(完整)语言学知识点(语言学简明教程胡壮麟版),推荐文档

ⅠDefinition

A卷

①Phonetics 语言学(P17)

Phonetics is the field of language study concerning the physical properties of sounds and speech sounds.

②Minimal pairs 最小辨立对(P42)

They are made up of similar sound sequence except for the difference of one sound in the corresponding position.

③Open-class 开放类词(P66)

They are indefinitely extendable. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are all open-class words.

④Invariable words 可变化词(P67)

Invariable words refer to those words such as conjunctions, prepositions, interjections, etc. . T hey do not have inflective endings.

⑤Morpheme 语素(P68)

In linguistics, the minimal unit of meaning is called morpheme.

⑥Compounds 复合词(P69)

Compounds consist wholly of free morphemes.

⑦Derivation 派生(P72)

Derivation is the process in which new words are created from already existing words through affixation.

⑧Pragmatics 语用学(P150)

Pragmatics is a study of the intended meaning of speakers in a particular context.

⑨Blending 缩合(P187)

Blending here means to form a new word by joining the initial part of a word and the initial or final part of another word together.

⑩Dissimilation 异化(P189)

This occurs when one of two similar or identical sounds in a word change in such a way that it becomes less similar to the other.

B卷

①Articulatory phonetics 发声语音学(P18)

It studies the sound units from the angle of how each sound segment is articulated.

②Diphthongs (P)

There are vowels which may be described as a sequence of two sounds, or the glide from one vowel position to another.

③Minimal pairs最小辨立对(P42)

They are made up of similar sound sequence except for the difference of one sound in the corresponding position.

④Closed-class 封闭类词(P66)

Words in this class cannot normally be extended by the reation of additional members.

⑤Stem 词干(P70)

A stem is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional

affix can be added.

⑥Conversion 转化(P75)

Conversion is actually the derivational process whereby a word is adapted or converted to a new word-class without the addition of an affix.

⑦Text 语篇(P112)

A text is a chunk of language spoken or written for communication in actual circumstances.

⑧Theme 主位(P113)

Theme is the point of departure in a sentence. The rest of the clause is called the Rheme（述位）.

⑨Assimilation 同化(P189)

Assimilation is a sound becomes more similar to its adjacent sound.

⑩Idiolect 个人方言(P202)

Idiolect refers to the characteristics of an individual’s speech.

ⅡWrite the sources of the following Latin abbreviation and translate them into Chinese P85

cf. ：confer 参看etc.：et cetera 等等et al.：et alii 以及其他等等vs. ：versus 对 e.g.：exemmpli gratia 例如id.：idem 同上

a.m.：ante meridiem 午前p.m.：post meridiem 午后

l.c.：loco citato 在上述引文中sec.：secundum 根据

ⅢDisambiguate the following sentences by providing two unambiguous interpretations.P110 P157

⑴We have greater interest in our environment than the younger generation.

①We have greater interest in our environment than the younger generation do.

②We have greater interest in our environment than in the younger generation.

⑵There were more wealthy farmers than you young industrialists.

①There were farmers more wealthy than you young industrialists.

②There were more wealthy farmers than there were you young industrialists.

⑶They need more highly trained teachers.

①They need teachers who are more highly trained.

②They need more teachers who are highly trained.

⑷The long drill was boring.

①The long drill was making a hole.

②The drill that lasted for a long time was boring.

⑸It takes a good ruler to make a straight line.

①Only a good leader can make a proper policy.

②Only with a good rule can we draw a straight line.

⑹The Congressman is a dirty street fighter.

①The Congressman is fighting to make the streets cleaner.

②The Congressman is like a dishonest guy who fights in the street.

⑺The piglet is too hot to eat.

①The piglet is so hot that it is unable to eat anything.