专业外语增加翻译部分

LESSON 1IntroductionMine ventilation involves the control of the atmospheric environment. This requires control of the air quality and air movement to satisfy the requirements for the health, safety and comfort of mine workers. Minimum standards are set out in the various states mines regulation. Some are descriptive, specifying the standards required (eg. Victoria), and some are prescriptive, detailing exactly how the standards are to be achieved (eg. W.A.).说明矿山通风涉及到对大气环境的控制。

这需要控制空气的质量和运动，以满足矿工的健康、安全和舒适性要求。

许多州的矿山条例中都提出了（关于空气的质量和运动方面的）最低标准。

有些是叙述性的，指明必需的标准（例如，维多利亚加拿大港市)。

有些是说明性的，详细严密地叙述如何达到这些标准（例如）Purposes of Mine VentilationProperly engineered control of the mine atmosphere is required to:provide fresh air (oxygen) for men to breatheprovide a source of oxygen for internal combustion engines in machinerydilute atmospheric contaminants to acceptable levelsmaintain temperature and humidity within acceptable limitsremove atmospheric contaminants from the mine.矿山通风的目标从工程技术来讲，正确控制矿山空气需要：提供新鲜的空气（氧气）工，供人呼吸提供氧气来源，供给各种机械上的内燃机。

稀释空气中的污染物，以达到允许标准保持空气的温度和湿度在容许的界限内除去空气当中来自矿山的污染物。

Historical DevelopmentMine ventilation is twofold in purpose: first, it maintains life, and secondly it carries off dangerous gases. The historic role of ventilation was to provide a flow of fresh air sufficient to replace the oxygen consumed by the miners working underground.历史发展矿山通风的目标有两部分内容：首先，维持生命；其次，带走有毒的气体。

矿山通风在历史上重要的角色是提供足量的新鲜空气，以代替井下工作的矿工所消耗的氧气。

Today's mine ventilation primarily deals with noxious gases (mainly generated by trackless equipment underground).现今，矿山通风主要对付有害的气体（主要由无轨设备产生）。

In the past, mining occurred near the surface where natural light and ventilation was available. Fires were used to draw fresh air into the mine and exhaust shafts vented the hot smoke out of the mine.过去，采矿业产生在地表附近，可利用自然光和通风。

人们用火驱动新鲜空气进入井下，出风井把烟排出井外。

Long before coal was mined in North America, collieries in Europe were sunk with dual entrances; one through which air flowed into the mine and another through which air flowed out. Initially, mine ventilation was assisted by underground furnaces, which used the practical principle that the updraft of a fire caused a suction which drew air out of the mine and this air was replaced by air which was pulled in to fill the opening.在北美州开始采煤的很早以前，欧洲的煤矿都挖掘两个入口：一个用来流入空气，一个用来流出空气。

最初，人们用地下的炉子帮助矿山通风。

这利用的实际原理是：火的上升气流产生一种吸力，驱动空气排出井外，从而在原来位置产生空缺，然后驱动另外空气填充空缺。

Canaries are said to have been used to detect gas in coal mines in the early stages of coal mining. This sensitive bird would be taken into the workings and, if it perished, the colliers would immediately leave the mine.在煤矿开采的早期，人们已用金丝雀来检测瓦斯。

这种敏感的鸟带到工作地点，如果发现它死亡了，矿工将立即离开矿井。

However, before the 1870s, managers and qualified persons were using safety lamps to detect gas. These safety lamps soon replaced oil lamps and open flared candles as a source of working light. 然而，在19世纪70年代以前，管理人员和有资格的人员一直用安全灯来检测瓦斯。

这些安全灯很快代替油灯和裸露燃烧的蜡烛作为工作照明的工具。

Soon, small hand-turned fans were used to blow out gas from working places into main air currents. Trap doors were strategically placed as part of the ventilation system to guide the flow of air to or from selected areas. "Trapper" boys were posted at the busier doors to open them for the passage of coal, materials and men. "Air courses" were frequently cut through coal and rock.很快，人们用手工转动的风机把来自于工作地点的瓦斯吹到主风流当中。

通气门被放置在通风系统中，以引导风流流入或流出选定的区域，这具有战略意义。

矿井风门开关管理员被安排在过往较频繁的风门，当煤、材料和人员通过时，打开风门。

通风巷道经常穿过煤层和岩层。

In the 1920s the hand-turned fans were replaced with air-powered small turbine fans. Large fans of the suction type were placed on the surface and gradually increased in size. Air from surface compressors was piped into the mine to power machinery and to assist in ventilation.20世纪20年代，手工转动的风机被小型的空气动力涡轮风机所取代。

大型的抽出式风机安置在地表，并且其尺寸在逐渐增加。

地面的压缩机把风流通过管道压入矿井中，供给动力机械和辅助通风。

Properties of AirAtmospheric Pressure at any point is due to the weight of air above it, and varies with altitude (which determines the height of the air column), and air density (which is determined by temperature and moisture content). Standard atmospheric pressure is taken as 760mm of Hg, (101.3kPa) at mean sea level, and it varies by about lkPa for every 90 m increase or decrease in altitude.任何地点的大气压力是由于其上面的空气柱的重量所产生的，随着高度（决定空气柱的高度）和空气密度（由温度和湿度所决定）发生变化。

标准大气压力在平均海平面下为760毫米汞柱，高度每增加或减少90米，压力变化1kPa。

Atmospheric temperature is normally given according to the Celsius scale (°C), but the Kelvin scale (°K) may be used.大气温度通常以摄氏度的形式给出，然而开氏温标也被使用。