东华大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
东华理工考博英语
东华理工考博英语As an AI, I am happy to assist you with your request. Let's start with the English response first.To prepare for the Donghua University entrance exam for a Ph.D. in English, you should focus on improving your English language skills in all areas, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking. It is important to practice regularly and expose yourself to a variety of English materials such as books, articles, movies, and podcasts. Additionally, you should familiarize yourself with academic writing styles and be able to analyze and critically evaluate texts.In terms of the exam format, you may expect to encounter sections testing your comprehension skills, vocabulary knowledge, grammar proficiency, and writing abilities. It is essential to practice past exam papers and familiarize yourself with the types of questions that may be asked. Time management is also crucial during the exam, so make sure to allocate enough time for each section andprioritize questions based on your strengths.Moreover, consider enrolling in an English language course or hiring a tutor to help you improve your skills and provide valuable feedback on your progress. Practicing with a study partner or joining an English-speaking group can also be beneficial in enhancing your language proficiency.Now, let's switch to the Chinese response.为了准备东华理工大学英语博士入学考试，您应该专注于提高英语语言技能的各个方面，包括阅读、写作、听力和口语。
东华理工大学博士2021年初试英语真题
东华理工大学博士2021年初试英语真题1. In ancient China, people used to send smoke _____ to warn that the enemy were coming.A. signsB. signalsC. symbolsD. marks答案: B解析: 这个题考四个名词的比较, 其中: signs 迹象; signals 信号; symbols 象征; marks 分数.2. The icy conditions made our travel dangerous. So _____ going by car we took the underground.A. instead ofB. in addition toC. as well asD. at the cost of答案: A解析: instead of 代替,而不是; in addition to 除了…之外(还有); as well as 也(除…之外), 既…又…; at the cost of 以…为代价. 这道题横线后面是动名词形式,所以选项C和D首先排除.3. Sometimes my job is boring, but _____ I enjoy it.A. by contrastB. by natureC. on the wholeD. on the average答案: C解析: by contrast 与…相比,后面要跟with, bycontrast with与…相比较; by nature 本性,生性; on the whole 总的来说; on the average 平均.4. I’ll buy the clock _____ it costs.A. whatB. whateverC. whereD. however答案: B解析: 不管花多少钱,我都买下这个钟.5. _____ Mr .Wilson is well again, he can travel.A. Now thatB. So farC. ThoughD. Even if答案: A解析: Now that 既然; So far和现在完成时态连用.Part I Writing1.【题干】For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the saying "Never go out there to see what happens, go out there to makes something happen" You can cite examples to illustrate the importance of being creative rather than mere onlookers in life. You should write at least 120 words, no more than 180 words.【答案】【解析】Part II Listening ComprehensionSection A2.【题干】Question 1A. They admire the courage of space explorers.B. They enjoyed the movie on space exploration.C .They were going to watch a wonderful movie.D. They like doing scientific exploration very much.【答案】B【解析】M: Do you remember the wonderful film on space exploration we watched together last month?W: Sure. It's actually the most impressive one I've seen on that topic.Q: What do we learn about the speakers?3.【题干】Question 2A. At a gift shop.B. At a graduation ceremony.C .In the office of a travel agency.D .In a school library.【答案】A【解析】W: Are you looking for anything in particular?M: Yes. My son is graduating from high school and I want to get him something special.Q: Where does the conversation most probably takeplace?4.【题干】Question 3A. He used to work in the art gallery.B. He does not have a good memory.C. He declined a job offer form the art gallery.D. He is not interested in any part-time jobs.【答案】C【解析】M: Mike told me yesterday that he'd been looking in vain for a job in the art gallery.W: Really? If I remember right, he had a chance to work there but he turned it down.Q: What does the woman say about Mike?5.【题干】Question 4A. Susan has been invited to give a lecture tomorrow.B. He will go to the birthday party after the lecture.C. The woman should have informed him earlier.D .He will be unable to attend the birthday party.【答案】D【解析】W: Would you like to come to Susan's birthday party tomorrow evening?M: I'm going to give a lecture tomorrow. I wish I could be in two places at the same time.Q: What does the man mean?6.【题干】Question 5A. Reward those having made good progress.B. Set a deadline for the staff to meet.C. Assign more workers to the project.D. Encourage the staff to work in small groups.【答案】B【解析】W: Aren't you discouraged by the slow progress your staff is making?M: Yes. I think I'll give them a deadline and hold them to it.Q: What is the man probably going to do?7.【题干】Question 6A. The way to the visitor’s parking.B. The rate for parking in LotC.C .How far away the parking lot is.D .Where she can leave her car.【答案】A【解析】W: Excuse me, could you tell me where the visitor's parking is? I left my car there.M: Sure. It's in Lot C, over that way.Q: What does the woman want to know?8.【题干】Question 7A. He regrets missing the classes.B .He plans to take the fitness classes.C. He is looking forward to a better life.D. He has benefited form exercise.【答案】D【解析】W: You look great now that you've taken those fitness classes.M: Thanks. I've never thought better in my life.Q: What does the man mean?9.【题干】Question 8A .How to work efficiency.B. How to select secretaries.C. The responsibilities of secretaries.D. The secretaries in the man’s company.【答案】D【解析】W: I really admire the efficiency of your secretaries.M: Our company selects only the best. They have a heavy workload and we give them a lot of responsibilities.Q: What are the speakers talking about?10.【题干】Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.Question 9A. It is more difficult to learn than English.B. It is used by more people than English.C. It will be as commonly used as English.D. It will eventually become a world language.【答案】B【解析】Q: What does the man say about Chinese?W: Hi, Leo. Why do you say English will become the world language?M: Well, for one thing, it's so commonly used. The only language that is used by more people is Chinese.W: Why is English spoken by so many people?M: It's spoken in many countries of the world because of the British Empire. And now, of course, there's influence of America as well.W: Many students find English a difficult language to learn.M: Oh, all languages are difficult to learn. But English does have two great advantages.W: What are they?M: Well, first of all, it has a very international vocabulary. It has many German, Dutch, French, Spanish and Italian words in it. So speakers of those languages will find many familiar words in English. In fact, English has words from many other languages as well.W: Why is that?M: Well, partly because English speakers have travelled a lot. They bring back words with them, so English really does have an international vocabulary.W: And what's the other advantage of English?M: It's that English grammar is really quite easy. For example, it doesn't have dozens of different endingsfor its nouns, adjectives and verbs, not like Latin, Russian, and German for example.W: Why is that?M: Well, it's quite interesting actually. It's because of the French. When the French ruled England, French was the official language and only the common people spoke English. They try to make the language as simple as possible, so they made the grammar easier.。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-东华大学考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷19
2022年考研考博-考博英语-东华大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题I didn’t say anything like that at all. You are purposely ______ my idea to prove your point.问题1选项A.revisingB.contradictingC.distortingD.distracting【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。
A项revise“修正、复习、校订”；B项contradict“反驳、否定”；C项distort“扭曲、曲解”；D项distract“转移、分心”；句意：我根本没有那样说，你故意曲解我的观点以证明你的论点。
因此该题C项正确。
2.单选题It makes me sick to think of his highly ______ manners.问题1选项A.artisticB.artfulC.artlessD.artificial【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。
A项artistic“艺术的、有美感的”；B项artful“巧妙的、狡猾的”；C项artless“天真的、朴实的”；D项artificial“人造的、仿造的、虚伪的”；句意：我一想到他那矫揉造作的举止就觉得恶心。
因此该题D项正确。
3.单选题By moving the radar beam around slowly in circles, we can ______ the surroundings.问题1选项A.exploreB.exposeC.exploitD.expand【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。
A项explore“探索、探险”；B项expose“暴露”；C项exploit“利用”；D项expand“扩展”；句意：通过缓慢地绕圈移动雷达波束，我们可以探索周围的环境。
因此该题A4.单选题This is but a________ of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. 问题1选项A.frictionB.fractionC.factionD.fracture【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。
东华大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲-东华大学研究生招生网
东华大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲科目编号：857科目名称：染整工艺原理（2）一、考试总体要求“染整工艺原理（2）”包括《染料化学》和《染整工艺原理》（下）两门课内容。
《染料化学》主要考察内容包括：染料、颜料和荧光增白剂的基本概念、应用性能；染料中料合成中采用的亲电取代、亲核置换和成环缩合等诸多单元反应，苯、萘、蒽醌系染料中间体的合成方法；重氮化和偶合反应机理、影响反应的各类因素及其各类芳胺的重氮化方法；染料对光吸收的量子概念，染料颜色和分子结构的关系以及外界条件的影响。
按照染料的应用分类，掌握各类染料、颜料和荧光增白剂的基本特性、化学分类和应用范畴；染料的化学结构与其应用性能的关系，染料应用中所涉及的化学反应及其影响因素。
重点掌握各类染料应用性能及其在应用过程中所涉及的化学反应。
了解染料化学的最新进展及相关的印染技术，具有综合运用所学知识分析问题和解决问题的能力。
《染整工艺原理》（下）主要考察内容包括：染色热力学、动力学，各类染料的染色原理、染色方法及工艺过程；印花原理及各类纤维的印花方法及工艺过程；染料及纤维的结构、性能和染色的关系；染色与印花工艺的制定；染色与印花工艺过程控制；染色与印花工艺条件分析。
二、考试内容及比例(一)染料化学理论基础（15%）1. 染料、颜料和荧光增白剂定义、分类和结构特征。
2. 染料对光吸收的量子概念，化学结构与颜色的关系，外界条件的影响。
3. 商品化加工对染料、颜料和荧光增白剂应用性能的影响。
4. 功能染料的作用机制及其应用领域。
(二)中料与染料的合成化学（15%）1．了解染料中料合成中各单元反应的作用，反应类别，试剂。
2．掌握各类染料的常规合成途径和方法。
3．掌握染料在应用和服用过程中涉及的化学反应类别和影响因素。
(三）染料的应用性能（20%）1. 了解各类染料的应用特性、常规工艺和染色牢度。
2. 熟悉染料的结构与应用性能的关系。
3. 具备合理选用各类染料、制定应用工艺的能力。
东华大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲
东华大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲科目编号：803 科目名称：西方经济学一、考试总体要求西学经济学是经济学及管理学的基础课程，主要内容包括宏观和微观两部分。
微观部分主要包括供求理论、消费者行为理论、企业生产和成本理论、市场竞争理、生产要素的。
宏观部分包括国民收入的衡量及决定理论、就业理论、通货膨胀理论、乘数理论、财政政策与货币政策等。
要求考生了解和掌握西方经济学的基本理论和方法，能够运用西方经济学的基本理论与方法分析和解决现实的经济问题。
二、考试内容及比例《微观经济学》部分（80分）：（一）基本理论导读（10分）1．经济学的性质与研究方法经济学的研究对象、性质和研究方法2．需求供给与市场价格需求和需求的变化；供给和供给的变化；需求与供给弹性；市场均衡价格与均衡产量的决定；蛛网理论。
（二）消费者需求理论（20分）1．消费者行为理论——边际效用分析效用与边际效用；边际效用递减规律；消费者均衡；需求规律；消费者剩余。
2．消费者行为理论——无差异曲线分析基数效用与序数效用；无差异曲线；预算线；消费者均衡；替代效应和收入效应与消费者需求。
（三）供给理论（20分）1．生产理论生产函数；可变比例与报酬递减规律；两种可以相互替代的可变要素与等产量线；厂商均衡；生产规模的报酬。
2．成本理论成本的含义；短期成本和长期成本。
（四）市场与价格的决定（15分）1．完全竞争市场的价格与产量决定市场与市场结构；完全竞争的涵义和特点；完全竞争市场的厂商和行业的短期、长期均衡。
2．完全垄断市场的价格和产量的决定。
不完全竞争的市场结构；垄断厂商均衡价格和产量决定；垄断厂商的差别定价；垄断与完全竞争的比较。
3．垄断竞争与寡头垄断的厂商均衡和行业均衡垄断竞争；垄断竞争的厂商均衡和行业均衡；垄断与完全竞争的比较；寡头垄断行业的价格和产量的决定。
（五）生产要素的价格与收入分配理论（15分）1．生产要素价格的决定生产资源的价格与分配理论；生产要素与生产要素的需求；生产要素的供给与要素价格的决定。
东华大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
东华大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲东华大学博士研究生入学英语考试是为招收博士研究生而设置，属选拔考试。
根据国家教委颁布的《硕士、博士学位研究生英语教学大纲》的规定：博士生入学时英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生毕业时应达到的水平，本考试以《大学英语教学大纲（文理科用）》中对大学英语六级水平的具体要求为主要依据，兼顾其他同等程度的教材和硕士毕业生应达到的英语水平要求，测试考生在英语语法、词汇、阅读、写作及翻译等方面的语言应用能力，择优选拔，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平和应用能力。
一、评价目标要求考生掌握下列语言知识和技能：二、考试形式考试形式为笔试，时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
整份试卷包括试题集和答题纸两部份。
考生应将试题集Paper One 部分的1 –80题的答案按要求用2B铅笔做在答题纸上，将Paper Two 部分的翻译和写作用蓝、黑色钢笔或水笔字迹工整地写在相应的答题纸上。
三、试卷结构和内容试题集有两部分构成：Paper One 为客观题，共四大项80题（占总分75%），包括词汇和句子结构（10%），辨错（10%），阅读（45%）和完形填空（10%）；Paper Two 为主观题，共二大项，（占总分25%），包括翻译（汉译英10%）和写作（15%）。
第一部分词汇（10%）由20题组成（20题x 0.5分）。
词汇题主要测试考生所掌握的词汇水平和运用词汇的能力。
按原国家教委颁布的《硕士、博士英语教学大纲》明确的定性和定量要求的规定，硕士生毕业时应理解性地掌握大约6000个英语常用词（组）。
第二部分辨错并改错（10%）由10题组成（10题x 1分)。
主要测试考生掌握并正确运用语言的能力。
考查的重点语法项目是：制约句子逻辑关系的连词和关系词；体现句子行为者主语其情感、意图、行为、判断的动词的时态、语态、情态动词和虚拟语气；使句子变得多姿多彩的非谓语动词、省略和倒装。
第三部分完形填空（10%）该部分为一篇240-280的文章，题材包括科技，经济，文化，教育，社会生活，人物传记等。
东华大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲
东华大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲科目编号：873 科目名称：机械工程基础A卷、B卷、C卷满分均为150分，任选其一即可。
A卷：机械原理一、考试总体要求机械原理是研究机构组成、机构性能分析、机构及机构系统设计的基本理论和方法的专业基础课程，在内容上以加强与拓宽基础为基本点，特别强调注意掌握各部分的基本概念、基本理论、基本方法和基本技能。
要求考生能够系统地掌握平面机构的结构分析、平面机构的运动分析与力分析、常用机构的几何计算与运动设计，机构及其系统动力学计算的基本知识，并具有综合运用所学知识分析问题和解决问题的能力。
二、考试内容（一）平面机构结构分析1、平面运动副及其分类2、平面机构运动简图3、平面机构的自由度4、平面机构的高副低代5、平面机构的结构分析（二）平面机构的运动分析1、速度瞬心法及其在机构速度分析上的应用2、用矢量方程图解法对机构进行运动分析（三）机械中的摩擦和机械效率（专业型考生不要求）1、运动副中的摩擦及运动副反力的确定2、斜面、螺旋机构的效率及自锁3、串、并、混联机组的效率（四）平面连杆机构及其设计1、铰链四杆机构的基本类型，演化和应用2、曲柄存在条件、行程速比系数、传动角、压力角和死点3、图解法设计四机构（五）凸轮机构及其设计1、凸轮机构的类型、特点及应用2、推杆基本运动规律的运动线图及其特征3、盘形凸轮轮廓曲线的图解法设计4、凸轮机构的压力角及自锁5、凸轮机构基圆半径、滚子半径选择6、凸轮机构解析法设计的基本知识（六）齿轮机构及其设计1、齿轮机构的应用、特点和分类2、齿廓啮合基本定律3、圆的渐开线及其性质4、渐开线齿廓的啮合及其特点5、渐开线标准直齿圆柱齿轮的基本参数和几何尺寸6、渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮传动的啮合过程、正确啮合和无侧隙啮合7、渐开线齿轮传动的重合度8、渐开线齿廓的加工和根切9、变位齿轮机构的基本知识10、平行轴斜齿圆柱齿轮机构11、蜗杆蜗轮机构12、锥齿轮机构（七）齿轮系及其设计1、轮系的分类、特点和应用2、定轴轮系、周转轮系和复合轮系的传动比计算3、轮系的功用（八）平面机构的平衡1、平衡的目的与分类2、刚性回转件的静平衡与动平衡（九）机械的运转及其速度波动的调节（专业型考生不要求）1、单自由度机械系统等效力学模型及运动方程式2、飞轮调速原理（十）其它常用机构1、间歇运动机构2、组合机构三、试题类型1. 选择题、填空题、是非题2、简答题3、计算题、作图题四、考试形式及时间考试形式：笔试；考试时间：每年由教育部统一规定。
博士学位英语考试大纲
8. A. The woman argued for her innocence at court. B. The woman complained that she was forced to pay the fine. C. The woman has got away with many violations of traffic law. D. The woman pleaded ignorance this time of her violation of the traffic law.
5. A. He forgot to mail the letter. B. He left the letter in his office. C. The letter slipped off his desk. D. He should have put the letter in his bag.
Questions 11 to 15 are based on a talk about the concept of community.
You now have 30 seconds to read Questions 11 to 15.
11. A village, or town, or ____________ can be called an area of social life. 12. The speaker states that it is ____________ that people in a community should
2024年博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
2024年博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys! Are you ready for the 2024 Ph.D. entrance exam? Here's a sneak peek at the English exam outline:1. Reading Comprehension:You'll read passages on various topics, like science, history, and literature. Then, answer questions to test your understanding.2. Vocabulary:Brush up on your word skills! You'll be asked to define words, match them to their meanings, and use them in sentences.3. Grammar:Watch out for those tricky grammar rules! Be prepared to identify errors in sentences and fix them.4. Writing:Show off your writing skills by composing essays on given topics. Remember to organize your ideas, use proper grammar, and support your arguments with examples.5. Listening:Listen to recordings of conversations, lectures, or interviews. Then, answer questions to show how well you understood the spoken English.6. Speaking:Finally, the speaking section! You'll have to talk about a given topic for a certain amount of time. Practice speaking clearly and confidently.Remember to study hard, stay focused, and do your best on the exam. Good luck, future Ph.D. students! You got this!篇2Title: Entrance Exam Outline for 2024 Doctoral StudentsHey guys! Are you ready to ace the entrance exam for your Ph.D. program in 2024? I'm here to give you all the deets on what to expect so you can totally crush it!1. Reading Comprehension: You'll be asked to read a few passages and answer questions about them. Make sure to read carefully and go back to the text to find the answers.2. Vocabulary: Get ready to show off your word knowledge! You'll need to know the meanings of some tricky words and how to use them in sentences.3. Grammar: Brush up on your grammar rules because you'll be tested on things like verb tenses, subject-verb agreement, and punctuation.4. Writing: You might have to write an essay or a short response to a prompt. Make sure to organize your thoughts and use clear, concise language.5. Listening: There will be some listening exercises where you'll have to answer questions about what you hear. Pay attention and take notes if it helps!6. Speaking: You might have to do a speaking task like describing a picture or answering questions about yourself. Speak clearly and confidently!Remember, the key to doing well on the exam is to prepare ahead of time. Study your English skills, practice with samplequestions, and get plenty of rest before the big day. Good luck, future doctors! You've got this!篇3Hello everyone, I am little Timmy, and today I am going to tell you all about the entrance exam for the 2024 Doctoral Program in English. Are you ready? Let's get started!First of all, there will be a listening section where you have to listen to a short audio clip and answer questions about it. It could be a conversation between two people or a story. Make sure to pay attention and take notes if you need to.Next, there will be a reading comprehension section where you will read passages and answer questions to show your understanding. Make sure to read carefully and take your time. Don't rush!After that, there will be a writing section where you have to write an essay on a given topic. Make sure to organize your thoughts and write clearly. Don't forget to check for spelling and grammar mistakes!Lastly, there will be a speaking section where you will have to talk about a topic for a few minutes. Practice speaking English as much as you can before the exam so you feel confident.Remember, the key to doing well on the exam is to practice, practice, practice! Study hard and don't be afraid to ask for help if you need it. You can do it!Good luck to all the little scholars taking the exam. You can do it!篇4Hello everyone! Today I'm going to tell you all about the entrance exam for doctoral students in 2024. It's going to be super exciting, so buckle up and let's dive in!First off, the English exam is going to test your reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. You'll need to show that you can understand complex passages, write a cohesive essay, listen to lectures and discussions, and participate in conversations. It's important to prepare in advance by studying vocabulary, grammar, and practicing your English skills every day.In the reading section, you'll be asked to read passages on various topics and answer questions to show your comprehension. Make sure to read carefully and take your time to understand the main points of each passage. Practice reading academic articles, essays, and scientific papers to get used to the type of reading you'll encounter in the exam.Next, the writing section will require you to write an essay on a given topic. You'll need to organize your ideas cohesively, support your arguments with evidence, and demonstrate your critical thinking skills. Practice writing essays on different topics and ask for feedback from teachers or peers to improve your writing skills.For the listening section, you'll listen to lectures, discussions, and conversations and answer questions to demonstrate your listening comprehension. Pay close attention to the main ideas, key details, and relationships between speakers to answer the questions accurately. Practice listening to podcasts, TED talks, and academic lectures to improve your listening skills.Lastly, the speaking section will test your ability to communicate verbally in English. You'll be asked questions and engage in conversations with examiners to demonstrate your speaking skills. Practice speaking English regularly with nativespeakers or language partners to improve your pronunciation, fluency, and confidence in speaking.In conclusion, the 2024 doctoral entrance exam will be a challenging but rewarding opportunity to showcase your English skills and pursue your academic goals. Remember to study hard, practice consistently, and stay confident in your abilities. Good luck to all the aspiring doctoral students out there - you've got this!篇5Title: 2024 Ph.D. Graduate School Entrance Exam English Exam OutlineHey there, future doctoral students! Are you ready to rock the 2024 entrance exam for graduate school? We've got you covered with the English exam outline to help you prepare and succeed in the big test. Let's dive into it!1. Reading Comprehension:You will be tested on your ability to understand and analyze academic texts. You'll be asked to read passages on various topics and answer questions to demonstrate yourcomprehension skills. Make sure to read carefully and pay attention to details.2. Vocabulary and Grammar:You'll need to show off your knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar. Be prepared to identify synonyms, antonyms, and complete sentences with appropriate words. Brush up on your verb tenses, prepositions, and sentence structure to ace this section.3. Writing Skills:Get ready to put your writing skills to the test! You'll be asked to write essays or short responses on given prompts. Make sure to organize your thoughts coherently, use proper grammar and punctuation, and develop your ideas with clear examples. Practice writing before the exam to improve your skills.4. Listening Comprehension:Listening skills are crucial for academic success. You'll be required to listen to lectures or conversations and answer questions based on the information provided. Focus on understanding the main ideas, key details, and supporting arguments.5. Speaking Skills:The speaking section will assess your ability to communicate effectively in English. You may be asked to participate in conversations, present ideas, or give a speech. Practice speaking fluently, clearly, and confidently to showcase your communication skills.Remember, preparation is key to success! Study regularly, practice different types of questions, and seek help from teachers or tutors if needed. Stay confident, stay focused, and give it your best shot on exam day. Good luck, future scholars! You've got this!篇6Hello everyone! I'm super excited to share with you the English exam outline for the 2024 doctoral entrance exam. Okay, let's dive in!1. Reading Comprehension- Read a passage and answer questions to test your understanding of the text.- Questions may include identifying main ideas, making inferences, and analyzing the author's purpose.2. Vocabulary and Grammar- Complete sentences with the correct words or phrases.- Identify grammatical errors and correct them.- Choose the best synonym or antonym for a given word.3. Writing- Write an essay on a given topic, expressing your opinions and supporting them with reasons and examples.- Summarize a passage in your own words.- Write a formal email or letter in response to a given situation.4. Listening Comprehension- Listen to conversations or lectures and answer questions based on what you hear.- Fill in missing information in a dialogue.- Identify the main idea or purpose of a recording.5. Speaking- Participate in a conversation with the examiner, discussing a given topic.- Give a short presentation on a specific topic, using visuals if necessary.- Answer questions on the spot, demonstrating your ability to think quickly and articulate your thoughts clearly.Don't forget to review your English grammar and vocabulary regularly, practice reading and listening to English materials, and work on your writing and speaking skills. Good luck with your exam preparation, and remember to have fun while learning English!篇7Hey guys, guess what? I have some super cool news for you!I just found out about the English exam outline for the 2024 Ph.D. graduate school entrance exam! Isn't that awesome?So, in the exam, we're gonna have to show off our English skills in a bunch of different ways. We'll have to do things like reading comprehension, writing essays, and answering grammar questions. But don't worry, I know we can totally rock this exam!First up, there's gonna be a reading comprehension section where we read some passages and answer questions about them.We gotta make sure we understand what we're reading and can find the main ideas and details.Next, we'll have to write some essays on different topics. We gotta make sure our writing is clear, organized, and has good grammar and vocabulary. I know we're all super smart, so we can totally nail this part!And finally, there's gonna be some grammar questions to test our knowledge of English grammar rules. We gotta know things like verb tenses, prepositions, and punctuation. But I know we've all been studying hard, so we'll totally crush this part too!Overall, the exam is gonna test our English skills in a bunch of different ways. But I know we've all been working super hard and we're gonna do amazing. Let's go show everyone how awesome we are at English! Woo hoo!篇8Hello everyone! Today I'm going to share with you the English exam outline for the 2024 Doctoral Entrance Exam. It's going to be super duper fun, so let's get started!1. Reading Comprehension- Read a passage and answer questions about the main idea, details, and vocabulary.- Might have multiple-choice questions, true/false questions, and short-answer questions.- Practice reading different types of texts like articles, stories, and reports.2. Vocabulary and Grammar- Fill in the blanks with the correct word or phrase.- Identify the parts of speech (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.).- Correct the grammar mistakes in sentences.- Learn new words and practice using them in sentences.3. Writing- Write a short essay on a given topic.- Include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.- Use linking words to connect your ideas.- Check your spelling, punctuation, and grammar.4. Speaking- Talk about a topic for a few minutes without stopping.- Answer questions about yourself and your opinions.- Practice speaking clearly and confidently.- Listen to recordings and practice repeating after them.5. Listening- Listen to a recording and answer questions about the content.- Pay attention to the main idea, details, and speaker's tone.- Practice listening to different accents and speeds.- Take notes while listening to help you remember key points.Remember to practice a little bit every day to prepare for the exam. Good luck, future scholars! You can do it!篇9Hello everyone! Today I'm gonna share the big news about the entrance exam for the doctoral program in 2024. Are youexcited? Well, let me break it down for you in a simple and fun way!First of all, the exam will have three main parts: listening, reading, and writing. In the listening section, you'll have to listen to conversations and answer questions about them. So make sure to practice your listening skills by watching English movies and TV shows!Next up is the reading section, where you'll have to read passages and answer questions. Remember to pay attention to details and take your time to understand the text. You can also practice by reading English books and articles.Last but not least is the writing section. You'll have to write essays on various topics, so make sure to practice your writing skills by writing every day. Remember to use proper grammar, punctuation, and vocabulary to impress the examiners!In addition to these three main sections, there will also be a speaking test where you'll have to have a conversation with the examiners. So practice speaking English with your friends or even in front of a mirror to boost your confidence!Overall, the key to doing well in the exam is to practice, practice, practice! Don't worry if you make mistakes, just keeplearning and improving. With hard work and dedication, I'm sure you'll do great in the 2024 entrance exam for the doctoral program. Good luck everyone, you got this!篇10Dear students,Welcome to the 2024 PhD entrance examination! We're so excited to have you all here to take part in this big test. We know it can be a little nerve-wracking, but don't worry, we believe in you!First off, let's talk about what's going to be on the exam. You can expect to see questions on a variety of topics, including your field of study, general knowledge, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills. The exam will be divided into multiple sections, each testing different aspects of your abilities.In the first section, you'll be asked to demonstrate your knowledge of your field of study. This might include questions about key concepts, major figures in the field, and recent developments. Make sure to review your notes and textbooks before the exam to refresh your memory!The second section will test your general knowledge. You might be asked questions about current events, popular culture, or historical events. Stay up to date on the news and try to read widely to prepare for this section.The third section will focus on critical thinking. You'll be presented with scenarios or arguments and asked to analyze them, identify flaws, and make logical conclusions. Practice thinking critically about the world around you to do well on this part of the exam.Finally, the fourth section will test your problem-solving skills. You might be given a complex problem and asked to come up with a solution, or asked to explain your thought process for solving a puzzle. Practice thinking creatively and approaching problems from different angles to excel on this section.Remember, the most important thing is to stay calm and do your best. Good luck, and we look forward to seeing all the amazing things you will accomplish in your future academic career!Sincerely,The Examination Committee。
东华大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲
东华大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲科目编号：科目名称：管理学原理一、考试总体要求管理学是一门系统地研究人类管理活动基本原理和普遍规律，为管理活动提供一般理论、思想和方法的学科。
作为管理学科的基础理论课程，主要内容包括管理概念、管理的基本原理与方法、管理发展史与管理理论主要流派，以及计划、组织、领导、控制等管理职能。
要求考生掌握管理学基本原理和方法，熟悉管理思想的演变，能够综合运用管理学的知识和方法认识管理的前沿理论与实践问题，重点考核学生对基本概念和原理的掌握程度，以及分析问题和解决问题的能力。
二、考试内容及比例(一)管理、管理者与管理基本原理（）. 掌握和理解管理的概念与管理的性质. 掌握管理者的角色与技能. 熟悉管理的基本原理与方法(二)管理的历史与管理思想（）．古典管理理论。
()了解史前的积累. 历史上管理实践的主要领域；.史前的管理实践和管理思想。
()掌握泰勒的科学管理理论.泰勒简况；. 泰勒制的要点；. 泰勒最根本的贡献。
()掌握法约尔的管理职能及一般管理. 法约尔简况及其贡献；.六种经营活动和五大管理职能；.管理的一般性；条管理原则。
()掌握马克斯·韦伯的行政组织理论.马克斯·韦伯的行政组织理论；.权威的基础；. 官僚制的特征；.官僚制的优越性。
．近代管理的发展()了解巴纳德的一般组织管理原理.巴纳德及其代表作；. 组织论的管理论；.正式组织与非正式组织理论；.组织平衡理论；.管理人员的职能；.巴纳德的重要影响。
()掌握梅奥的人际关系学说. 梅奥简况；. 霍桑实验及其结论()熟悉行为科学研究的主要方面．当代管理理论()了解管理理论中的主要流派 . 管理理论的主要流派；.管理过程流派研究的重点和主要代表人物；.管理科学流派的主张, 运筹学和电子计算机技术的应用；.组织管理流派关心的主要问题, 巴纳德之后的丰富和发展；.行为科学流派研究的角度和重点；.经验管理流派。
()掌握理解管理发展的新趋势.企业文化理论；.权变管理理论；.信息技术对管理的影响；. 管理伦理和企业社会责任(三）决策与计划（）. 掌握管理决策的定义、类型、过程和方法。
(完整版)博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
福州大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲一、考查目标本考试重点考查考生的英语语言知识和语言技能（本考试属水平考试，不指定任何参考书）。
具体要求如下：1. 词汇要求考生掌握约5000个英语词汇和约500个常用词组。
此外，还应掌握词汇间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等；掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等；掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。
2．语法要求考生熟练掌握英语的基本语法知识、常用句型和结构，能正确理解包含这些知识、句型和结构的句子和语篇，并能在实践中准确、自如地运用这些知识。
3．阅读要求考生能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能熟练地阅读和理解一般性题材的文章、科技文章及应用性形式的阅读材料。
要求能理解主旨大意，读懂细节，能理解上下文的逻辑关系，并领会作者或话语参与各方的主要意图和态度及其异同等。
4．语篇完形处理在理解阅读材料的基础上能综合运用词汇、语法、搭配、语段、篇章逻辑等方面的知识和上下文等对语篇各层次的信息进行正确判断和完形处理。
5．翻译（1）英译汉要求考生能在30分钟内把一篇150词左右的一般性题材的英语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成汉语，能准确表达原文的意思，语句通顺，用词正确，无较大的语言错误。
（2）汉译英要求考生能在30分钟内把一篇150字左右的一般性题材的汉语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成英语。
要求译文忠实于原文，译文达意，符合英语表达习惯，无较大的语言错误。
6．写作要求考生能根据命题或图表等在30分钟内写出一篇200字以上的短文，或根据所给文章（中文或英文）要求写出200字以上的英文摘要。
写作部分的考查目标是测试考生用英语书面表达思想和见解的能力。
所写文章应切合主题，能正确表达思想，意义连贯，无较大的语言错误。
二、题型、题量、分值本考试所制定的试卷为笔试，卷面分为试卷一和试卷二，共有五个部分，包括词汇与语法、阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作。
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试大纲5篇
同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试大纲5篇第一篇：同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试大纲同济大学博士研究生入学英语考试大纲本考试对教材不作统一规定，凡符合下列评价目标的课程及教材都适合考生应考复习。
一、评价目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1．语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。
本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。
2．词汇考生应能掌握8000-10000左右的词汇以及相关词组。
(二)语言技能1．阅读考生应能读懂不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3％)，包括信函、书报杂志上的文章等。
根据所读材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义；2)理解文中的具体信息；3)理解文中的概念性含义；4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5)根据上下文推测生词的词义；6)理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的关系；7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度；8)区分论点和论据。
2.翻译(英译中)考生应能将所给的文字材料译成汉语,理解正确,译文达意。
3.写作考生应能正确使用4－5千英语词汇，熟练掌握相关英语习惯用法；应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章。
短文写作时，考生应能：1)做到语法、拼写、标点正确，用词恰当；2)遵循文章的特定文体格式，做到行文流畅，词汇丰富，句式变化；3)合理组织文章结构，使其中心突出，内容统一、上下文连贯；4)根据写作目的和特定读者，恰当选用语言。
二、考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构(一)考试形式考试形式为笔试。
笔试考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
(二)笔试考试内容与试卷结构笔试试题分四部分，包括词汇, 阅读理解, 翻译(英译中)和写作。
第一部分词汇该部分共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
主要测试考生的词汇量。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-东华大学考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷9
2022年考研考博-考博英语-东华大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Hot metal ______ as it grows cooler.问题1选项A.contractsB.reducesC.condensespresses【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。
A项contract“收缩、订约”；B项reduce“减少”；C项condense“浓缩、凝结”；D项compress“压缩、压紧、精简”；句意：热金属一变冷就收缩。
因此该题A项正确。
2.单选题This is but a________ of the total amount of information which the teenager has stored. 问题1选项A.frictionB.fractionC.factionD.fracture【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。
A选项“friction”，意为“摩擦力，摩擦”，B选项“fraction”，意为“分数，部分”；C选项“faction”，意为“派别，小集团”，D选项“fracture”，意为“破裂，断裂”，句意：这只是青少年所储存的全部信息的一小部分。
因此，B选项符合句意。
3.单选题The ________ that she suggested for discussion were based on the most recent medical research. 问题1选项A.contributionsB.occupationsC.expostulationsD.amendments【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。
A选项“contribution”，意为“贡献，捐款”；B选项“occupation”,意为“占有权，职业”；C选项“expostulation”意为“劝导，忠告”；D选项“amendment”，意为“改善，修正建议”。
东华大学博士初试参考书目
半导体物理
《半导体物理与器件》（第3版），尼曼著，赵毅强等译，电子工业出版社
3115
等离子体物理
1.《等离子体物理导论》，FF Chen著，人民教育出版社
2.《等离子体放电原理与材料处理》，迈克力伯曼著，蒲以康译，科学出版社
3151
网络信息系统
1.《计算机网络》（第6版），谢希仁，电子工业出版社
3103
环境污染控制工程
1.《大气污染控制工程》，郝吉明，高等教育出版社，2010
2.《水污染控制工程》，高廷耀，高教出版社，2007
3.《固体废弃物污染控制原理与技术》，周少奇主编，清华大学出版社，2009
3104
环境微生物技术
《环境微生物技术》，杨柳燕，肖琳主编，科学出版社，2003
3105
分子生物学技术
2.《计算机网络》（第5版），Andrew S. Tanenbaum、Davl J. Wetherall编著，严伟、潘爱民译，清华大学出版社
9999
自然辩证法
《自然辩证法》，张怡主编，上海教育出版社，2000
2051
现代机械设计
1.《现代机械设计：系统与结构》（第一版），杨汝清著，上海科学技术文献出版社
2.《现代设计方法》（第一版），赵松年著，机械工业出版社
2053
先进制造技术
《先进制造技术》(第一版)，李蓓智主编，高等教育出版社
2054
单片机原理及应用
《单片机原理及应用》(第一版)，宋浩、田丰编著，清华大学出版社，2005
《管理信息系统》，黄梯云编，高等教育出版社
3073
运营管理
1.《运营管理：供需匹配的视角》（第2版），卡桑 等著，任建标译，中国人民大学出版社，2013
834.doc-东华大学研究生招生网
东华大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲科目名称：生物医用纺织材料基础一、考试总体要求✧了解生物材料和生物医用纺织材料的发展、现状和趋势；✧了解生物医用材料降解的方式、主要特征及表征方法；✧了解一维、二维和三维生物医用纤维制品的成型方法；✧了解组织工程材料和智能纺织材料的结构与性能特征及基本测试方法。
✧掌握与生物医用纺织材料相关的有机化学、生物化学、分子生物学、细胞生物学、组织学与胚胎学等学科的基本概念；✧掌握与生物医用纺织材料相关的医学术语及概念，比如生物相容性，炎症,感染，病原体，疾病，抗原，抗体，组织再生，伤口愈合，组织工程等。
✧掌握生物医用材料生物学评价的主要内容和方法；✧掌握天然高分子基生物医用纤维材料的分类、特征和基本获得途径及方法；✧掌握合成高分子基生物医用纤维材料的分类、特征和基本获得途径及方法；✧掌握基于医疗功能的生物医用纤维材料的选择和医疗制品设计的基本原则；✧掌握典型植入性生物医用纺织材料的结构与性能特征及基本测试方法；✧掌握典型体外装置用生物医用材料的结构与性能特征及基本测试方法；✧掌握典型外科非植入性生物医用材料的结构与性能特征及基本测试方法；✧掌握典型防护保健用生物医用材料的结构与性能特征及基本测试方法；二、考试内容第一部分相关基础及生物医用纤维材料（50%）第一章导论1.1生物材料与再生医学1.2生物材料发展1.3生物材料分类1.4生物医用纤维材料1.5 纺织生物医用材料第二章生物医用纺织材料的生物学基础2.1 生物学及医学基础2.2 生物医用材料引发的宿主反应2.3生物医用材料的生物学评价●体外细胞毒性●血液相容性●生物医用材料的降解及评价●致敏，遗传毒性，生殖毒性等第三章天然高分子基生物医用纤维材料3.1概述3.2甲壳素纤维3.3氧化纤维素纤维3.4海藻酸盐纤维3.5胶原纤维3.6丝素蛋白及丝素纤维第四章合成高分子基生物医用纤维材料4.1 聚酯纤维4.2 聚丙烯纤维4.3 聚酰胺纤维4.4 聚氨酯纤维4.5 聚乳酸纤维4.6聚乙交酯纤维4.7聚乙交酯-丙交酯纤维4.8其他纤维第二部分生物医用纤维材料在医疗制品中的应用（50%）第五章植入性生物医用纤维材料与制品5.1人工血管5.2 手术缝合线5.3医用补片5.3其他第六章体外装置用生物医用纤维材料与制品6.1人工肾6.2 人工肝6.3 其他第七章组织工程医用纤维材料与制品7.1 组织工程人工皮肤7.2 组织工程人工神经导管7.3 组织工程人工肌腱第八章外科非植入性生物医用纤维材料与制品8.1 敷料8.2 压力纺织品（绷带、压力袜）8.3 其他第九章防护保健用生物医用纤维材料与制品9.1 防护服9.2 抗菌纺织材料与制品9.3药用纺织品9.4其他三、试卷类型及比例1.简述题：（60%）2.问答题：（40%）四、考试形式及时间考试形式：笔试；考试时间：每年由教育部统一规定。
最新东华大学2018考博英语
最新东华大学2018考博英语东华大学2018年博士研究生入学考试英语（1001）试题Part I V ocabulary (10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: There are 20 sentences in this section. There are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D under each of the following sentences. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1. Many scientists remain_____about the value of this research program. A．sceptical B. stationary C. spacious D. specific2. If you want to go to the concert, you’ll have to make a _____, or there will be no tickets.A. conservationB. reservationC. preservationD. observation3. The mother was _____ when her son confessed he had robbed a store.A. dismayedB. flatteredC. fascinatedD. disabled4. The _____ judge accepted money to let the prisoner go unpunished.A. committedB. corruptC. conservedD. confident5. It took them several weeks to ______the wild horse.A. cultivateB. civilizeC. curbD. tame6. It is a common theme of many science fiction stories that the world may one day be ______ by beings from the outer space.A. run overB. filled inC. taken overD. broken in7. It ______ that the old woman she had been taking care of was indeed her own mother.A. turned overB. turned inC. turned acrossD. turned out8. The discovery of new oil fields in various parts of the country filled the government with _______hope.A. eternalB. infiniteC. ceaselessD. delicate9. We hope there will be a peaceful ________ to the new system.A. transmissionB. transitionC. transactionD. transformation10.It is _______ that women should be paid less than men fordoing the same kind of work.A. abruptB. absurdC. adverseD. addictive11. The young flower girl has been in town for only several months, but she seems to be _____with everyone who comes to the store.A. admittedB. acceptedC. admiredD. acquainted12. When the wealthy man died his illegitimate son _____half of his legacy.A. retreatedB. displayedC. declaredD. claimed13. I have said nothing like that. He intentionally _____ my ideas to achieve his personal ends.A. revisedB. distractedC. contradictedD. distorted14. Travelers are advised to use traveler's checks, which provide a secure _____ to carrying all the money in cash.A. substituteB. alternativeC. selectionD. displacement15. Most of the nations in the world are working in a collaborative effort to ___ hunger from the world.A. abandonB. diminishC. withdrawD. eliminate16. I just can't _____ how he managed to finish his report so soon. He said he was only halfway through it yesterday!A. figure outB. work outC. look outD. draw out17. The mayor was asked to give a rough _____ of the cost of the construction of the new bridge.A. assessmentB. evaluationC. announcementD. estimate18. At last his firm was _____ up by a multinational corporation.A. swallowedB. devouredC. swiggedD. gulped19. When he went to the airport for the ticket, Tom suddenly realized that his passport had ____ for half a year.A. abolishedB. expiredC. amendedD. constrained20. According to the report, the ____ of the epidemic was frightening in that country.A. multitudeB. altitudeC. magnitudeD. gratitudePart II Cloze Test (15 points, 1 point each)Directions: For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.‘Popular science’ books by pioneering scientists come in many varieties, but are almost always 21 waiting for. Such books would certainly be authoritative accounts of the subject matter. What is more important, 22, is that they give the reader a really unique 23. The genre includes straightforward expositions of a technical topic, an early example 24 the classic little book on relativity by Einstein himself. More 25 ---- and perhaps 26 greater value, in the long 27 ---- one has a 28 of essays on widely varying themes. These reflect, directly 29 indirectly, the motivations, the compulsions, the stance, the personal scientific philosophy ---- 30 short, the credo ---- of a great scientist, giving the reader 31 insight into the working of a first-rate mind in a manner that even the best of biographies can only 32. Restricting oneself to examples 33 from physics and 34 areas, some wonderful examples of this class are Wigner’s Symmetries and Reflections, Chandrasekhar’s Truth and Beauty, Feynman’s The Character of Physical Law, and Dyson’s35 the Universe.21. A. different B. eager C. worth D. gratitude22. A. however B. by the way C. unfortunately D. to be exact23. A. character B. thought C. enjoyment D. perspective24. A. being B. has being C. has been D. been25. A. important B. special C. often D. clear26. A. with B. for C. in D. of27. A. ago B. time C. distance D. run28. A. election B. collection C. deduction D. induction29. A. and B. or C. not D. but30. A. on B. for C. in D. of31. A. valuable B. attractive C. particular D. mysterious32 A. repeat B. approximate C. enhance D. discover33. A. concerned B. brought C. taken D. thought34. A. relating B. relative C. relate D. related35. A. Disturbing B Disturb C. Disturbed D. DisturbancePart III Reading Comprehension (30 points)Section A (20 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are four short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then answer the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C, or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet. Passage 1In recent years, there has been a steady assault on salt from the doctors. Politicians also got on board. "There is a direct relationship," US congressman Neal Smith noted, "between the amount of sodium a person consumes and heart disease, circulatory disorders, stroke and even early death."Frightening, if true! But many doctors and medical researchers are now beginning to feel the salt scare has gone too far. "All this hue and cry about eating salt is unnecessary," Dr. Dustan insists. "For most of us it probably doesn't make much difference how much salt we eat." Dustan's most recent short-term study of 150 people showed that those with normal bloodpressure experienced no change at all when placed on an extremely low-salt diet, or later when salt was reintroduced. Of the hypertensive subjects, however, half of those on the low-salt diet did experience a drop in blood pressure, which returned to its previous level when salt was reintroduced.""An adequate to somewhat excessive salt intake has probably saved many more lives than it has cost in the general population," notes Dr. John H. Laragh. "So arecommendation that the whole population should avoid salt makes no sense." Medical experts agree that everyone should practice reasonable "moderation" in salt consumption. For the average person, a moderate amount might run from four to ten grams a day, or roughly 1/2 to 1/3 of a teaspoon. The equivalent of one to two grams of this salt allowance would come from the natural sodium in food. The rest would be added in processing, preparation or at the table.Those with kidney, liver or heart problems may have to limit dietary salt, if their doctor advises. But even the very vocal "low salt" exponent, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, Jr. admits that "we do not know whether increased sodium consumption causes hypertension." In fact, there is growing scientific evidence that other factors may be involved: deficiencies in calcium, potassium, perhaps magnesium; obesity (much more dangerous than sodium); genetic predisposition; stress." It is not your enemy," says Dr. Laragh. "Salt is the No. 1 natural component of all human tissue, and the idea that you don't need it is wrong. Unless your doctor has proven that you have a salt-related health problem, there is no reason to give it up."36. According to some doctors and politicians, the amount of salt consumed ___A.exhibits as an aggravating factor to people in poor health.B.cures diseases such as stroke and circulatory disorders.C.correlates highly with some diseases.D.is irrelevant to people suffering from heart disease.37. From Dr. Dustan's study we can infer that ______A. a low-salt diet may be prescribed for some people.B. the amount of salt intake has nothing to do with one's blood pressure.C. the reduction of salt intake can cure a hypertensive patient.D. an extremely low-salt diet makes no difference to anyone.38. In the third paragraph, Dr. Laragh implies that _____A. people should not be afraid of taking excessive salt.B. doctors should not advise people to avoid salt.C. an adequate to excessive salt intake is recommended for people in disease.D. excessive salt intake has claimed some victims in the general population.39. The phrase "vocal …… exponent" (Para. 4) most probably refers to ____A. eloquent doctor.B. articulate opponent.C. loud speaker.D. strong advocate.40. What is the main message of this text?A. That the salt scare is not justified.B. That the cause of hypertension is now understood.C. That the moderate use of salt is recommended.Passage 2Globalization is not just some passing trend. Today it is anoverarching international system shaping the domestic politics and foreign relations of virtually every country, and we need to understand it as such.As thoughtful people concerned about world affairs, our job is to pick up "globalization," examine it from all sides, dissect it, figure out what makes it tick, and then nurture and promote the good parts and mitigate or slow down the bad parts. Globalization is much like fire. Fire itself is neither good nor bad. Used properly, it can cook food, sterilize equipment, form iron, and heat our homes. Used carelessly, fire can destroy lives, towns and forests in an instant. As Friedman says: "Globalization can be incredibly empowering and incredibly coercive. It can democratize opportunity and democratize panic. It makes the whales bigger and the minnows stronger. It leaves you behind faster and faster, and it catches up to you faster and faster. While it is homogenizing cultures, it is also enabling people to share their unique individuality farther and wider."Globalization has dangers and an ugly dark side. But it can also bring tremendous opportunities and benefits. Just as capitalism requires a network of governing systems to keep it from devouring societies, globalization requires vigilance and the rule of law. Anti-trust laws, the Securities and Exchange Commission, labor unions, charities, the Federal Trade Commission, and countless other agencies and organizations keep American capitalism in check. Similar transparent mechanisms are needed to make sure globalization is a positive force in the world.Globalization will always have cheerleaders who are blind to the destruction globalization can cause. And it will always have strident opponents blind to the way globalization gives somepeople their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspirations.As with most issues, the majority of people will be in the middle. They will see globalization not as something to worship or demonize. Instead, they will see it as something to mold, shape and manage for the betterment of everyone.41.What does the word “mitigate” in paragraph 2 most likely mean?A. A. To alleviate.B.To slow down.C.To omit.D.To go faster.42.Why does the author compare globalization as fire?A.When used correctly, they both can sterilize equipment.B.When used improperly, they both can destroy our life.C.When worshipped, they both improve our life greatly.D.When demonized, they both can be dangerous.43.Why is globalization compared as capitalism in the passage?A.They both require vigilance to keep them from devouring societies.B.They both need Federal trade commission and labor unions.C.They both need transparent mechanisms to operate properly.D.Both A and B.44.People who worship globalization usually _____ while people who demonizeglobalization usually ____.A.see it as something to mold for the improvement of everyone; stand in themiddle to mold, shape and manage for the betterment of everyoneB.believe globalization can be shaped ; believe globalization has dangers and anugly dark sideC.believe globalization is a positive force in the world; believe globalizationrequires vigilance and the rule of lawsD.see no destruction globalization can cause; can not see that globalization givessome people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspiration45.Which of the following is not necessarily required to make positive use ofglobalization?A.Tremendous opportunities and benefits.B.Vigilance and the rule of law.C.Transparent mechanisms.D.Molding, shaping and management.Passage 3A Chinese study found that antibiotics can help prevent stomach cancer in people who carry a common strain of bacteria known to cause ulcers. The study adds to the already strong evidence that Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancer, a disease especially prevalent in Asia but far less common in the United States. Still, experts said the findings do not solve the dilemma of whether and how to treat carriers of the bacteria.The study involved 1,630 men and women from Fujian Province in southern China. All were carriers of H. pylori; hundreds of them already had precancerous lesions (癌变) at the outset of the study. Patients were randomly assigned to receivetwo weeks of treatment with antibiotics and an anti-ulcer drug, or a dummy medicine, and were followed for 7 years and a half after that. Among the 988 patients without precancerous lesions at the outset, none on the treatment got stomach cancer, compared with six in the placebo group.The findings among those with precancerous lesions were not as clear-cut: Seven in the treatment group developed stomach cancer, versus 11 in the placebo group. The study appears in Wednesday's Journal of the American Medical Association. H. pylori is estimated to affect as many as 90 percent of people in some developing nations and up to 50 percent of people in some industrialized countries, according to the World Health Organization. Chronic H. pylori is thought to cause stomach cancer, and doctors have come to believe since the early 1980s that it is the No. 1 cause of ulcers.The findings suggest that doctors should consider routine screening for such lesions in H. pylori patients in high-incidence areas, and treating the infections in patients with no precancerous lesions, said the authors, led by Benjamin Chun-Yu Wong of the University of Hong Kong.Dr. Michael Brown, a gastroenterologist at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, said routine H. pylori screening would not be cost-effective in the United States because the rates of infection and cancer are so low.46.According to the passage, experts in the Chinese study mentioned in the passage arestill not sure _______.A.whether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach cancerB.whether stomach cancer is more prevalent in AsiaC.whether to treat all carriers of Helicobacter pylori bacteriaD.whether Helicobacter pylori bacteria can cause stomach ulcer47.Among people who developed cancer in the study, proportion of patients in thetreatment group to patients in the placebo group is_____.A.64%B.50%C.90%D.39%48.In the study, what medicine did the placebo group take during the two-weektreatment?A.Antibiotics.B. A dummy medicine.C.An anti-cancer medicine.D.Medicine for the precancerous.49.How many patients in the study already had precancerous lesions at the outset of thestudy?。
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东华大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
东华大学博士研究生入学英语考试是为招收博士研究生而设置，属选拔考试。
根据国家教委颁布的《硕士、博士学位研究生英语教学大纲》的规定：博士生入学时英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生毕业时应达到的水平，本考试以《大学英语教学大纲（文理科用）》中对大学英语六级水平的具体要求为主要依据，兼顾其他同等程度的教材和硕士毕业生应达到的英语水平要求，测试考生在英语语法、词汇、阅读、写作及翻译等方面的语言应用能力，择优选拔，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平和应用能力。
一、评价目标
要求考生掌握下列语言知识和技能：
二、考试形式
考试形式为笔试，时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
整份试卷包括试题集和答题纸两部份。
考生应将试题集Paper One 部分的1 –80题的答案按要求用2B铅笔做在答题纸上，将Paper Two 部分的翻译和写作用蓝、黑色钢笔或水笔字迹工整地写在相应的答题纸上。
三、试卷结构和内容
试题集有两部分构成：Paper One 为客观题，共四大项80题（占总分75%），包括词汇和句子结构（10%），辨错（10%），阅读（45%）和完形填空（10%）；Paper Two 为主观题，共二大项，（占总分25%），包括翻译（汉译英10%）和写作（15%）。
第一部分词汇（10%）
由20题组成（20题x 0.5分）。
词汇题主要测试考生所掌握的词汇水平和运用词汇的能力。
按原国家教委颁布的《硕士、博士英语教学大纲》明确的定性和定量要求的规定，硕士生毕业时应理解性地掌握大约6000个英语常用词（组）。
第二部分辨错并改错（10%）
由10题组成（10题x 1分)。
主要测试考生掌握并正确运用语言的能力。
考查的重点语法项目是：制约句子逻辑关系的连词和关系词；体现句子行为者主语其情感、意图、行为、判断的动词的时态、语态、情态动词和虚拟语气；使句子变得多姿多彩的非谓语动词、省略和倒装。
第三部分完形填空（10%）
该部分为一篇240-280的文章，题材包括科技，经济，文化，教育，社会生活，人物传记等。
文章有20 个空档，共20题。
考试形式为多项选择，即要求考生从每题给出的四选项中选出一个最佳答案，填入文章空白处，使补足后的文章意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
第四部分阅读（45%）
由六篇阅读文章和30个理解选择题组成（30题x1.5分）。
要求考生在70分钟内完成六篇文章阅读，所选文章体裁包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等；题材涉及到科普、社会生活、人文学科、小说、教育、经济等。
测试考生的阅读速度、获取信息的能力、阅读技巧、以及记忆性理解程度和信息处理、分析综合等多方面的能力。
要求考生能快速阅读各类题材的文章；准确理解并归纳其要义以及作者的基本观点和态度；把握各层次段落与主题的逻辑关系；通过合理的判断、推理来理解文章的深层含义；根据语境的暗示来猜测词义。
第五部分翻译（10%）
汉译英段落约为150个汉词，20分钟完成。
考查考生使用恰当的词汇和句型，运用基本技巧准确进行语言转换的能力。
所译英文句子需符合语法规则，要注意时态语态、搭配、单词拼写、大小写及标点符号的正确使用。
第六部分写作（15%）
考查考生的书面表达能力，以及对社会重大事件的关注程度、敏感性和分析、评论的能力。
要求考生根据所规定的情景或给定的题目，在30分钟内完成200词左右的作文。
观点正确，内容翔实，言之有物，有说服力。
语言通顺，句式有变化，错误少。
整份试卷的题目数、计分和考试时间列表如下：。