【英文】医学免疫学-名解简答重点

【名解】Immunity: refers to all mechanisms used by the body as protection against environmental

substances that are foreign to the body.(to recognize and eliminate foreign substances)

【名解】Lymphocyte homing: the migration of lymphocytes from central immune organ to peripheral

immune organ

【名解】Lymphocyte recirulation：lymphocyte cirulation between blood lymph other tissues

【名解】Antigen: the substances that are recognized by TCR/BCR or antibody and induce a specific

immune response

【名解】Hapten（半抗原）：have the property of immunoreactivity but not immunogenicity .

【名解】epitope (antigenic determinant )：the portion of the antigen that binds specifically with the binding

site of an antibody or a receptor on a lymphocyte.

【名解】idiotypic Ag：The combined antigenic determinants (idiotopes) found on antibodies of an individual that are directed at a particular antigen; such antigenic determinants are found only in the variable region.

【名解】superantigen：antigens ，only need very low concentration ,can polyclonally activate some

subtypes of the T cells (up to 20%).

【名解】Adjuvants: A substance that when mixed with an immunogen, enhances the immune response against the immunogen.

【名解】Antigen: Globulin produced by plasma cells in response to antigen and binds specifically to

particular Ag.

【名解】Immunoglobulins (Ig)：The Igs are globulin which function as Abs or similar to Abs in chemical

structure.

【名解】idiotype,id:Variation in the V domain ,particularly in CDR, produces idiotype.

【名解】Major histocompatibility complex,MHC

A cluster of genes on chromosome 6 in humans, encoding major histocompatibility antigen which lead to rapid graft rejection.

【名解】Cytokine (CK)：Cytokines are small soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions and are responsible for communications between leukocytes and other cells

【名解】Leukocyte differentiation antigen(LDA) :The cell surface markers which express or disappear on

the different leukocytes in the different stage of differentiation and activation.

【名解】CD (cluster of differentiation) : Cell surface molecules of leucocytes that are distinguishable with

monoclonal antibodies as an immunologic marker.

【名解】CAM: A group of proteins involved in adhesion of cell to cell or cell to extra-cellular matrix (ECM), such as ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, VCAM-1 and PECAM etc.

【名解】Integrin:Mediate adhesion of cell and extracellular matrix，Elementary structure: heterodimer of a, b chain

【名解】ADCC：NK cell FcR recgonize antibody Fc region binding with target cell,and directly kill the target cell.

【名解】opsonization:antibody such as IgG Fc region binding with neutrpilic cell or macrophage IgG FcR to increase phagocytosis.

【名解】APC:A variety of cells specialized in capturing、processing and present the antigen to the T lymphocytes, causing either tolerance or immunity.

【名解】cross presention: APC can capturing\processing exogenous antigen and presenting to CD8 T cell by MHC1 pathway.

【名解】Positive selection:DP cells that bind, with moderate affinity, to MHC-Ag on thymic stroma cells

survive----MHC restriction MHC I----CD8+ T cells MHC II----CD4+ T cells

Negative selection:Cells that bind to MHC-Ag on thymic stroma cells (or auto-reactive T cells, ART) with high affinity will undergo apoptosis----Formation of central immune tolerance

【名解】ALLELIC EXCLUSION：Expression of a gene on one chromosome prevents expression of the allele on the second chromosome，Ensures only one specificty of Ab expressed per cell.

WHY:Allelic exclusion prevents unwanted responses;Allelic exclusion is needed for efficient clonal selection;Allelic exclusion is needed to prevent holes in the repertoire

【名解】Affinity maturation ：Affinity maturation is the process by which the affinity of Abs produced in response to a protein Ag increases with prolonged and repeated exposure to that Ag.

【名解】Treg: Down-regulation of immune response by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells.

【名解】FoxP3+ :is the transcription factor that program the development of Tregs （IPEX综合症）【名解】Immune tolerance :is the process by which the Immune system does not attack an antigen. Is an active process which is different from immunodeficiency or immunosuppression.

【名解】AICD:Activation-induced Cell Death,recognition and deletion of T lymphocytes that have been

induced to proliferate by receptor-mediated activation, preventing their overgrowth.