英国的宗教信仰 英文版
第3讲 英国历史宗教(英)
Early Britain (Before 1066)
Anglo-Saxon Britain (About AD410-1066)
The Contribution of Alfred the Great----the first national hero. 3. He was even greater in peace than he was in war. He established many schools and invited learned churchmen from Rome to teach at these schools. He was also active in promoting the teaching of Christianity. His writings and translations have been regarded as the beginning of prose literature in England.
Students’ Reports
Group 3
Students’ Reports
Group 4
Review Questions
What patterns of settlement and immigration has the UK demonstrated in history? (Refer to P13) How has English language evolved in history? (Refer to P16-17)
Early Britain (Before 1066)
Roman Britain (nearly 400 years of Occupation)
英国人民与宗教文化
People and Religion in UKThe largest religious group in England is Christianity, with the Church of England ( Anglican ), in England it is the Established Church : the church is represented in the UK Parliament and the British monarch is a member of the church (required under Article 2of the Treaty of Union ) as well as its Supreme Governor . The Church of England also has the right to draft legislative measures (related to religious administration) through the General Synod that can then be passed into law by Parliament. 译文：最大的宗教团体在英国是基督教，与英国教会（圣公会），在英格兰是教会成立：教会是代表在英国议会和英国君主是教会成员（须根据第二条联盟条约）以及它的最高总督。
英格兰教会也有权制定立法措施，以宗教管理）通过（与总主教，然后可以由议会通过成为法律。
Between 2004 and 2008, the Office for National Statistics reported that the numberof Christians in Great Britain (rather than the UK as a whole) fell by more than 2 million. The single largest age-cohort in the Christian population is in those over 70 years of age. 译文：2004年至2008年，国家统计局报告说，在数量上的基督徒大不列颠（英国，而不是作为一个整体）万元下跌超过2。
英国的宗教信仰 英文版
The UK
• Britain spends more on defence than most other advanced industrial countries and maintains large professional forces. • It is the third largest spender in the world and is ranked fifth or sixth in terms of its military power.
British Security and Defence Policy
The Suez Crisis
the Channel Tunnel
How The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office,but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government 's decisions. • In recent years,several large trade delegatons led by the British Trade Minster have visited China. • A less obvious,but extremely influential palyer in Britain foreign policy is the Treasury.
Britain and the United States
• Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United State. • They have mutual cooperation in the areas of trade,commerce,finance,technology, academics,as well as the arts and sciences.
英国宗教与信仰概览
基督教，是一个相信耶稣基督为救主的一 神论宗教。基督教、佛教、伊斯兰教是世 界三大宗教，估计现在全球共有15亿至21 亿的人信仰基督教，占世界总人口25%-30%。 最早期的基督教只有一个教会，但在基 督教的历史进程中却分化为许多派别， 主要有天主教（中文也可译为公教、罗 马公教）、东正教、新教（中文又常称 为基督教）三大派别，以及其他一些影 响较小的派别。中文的“基督教”一词有 时被用于专指基督新教。
Religion in the United Kingdom
There are two established churches in Britain, that is, churches legally recognized as official churches of the State: in England the (Anglican) Church of England, and in Scotland the (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.
Queen Elizabeth II
• Spiritual leader
Religion in the United Kingdom
The English Religious Reformation
Henry Ⅷ was about all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There are 3main reasons: a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther (1483-1546), many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented; and Henry needed money.
【英语国家概况教学】religious英国宗教[1]3
![【英语国家概况教学】religious英国宗教[1]3](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/5e704503bed5b9f3f90f1c68.png)
Religion in the United Kingdom
In B rita in to d a y , a la r g e p o p u la tio n o f p e o p le a re n o t re a lly in te re s te d in a t a ll . T h e s u c c e s s e s o f m o d e rn s c ie n c e a re p a rtly re s p o n s ib le fo r th is , T h e p rim e e x a m p le b e in g th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f D a r w in ’s fa m o u s th e o ry o f e v o lu tio n
T h e re a re tw o e s ta b lis h e d c h u rc h e s in B rita in , th a t is , c h u rc h e s le g a lly re c o g n iz e d a s o ffic ia l c h u rc h e s o f th e S ta te : in E n g la n d th e (A n g lic a n ) C h u rc h o f E n g la n d , a n d in S c o tla n d th e (P re s b y te ria n ) C h u rc h o f S c o tla n d .
Religion in the United Kingdom
The Free Churches
T h e te rm “F re e C h u rc h e s ” is o fte n u s e d to d e s c rib e o f th e P r o te s ta n t C h u rc h e s in B r ita in w h ic h , u n lik e th e C h u rc h o f E n g la n d a n d th e C h u r c h o f S c o tla n d , a re e s ta b lis h e d c h u rc h e s . In th e c o u rs e o f h is to ry th e y h a v e d e v e lo p e d th e ir o w n tra d itio n . A ll th e m a jo r F r e e C h u rc h e a llo w b o th m e n a n d w o m e n to b e c o m e m in is te rs . F o r th e M e th o d is t C h u rc h , a n d th e B a p tis ts .
the church of england
英国国教，英文：Church of England，英国在宗教改革中建立的民族教会。
也称英格兰圣公会或安立甘教会。
英国国教也传播到爱尔兰、苏格兰和英属殖民地。
英国坎特伯雷大主教为各国圣公会的名义教宗。
16世纪英国专制王权与罗马教廷争夺英国教会最高统治权和经济利益的斗争加剧。
资产阶级和新贵族也觊觎教会占有的大量土地财产，这些矛盾由于教皇迟迟不批准亨利八世的离婚请求而演成公开对抗。
自1529年起亨利八世操纵议会实行自上而下的宗教改革，先后通过法令禁止向教廷纳贡，取消其最高司法权和其他种种特权。
1534年的《至尊法案》正式宣布国王为英教会的最高首脑，建立脱离罗马教廷的英国国教会。
但基本沿用旧教教义、礼仪和主教制。
爱德华六世时国教教义和仪式逐渐接近于新教。
1553年玛丽女王登位一度复辟天主教。
1558年伊丽莎白一世即位，重立英国国教会，规定官方教义和礼仪，镇压不服从国教的天主教徒和清教徒。
1563年颁布《公祷书》和《三十九条信纲》，规定英国国教的教义，以圣经为信仰的唯一原则，否认教皇的权力。
在17世纪英国革命中废除作为维护专制君主制和对抗清教运动的工具的国教会。
1660年斯图亚特王朝复辟后再次恢复国教会，并企图转向罗马旧教。
1688年政变后国教会深受加尔文教影响，逐渐变成资产阶级化的教会。
18和19世纪分别出现过提倡新教传统的福音运动和强调天主教传统的牛津运动。
这两派继续存在于圣公会.公导书公祷书(The Book of Common Prayer)是圣公会的祈祷用书。
是圣公会信仰的一个重要特征，也是保存圣公会信仰的重要途径。
公祷书不是圣经，也不是用以取代圣经的另一典籍，而是协助信徒使用和明白圣经的方法之一。
历史公祷书(The Book of Common Prayer)为英国教会克蓝玛大主教于1549年所出版的崇拜礼仪书，给所有教会使用，要全国教会遵守。
查1529年英王亨利八世称自己为英国教会的元首，克蓝玛被亨利提升为大主教，自英王亨利八世称自己为英国教会的元首后，遂展开一连串英国教会的改教工作。
英语国家概况英国宗教
LOGO
(3)罗马天主教会
非国教教会
英格兰和威尔士的罗马天主教会的正式组织在宗教改革后 一度消亡，但于1850年恢复。
大不列颠现在有七个由大主教领导的罗马天主教省，以及 由主教领导的30个主教区(英格兰和威尔士有22个教区，苏 格兰有8个，各自独立向教皇负责)。还有约3300个教区和约 7300位教士(只有男性能成为教士)。
LOGO
英格兰教 The Church of England
英格兰教也被称作“安立甘会” The Anglican Church 英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系，因为君主作为“Supreme
Governor of the Church of England and Defender of the Faith”——"教会的统 治者与国教的捍卫者"，必须是此教会的一员，君主在登 基时必须承诺维持国教。尽管在大主教和教区主教的选择 上皇室任职委员会起着决定性的作用,但是英格兰国教的 大主教、主教和教堂教长还是由君主根据首相的建议任命
在英格兰是英格兰国教在苏格兰是苏格兰教会长老教英格兰教thechurchofengland英格兰教也被称作安立甘会theanglicanchurch英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系因为君主作为supremegovernorofthechurchofenglandanddefenderofthefaith教会的统治者与国教的捍卫者必须是此教会的一员君主在登基时必须承诺维持国教
主教（The Primate of All England）。
LOGO
LOGO
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苏格兰教The Church of Scotland
lecture 3 英国宗教
The Ten Commandments (1)
The Ten Commandments are found in the Bible and are central to the Christian faith. They are believed to be the word of God and to have been handed down to his people through the prophet Moses. They set out a basic ethical system of moral and social behavior, governing the standards of family relations, regard for human life, sex, property, speech and thought. The first four commandments are: I am the Lord your God; Thou shalt not worship any other God but me; Thou shalt not take the name of thy God in vain; Remember to keep holy the Sabbath day (the day of rest-Sunday).
Focus Questions
What are the major religions in Britain? Describe the Christian religion? What are the major difference between Anglican Church & Roman Catholic Church? What are the differences between Roman Catholic & Protestant Church? Information about the other religions in Britain. Major Christian festivals. Related useful information
Religion宗教-英国国教
资料网址
• /shownews.asp?id= 210
在同国内外基督教教徒接触时，应注意以下礼仪问题：
• 1．不要混淆不同教派的不同教条。比如，神父和牧师就 是天主教与新教对神职人员的不同称呼，不可混为一谈，尤其 不能将不同教派的教义混淆，当着不同教派的信徒乱说。向基 督教徒赠送的礼品上，不应有其他宗教信仰崇拜的偶像。 2．不宜对其尊崇的上帝、基督，以及圣事和教义说长道 短，评论指摘。要尊重他人的宗教信仰自由。 3．基督教的教堂允许非教徒参观，但首先应当尊重对方 的意愿，征得同意。进入教堂后，应当脱帽，并且不能大声喧 哗，不得妨碍正当的宗教活动。 4．要尊重基督教徒的守斋之习。在守斋时，他们是不吃 肉食，不饮酒的。平日，他们通常不食蛇、鳝。在用餐前，他 们多进行祈祷。 5．要尊重基督教徒的忌讳。比如对13与星期五的忌讳。 6．不是基督教徒，最好不要乱戴乱用基督教的标志十 字架。
• Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a member of that Church and as “Defender of the Faith”. The Church is also linked with the State through the House of loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laid down in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament.
• 英国国教的牧师有权选择自己的方式来进行祷告仪式。在一些教堂里， 仪式复杂，教堂装饰金碧辉煌，牧师穿着长袍(robe)，其气氛极像天 主教仪式(the Catholic service)，这在英国被人们称作高级教堂(High Church)，在一些非常普通的教堂(Low Church)，其仪式(ritual)十分 简单，牧师也不穿精美的长袍(robe)，教堂的装饰也十分简洁。
西方宗教英文ppt
Protestant culture
Although the Reformation was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life: marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts.Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood （独身牧师）and thus allow their clergies(牧师） to marry.Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries.Since about 1950, women have entered the ministry, and some have assumed leading positions in most Protestant churches.
宗教
RELIGION
-------基督新教
Protestantism
Protestantis P rotestantism is a form of Christian faith and m
practice which originated with the Protestant Reformation(宗教改革）,a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church.It is one of the three major divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism (天主教）and Eastern Orthodoxy(东正教）. Anglicanism(英国国教） is sometimes considered to be independent from Protestantism.The term refers to the letter of protestation from Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical.
the christian church in Britain
THE PURITANS清教徒
Extreme
பைடு நூலகம்
Protestant sect极端新教
派 to purify the English Church of all the corruption and ceremonial pomp of the Rome Church of that time.他们是一群要清除英国天主 教内保有仪式的改革派
THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN BRITAIN
1.What is The church of England英国国教? 2.Why is the church of England not as strong as might at first appear? 3.the difference between Roman Catholic church 罗马天主教 & Church of England英国国教 in spiritual matters/doctrines教义 4.What wide differences of opinion may there be within the Anglican church英国国教?
THE SIMILARITY AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE NONCONFORMIST SECTS国教外的教派 IN BRITAIN
All
agree on the essentials of Christianity基督教教义,but different forms of organization, service and points of interpretation and emphasis.
DIFFERENT OPINIONS WITHIN THE ANGLICAN CHURCH英国国教
英国的宗教和信仰
•
Many people would say that the Church of England today is both Protestant and Catholic; there is certainly a great variety of beliefs and practices within the Church. A look at some church notice-boards might confuse anyone unfamiliar with the differences between high church and low church. A look inside the churches would probably add to the confusion. A visitor entering a high church at, say, ten o'clock on a Sunday morning might find a high (sung) mass in progress and think he had entered a Roman Catholic church (the name Anglo-Catholic is sometimes used for this kind of church). The church would probably be highly decorated, the priests would be wearing various kinds of robes, people would light candles to the Virgin Mary and go to the priests for confession. By contrast, a low church service would be as simple as possible; there would be no ceremony, no candles, no private confessions and the church would look rather bare. It would seem to have more in common with the nonconformist churches. Between these two extremes there are churches with more or less ceremony, depending mainly on the views of the vicar in charge. Some Anglican priests have broken away from tradition to the extent that in some services they introduce new religious songs, composed by young people who accompany them on guitars in the church. They also use the church as a place where people can discuss the problems of everyday life; in other words, these priests want the church to become a meeting place in a wider sense, not simply for the more traditional type of religious service
unit8英国宗教
• Role
Many members are involved in a wide range of public bodies. It has the most followers of any denomination in Britain today. • More than 16,000 churches • 42 cathedrals
Introduction to British and American Culture
Interior of Westminster Cathedral
The main nonconformist denominations
• • • • • • The Methodist Church The Puritan Church The Quakers The Congregational Church The Presbyterian Church The Baptist Church the Salvation Army
Introduction to British and American Culture
The Church of England
• The Church of England: came into being during the Reformation of the 16th century. It is the state religion of the U.K. It is the most important denomination in the U.K. The monarch is head of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury of the Church of England is regarded as the spiritual leader. Today it is characterized by being both Catholic and Protestant. The Church of England plays an active role in national life.
英国的宗教信仰 英文版
British Foreign Relations
Britain Then and Now
• After a lengthy fight with Axis powers,the United Kingdom eventually emerged victorious and with its empire still largely intact. • when the war ended ,Britain was the largest military power in Western Europe. • Its power and prestige ensured it would have a big influence on the postwar international order.
the Axis powers
The Foundations of British's foreign policy
• The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. • Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history. • A second decisive influence upon the way Britain conducts its external affairs is geopolitical.
பைடு நூலகம்
英美文化05 British Religion and Beliefs
British Religion and BeliefsI.Christianity1.The British are Christians—in name at least.2.Jesus Christ (also called Jesus of Galilee [ ♈✌●☜●♓]加利利,巴勒斯坦北部地区 or Jesus of Nazareth[ ⏹✌☜❒♓]巴勒斯坦地区北部古城,拿撒勒)was a Jew who lived in Palestine 2,000 years ago and is accepted by Christians as the son of God. He wasmiraculous conceived by a virgin called Mary. His teachings conflicted with orthodox Jewish laws and doctrines and at 33 he was executed by crucifixion. It believed that he rose from dead, ascended into Heaven, and sent his spirit into the hearts of his twelve apostles to inspire them to spread his teaching.3.Christ’s teaching was based on love: love of God and of our neighbor (our fellow-menregardless of race). Love, humility, repentance and prayer lead to everlasting happiness inHeaven.4.The Bible (the holy book of Christianity) consists of the Old Testament (39 books) and the NewTestament. (27 books) The Old Testament contains the Jewish writings before the coming of Christ and the New Testament contains four accounts (“gospels”福音书) of the life of Christ followed by the writings of the early Christians, of whom St. Paul was the greatest. Christian doctrine as developed by St. Paul and the early Church states that Jesus Christ was in fact God in the form of a man, and that God (Holy Father), Jesus (Holy Son) and the Holy Spirit are three aspects of the same God (the Trinity). Jesus took upon himself the punishment of the sins of men and his death saves us from sin and proves that God love us.II.Christianity in Britain1.The Church of England, or the Anglican Church is one of the many Protestant sects thatbroke away from the early Roman Catholic Church during the Religious Reformation. It is an “established” Church, which means that it represents the official state religion. Itstemporal (non-priestly) head is the Crown, and 26 of its highest bishops and Archbishops in Canterbury and York (after their retirement) sit in the House of Lords. Roman Catholics recognize (admit) the supreme holy authority of the Pope in Rome and of the church or priesthood in general, but the Anglican Church relies more on the Bible. Concerning the Holy Communion, 圣餐礼Roman Catholics believe that the bread and wine actuallybecome the body and blood of Christ, whereas most Anglicans think they are merelyrepresentations. (Roman Catholics do not admit the validity of other churches.)2.Scotland has its own established Church, the Church of Scotland (CalvinisticPresbyterianism[ ☐❒♏♌♓♦♓☜❒♓☜⏹]基督教长老会).3.The Church of England is only a minority. There are several million Roman Catholics inBritain, and more members of the free or nonconformist (不信奉英国国教的)churches including the Presbyterian organizations, the Methodist Church(卫理公会,循道宗), the Congregational Churches, 公理会and the Baptist churches. 浸信会，浸礼教4.Some nonconformist Churches are nominated as “Puritanism” by the Anglican Church,such as the Methodist, the Presbyterian and especially the “Quakers”. The Puritans were originally an extreme Protestant sect. They determined to “purify” the Anglican Church the corruption and ceremonial pomp inherited from Roman Catholicism. The Puritans werecharacterized by stern simplicity and strict morality. (They are often condemned as“kill-joys.”)III.Other Beliefs1.The Christian Scientists believe in faith-healing, i.e., healing the sick by faith throughprayer.2.The Seventh-Day Adventists基督复临安息日会and the Jehovah’s Witnesses 耶和华见证会believe in an imminent “second coming” of Christ to earth when the forces of evil will be finally defeated.tter-Day Saints (or Mormons)后期圣徒(指美国基督教新教摩门教徒) had their ownreligious system and scriptures. And all these three 4 sects originated in 19th centuryAmerica.4.Spiritualists(唯灵论者,招魂术士，招魂灵派)claim to be able to summon the spirits of thedead and comfort the sad the bereaved (丧失亲属的人).5. A large proportion of people in Britain are not really interested in religion at all. Duringthe 19th century religion (Christianity) was very popular; during the 20th century it has seriously declined, and today only a minority go to any kind of church regularly. Most the large majority who do not go to church still believe in God and Heaven in a confused sort of way. They like to get married in church and have their children christened in church and they like to have a Christian funeral when they die.6.Vague notions of belief: It is unlucky to walk under a ladder, or to spill salt, or break amirror, or to have anything to do with number 13; a horseshoe brings good luck, andpeople “touch wood” to prevent the return of a past misfortune. There are still manystrange superstitious country remedies against sickness, and many people believe infortune-telling.plementary material:1.Christ was not originally a name but a title derived from the Greek word christ os, whichtranslates the Hebrew term meshiah (Messiah), meaning “the anointed one.”涂油神圣化的, 基督, 救世主Jesus' followers believed him to be the anointed son of King David, whom some Jews expected to restore the fortunes of Israel.According to Mark 6:3, Jesus also became a carpenter following his legal father Joseph.2.Jesus was born in the time of Herod ([ ♒♏❒☜♎]希律王)who was a Jewish king and whowas loyal to the Roman Empire. When Herod died shortly after Jesus' birth, his kingdom was divided into five parts. In the New Testament, Antipas (Herod Antipas is son of Herod.) is somewhat confusingly called Herod, as in Luke 23:6–12; apparently the sons of Herod took his name, just as the successors of Julius Caesar were commonly called Caesar.On a day-to-day basis Jerusalem was governed by the high priest. Assisted by a council, he had the difficult task of mediating between the remote Roman prefect (supported by a small army of 3,000 men) and the local populace, which was hostile toward pagans and wanted to be free of foreigninterference.Thus, at the time of Jesus' public career, Galilee was governed by the tetrarch (小领主, 一省四个分区之一)Antipas, who was sovereign within his own domain, provided that he remained loyal to Rome and maintained peace and stability within his borders. Judaea(including Jerusalem) was nominally governed by Pilate, (Pontius Pilate彼拉多钉死耶稣的古代罗马的犹太总督) but the actual daily rule of Jerusalem was in the hands of Caiaphas([♊♋✋☜♐✌♦]该亚法,主审耶稣的犹太人大祭司) and his council.3.Gospel: any of four biblical narratives covering the life and death of Jesus Christ. Written,according to tradition, respectively by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John (the four evangelists), they are placed at the beginning of the New Testament and make up about half the total text.The word gospel is derived from the Anglo-Saxon term god-spell, meaning “good story,” a rendering of the Latin and the Greek (“good news” or “good telling.” )Since the late 18thcentury the first three have been called the Synoptic Gospels, 对观福音书because the texts, set side by side, show a similar treatment of the life and death of Jesus Christ.4.Presbyterianism: one of the major representative groups of classical Protestantism that arose inthe 16th-century Reformation. Generally speaking, the modern Presbyterian churches trace their origins to the Calvinist churches of the British Isles, the Continental counterparts of which came to be known by the more inclusive designation Reformed. The term Presbyterian denotesa collegiate type of church government by pastors and lay leaders called elders, or presbyters.Strictly speaking, all Presbyterian churches are a part of the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition, although not all Reformed churches are Presbyterian in their form of government.5.The first Christian church in Scotland was founded about 400 by St. Ninian. In the 6th century,Irish missionaries included St. Columba, who settled at Iona about 563.6.Methodism: Methodism is marked by an acceptance of the doctrines of historical Christianity;by an emphasis on doctrines that indicate the power of the Holy Spirit to confirm the faith of believers and to transform their personal lives; by an insistence that the heart of religion lies in a personal relationship with God; by simplicity of worship; by the partnership ofordained ministers and laity in the worship and administration of the church; by a concern for the underprivileged and the improvement of social conditions; and (at least in its British form) by the formation of small groups for mutual encouragement and edification.All Methodist churches accept the Scriptures as the supreme guide to faith and practice.Most welcome the findings of modern biblical scholarship, though the fundamentalist groups among them do not. The churches follow the historical creeds and believe that they are part of the tradition of the Protestant Reformation. They emphasize the teaching of Christian perfection, interpreted as “perfect love,” which is associated with John Wesley, who held that everyChristian should aspire to such perfection with the help of the Holy Spirit.Methodist churches affirm infant baptism. They also regularly receive the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, in which they believe Christ to be truly present, though they have no precise definition of the manner of his presence. They believe that they are integral parts of the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic church and that their ministers are true ministers of Word and sacrament in the church of God.7.Congregationalism: Throughout their history, Congregationalists have shared the beliefs andpractices of the more liberal mainline Evangelical Protestant churches of the English-speaking world. The English historian Bernard Manning once described their position as decentralized Calvinism, in contrast to the centralized Calvinism of Presbyterians. That description contains much truth about their doctrines and outlook through the early 19th century, but itunderestimates the Congregational emphasis on the free movement of the Spirit, which links the Congregationalists with the Quakers and partly explains their reluctance to give binding authority to creedal statements. They have not been slow to produce declarations of faith,however. In addition to the Savoy Declaration, the Cambridge Platform, and the Kansas City Creed, lengthy statements have also been made both by the United Church of Christ and by the English Congregationalists. No great authority is claimed for any of these, and in recentgenerations most Congregationalists have regarded the primitive conf ession, “Jesus is Lord,” asa sufficient basis for membership.Similarly, Congregationalists have always stressed the importance of freedom. Even in the days of Cromwell, they were tolerant by the standards of the time. They contributed greatly in the 18th century to the establishment of the rights of minorities in England through the activities of the Protestant Dissenting deputies, who had the right of direct access to the monarch. Both in England and in America, the long-faced and repressive Puritan of tradition owes as much to the caricatures of opponents as to actual fact.8.Quaker: byname of Friend,member of a Christian group (the Society of Friends, or Friendschurch) that stresses the guidance of the Holy Spirit, that rejects outward rites and an ordained ministry, and that has a long tradition of actively working for peace and opposing war. George Fox, founder of the society in England, recorded that in 1650 “Justic e Bennet of Derby first called us Quakers because we bid them tremble at the word of God.” It is likely that the name, originally derisive, was also used because many early Friends, like other religious enthusiasts, themselves trembled in their religious meetings and showed other physical manifestations of religious emotion. Despite early derisive use, Friends used the term of themselves in suchphrases as “the people of God in scorn called Quakers.” No embarrassment is caused by using the term to or of Friends today.Friends (Religious Society of Friends): religious body originating in England in the middle of the 17th cent. under George Fox. The members are commonly called Quakers,originally a term of derision.Claiming that no theologically trained priest or outward rite is needed to establish communion between the soul and its God, Fox taught that everyone could receive whatever understanding and guidance in divine truth they might need from the "inward light," or "inner light," supplied in their own heart by the Holy Spirit. Many of his early converts were from among groups of separatists. Calling themselves Children of Light, Friends in the Truth, and Friends, they eventually agreed upon the name Religious Society of Friends.The Friends regarded the sacraments of the church as nonessential to Christian life. They refused to attend worship in the established church and to pay tithes. They also resisted the requirement to take oaths and opposed war, refusing to bear arms. Believing in the equality of all men and women, Friends would not remove their hats before their alleged superiors.Consequently, they were subject to persecution until the passage of the Toleration Act of 1689.Yet the Society of Friends is grounded in the experience of God, out of which philanthropic activities may flow. There have always been Friends whose concerns went well beyond what meetings were willing to adopt. Most Friends were not abolitionists before the American Civil War; they probably did not approve of the Underground Railroad nor share the early feminist views of Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony. (Most of the early suffragistleaders in America were Quakers.) The two American presidents of Quaker background were both Republicans: Herbert Hoover and Richard M. Nixon.Bibliography朱永涛.英美文化基础教程.北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991."Friends, Society of." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Deluxe Edition.Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010."Methodism." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Deluxe Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010."Presbyterian churches." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Deluxe Edition.Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010."Quaker." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Deluxe Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010."Roman Catholicism, history of." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Deluxe Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010."Scotland, Church of." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Deluxe Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.。
英国宗教 British Religion
The UK population: by religion
census in April, 2001
Religious history in Britain
Around 432: Ireland converted to Christianity by St. Patrick, who brought faith from Rome His followers spread Christianity to Wales, Scotland & England, established religious centers In AD 496-7: the Saxons of England were converted to Christianity by St. Augustine & other monks sent from Rome by Pope In AD 597: St Augustine founded the ecclesiastical(教会的)capital of Canterbury
Bible
Content: Old Testament New Testament The Ten Commandments-----central to the Christian faith
Ten Commandments
I am the Lord your God. Thou Shalt not worship any other God but me. (Thou shalt not= you will not) Thou shalt not take the name of thy God in vain. Remembeቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ to keep holy the Sabbath day. Love thy father and thy mother. Dot not commit murder. Do not commit adultery. Do not steal. Do not accuse others falsely. Dot not desire another man’s property or anything that he owns.
《英语国家概况》英国宗教发展(英语版)课件
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Jesus Christ
• Jesus Christ worked miracles • Jesus Christ and his 12 disciples • The Last Supper (Thursday) • Passion: The sufferings of Jesus in the
Religious Freedom
British State Church
The Church of England
The Protestant Church
Christianity
Britain is known as a “salad bowl”
Islam Hinduism
The Catholic Church
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The New Testament & Christianity
• Content: Gospels (good news) --- Four Gospels: Matthew( 马 太 福 音 ) , Mark(马可福音), Luke(路加福音) & John(约 翰福音) --- Other NT writings & the Revelation (启示录）
• Key issue: Who is Jesus Christ ?
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Birth of Jesus Christ
• Virgin Mary, informed of pregnancy • Joseph, descendent of King David • Jesus Christ born in a stable, Bethlehem • Three noblemen from the east • One person, two natures: God & Man • Trinity: Father, Son & Holy Ghost
7 英国宗教
3. The Other Religious Denominations
A. The Jewish Faith More than half live in London. B. The Catholic Church The leader is the Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster. The UK is divided into 8 Catholic provinces. C. Presbyterian church in Scotland has a form of government. D. The Churches in Wales: Calvinist or Presbyterian churches
Thank You
Christianity
• It refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus Christ. • It was founded in the 1st century in Palestine. • Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God, and his teaching is contained in the Bible, the holy book of Christianity. • It has three main groups: Roman Catholic Church Orthodox Eastern Church Protestant Church
They have a regular form of church service.
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Britain and international institutions
• In the past,Britain was powerful enough to act independently in the world in order to bring about its policy objectives. • Nowadays its foreign policy is largely shaped by its participation in a number of important international institutions. • In 1973 the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community .
Britain and the United States
• Another major factor which influences British foreign policy is its relationship with the United State. • They have mutual cooperation in the areas of trade,commerce,finance,technology, academics,as well as the arts and sciences.
The UK
• Britain spends more on defence than most other advanced industrial countries and maintains large professional forces. • It is the third largest spender in the world and is ranked fifth or sixth in terms of its military power.
Unit 8
British Foreign Relations
Britain Then and Now
• After a lengthy fight with Axis powers,the United Kingdom eventually emerged victorious and with its empire still largely intact. • when the war ended ,Britain was the largest military power in Western Europe. • Its power and prestige ensured it would have a big influence on the postwar international order.
the Channel Tunnel
How Foreign Policy is Made
• The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office,but many other government ministries also play a part in formulating and executing the government 's decisions. • In recent years,several large trade delegatons led by the British Trade Minster have visited China. • A less obvious,but extremely influential palyer in Britain foreign policy is the Treasury.
the Axis powers
The Foundations of British's foreign policy
• The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. • Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history. • A second decisive influence upon the way Britain conducts its external affairs is geopolitical.
British Security and Defence Policy
The Suez Crisis
Hale Waihona Puke