cultureshock跨文化交际知识讲解
跨文化交际视听说culture shock
Values
As we all know, western culture is based on individualism rather than on collectivism.
Table manner
Colors
• It's quite interesting to find that most Easterners chose red while most of the westerners preferred blue.
Symptoms of culture shock
negative feelings psychological loneliness,helpness...
Symptoms
mental problems
anxiety,unease...
physical
illness
headaches,allergies...
Ⅲ.Regression
People adjusting to a new culture often feel lonely and homesick because they are not yet used to the new environment and meet people with whom they are not familiar every day. Due to the strain of living in a different
Ⅳ.Recovery
Again, after some time, one grows accustomed to the new
culture and develops routines.
One knows what to expect in most situations and the host country no longer feels all that new. One becomes concerned with basic living again, and things become more "normal".
跨文化交际第十一章：文化冲击
Paul
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Case 1
中国旅行者，到泰国，看到出租车司机在马 路上经常(jīngcháng)不看路，而看路上的人 或对面车上的人，然后“乱按”喇叭，“乱 闪”灯。感觉很气愤。
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Case 2
好莱坞电影《黑雨》中，由道格拉斯扮演的 美国警官在初到日本时，对由高仓健扮演的 日本警官在吃面时发出巨大声响十分惊诧和 反感，但一段生死与共的警务工作完成(wán chéng)以后，美国警官临走前，吃日本面条 时，也毫不在意地发出了大声的、自然 的……
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Case 4
一位到杭州留学的新加坡学生，在班上成绩 很好，但有段时间常常迟到，老师问她原因， 她说“老师，我睡不着，常常失眠，很想吃 家里做的东西。” 她常和同学一起打车穿越 大半个杭州城去麦德龙超市(chāo shì)，只 为买新加坡产的凤梨干。她说，常常会觉得 的心慌，吃了家乡的凤梨干会感觉好点。
4. personal shock
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The four stages (Oberg 1960)
1. honeymoon stage 2. hostile stage 3. recovery stage 4. adjustment stage (oberg)
1. Honeymoon phase 2. negotiation phase 3. adjustment phase 4.mastery phase (wikipedia)
Love Peter
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Culture shock
Dear Mum and Dad,
I’m really feeling fed up with my life here and longing for home. Getting anything done over here is a nightmare --- the locals are so lazy and unhelpful. And on top of all that I feel rundown and sleepy all the time, seem to have lost all my zest.
牛津深圳版英语九下Unit2《Cultureshock》说课稿1
牛津深圳版英语九下Unit 2《Culture shock》说课稿1一. 教材分析牛津深圳版英语九下Unit 2《Culture shock》是一篇关于文化冲击的阅读文章。
本篇文章主要讲述了一位美国学生去英国留学后，在学习、生活、交流等方面所经历的文化差异和文化冲击，以及他如何逐渐适应和克服这些困难的过程。
通过本文的学习，学生可以了解不同国家的文化差异，提高跨文化交际能力，培养正确对待文化差异的观念。
二. 学情分析九年级的学生已经具有一定的英语基础，能够听、说、读、写简单的英语句子。
但是，对于一些较复杂的语法现象和词汇，学生可能还需要进一步的巩固。
此外，学生对于文化差异的认识和理解还不够深入，需要在教学中加以引导和培养。
三. 说教学目标1.知识目标：学生能够掌握文章中的关键词汇和短语，理解文章的主旨大意，了解文化差异的存在。
2.能力目标：学生能够运用所学词汇和短语，进行简单的阅读理解和口语表达，提高跨文化交际能力。
3.情感目标：学生能够树立正确对待文化差异的观念，尊重和理解不同国家的文化。
四. 说教学重难点1.重点：文章中的关键词汇和短语，以及文化差异的理解。
2.难点：对于一些文化背景知识不熟悉的学生，可能难以理解文章的深层含义和文化内涵。
五. 说教学方法与手段1.教学方法：采用任务型教学法，让学生在完成任务的过程中，自然地学习和掌握知识。
2.教学手段：利用多媒体教学设备，展示相关的文化图片和视频，激发学生的学习兴趣，提高课堂效果。
六. 说教学过程1.Pre-reading：教师通过提问方式，引导学生思考文化差异的存在，激发学生的学习兴趣。
2.While-reading：学生快速阅读文章，回答相关问题，教师引导学生关注文章中的关键词汇和短语。
3.Post-reading：学生分角色朗读文章，进行口语表达，教师给予指导和反馈。
4.Task-based learning：学生分组讨论，根据自己的经历或想象，编写一段关于文化冲击的故事，并进行展示。
跨文化交际名词解释
跨文化交际名词解释导语：随着全球化进程的加速，跨文化交际成为了当今社会中不可忽视的一个重要领域。
在跨文化交际中，涉及到许多专有名词。
本文将对其中一些常见的跨文化交际名词进行解释，以帮助读者更好地理解和适应跨文化交际环境。
一、文化认知（Cultural Awareness）文化认知是指对不同文化之间的差异和特点进行了解和理解的能力。
这包括对文化背景、价值观、习俗、信仰、礼仪等方面的了解。
在跨文化交际中，文化认知是跨越文化差异和潜在冲突的关键。
具备文化认知的能力可以帮助人们更好地处理和解决跨文化交际中的问题。
二、文化折衷主义（Cultural Hybridization）文化折衷主义是指不同文化之间互相吸收、交融并形成新的文化形态的过程。
在全球化的背景下，不同文化之间的互动和融合日益增多，导致了文化的折衷和更新。
文化折衷主义在跨文化交际中意味着不同文化之间的互相尊重和互动，并且在这个过程中形成更加包容和开放的态度。
三、文化霸权（Cultural Hegemony）文化霸权指的是在跨文化交际中，某一文化因其经济、政治或军事上的强势，通过文化传播手段和方式来主导其他文化的现象。
具有文化霸权意识的文化会在其他文化中产生一定程度的影响力，导致其他文化的价值观、行为方式等趋于同质化。
在跨文化交际中，要重视和避免文化霸权对于其他文化的消解和侵害。
四、文化认同（Cultural Identity）文化认同是指个体对于自己所属文化的认同感和对该文化的归属感。
在跨文化交际中，个体的文化认同既受个体内因素的影响，也受外在因素的影响。
文化认同对于个体的行为、态度和价值观有着重要影响，同时也会影响个体在跨文化交际中对其他文化的接纳程度和开放度。
五、文化冲击（Culture Shock）文化冲击是指个体在跨越文化差异的过程中，经历新文化所带来的一系列困惑、不适和认知上的障碍。
文化冲击通常分为三个阶段：初始阶段的兴奋期，接着是困惑期，最后是适应期。
跨文化交际 课件 Unit Two Culture Shock
学习重点 教学内容 案例分析 资源导航 历年试题 试题答案
Culture Shock
culture shock? Theories of Values on Individual Culture and collectivist culture Hospitality Politeness Privacy Adjustment & Acculturation Acculturation
Hospitality
This word means cordial and generous reception of or disposition toward guests. 对客人的热诚慷慨的接待或安排
The following table shows some different responses to different ways of hospitality:
学习重点
understand cross-cultural differences in approaches to hospitality,modesty, privacy, and politeness appreciate how differences in cultural values shape behavior identify and avoid taboo subjects in Western cultures avoid pitfalls in cross-cultural communication; and adjust more smoothly to a new cultural environment.
教学内容
3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. Because of their independence, Individualists give little thought to the evaluations of others; they are willing to, and indeed encouraged to , express themselves freely. Collectivists, on the other hand, care very much what others in their group think and do not like to be the targets of scrutiny and criticism. Therefore, the free and easy openness of individualists can be distressing too collectivists.
跨文化交际U5
1. Cultural stress
• Entering an unfamiliar culture is stressful; in fact, transitions of any type are both psychologically and physically stressful. • The stress of getting ready for the move, of unpacking and getting settled upon arrival, and of adjusting to new foods can be so stressful that people become physically ill. • Problems with housing, climate, services, or communication in another language bring additional stress.
Brislin (1981)
Ⅴ.Symptoms of culture shock
1. physical symptoms 2. psychological symptoms
1. physical symptoms
Physical symptoms are over-concern about cleanliness of food, bedding, and dishes, extreme stress on health and safety; fear or physical contact with anyone in the new country; great concern over minor pains and skin eruptions; craving “home cooking”; use of alcohol and drugs; and a decline in work quality.
新编跨文化交际英语教程复习资料
《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U9(总7页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--Unit 9 Intercultural Adaptation Some Ideas Related to Culture Shock and Adaptation Strategies1. Culture ShockWhat is culture shock Culture shock is a common experience of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. It refers to phenomena ranging from mild irritability to deep psychological panic and crisis. It is associated with feelings in the person of estrangement (being unfriendly or hostile to others; alienation), anger, hostility, indecision, frustration, unhappiness, sadness, loneliness, homesickness, and even physical illness. The person undergoing culture shock views his new world out of resentment, and alternates between being angry at others for not understanding him and being filled with self-pity.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols or social contact. Those cues or sighs include various ways in which we adapt ourselves to the situation of daily life: When to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to buy things, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues, which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, or customs, are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like fish out of water. Edward Hall describes a hypothetical example of an American living abroad for the first time — at first, things in the cities look pretty much alike. There are taxis, hotels with hot and cold running water, theatres, neon lights, even tall buildings with elevators and a few people who can speak English. But pretty soon the American discovers that underneath the familiar exterior there are vast differences. When someone says “yes” it often doesn’t mean yes at all, and when people smile it doesn’t always mean they are pleased.When the American visitor makes a helpful gesture he may be rebuffed; when he tries to be friendly nothing happens. People tell him that they will do things and don’t. The longer he stays, the more enigmatic (puzzling) the new country looks.2. Possible signs of culture shockThe following sentences describe different stages of culture shock.a. The person holds a hostile and aggressive attitude toward the host country.b. The person begins to open the way into the new cultural environment.c. The person now accepts the customs of the country as just another way of living.d. The person is fascinated by the new environment.3. Suggestions found to be helpful in fighting culture shock1) Recognize that you are experiencing culture shock, and your reactions are not from some other source. Remember that many others have had the same experience, and that it is normal. Understand that your feelings are part of a response to learning about the other culture and consider it a positive sign.2) Give yourself permission to temporarily indulge the symptom: if you are sleepy, sleep.3) Find other from your culture and spend time together talking about home, eating, sharing experiences.4) Help someone from your home culture who has recently arrived. You will be surprised at how much you’ve learned.5) Communicate with family and friends. Write letters or call. Remember that those at home might not realize that culture shock is a normal experience. Let them know it is a temporary phase of adjusting to life in a different culture.6) Become an expert on some aspect of the other culture. Choose something you like, and learn more about people in the host culture.7) Maintain your sense of humor. Laugh at the mistakes you make; they are usually not serious.8) Keep busy. Get to know the area where you live by walking around and observing. Say hello to a neighbor in the place you live, and perhaps start a friendship.9) Become friendly with classmates. Spend some out-of-school time together.10) Do something you enjoy. Contact a relative or acquaintance whose address you may have. Browse through department stores. Visit a museum. Walk through a new area of town. See a play or go to a movie.11) Forget that your English is less than perfect, and feel free “to ask” people for information, guidance, or directions. Many people are friendly, and helpful. It is important not to dwell on negative incidents. Disappointments are simply a fact of life.12) Be flexible. Make up your mind that you are going to enjoy your new adventure.4. Two views of culture shockTwo views of culture shock1) The disease viewThe culture-shocked person experiences a breakdown in communication, is unable to cope, and feels isolated and lost. He develops a number of defensive attitudes and behaviors to protect the mind from the confusion of an entirely new situation. He is a helpless victim.He can experience many emotional and mental difficulties. He may become extremely frustrated, angry, and rejecting of the new culture. He considers the host country bad, ridiculous, stupid, and hopeless.He may start to glorify his home country. He fears physical contact with anyone or anything from the new culture. He may feel harmed, tricked, deceived, injured, orignored. People can become physically ill from the stress of culture shock — ulcers, headaches, stomach aches, back aches, the flu — physical symptoms.2) The self-awareness viewThe educational experience provides a mirror in which one’s own culture is reflected. Exposure to new cultures enables them to gain new insights into their own culture and society.Positive cross-cultural learning experiences typically involve change and movement from one cultural frame of reference to another.5. Four ways of adaptationAssimilation （同化）Separation（隔绝）Marginalization（边缘化）Integration（融合）Reading IAdapting to a New CultureComprehension questions1. What are the terms that can be applied to the concept of “culture shock”Terms that can be applied to the concept of ―culture shock are culture stress, adaptation, transition shock, adjustment, socialization, and so on.2. W hat are the symptoms of a person at his or her “honeymoon stage” in the process of adapting to a new culture?In this stage, one feels a sense of excitement, pleasure, and self-satisfaction for making the decision to come to this beautiful place. In his or her view, nearly everything appears wonderful.3. Does everybody experience the Stage Two How to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage?No, some people never experience this stage. In order to cope with the negative feelings one may have at this stage, one should not withdraw from all contact with the new culture and instead try to have more contact with the host nationals.4. According to the author, what is the best thing to do when one is experiencing culture shock?The best thing to do when you are experiencing culture shock is to admit that you are experiencing culture shock, try to identify your stage of culture shock, and work toward becoming more familiar with the new culture.5. What are the problems that people are confronted with when they return to the home culture from overseas?Upon their first returning home, there is a sense of relief and excitement about being in familiar surroundings. However, a sense of depression and negative outlook follows the initial reentry cycle, for a person may find that the home culture is no longer the same. They may have difficulty readjusting to the home culture and the reentry process has often involved their suffering quietly with stress.6. What are the improvements people usually make when they get into Stage Three?When people get into Stage Three, they become more accustomed to the foods, sights, sounds, smells, and nonverbal behaviors of the new culture and have less physical problems and less confusion, uncertainty, and loneliness. Their normal contacts with host nationals are increasing and now they can accept themselves and others around them.7. What do you think of the author’s suggestion of using the native language to compliment people in the host culture?It is very important for one to be able to use the native language if one hopes to survive successfully in a new cultural environment, for it can not only compliment the local people, but also greatly enhance mutual understanding.8. Do you have any other suggestions for adapting successfully to a new culture?Apart from those suggestions given by the author, one should also try to learn from those who have much experience in adapting to a new culture, which may be helpful in one‘s effort to overcome the difficulties in the process of cultural adaptation. Reading IIOvercoming Ethnocentrism in Communication Comprehension questions1. Why do people involved in intercultural communication often evaluate the other(s) negatively?Because in intercultural communication we tend to use the categories of our own culture to judge and interpret the behaviors of the others who are culturally different from us.2. What is the basic difference between American and Japanese communication styles?The basic difference may be that Americans are much more direct while Japanese are very indirect.3. What will happen when communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation in American-Japanese interaction?When communicators engage in mutual negative evaluation, the communication event may deteriorate even further. The American, sensing Japanese reluctance to confront a problem, becomes even more personal and aggressive. The Japanese, reacting to an embarrassing social indiscretion, becomes even more formal and indirect.4. What do you think the Nigerian communication style is like?Nigerians are inclined to take the more contextual style in communication. They tend to provide as much context as they can before they get to the point.5. Why does the Thai employee continue to use the formal title to address his American manager in their conversations?Because the Thai people usually consider it quite disrespectable to address the manager by his first name, for in their culture, one should always be aware of one‘s place in the organization‘s hierarchy and behave accordingly. .6. Why does the author say that the case of American-British interaction deserves closer attention?Because the case of American-British interaction is more complicated. Americans and the British employ different cultural approaches in response to different occasions. The British, like other Europeans, tend to use a low-context approach to intellectual confrontation and a more high-context style in personal matters of feeling and relationship, whereas Americans usually treat a relationship in a low-context manner handle intellectual confrontation in a high-context manner.7. What should we do to overcome the tendency to stereotype and negatively evaluate others who are culturally different from us?We can overcome the tendency to stereotype and generate negative evaluations by approaching every cross-cultural situation as a kind of experiment. Using available generalizations about the other culture, we can formulate a hypothesis and then test it for accuracy. As more knowledge of relevant cultural differences is acquired, generalizations can become more specific, hypotheses more particular, and communication difficulties more predictable.8. If we cannot help making generalizations, how to use cultural generalizations effectively?We can use generalizations to hypothesize likely areas of contrast and possible communication problems and then acquire specific cultural differences through intercultural practice.Case StudyCase 33The problems that Li Li has encountered during her stay in the United States are typically some of those that people will usually be faced with when they enter a new culture.There are obviously distinct stages that Li Li has gone through in the process of her adaptation to the American cultural environment: honeymoon period (Letter 1), when she was fascinated and excited by almost everything in the United States and felt elated to be in the new culture; culture shock. (Letter 2), when she was immersed in many problems that she had not been prepared for and became extremely homesick; initial adjustment (Letter 3), when she learned more about American culture and cultural adaptation and began to feel much better then; mental isolation (Letter 4), when she felt frustrated and became even somewhat hostile towards Americans; and acceptance period (Letter 5), when she began to realize the positive and negative aspects of the country and have a more balanced perspective about her experiences there.What she me ans by writing in her fifth letter that ―I think I have finally arrived in America is that she has finally learned to accept the culture very different from her own and begun to integrate herself into it. She is no longer like a fish out of water, and does not feel alienated from the new environment any more.Case 34In this case, it seems that Kevin failed to understand that customs for such a social gathering would be culturally different and Blanca were not properly prepared for experiencing a culture shock like this when she came to work and live in a new cultural environment.In Dominican culture, it is usually considered inappropriate for a young unmarried female to go to a social gathering alone without anyone else accompanying her. A chaperone is often required, and getting one‘s parents‘permission is also necessary. However, all this may be very strange to North Americans nowadays. Kevin could not quite understand why Blanca, already an adult supposed to be independent, had to bring her little sister along to the gathering so as to get her parents‘permission.Another thing at which they differ is that in Dominican culture, somewhat like our Chinese culture, people going out together to eat seldom pay separately. The elder one(s) would pay for the younger one(s), and the male(s) would pay for the female(s). Because of having expected that Kevin would pay for their meals, Blanca didn‘t bring much money with her when she was going to The Blue Hat. Therefore, when Kevin said ―separate checks, please‖ to the waiter, as North American people usually do while going out together to eat, he didn‘t realize that he had put Blanca in a very embarrassing situation. That‘s why Blanca whispered to her sister, telling her that she didn‘t have much money with her then and just ordered something to drink when she said they were not hungryat all.Case 35The American‘s personal experience in Russia has taught us not to jump to a conclusion about any other culture. We may misinterpret the behavior and intention of people in other cultures, for we are easily influenced by some popularovergeneralizations about other cultures. We have to be aware that things in other cultures may not be what they appear to us foreigners. One of the difficulties wewill experience in adjusting to a new culture is that we may have taken too much of our own―cultural baggage: misleading stereotypes and preconceptions about members of that culture. In intercultural communication it is sometimes true that a little learning about other cultures can be a dangerous thing. Distorted or biased knowledge may be worse than no knowledge at all. Even if what we know about other cultures has been proved to be right and well grounded, we still have to remember that there will often be variation within any culture. We should always be prepared for exceptions when interacting with individuals from another culture. Case 36We all know that we are members of a particular culture and we share the same cultural identity with other members of the culture. However, much of our cultural identity may simply be outside of our awareness. Not until we find ourselves in situations where our sense of self --- our values, beliefs, practices --- is called into question do we perceive the tacit dimensions of our cultural identity. In this incident, the German woman has found out that Americans treat their neighbors in a way that isdifferent from the way Germans do. As her expectations were thwarted, she became aware of her own cultural identity, her cultural way of thinking, of interpreting the world. This could be a painful process, which many of us, as the German woman in this case, may not be prepared for. Therefore, it is important to raise people‘s awareness of their culturally shaped identity and acknowledge the likelihood of some emotional disturbance during the cultural adjustment.。
跨文化交际知识点汇总
一、跨文化交际概论1.什么是跨文化交际跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际. 一个层面指不同国家和民族的人们之间的交际. 另一个层面指同一个国家或民族中, 不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际.2.跨文化交际的特点是什么跨文化交际主要指人与人、面对面的交际；跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性；跨文化交际容易引起冲突；跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突〞；跨文化交际常常引起情绪上的强烈反响；跨文化交际是一种挑战,更是一种收获.3.国际汉语教师为什么要学习跨文化交际学国际汉语教师学习跨文化交际的必要性表达在：更好地理解中国文化；建立敏锐的跨文化意识；提升文化适应能力；建立开放、宽容、尊重的文化态度；提升在不同文化环境中进行汉语教学的水平；掌握培养学习者跨文化交际水平的方法和策略.4.跨文化交际主要学习内容有哪些文化与交际；价值观与文化模式；语言交际; 非语言交际；文化身份&认同；文化适应；跨文化交际的心理因素；不同领域的跨文化交际；跨文化交际水平；跨文化交际练习.二、交际与文化1.什么是文化关于文化的定义,学界至今未有统一的定论.而作为跨文化交际的学习者,我们最关心的并不是哪位学者提出的文化定义最全面、最精确,而是哪个文化定义与跨文化交际最相关,最能表达文化与跨文化交际的关系.教材推荐跨文化交际学者Brislin(2000)的文化定义：文化是大多数说同一种语言和住在一起的人们所分享的价值和观念,这些价值和观念是世代相传的而且为人们提供对日常行为的指导.2.什么是文化要素文化要素包罗万象.其中与跨文化交际关系最为密切的是历史、宗教、社会组织、语言.理解这些文化要素,有助于我们理解文化在跨文化交际中的影响和作用.3.G. Hofstede与G.J.Hofstede(2004) 提出的文化要素包括几个层次包括象征符号、英雄人物、礼仪、价值观4个层次.4.在跨文化交际领域,常用的文化分类方法有几种分别是什么有两种文化分类的方法在跨文化交际领域最为常用.一种是客观文化与主观文化.另二种是主导文化与亚文化.5.文化有什么特点呢〔1〕文化是后天习得的.〔2〕文化是共享的,并世代相传.〔3〕大局部文化是无意识的.〔4〕文化是象征的.〔5〕文化是动态的.6.什么是交际与文化的定义相似,关于交际的定义也非常丰富和复杂.教材仅推荐与跨文化交际语用领域相关的定义.即Gudykunst& Kim〔2003〕提出的关于交际的定义：交际是编码和解码的过程,但是这种编码和解码的过程并非单纯的传递和接受过程,而是包含着意义的协商和共建.7.交际的要素是什么交际是互相交往的过程,交际的全部过程包含以下要素：传送者、信息、编码、解码、媒介、反响、噪音.8.交际有什么特点〔1〕交际是象征的〔2〕交际是动态的过程〔3〕交际涉及意义的协商和共建〔4〕交际发生在意识的各个层面.〔5〕交际是特定语境中发生的.9.文化对交际有什么影响文化从两个层面影响交际：一是从文化标准的层面,二是从个人层面.文化影响着人们的感知.首先, 文化影响人们对外部刺激的选择.其次,文化影响人们对外部刺激的分类.第三,文化影响人们对外部刺激的意义联想.最后,文化影响人们对外部刺激的解释.文化的特征值是它为行为提供指南.文化影响人们的饮食行为.文化还影响人们的衣着打扮.文化影响居住方式.文化影响人们的出行方式.文化也影响了人与人交往的方式.1.什么是价值观价值观不是实际的行为, 而是关于行为的规那么；价值观是一套关于什么是真善美的标准系统；这些规那么和标准是用来判断和指导人们的行为的；价值观不是个人的爱好或倾向,而是一种集体的文化意识.2.价值观如何分类一类是终极性价值观, 它是关于生命、生存等终极目标的价值观,另一类是工具性价值观,它是关于道德和水平的价值观.3.价值观有什么特点〔1〕价值观属于深层文化.〔2〕价值观是人们的行为指南. 〔3〕价值观既是稳定的,也是变化的.〔4〕不同文化的价值观既有相同的也有不同的成分.〔5〕价值观被违背时会引起情感上的强烈反响.4.关于价值观模式的研究具有影响力的理论是哪些1.价值取向理论〔由kluckhohn与Strodtbeck提出〕2.文化尺度〔由Hofstede提出〕3.高语境文化与低语境文化〔由Hall提出〕.5.中国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕集体主义〔2〕以家庭为中央〔3〕尊重传统〔4〕等级观念〔5〕面子观念〔6〕重视人情6.美国文化模式有什么特点〔 1〕个体主义〔2〕平等观念〔3〕强调变化和进步〔4〕物质享受〔5〕科学与技术〔6〕工作与娱乐〔7〕竞争意识四、跨文化的语言交际1概念提要：1.萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说的含义萨丕尔-沃尔有三层含义.〔1〕不同的语言以不同的方式感知和划分世界.〔2〕一个人所使用的语言结构影响他感知和理解世界的方式.〔3〕讲不同语言的人感知世界是不同的.2.语言与价值观之间是什么关系语言与文化的关系最直接的表达是语言表达了人们对世界的看法、态度和价值取向.每种语言都拥有丰富的格言、警句和俗语.这些句子往往就是价值观的表达.3.词义与文化是什么关系在语言的各要素中,词汇与文化的关系最为密切,其对跨文化交际的影响也最为突出.语言的含义不具有普遍性,它受到文化和语境的制约.不同语言和文化的人们进行跨文化交际时,可能会由于对词语含义的误解而产生交流的障碍.4.什么叫委婉语学习它有什么意义禁忌是人类社会普遍存在的文化现象, 人们对诸如生老病死、隐私等许多方面多有避讳,因此产生了大量的委婉语. 了解不同文化中的禁忌和相应的委婉语不仅可以深入理解不同文化的价值取向,也可以防止在跨文化交际中出现不必要的误会.四、跨文化的语言交际2概念提要：1.礼貌原那么包括哪些准那么〔1〕得体准那么〔2〕慷慨准那么〔3〕赞扬准那么〔4〕谦虚准那么〔5〕一致准那么〔6〕同情准那么.2.中国人的礼貌特征包括哪些〔1〕贬己尊人〔2〕称呼准那么〔3〕文雅准那么〔4〕求同准那么〔5〕德、言、行准那么.3.礼貌策略的使用受到什么因素的制约〔1〕说话人与听话人之间的权力距离〔2〕说话人与听话人之间的社会距离〔3〕言语行为的强加程度4.什么是交际风格交际风格是指说话的特点.5.在跨文化交际领域中,常见的交际风格包括哪些〔1〕直接与间接的交际风格〔2〕谦虚与自信的交际风格〔3〕归纳与演绎的交际风格五、跨文化的非语言交际概念提要：1.什么是非言语交际非言语交际不包括语言,而是包括了各种非语言的交际行为；非语言交际具有互动性,涉及信息的发出者和接受者的编码和解码过程；非言语交际是在特定情境中产生的,与语境有密切关系；非语言交际可能是有意的,也可能是无意的.2.非语言交际的功能有哪些〔 1〕传达真实的内在感情〔2〕营造交际印象〔3〕进行会话治理3.非语言交际与语言交际是什么关系非语言交际对语言信息起着重复、补充、代替、标准和否认等作用.4.体态语包括哪些人们的外貌服饰、面部表情、眼神交流、手势、姿势以及身体接触都是体态语,都参与了交际,是非语言交际的一局部.5.时间观念与文化之间有什么联系时间观念是非语言交际的重要维度, 也是价值观的表达.6.什么是单时制文化其特点是什么单时制文化中的时间是线性的,可以向前延伸到未来,向后延伸到过去.单时制文化的人们通过方案和预约来限制时间,在一段时间内只做一件事,强调准时、预约和最后期限.7.什么是多时制文化其特点是什么多时制文化并不把时间看做是线性的.多时制文化中的人认为时间围绕着生活,在同一时间内可以做多件事情.工作常常被打断,方案也常改变.身处多时制文化中的人,维系人际关系和谐远比遵守时间重要.8.人们对于空间的利用与文化之间有什么联系空间利用也是非语言交际的重要内容.空间利用方式表达了特定文化中人际关系的特点.六、文化适应概念提要：1.文化适应策略有哪些同化、别离、融合以及边缘化.2.文化适应是一个复杂、动态的开展过程.短期旅居者的跨文化适应过程分为哪几个阶段蜜月期、挫折期、恢复期和适应期.3.焦虑处理理论认为什么因素影响跨文化适应个体性格因素、社会支持、性别、民族、处理文化适问题的策略等.4.什么是文化休克文化休克是一种因失去了熟悉的社会交往符号而产生的心理焦虑.5.应对文化休克可采取什么策略应对呢广交朋友,建立良好人际关系；学习目的国的语言；了解目的文化的知识；做自己感兴趣的事情；参加社会文化活动；改变自己的思维.6.什么是文化适应假说第二语言教学领域的学者很早注意到了文化适应与第二语言学习的关系.Schuman(1986跟出了文化适应假说〞.他认为, 学习者只有适应了第二文化以后才能习得第二语言,文化适应的程度决定第二语言学习的程度.7.Schuman(198觎出的社会距离的概念是什么社会距离指的是学习者的原有文化与目的语文化之间的差异程度.七、跨文化的人际交往概念提要：1.人际关系与文化的联系表达在哪几方面不同文化间的朋友关系、人情关系、工作关系、与陌生人之间的关系都受到文化的影响.2.交往习俗与文化之间有什么联系在社会交往中,人们需要遵循社交礼仪和规那么,而这些规那么会因文化而异.一种文化中得体、礼貌的规那么到了另一种文化中可能是不得体的,甚至还造成了冒犯.了解不同文化的社交习俗和礼仪,对提升跨文化交际的有效性和得体性是非常有必要的.3.公共礼仪与文化之间有什么联系遵守公共秩序和礼仪是现代人的基本素养,也是一个国家文明程度的表达. 在跨文化交往中,了解和遵守不同文化的公共礼仪非常重要.不遵守公共礼仪会给人留下负面的印象,甚至引起跨文化交往中的冲突.八、跨文化人际交际的心理与态度概念提要：1.什么是刻板印象刻板印象又作成见〞与谊型观念〞,是指一个群体成员特征的概括性看法.2.刻板印象有什么特点〔1〕刻板印象是人们正常思维的一局部.〔2〕刻板印象是文化的一局部.〔3〕刻板印象的最大局限是以偏概全,无视个体差异.3.如何克服刻板印象〔1〕意识到刻板印象的存在.〔2〕改变懒惰和简化的思维习惯.〔3〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔4〕试图寻找充分的证据和例外的情况.〔5〕对于来自其他文化的个人的行为的描述,应采用表达性语言,而不是对这一文化群体进行评价和简单概括.4.什么是偏见偏见是对一个群体的成员建立在错误而僵化的概括根底上的负面感情5.如何克服偏见〔1〕坦诚面对自己的偏见.〔2〕扩大与不同文化的人的接触范围.〔3〕参加课程学习和培训.〔4〕在交际中防止使用带有偏见或歧视色彩的表达方式,特别是对弱势群体要注意使用委婉而礼貌的称呼.6.什么是种族中央种族中央指的是在思考和评价别的文化时,把自己的文化放在一切事物的中央位置,并且以自己文化的框架作为衡量的标准.7.什么是文化相对主义文化相对主义是与种族中央主义相对的概念.它最早由美国著名人类学家弗朗兹博厄斯所倡导.其包括两个方面的内容.第一, 每种文化都有自己长期形成的独特历史, 其形态并无上下之分；第二,任何一个民族都有自己的社会思想、世界观和道德观,人们不应该用自己的一套标准来衡量其它民族的文化.。
跨文化交际第五章Culture Shock in ppt课件
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◆ the physical and emotional discomfort one suffers when coming to live in another country or a place different from the place of origin
◆ troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture
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3. Causes of culture shock
• Cultural stress • Social alienation • Social class and poverty-wealth extremes • Financial matters • Relationships and family considerations
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a. Cultural Stress
Entering an unfamiliar culture is stressful; in fact, transitions of any type are both psychologically and physically stressful. Problems with housing, climate, services, or communication in another language bring additional stress.
跨文化交际中的文化休克与文化适应
Cultural Shock and Cultural Adaptation in Intercultural Communication 跨文化交际中的文化休克与文化适应李勇（营口职业技术学院外语系，辽宁营口 115000）摘要：对于一个要经历跨文化方式到一个全新的文化环境之中短期访问或长期居住的人来说，文化休克是一种必然要经历的状态。
要想达到最终的文化适应的目的，我们就要了解其产生原因和解决方式。
本文对文化休克的产生原因进行了多角度的分析并得出了有利于达到文化适应目的的多种有效途径。
关键词：跨文化交际文化休克文化适应经济的发展、社会的开放以及科学技术的提高使得人际的交往空间跨越了国籍或文化的限制。
“地球村”的理念正在一步步的成为现实。
随着来自不同国家或文化背景的人与人之间的交往的增加，那些特定的文化背景所形成的人们的思维方式、价值观念、生活习俗和交往方式等所带来的跨文化交际的障碍开始引起人们越来越多的重视。
关于跨文化交际的科学研究也日趋增多。
文化休克（Cultural Shock）与文化适应（Cultural Adaptation），作为跨文化交际中的一种普遍现象，也开始为人们所熟悉。
一、文化休克的含义1958年美国的人类学家奥博格（Kalvero Oberg）首次提出“文化休克”（Cultural Shock）的概念：“文化休克是指一个人进入到不熟悉的文化环境时，因失去自己熟悉的所有社会交流的符号与手段而产生的一种迷失、疑惑、排斥甚至恐惧的感觉”。
简单说就是当一个人从自已长期生存的文化中来到另一种全新的差异文化一门中时，都会有一定时期和程度的心理和生理上波动现象，这种一定时期的不适应性，就是文化休克。
二、文化休克产生的原因文化的差异是产生文化休克的最主要原因。
不同的生存环境和宗教信仰会形成不同的的人生价值观和生活习俗，这些都会形成不同的文化差异。
陆地面积广阔的地区以农业生产为主导，会形成集体主义为中心的文化，人的思维方式和价值观都是以个人服务于集体为主导的。
浅谈跨文化交际中的文化休克现象
浅谈跨文化交际中的文化休克现象【摘要】文化休克是跨文化交际中常见的现象，由于文化差异引发的冲突导致个体产生不适感。
语言障碍常常是文化休克的主要原因之一，因为语言是文化的核心，造成沟通困难。
礼仪习惯的不同也可能导致文化休克，如不同的用餐习惯或打招呼方式。
价值观念的冲突往往会引发文化休克，如对待家庭、爱情以及权威的看法。
心理压力也是文化休克产生的原因之一，个体难以适应新环境带来的压力。
加强文化交流、尊重他人文化差异、提高文化适应能力是减少文化休克发生的有效策略。
通过案例分析，可以更深入了解文化休克的表现及应对方法。
跨文化交际中的文化休克是可以通过相互理解和尊重来化解的。
【关键词】文化休克现象，跨文化交际，文化差异，语言障碍，礼仪习惯，价值观念，心理压力，案例分析，文化交流，文化对策略。
1. 引言1.1 文化休克现象的定义文化休克现象是指在跨文化交际过程中，由于文化差异、语言障碍、礼仪习惯、价值观念等因素引发的一种心理不适感和困惑感。
当个体置身于与自身文化背景截然不同的文化环境中，往往会面临种种挑战和困扰，从而产生文化休克现象。
文化休克不仅会影响个体的情绪和心理状态，还可能导致交际效果的不佳，甚至影响工作和生活的正常开展。
文化休克现象的出现并非偶然，而是受到多种因素的影响。
跨文化交际的失败往往源于文化间的差异，各自的文化体系、行为准则、认知模式的不同会使得交流双方产生误解和矛盾，从而导致文化休克的发生。
了解文化休克现象的定义及其成因，对于有效应对和解决跨文化交际中可能出现的问题具有重要意义。
对文化休克现象的深入理解，有助于提升个体的跨文化交际能力，促进不同文化间的相互理解与融合。
1.2 文化差异引发的文化休克文化差异是跨文化交际中常见的引发文化休克的原因之一。
每个国家、地区甚至家庭都有自己独特的文化传统、价值观念、习惯和礼仪规范。
当不同文化相遇时，由于各自的文化背景不同，人们可能产生误解、认知偏差或情感冲突，从而导致文化休克的发生。
cultureshock跨文化交际教学教材
However Opportunities!
▪
Learn new perspectives
1. Develop better understanding of yourself
Cause of Culture Shock?
Conflict and uncertainty between our values/rules and those of the new culture anxiety cultural shock
▪ continue language study
▪ spend time with people who enjoy being there
▪ keep writing to people back home
▪ try new things, and explore the culture
▪ practice the language
▪ your own sense of culture is not threatened
▪ daily frustrations can build into disillusionment
▪ the good things of home loom large
▪ be a tourist ▪ send postcards home
▪ new experiences are exciting
▪ feel fortunate for having the opportunity to move abroad.
▪ people are friendly and you smile a lot, you're in control
跨文化交际基础学习知识
跨文化交际基础知识【复习指南】这部分内容主要波及跨文化交际的基本理论及较为常有的平时交际礼仪，在选择题、填空题、判断题中所占比率较少，但与事例剖析部分密切联合；建议考生复习此块内容时，注意有关理论看法在实质事例中的运用。
考生可要点看胡文仲《跨文化交际学》或吴为善的《跨文化概论》，这两本书对于跨文化交际的基本看法、基础理论等都有全面介绍。
【知识点概括】（1.要点看法：（（1）文化：culture，波及内容十分宽泛，不同研究者有不同定义。
（广义文化：指人类社会实践过程中所获取的物质、精神的生产能力和创建的物质、精神财产的总和。
（狭义文化：精神生产能力和精神产品，包含全部社会心识形式；自然科学、（技术科学、社会心识形式。
英国人类学家泰勒1871年在《原始文化》中提到的定义影响很大。
（总的来说，文化是人类社会创建的财产，包含食品、用具，也包含信念、价值观、风俗、知识。
可分为物质文化、制度文化和看法文化。
（其特征是：人类独有；来自后天习得；大多数存在于人的潜意识；是行动的指南；动向，与必定历史期间相联系。
（2）交际：就是人与人之间的来往交际活动，文化在交际中获取发展与流传。
跨文化交际中的交际主要指人际间经过语言等交际工具进行的直接或间接的信息交流和交流活动。
（3）编码与解码（交际是一个编码和解码的过程；编码是把思想、感情、意识等编成语码的过程，解码是对外界接受的符号或信息给予意义或进行解说的过程。
（4）语言交际与非语言交际语言交际是指派用语言作为交际媒介；非语言交际是指派用除语言之外的交际工具作为交际媒介，比如：文字、盲文、手语、手势、旗语、号语等。
（5）跨文化交际广义：拥有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际来往或信息流传与交流活动。
狭义：在特定的交际情况中，拥有不同的文化背景的交际者使用同一种语言进行的口语交际。
影响跨文化交际的主要要素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值看法、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段；阶层、职业、年纪、性别等方面。
跨文化交际PPT演示课件
.
Key Terms
The Adaptation Stage 适应阶段 适应阶段是指“外乡人”的沮丧、烦恼和焦虑消失了 的阶段。他们基本上适应了新的文化环境，适应了当 地的风俗习惯，能与当地人和平相处。 The Reverse Culture Shock 逆向文化冲击 逆向文化冲击是指归国者归国初期表现出对自己祖国 环境的种种不适应状况。
跨文化交际实训
.
Culture Shock in Intercultural Communication
Learning Objectives In this chapter, you should be able to Basic knowledge about culture shock. The elements that cause culture shock. The five stages of culture shock. How do the people feel and react when they are experiencing culture shock. How to alleviate culture shock.
.
Comprehension Questions
.
Glossary
initial enchantment fascination cordial superficial embrace invariably idiosyncrasies competent overwhelmed adj. 最初的；字首的 n. 魔法；着迷 n. 魅力；入迷 adj. 兴奋的；热忱的 adj. 表面的；肤浅的 vt. 包含；信奉 adv. 不变地；总是 n. 气质；风格 adj. 能干的；足够的 adj. 压倒性的, 无法抵抗的
跨文化交际英文11 Culture Shock
calling home much more often than usual ② Boredom why the curriculum is so tedious ③ Withdrawal avoiding meeting people, feeling vulnerable ④ Excessive sleep sleeping like a log, insomnia ⑤ Compulsive eating/drinking gulping ⑥ Irritability having an increased need for hygiene ⑦ Stereotyping host nations ⑧ Hostility towards host nations
Culture shock
Dear Michael, This is a fantastic place! So many interesting things to see, such as the Forbidden City and the Temple of Heaven. Even wandering the streets is a delight with all the bustle and hordes of cyclists. I’m really happy I came.
Negotiation phase
After some time (usually weeks), differences between the old and new culture become apparent and may create anxiety.
Adjustment Phase
The teacher says…
cultureshock跨文化交际-文档资料
▪ the good things of home loom large
▪ be a tourist ▪ send postcards home
▪ make contacts in clubs and associations, sign up for some activities
▪ join a language course
▪ look after yourself, exercise, avoid alcohol
▪ get out, be with people ▪ continue language practice ▪ keep busy ▪ set daily goals and make
the effort to achieve7them.
Stages of Culture shock
Stage
Signs
Coping Strategies
Reintegration
(3-6 months)
Becoming Functional (6 months)
▪ a sense of standing up to the things and people that are frustrating you
Behaviour towards people
1. Don't speak the language…
impatient, exasperated
2. Systems of work (Differ/Wrong)…
anger, frustration
3. Aggression/ Racism towards locals…
《Unit2Cultureshock》知识点讲解(可编辑修改word版)
Unit 2 Culture shockI.重点词汇1.international (adj.)The number of the international students in this school is 1,500.March 8 is the International Women’s day.三月八日是国际妇女节。
同根词：national (adj.) 国家的；民族的；全国的The National Day was celebrated throughout the country. 全国都在庆祝国庆日。
He broke two national records on a sports meeting. 他在一次运动会中打破了两项全国纪录。
2.(v.)（常指勉强）承认admitted-admitted-admittingYou have to admit that Sheila has a good point. 你不得不承认希拉有一个优点。
He will never admit to me that he is lazy. 他不会向我承认他懒惰。
搭配：admit doing sth. 承认做了某事He admitted having stolen the car. 他承认偷了那辆车。
The man admitted hiding in the box before the plane left London.那个人承认在飞机离开伦敦以前他就藏在箱子里。
3.(adj. 空闲的；空余的；备用的；预备的Hisspare money goes on books. 他多余的钱都花在买书上。
Wehave no spare rooms. 我们没有多余的房间。
We always have a spare wheel in our car. 我们总是在汽车上带一个备用的轮胎。
句型：could you spare (me)…? 你能否（借）给我（钱···）？为我腾出（时间···）？Could you spare me 20 minutes of your time? 你能为我腾出20 分钟的时间吗？Could you spare me 20 Yuan? 你能借给我20 元钱吗？4.degree (n.)The chairman agreed with me to a certain degree. 主席在某种程度上同意我的意见。
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Behaviour towards people
1. Don't speak the language…
impatient, exasperated
2. Systems of work (Differ/Wrong)…
anger, frustration
3. Aggression/ Racism towards locals…
Lack of direction
Not knowing: ▪ What to do? ▪ How to do things? ▪ When to do things?
What is culture Shock?
Physical symptoms
headaches, fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhea
cultureshock跨文化交际
Purpose:
1. What is culture Shock?
▪ Symptoms ▪ Stages ▪ Causes
2. How to cope with it?
▪ General strategies ▪ Observe & modify your own ways of doing
▪ make contacts in clubs and associations, sign up for some activities
▪ join a language course
▪ look after yourself, exercise, avoid alcohol
▪ get out, be with people ▪ continue language practice ▪ keep busy ▪ set daily goals and make
▪ your own sense of culture is not threatened
▪ daily frustrations can build into disillusionment
▪ the good things of home loom large
▪ be a tourist ▪ send postcards home
the effort to achieve them.
Stages of Culture shock
Stage
Sห้องสมุดไป่ตู้gns
Coping Strategies
Reintegration
(3-6 months)
Becoming Functional (6 months)
▪ a sense of standing up to the things and people that are frustrating you
▪ a sense of comfort operating in the host culture
▪ you're helping others get through their adjustments
▪ build your network of friends
▪ take that holiday you booked
things
▪ Verbal & non-verbal communication style ▪ Tips for Finland
What is culture Shock?
“Cultural shock is caused by the anxiety resulting from losing all our familiar signs and symbols when we move to a new environment” (Oberg, 1958).
▪ do things you intended to do while in this country before it's time to leave
Final Stage of Culture shock
▪ new experiences are exciting
▪ feel fortunate for having the opportunity to move abroad.
▪ people are friendly and you smile a lot, you're in control
Disintegration (2-3 months)
▪ determination to work things out and get things done
▪ feel in control and positive again about where you are
▪ self-understanding and more tolerance of others
▪ continue language study
▪ spend time with people who enjoy being there
▪ keep writing to people back home
▪ try new things, and explore the culture
▪ practice the language
"rude", "dirty", "lazy“
However Opportunities!
▪
Learn new perspectives
1. Develop better understanding of yourself
Cause of Culture Shock?
Conflict and uncertainty between our values/rules and those of the new culture anxiety cultural shock
BUT: Appropriate behaviour can be learned observation, asking locals and other foreigners
Stage
Stages of Culture shock
Signs
Coping Strategies
Honeymoon (2-8 weeks)