products.总结本文介绍了制药工程专业英语中的几个重要概念和术语，包括Drug Substance Manufacturing（药品物质制造）、Pharmaceutical Formulation（制剂开发）以及Good Manufacturing Practice（良好生产规范）。
专业英语试卷-生物制药.doc
(1) agrochemical 农业化学的(2) cytotoxic 细胞毒素的pharmacognosy(6) fluidisation 流态化 (7) periplasmic 原生质外的cardiovascular牛药学 心血管的(4) toxicological(9) hepatic 毒理学的肝脏的 (5) bead (10) adaptability珠子，水珠 适应性二、Translate the following terms intoEnglish (1)浓度(6)杂质生物与制药工程专业英语期末考试学院: ____________________ 姓名: _______________________ 班级: _____________________ 学号: _______________________ 题序—- 二 三 四 五 六 七 总分一、Translate the following terms into Chineseimpurity(7) 成分与性状discrip tioii(8) 药理作用 phamacological actions(9) 气相色谱 gas chromatography(10) 离子色谱ion chromatographconcentrotion(2) 中性neutrali ty (3) 极易溶解very soluble (4) 定量分析quantitative analysis (5) 等当点equivalent point 三、Word Building (答够十个得满分)antiantibioticantibiotic 抗生素；抗菌的 ant 讦oam 消泡齐U antitussive 止咳药antihistaminic 抗组胺 剂 antineoplastic 抗月中瘤的 antidepressant 抗扌卬郁剂 antianginal 抗心绞痛 antibodv 抗体 an ticoagula nt 抗凝血齐 U an tifoaming^j 沫的 antifun gal 抗真菌 G 勺 anti ・in fectives 抗感染药物antioxidant 抗氧剂 antithrombin 抗凝血酶an tit ode 解毒剂 等(1) Biologists and chemists divide compounds into two principal classes,inorganic and organic.生物学家和化学家将化合物分为两类，无机和有机。
生物制药专业英语试卷
2011 至2012 学年第 2 学期药学专业英语试卷A卷出卷教师：适应班级：国生物F0904班~F0906班考试方式：闭卷本试卷考试分数占学生总评成绩的80 %复查总分总复查人一、英译汉（本题20 分，每小题0.5分）abnormality ---- genetical ----homeostasis ---- physiology ----globulins ---- thrombus ----acute inflammation ---- mammalian ----benign ---- catalyst -----indicator ---- receptor ----dysfunction ---- immunology ----pharmacology ---- thyroxine ----elimination ---- mollify ----feces ---- local anesthetic ----kanamycin ---- noradrenaline ----untoward reaction ---- volatility ----mechanism ---- sensitivity ----boiling point ---- density ----《药学专业英语》试卷第 1 页（共 6 页）plasma ---- ionization ----distribution coefficient ---- drug metabolism ---target site ---- insulin ----fibrosis ---- essence----deoxyribose ---- pneumococci ----transformation ---- connotation ----二、汉译英（本题20分，每空0.5分）腺瘤动脉粥样硬化癌病原学胃炎吸收氨基酸密度乳糖药物化学镇痛药阻断药效能麻黄碱地高辛缓冲液滴定微量混合的活化烧杯离解反离子精密度血清外消旋的粉剂稀释剂《药学专业英语》试卷第 2 页（共 6 页）学院名称专业班级姓名：学号：密封线内不要答题┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃密┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃封┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃线┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃角蛋白 丝心蛋白 探针 血友病 腺嘌呤 突变，变异 核糖 酶原胚胎 药物释放 上皮的 咖啡因三、文章翻译（本题25分）Biochemistry and Human BiologyFirst, biochemistry is an intrinsically beautiful and fascinating body of knowledge. We now know the essence and many the details of the most fundamental processes in biochemistry, such as how a single molecule of DNA replicates to generate two identical copies of itself and how the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule determines the sequence of amino acids in an encoded protein. Our ability to describe these processes in detailed, mechanistic terms places a firm chemical foundation under other biological sciences. Moreover, the realization that we can understand essential life processes, such as the transmission of hereditary information, as chemical structures and their reactions has significant philosophical implications. What does it mean,bilchemically, to be human? What are the biochemical differences between a human being, a chimpanzee, a mouse, and a fruit fly? Are we more similar than we are different?Second, biochemistry is greatly influencing medicine and other fields. The molecular lesions causing sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and many other genetic diseases have been elucidated at the biochemical level. Some of the molecular events that contribute to cancer development have been identified. An understanding of the underlying defects opens the door to the discovery of effective therapies. Biochemistry makes possible the rational design of new drugs, including specific inhibitors of enzymes required for the replication of viruses such as《药学专业英语》试卷 第 3 页 （ 共 6 页 ）used as “factories ” to produce valuable proteins such as insulin and stimulators of blood-cell development. Biochemistry is also contributing richly to clinical diagnostics. For example, elevated levels of telltale enzymes in the blood reveal whether a patient has recently had a myocardial infarction(heart attack). DNA probes are coming into play in the precise diagnosis of inherited disorders, infectious diseases, and cancers. Agriculture, too, is benefiting from advances in biochemistry with the development of more effective, environmentally safer herbicides and pesticides and the creation of genetically engineered plants that are, for example, more resistant to insects. All of these endeavors are being accelerated by the advances in genomic sequencing.四、把下面段落译为英文（本题25分）《药学专业英语》试卷 第 4 页 （ 共 6 页 ）学院名 专业班级： 姓名 学号密 封 线 内 不 要 答 题┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃ 密┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃ 封┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃ 线┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃到现在为止，蛋白质最大的分类就是酶类。
制药工程专业英语--1单元
制药工程专业英语--1单元Unit 11.Depending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be splitinto three groups: Totally synthetic material (synthetics) Naturalproducts ,and Product from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products)依据其生产或来源，药物制剂可以分为三类：I.完全的合成材料（人工合成材料），II.天然产物，和III.源自部分合成的产品（半合成产品）。
2.The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compoundsof groups I and III-thus Drug synthesis.翻译：所以本书的重点是I和III部分的药物合成。
本书的重点是在于Ⅰ和Ⅲ类中最重要的化合物——药物合成。
3.This does not mean, however , that natural products or other agents areless important.然而这并不意味着，天然产物和其他试剂不重要。
4.they can serve as valuable lead structures, and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates fo r important synthetic products.它们可以作为有价值的先导结构，他们常常作为重要的合成产品的起始原料或中间体产品。
5：Table1gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.表1列出了获取药物制剂的不同方法的概述。
制药工程专业英语第1、5、6、7、9、11、13、16、21、24、25单元文章翻译(吴达俊庄思永)
1、生产的药品其生产或出身不同药剂可以分为三类：Ⅰ.完全（合成纤维）合成材料，Ⅱ.天然产物，和Ⅲ.产品从（半合成产品）的部分合成。
本书的重点是团体的最重要的化合物Ⅰ和Ⅲ一所以药物合成。
这并不意味着，但是，天然产品或其他代理人并不太重要。
它们可以作为有价值的领导结构，他们常常为原料，或作为重要的合成中间体产品的需要。
表1给出了获取药剂的不同方法的概述。
（表1对药物的可能性准备）方法举例1、全合成，超过75％的药剂（合成纤维）2、分离（天然产物）天然来源：2.1植物-生物碱;酶;心甙，多糖，维生素E;类固醇的前体（薯蓣皂素，sitosterin），柠檬醛（中间产品维生素A，E和K）2.2动物器官一酶;肽激素;胆酸从胆;胰岛素）从胰脏;血清和疫苗2.3从角蛋白和明胶L -氨基酸;三一胆固醇从羊毛油脂的其他来源水解3.一抗生素发酵; L -氨基酸，葡聚糖，对类固醇有针对性的修改,例如11 -羟基化;也胰岛素，干扰素，抗体，肽激素，酶，疫苗4。
部分合成修改（半合成剂）天然产品: 一生物碱化合物;半合成/ 3-内酰胺类抗生素;类固醇;人胰岛素其中几个重要的治疗作用最初是从天然产品天然来源获得更有效的今天，我。
大肠杆菌更经济的准备..由全合成。
这样的例子包括L-氨基酸，氯霉素，咖啡因，多巴胺，肾上腺素，左旋多巴，肽类激素，前列腺素，D -青霉胺，长春胺，以及几乎所有的维生素。
在过去的几年里发酵-岛大肠杆菌微生物过程变得极其重要。
通过现代技术和基因选择的结果导致了突变体的微生物创造高性能，发酵，已成为首选方法各种各样的物质。
这两个Eukaryonts（酵母菌和霉菌）和Prokaryonts（单细胞细菌，放线菌和）用于微生物。
下列产品类型可以得到：1.细胞的物质（单细胞蛋白），2.酶，3.主要降解产物（主要代谢物），4.二级降解产物（次生代谢物）。
不顾来自某些微生物，大肠杆菌粘膜生产的葡聚糖克明串珠mesenteroides，2和3级是毒品有关的准备工作。
制药工程专业英语第1、5、13、16
Unit 1 Production of DrugsDepending on their production or origin pharmaceutical agents can be split into three groups:I .Totally synthetic materials (synthetics)，Ⅱ.Natural products，andⅢ.Products from partial syntheses (semi-synthetic products).The emphasis of the present book is on the most important compounds of groups I and Ⅲ一thus Drug synthesis. This does not mean，however，that natural products or other agents are less important. They can serve as valuable lead structures，and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.Table 1 gives an overview of the different methods for obtaining pharmaceutical agents.Table 1 Possibilities for the preparation of drugsMethods Examples1. Total synthesis -over 75 % of all pharmaceutical agents (synthetics)2. Isolation from natural sources (natural products):2.1 Plants -alkaloids;enzymes;heart glycosides;polysaccharides;tocopherol;steroid precursors (diosgenin, sitosterin);citral (intermediate product forvitamins A, E，and K)2.2 Animal organs一enzymes;peptide hormones;cholic acid from gall; insulin) from thepancreas;sera and vaccines2. 3 Other sources一cholesterol from wool oils;L-amino acids from keratin and gelatinehydrolysates3. Fermentation一antibiotics;L-amino acids;dextran; targeted modifications on steroids，e.g. 11-hydroxylation; also insulin, interferon, antibodies, peptidehormones，enzymes，vaccines4. Partial synthetic modification of natural products (semisynthetic agents):一alkaloid compounds;semisynthetic /3-lactam antibiotics;steroids;human insulinSeveral therapeutically significant natural products which were originally obtained from natural sources are today more effectively -i. e. more economically -prepared.. by total synthesis. Such examples include L-amino acids，Chloramphenicol，Caffeine, Dopamine，Epinephrine，Levodopa, peptide hormones，Prostaglandins，D-Penicillamine，Vincamine，and practically all vitamins.Over the last few years fermentation - i. e. microbiological processes has become extremely important. Through modern technology and results from genetic selection leading to the creation of high performance mutants of microorganisms，fermentation has already become the method of choice for a wide range of substances. Both Eukaryonts (yeasts and moulds)and Prokaryonts(single bacterial cells，and actinomycetes)are used microorganisms. The following product types can be obtained:1. cell material (single cell protein)，2. enzymes，3. primary degradation products (primary metabolites)，4. secondary degradation products (secondary metabolites).Disregarding the production of dextran from the mucous membranes of certain microorganisms，e. g. Leuconostoc mesenteroides，classes 2 and 3 are the relevant ones for the preparation of drugs. Dextran itself，with a molecular weight of 50,000 ~ 100,000，is used as a blood plasma substitute. Among the primary metabolites the L-amino acids from mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum and Brevibacterium flavum are especially interesting. From these organisms some 350，000 tones of monosodium L-glutamate (food additive)and some 70，000 tones of L-lysine(supplement for vegetable proteins)are produced. Further important primary metabolites are the purina nucleotides，organic acids，lactic acid，citric acid，and vitamins，for example vitamin B,2 from Propionibacterium shermanii.Among the secondary metabolites the antibiotics must be mentioned first. The following five groups represent a yearly worldwide value of US-$17 billion:penicillins ( Penicillium chrysogenum )，cephalosporins ( Cephalosporium acremonium )，tetracyclines ( Streptomyces aureofaciens )，erythromycins ( Streptomyces erythreus )，aminoglycosides (e. g. streptomycin from Streptomyces griseus).About 5000 antibiotics have already been isolated from microorganisms，but of these only somewhat fewer than 100 are in therapeutic use. It must be remembered，however，that many derivatives have been modified by partial synthesis for therapeutic use;some 50，000 agents have been semisynthetically obtained from户lactams alone in the last decade. Fermentations are carried out in stainless steel fermentors with volumes up to 400 m3. To avoid contamination of the microorganisms with phages etc. the whole process has to be performed under sterile conditions. Since the more important fermentations occur exclusively under aerobic conditions a good supply of oxygen or air(sterile)is needed. Carbon dioxide sources include carbohydrates，e. g. molasses，saccharides，and glucose. Additionally the microorganisms must be supplied in the growth medium with nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonium sulfate，ammonia，or urea，as well as with inorganic phosphates. Furthermore，constant optimal pH and temperature are required. In the case of penicillin G，the fermentation is finished after 200 hours，and the cell mass is separated by filtration. The desired active agents are isolated from the filtrate by absorption or extraction processes. The cell mass，if not the desired product，can be further used as an animal feedstuff owing to its high protein content.By modern recombinant techniques microorganisms have been obtained which also allow production of peptides which were not encoded in the original genes. Modified E. coli bacteria make it thus possible to produce A- and B- chains of human insulin or proinsulin analogs. The disulfide bridges are formed selectively after isolation，and the final purification is effected by chromatographic procedures. In this way human insulin is obtained totally independently from any pancreatic material taken from animals.Other important peptides，hormones，and enzymes，such as human growth hormone (HGH)，neuroactive peptides，somatostatin，interferons，tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)，lymphokines，calcium regulators like calmodulin，protein vaccines，as well as monoclonal antibodies used as diagnostics，are synthesized in this way.The enzymes or enzymatic systems which are present in a single microorganism can be used for directed stereospecific and regiospecific chemical reactions. This principle is especially usefulin steroid chemistry. Here we may refer only to the microbiological 11-a- hydro xylation of progesterone to 11-a-hydroxyprogesterone，a key product used in the synthesis of cortisone. Isolated enzymes are important today not only because of the technical importance of the enzymatic saccharification of starch，and the isomerization of glucose to fructose，They are also significant in the countless test procedures used in diagnosing illness，and in enzymatic analysis which is used in the monitoring of therapy.A number of enzymes are themselves used as active ingredients. Thus preparations containing proteases (e. g. chymotrypsin，pepsin，and trypsin)，amylases and lipases，mostly in combination with synthetic antacids，promote digestion. Streptokinase and urokinase are important in thrombolytics，and asparaginase is used as a cytostatic agent in the treatment of leukemia.Finally mention must be made of the important use of enzymes as `biocatalysts’in chemical reactions where their stereospecificity and selectivity can be used. Known examples are the enzymatic cleavage of racemates of N-acetyl-D，L-amino acids to give L-amino acids，the production of 8-aminopenicillanic acid from benzylpenicillin by means of penicillinamidase and the aspartase-catalysed stereospecific addition of ammonia to fumaric acid in order to produce L-aspartic acid.In these applications the enzymes can be used in immobilized forms-somehow bound to carriers - and so used as heterogeneous catalysts. This is advantageous because they can then easily be separated from the reaction medium and recycled for further use.Another important process depending on the specific action of proteases is applied for the production of semisynthetic human insulin. This starts with pig insulin in which the alanine in the 30-position of the B-chain is replaced by a threonine tert-butyl ester by the selective action of trypsin. The insulin ester is separated，hydrolyzed to human insulin and finally purified by chromatographic procedures.Sources for enzymes include not only microorganisms but also vegetable and animal materials.In Table 1 it was already shown that over 75%of all pharmaceutical agents are obtained by total synthesis. Therefore knowledge of the synthetic routes is useful. Understanding also makes it possible to recognize contamination .of the agents by intermediates and by- products. For the reason of effective quality control the registration authorities in many countries demand as essentials for registration a thorough documentation on the production process. Knowledge of drug syntheses provides the R&D chemist with valuable stimulation as well.There are neither preferred structural classes for all pharmaceutically active compounds nor preferred reaction types. This implies that practically the whole field of organic and in part also organometallic chemistry is covered. Nevertheless，a larger number of starting materials and intermediates are more frequently used，and so it is useful to know the possibilities for their preparation from primary chemicals. For this reason it is appropriate somewhere in this book to illustrate a tree of especially important intermediates. These latter intermediates are the key compounds used in synthetic processes leading to an enormous number of agents. For the most part chemicals are involved which are produced in large amounts. In a similar way this is also true for the intermediates based on the industrial aromatic compounds toluene，phenol and chlorobenzene. Further key compounds may be shown in a table which can be useful in tracing cross-relationships in syntheses.fIn addition to the actual starting materials and intermediates solvents are required both as a reaction medium and ,for purification via recrystallization. Frequently used solvents are methanol，ethanol，isopropanol，butanol，acetone，ethyl acetate，benzene，toluene and xylene. To a lesser extent diethyl ether，tetrahydrofuran，glycol ethers，dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) are used in special reactions.Reagents used in larger amounts are not only acids (hydrochloric acid，sulfuric acid，nitric acid，acetic acid) but also inorganic and organic bases (sodium hydroxide，potassium hydroxide，potassium carbonate，sodium bicarbonate，ammonia，triethylamine，pyridine). Further auxiliary chemicals include active charcoal and catalysts. All of these supplementary chemicals (like the intermediates) can be a source of impurities in the final product.In 1969 the WHO published a treatise on `Safeguarding Quality in Drugs'.Appendix 2 is concerned with the `Proper Practice for Reparation and Safeguarding Quality in Drugs' (WHO Technical Report No. 418，1969，Appendix 2;No. 567，1975，Appendix 1A). This has in the meantime become known as `Good Manufacturing Practices' or GMP rules，and these should now be obeyed in drug production. They form the basis for mutual recognition of quality certificates relating to the production of pharmaceuticals and for inspections of the production. facilities.For a long time the US drug authority，the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)，has issued regulations for the preparation of drugs analogous to the WHO rules，and it applies these strictly. Exports of drugs to the USA，like those of finished products，require regular inspection of the production facilities by the FDA. 5It may merely be noted here that such careful control applies not only to the products，but also to the raw materials (control of starting Materials)，and also to the intermediates. Clearly. the technical and hygienic equipment of the production and the storage areas have to fulfill set conditions.Since only a few compounds，such as acetylsalicylic acid，paracetamol and vitamins，are prepared in large amounts，most of the actual production takes place in multi-purpose (multi-product) facilities. .Special care has to be taken to avoid cross-contamination by other products what can be effected by good cleansing of used apparatus. A careful description and definition of all stored intermediates and products is needed.Selected -from H. J. Roth and A. Kleemann, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vol. 1，Drug Synthesis, Ellis Horwood Limited，England, 1988.6 Exercises1. Answer the following questions:(1)How many groups can pharmaceutical agents be split into depending on their production or origin?(2)Can you illustrate any significant examples of pharmaceutical agents obtained by total synthesis?(3) What is the difference between the synthetic drugs and traditional Chinese herbal medicine?2. Put the following into English:3. Put the following into Chinese:Polysaccharide peptide hormone vaccine heterogeneous catalyst contamination plasma steroid penicillin metabolite4. Fill in the blanks with the following verb words:derive term distinguish present composeNucleic acids are polyanionic molecules of high molecular weight. These polymers are _____ of a sequence of subunits or nucleotides so that the whole is usually _____ a polynucleotide. The nucleic acids are of two main varieties，ribonucleic(RNA)and deoxyribonucleic (DNA).DNA is found primarily in the chromatin of the cell nucleus，whereas 90%of RNA is _____ in the cell cytoplasm and 10 0 o in the nucleolus. The two classes of nucleic acids are _____ primary on the basis of the five-carbon atom sugar or pentose present. Two general kinds of bases are found in all nucleic acids. One type is a derivative of the parent compound purine. Principle examples are guanine and adenine. The second class of bases found in all nucleic acids is _____ from the parent compound pyrimidine.Unit 5 Drug Development (I)1. IntroductionDrug Development is a very complex process requiring a great deal of coordination and communication between a wide range of different functional groups. It is expensive，particularly in the later phases of clinical development，where studies involve hundreds of patients. It is currently estimated that the development of a new drug costs about$230 million(1987 dollars)and takes somewhere between 7 and 10 years from initiation of preclinical development to first marketing (excluding regulatory delays). Drug development is a high-risk business;although the rate is increasing，only about ONE out of every TEN new chemical entities studied in human beings for the first time will ever become a product. As a drug candidate progresses through development the risks of failure decrease as ‘hurdles’are overcome along the way. Typical reasons for failure include unacceptable toxicity，lack of efficacy，or inability to provide advantages over competitive products(Fig. 1).Attrition Rate of New Chemical Entities(NCE's) entering development. On averageonly about I in 400^1000 compoundssynthesized enters development.Reasons for termination of development of NCE's(excluding anti-infectives)1:Lack of efficacy2: Pharmacokinetics3: Animal toxicity4: Miscellaneous5: Adverse effects in man6: Commercial reasonsFig. 1 Attrition rates and reasons for terminations2. Planning for developmentAssessment of whether a drug candidate is likely to provide competitive advantages highlights the need first to have in place a set of product `goals' or target product profile. Particular attention should be paid to the differentiation from competitors. This is becoming 55 more andmore critical with the increasing emphasis on limited formularies，healthcare costs，and pharmacoeconomics (discussed later in the chapter).A target profile will define the indication(s) that a drug candidate will be developed for，along with goals such as once a day dosing，faster onset of action，better side effect profile than a major competitor. The target profile can be refined and revised as a drug candidate moves through development and new data on the drug candidate or competitors become available. The logical next steps are to define the development strategy，for example，which indications to develop first，which countries to aim to market the drug in and then to define the core clinical studies necessary to achieve regulatory approval and commercial success.This chapter will describe the main activities required for successful development of a new drug. All these activities，many of which are interdependent，need to be carefully planned and co-ordinate. Speed to market with collection of high quality data is critical for success. The path of activities which determine the time it will take to get to registration is called，in project management terms，the critical path. It is vital to plan and prepare before studies begin and to monitor and manage problems so as to ensure that the critical path remains on schedule. With increased economic pressures and competitive intensity it is important for companies to explore ways to shorten this critical path. Running activities in parallel，or overlapping studies which would usually run sequentially，often involves an increase in risk but the dividends in time-saving can make such strategies worthwhile.The critical path for development of a new drug generally runs through the initial synthesis of compound，subacute toxicology studies，and then the clinical program. A chart showing the critical path activities for a typical drug candidate is shown in Fig. 2.Chemistry chemical Synthesis Route selection Pilot plant,scale up and stability testing Manufacturing plant productionToxicology Acute&subacute toxicology Long term and repro-toxicologyClinical Phase I Phase ll Phase lll Analysis data and report Phase lV Review Regulatory Submission and updating of clinical trial application prepare submit AuthorityMAA/NDARegulatory ApprovalPost marketing SurverillancePharmaceutics Preclinical,clinical and commercial formulationDevelopment and stability testing Prepare labellingDrug metabolismand pharmacokinetics Animal ADME* Healthy humans Human patients Activities likely to be on the critical path are shown in bold* Absorption , Distribution , Metabolism , ExcretionFig. 2 The major processes in new drug developmentThe following sections highlight the objectives and activities of drug development work.Activities within each technical discipline are described broadly in chronological order.At any one time，work in all these disciplines may be proceeding in parallel. The timing and outcome of much of the work has direct impact on work in other disciplines. The major phases of drug development are Preclinical ( studies required before the compound can be dosed in humans)，Phase I (clinical studies usually in healthy human volunteers ) Phase Ⅱ( initial efficacy and safety and dosefinding studies in patients)，and Phase Ⅲ(studies in several hundred patients). There then follows assembly of a marketing application dossier for subsequent review by country regulatory authorities.3. Chemical developmentRapid development of a drug candidate is dependent on the availability of sufficient quantity of the compound. The purity of compound needs to reach certain standards in order for it to be used in safety (toxicology)，pharmaceutical，and clinical studies. Initially，chemists will work on a small to medium scale to investigate production of the compound by several different methods so as to identify the optimum route for synthesizing the compound. ‘Optimum’ here may mean a combination of several factors，for example，most efficient，cheapest safe，or that producing minimal waste. Analysis of the final product as well as intermediates and impurities plays a key role in identifying the best method of synthesis. Development and validation of analytical methods are necessary to support process development and guarantee the purity of the drug substance.In some cases levels of impurities may be unacceptably high and either improved purification procedures will need to be developed or the synthetic process may require significant alterations. The main aim is to ensure that the composition of compound is understood and that ultimately the material that is prepared is as pure as possible.As a drug candidate progresses through development，larger and larger amounts of compound are required. The amount of material required for different tests will often depend on the actual potency and dosage form of the compound. A pilot plant can be regarded as a mini-manufacturing set-up. Before transferring to a pilot plant，extensive evaluation and testing of the chemical synthesis is undertaken to ensure that any changes and hazards are minimized. Procedures are optimized，particular attention being paid to developing environmentally acceptable ways of disposing of waste products. Commercial production of bulk drug substance for production of a drug，once approved and marketed，will likely take place on a larger scale or at a registered manufacturing plant.4. Formulation developmentThe dosage form of a drug is the form by which it is administered to the patient. There are a vast array of possible dosage forms ranging from transdermal patches to inhalers to intranasal medicines. The more common dosage forms include oral tablets or capsules，oral liquids，topical ointments or creams，and injectables. The dosage form or forms chosen for a particular drug candidate will be defined in the target profile.Sometimes a more simple dosage form，for example an oral solution，is chosen for early 57 clinical studies in human beings. This may save time and upfront costs at an early，high-risk stage of the drug development process. Later clinical studies would use the expected marketed dosage form.Whatever the dosage form，the combination of drug and other materials which constitute it must fulfil certain criteria. One of the most important is that of adequate stability. That means a predetermined potency level must remain after，for example，two or three years. The stability data generated on a dosage form will determine its shelf-life and recommended storage conditions. Early in development the shelf-life may be limited to several months. This will not be a problem provided it is sufficient to cover use of the drug over the duration of the clinical study or studies.5. PharmacologyBefore a drug candidate is given to man，its pharmacological effects on major systems are often investigated in a number of species. The body systems studied include cardiovascular，respiratory，and nervous systems;the effects on gross behavior can also be studied.Experiments are sometimes conducted to see whether the drug candidate interferes with the actions of other medicines which，because of their specific effects or because of their common use，are likely to be taken concurrently with the drug candidate. Any synergism or antagonism of drug effects should be investigated，and any necessary warning issued to clinical investigators.(It may be judged necessary to investigate such effects further in clinical studies，and any potential or proven drug interactions are likely to be noted in the product labeling for the drug.)It may also be appropriate to identify a substance for possible use in the management of overdosage，particularly if the therapeutic margin of the drug candidate is small.6. Safety evaluationThe objective of animal toxicology testing，carried out prior to the administration of a drug to man，is to reject compounds of unacceptable toxicity and to identify potential target organs and timings for adverse effects of the drug. This means that in early human studies these organs and tissues can be monitored with particular attention. It is important to establish whether toxic effects are reversible or irreversible，whether they can be prevented and，if possible，the mechanism of the toxicological effects. It is also important to interrelate drug response to blood levels in humans and blood levels in various animal species.The toxicological studies required for the evaluation of a drug candidate in man will be relevant to its proposed clinical use in terms of route of administration and duration of treatment of the clinical studies. The size and frequency of the doses and the duration of the toxicology studies are major determinants of permissible tests in man. Countries，including UK，USA，Australia，and Nordic countries，have regulatory guidelines which relate the duration of treatment allowed in man to the length of toxicity studies required in two species. Points from the guidelines are referenced in the subsequent sections.58 Initially，the pharmacological effects of increasing doses of the test substances are established in acute toxicity studies in small numbers of animals，generally using two routes of administration (one being that used in man). Results provide a guide to the maximum tolerated doses in subsequent chronic. toxicity tests，aid selection of dose levels，and identify target organs.The main aim of the subsequent sub-acute toxicity tests is to determine whether or not the drug candidate is adequately tolerated after administration to animals for a prolonged period as a guide to possible adverse reactions in man. Two to four week (daily dosing) studies are required，using the same route of administration as in man，in two species (one non-rodent)prior to administration of the compound to man. Three dose levels are usually necessary:the low daily dose should be a low multiple of the expected therapeutic dose，and the highest dose should demonstrate some toxicity.A general guide for the evaluation of new chemical entities would be that toxicology studies of a minimum duration of 14 days are required to support single-dose exposure of a new drug candidate in normal volunteers in Phase 1. Toxicology studies of 30 days duration are required to support clinical studies of 7 to 10 days duration. Clinical studies of greater than 7 to 10 days up to 30 days duration require the support of at least 90 days toxicology studies. These requirementsillustrate the need to plan ahead in drug development. The duration and approximate timings for future clinical trials need to be considered well in advance in order to schedule and conduct the appropriate toxicology studies to support the clinical program and avoid any delays.Two types of safety test are used to detect the ability of the drug candidate to produce tumours in man. The first are short-term in vitro genotoxicity tests，for example bacterial tests. The second are long-term animal carcinogenicity studies which are conducted in mice and rats;their length of often 2 years covers a large part of the lifespan of the animal. Mice and rats are used because of their relatively short life span，small size，and ready availability. Also，knowledge，which has accumulated concerning spontaneous diseases and tumours②in particular strains of these species，helps greatly in the interpretation of‘results.Long-term toxicology and carcinogenicity studies are conducted in order to obtain approval to test and finally to market a product for chronic administration to man. These studies may need to start during the late preclinical/ early clinical phase in order to `support' the subsequent clinical program. Long-term toxicity studies will normally include toxicity studies of six and twelve months duration in two species (one non-rodent).Any toxicity previously detected may be investigated more closely，for example extra enzymes looked at in blood samples.Reproductive toxicology is that part of toxicology dealing with the effect of compounds on reproduction-fertility，foetal abnormalities，post-natal development. Prior to clinical studies in women of child-bearing age，regulatory authorities require teratology data from two species (normally rat and rabbit)as well as clinical data from male volunteers. No reproductive data are required prior to clinical studies in male subjects. The effects of 59 compounds on reproduction differ with the period of the reproductive cycle in which exposure takes place and studies are designed to look at these phases. Teratology`'' studies are designed to detect foetal abnormalities，fertility studies to investigate the compounds' effect on reproductive performance，And peri- and post-natal studies to study the development of pups.Selected from F. D. King，’Medicinal Chemistry Principles and Practice ’ the Royal Society of Chemistry Thomas , Graham House G. B. , 1994.Exercises1 .Answer the following questions:(1)Why do people consider the discovery of the novel drug is a long，expensive and tortuous process with no guarantee of success?(2) How many major processes are there in new drug development?(3) What has been achieved in the novel drug development in the past century?(4) Please list the disadvantages or barriers in Chinese novel drug development.2. Put the following into English:3. Put the following into Chinese:pharmacokinetics assessment optimum highlight regulatory approval preclinical pharmacology side effect excretion safety evaluation4. Fill the blanks with the following words:Pharmacodynamics toxicology pharmacognosyPharmacotherapeutics pharmacokinetics pharmacy____ is a descriptive science concerned with the physical characteristics of natural drugs，primarily those derived from plants and animals. ____ is the art and science of preparing，compounding，and dispensing medicines. ____ is the study of the way drugs are absorbed into。
制药工程专业英语--13单元
P131-Unit1314制药工程-专英作业1.Sterile product are dosage forms of therapeutic agents that are free of viable microorganismsTranslations:无菌产品是不含微生物活体的治疗剂型。
2.Principally，these include parenteral,ophthalmic,and irrigating preparations。
主要包括非肠道，眼药，冲洗制剂3.Of these , parenteral products are unique among dosage forms of drugs because they are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into internal body compartment.其中，肠外给药在药物剂型中是独特的，因为它们是通过皮肤或粘膜注射到体内的4.Thus, because they have circumvented the highly efficient first line of body defense, the skin and mucous membranes, they must be free from microbial, contamination and from toxic components as well as possess an exceptionally highly level of purity.因此，因为它们穿过了人体的第一道防线，皮肤和粘膜，所以它们必须没有微生物的污染和有毒成分，以及具有非常高的纯度水平。
5.原文：All compontents and processes involved in the preparation of these products must be selected and designed to eliminate,as much as possible, contamination of all types,whether of physical,chemical,or microbiologic origin.翻译：在产品制备中涉及的所有组分和工艺流程必须要筛选和设计以尽可能消除各种类型的污染，无论是来自物理的，化学的，还是微生物的。
专业英语试卷-生物制药
生物与制药工程专业英语期末考试学院: 姓名:____________________班级: 学号:一、Translate the following terms into Chinese（1）agrochemical （6）fluidisation 农业化学的流态化（2）cytotoxic （7）periplasmic细胞毒素的原生质外的（3）pharmacognosy （8）cardiovascular生药学心血管的（4）toxicological （9）hepatic毒理学的肝脏的（5）bead （10）adaptability珠子，水珠适应性二、Translate the following terms into English（1）浓度（6）杂质concentration impurity（2）中性（7）成分与性状neutrality discription（3）极易溶解（8）药理作用very soluble phamacological actions（4）定量分析（9）气相色谱quantitative analysis gas chromatography（5）等当点（10）离子色谱equivalent point ion chromatograph三、Word Building（答够十个得满分）anti-antibiotic antibiotic抗生素；抗菌的antifoam 消泡剂antitussive止咳药antihistaminic抗组胺剂antineoplastic抗肿瘤的antidepressant抗抑郁剂antianginal抗心绞痛antibody抗体anticoagulant抗凝血剂antifoaming防沫的antifungal抗真菌的anti-infectives抗感染药物antioxidant抗氧剂antithrombin抗凝血酶antitode 解毒剂等四、Translate the following sentences into Chinese（1）Biologists and chemists divide compounds into two principal classes, inorganic and organic.生物学家和化学家将化合物分为两类，无机和有机。
完整word版,制药工程专业英语考试题目及答案
专业英语考试内容：单词10分句子翻译24分根据课文回答问题24分英译汉药品说明书21分翻译汉译英摘要21分Unit 11 Tablet (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form)药片（医药片剂剂型）Role in TherapyA: The oral route of drug admininistration is the most important method of administering drugs ofr systemic effects.Except in cases of Insulin therapy.the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medication.The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects,with two classes of marketed products:Nitroglycerin for the treatmint of angina and scopolamine for the treatment of motion sickness.Other drugs are certain to follow,but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action.A:口服给药是全身效应用药方法中最为重要的。
除了胰岛素治疗，非肠道药途径不常用在自我服药方面。
药学试题英语翻译及答案
药学试题英语翻译及答案1. 翻译下列药学专业术语：- 阿司匹林- 抗生素- 处方药- 非处方药答案：- 阿司匹林: Aspirin- 抗生素: Antibiotics- 处方药: Prescription drugs- 非处方药: Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs2. 将以下句子从英语翻译成中文：- "The drug was approved by the FDA for use in treating cancer."- "Pharmacists are responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications."答案：- "这种药物被FDA批准用于治疗癌症。
"- "药剂师负责确保药物的安全性和有效性。
"3. 根据题目所给的药学知识，回答以下问题：- 什么是药物的半衰期？- 药物的剂量如何影响其疗效？答案：- 药物的半衰期是指药物浓度下降到其初始浓度一半所需的时间。
- 药物的剂量会影响其疗效，剂量过低可能无法达到治疗效果，剂量过高则可能导致毒副作用。
4. 翻译以下药学文献摘要中的关键词：- Pharmacokinetics- Drug metabolism- Bioavailability答案：- 药动学- 药物代谢- 生物利用度5. 根据题目所给的药学知识，解释以下术语的含义：- 药物相互作用- 药物耐受性答案：- 药物相互作用是指两种或两种以上的药物同时使用时，它们之间的相互作用可能影响药物的疗效或安全性。
- 药物耐受性是指机体对药物的反应随着时间的延长而减弱，需要增加剂量以获得相同的效果。
6. 翻译以下药学相关的句子：- "The new drug has shown promising results in clinical trials."- "The side effects of the medication should be carefully monitored."答案：- "这种新药在临床试验中显示出了有希望的结果。
药学专业英语口试题及答案
药学专业英语口试题及答案Introduction:Good morning, everyone. Today we will be conducting an oral examination focusing on Pharmaceutical English. The purpose of this test is to assess your knowledge and comprehension of the terminology and concepts used in the field of pharmacy. Please answer the questions to the best of your ability.Part 1: Vocabulary1. Question: What does the term "pharmacodynamics" refer to? Answer: Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs on the body, including the mechanisms of drug action and the relationship between drug concentration and effect.2. Question: Define "bioavailability."Answer: Bioavailability refers to the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or therapeutic moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action.3. Question: Explain the term "prodrug."Answer: A prodrug is a biologically inactive compound that can be metabolized in the body to produce an active drug.Part 2: Conceptual Understanding1. Question: Describe the difference between a generic drug and a brand-name drug.Answer: A generic drug is a copy of a brand-name drug that has the same dosage form, strength, route of administration, quality, performance characteristics, and intended use. A brand-name drug is a drug that is marketed under a specific trade name and is usually protected by patents.2. Question: What is meant by "drug interaction"?Answer: A drug interaction occurs when two or more drugs have an effect on each other's action and efficacy. This can result in increased or decreased effects of the drugs, or new side effects.3. Question: Can you explain the concept of "therapeutic index"?Answer: The therapeutic index (TI) is a measure of adrug's safety. It is the ratio of the dose that causestoxicity to the dose that produces therapeutic effects. A higher TI indicates a safer drug.Part 3: Application1. Question: How would you ensure patient safety whenprescribing medication?Answer: Patient safety can be ensured by conducting a thorough patient assessment, selecting the appropriate medication, monitoring for drug interactions, and providing clear instructions for use. Regular follow-ups and patient education are also crucial.2. Question: Describe the process of drug development from discovery to market.Answer: Drug development starts with target identification and drug discovery. This is followed by preclinical testing, which includes in vitro and in vivo studies. If successful,the drug proceeds to clinical trials, which are conducted in phases I, II, and III. After successful clinical trials, regulatory approval is sought. Once approved, the drug is manufactured and marketed.3. Question: What is the role of a pharmacist in a community pharmacy setting?Answer: A pharmacist in a community pharmacy setting is responsible for dispensing medications, providing patient counseling, monitoring patient medication profiles forpotential drug interactions, and collaborating with other healthcare professionals to ensure optimal patient outcomes.Conclusion:That concludes our oral examination on Pharmaceutical English. Thank you for your participation. Remember, continuouslearning and practice are essential for professional growth in the field of pharmacy. Good luck with your future endeavors.End of Examination。
药学英语试题及答案
药学英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "pharmacology" refers to the study of:A. The origin of drugsB. The effects of drugs on the bodyC. The synthesis of drugsD. The distribution of drugs答案：B2. Which of the following is not a route of drug administration?A. OralB. IntravenousC. InhalationD. Electrolysis答案：D3. The half-life of a drug is the time it takes for the concentration of the drug in the body to:A. DoubleB. TripleC. QuadrupleD. Decrease by half答案：D4. Which of the following is a common side effect of antibiotics?A. Dry mouthB. DiarrheaC. InsomniaD. All of the above答案：B5. The abbreviation "IV" stands for:A. IntravenousB. IntramuscularC. IntraperitonealD. Intradermal答案：A6. The term "bioavailability" refers to the:A. Percentage of a drug that is absorbed into the systemic circulationB. Percentage of a drug that is excreted unchangedC. Percentage of a drug that is metabolized in the liverD. Percentage of a drug that is stored in fat tissues答案：A7. Which of the following is a type of drug interaction?A. SynergismB. AntagonismC. PotentiationD. All of the above答案：D8. The therapeutic index of a drug is a measure of its:A. EfficacyB. SafetyC. Cost-effectivenessD. Taste答案：B9. The term "prodrug" refers to a drug that:A. Is already active when administeredB. Requires metabolic activation to become activeC. Is a combination of two drugsD. Is a drug that has been discontinued答案：B10. Which of the following is a method for enhancing drug solubility?A. Salt formationB. Coating with a polymerC. MicronizationD. All of the above答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. The ________ of a drug refers to its ability to reach the site of action in the body.答案：pharmacokinetics2. A drug that is administered as a liquid and is intended to be swallowed is called a ________.答案：solution3. The ________ of a drug is the maximum amount that can be given without causing harmful effects.答案：therapeutic dose4. A drug that is used to treat a specific disease or condition is called a ________.答案：therapeutic agent5. The ________ of a drug is the minimum amount that will produce a therapeutic effect.答案：therapeutic dose6. A drug that is used to prevent a disease or condition is called a ________.答案：prophylactic agent7. The ________ of a drug is the study of its effects on biological systems.答案：pharmacodynamics8. A drug that is used to alleviate symptoms without treating the underlying cause is called a ________.答案：symptomatic agent9. The ________ of a drug is the process by which it isremoved from the body.答案：elimination10. A drug that is used to treat a wide range of conditionsis called a ________.答案：broad-spectrum agent三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. Explain the difference between a generic drug and a brand-name drug.答案：A generic drug is a copy of a brand-name drug that has the same dosage form, safety, strength, quality, performance characteristics, and intended use. A brand-name drug is the original version of a drug that has beendeveloped by a pharmaceutical company and is protected by a patent.2. What are the factors that can influence the absorption ofa drug?答案：Factors that can influence the absorption of a drug include the route of administration, the formulation of the drug, the presence of food in the stomach, the pH of the gastrointestinal tract, and the individual's health status.3. Describe the process of drug metabolism.答案：Drug metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and eliminates drugs. It typically involves two phases: Phase I reactions, which involve oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis to make the drug more polar, and Phase。
制药工程专业英语考试题目及答案
专业英语考试内容：单词10分句子翻译24分根据课文回答问题24分英译汉药品说明书21分翻译汉译英摘要21分Unit 11 Tablet (The Pharmaceutical Tablets Dosage Form)药片（医药片剂剂型）Role in TherapyA: The oral route of drug admininistration is the most important method of administering drugs ofr systemic effects.Except in cases of Insulin therapy.the parenteral route is not routinely used for self-administration of medication.The topical route of administration has only recently been employed to deliver drugs to the body for systemic effects,with two classes of marketed products:Nitroglycerin for the treatmint of angina and scopolamine for the treatment of motion sickness.Other drugs are certain to follow,but the topical route of administration is limited in its ability to allow effective drug absorption for systemic drug action.A:口服给药是全身效应用药方法中最为重要的。
除了胰岛素治疗，非肠道药途径不常用在自我服药方面。
制药工程专业英语Unit
If patient self-administration cannot be achieved, the sales of the drug constitute only a small fraction of what the market would be otherwise.
The reasons for this preference are as follows. Tablets and capsules represent unit dosage forms in which one usual dose of the drug has been accurately placed.
02
The objective of the design and manufacture of the compressed tablet is to deliver orally the correct amount of drug in the proper form at or over the proper time and in the desired location, and to have its chemical integrity protected to that point. Aside from the physical and chemical properties of the medicinal agent(s) to be formulated into a tablet, the actual physical design, manufacturing process, and complete chemical makeup of the tablet can have a profound effect on the efficacy of the drug(s) being administered.