翻译汉译英之谓语的选择
合集下载
相关主题
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
谓ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ的选择
一、汉英主谓结构的差别
汉语的分析型(analytic)语言VS.英语的综合型 (synthetic)语言 汉语的复杂谓语成分VS.英语的单一谓语成分 汉语谓语的多主动式VS.英语谓语的多被动式
1. 分析型语言VS综合型语言
汉语分析型语言 无词尾屈折变化 (inflection) 词没有阳性和阴性的变化，没有表阳性和阴性的词缀 英语综合型语言有丰富的屈折变化形式： 英语谓语形态稳定，受语法规范约束，需与主语保持一致关系 table／tables run／ran／run the boy„s She sings beautifully. 汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)，英语语法呈外显性(overtness)
2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当
如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑，则需要改变主语或谓语。 这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。 This incident showed that he was dishonest. 农村改革中的好多东西，都是基层创造出来的。 Many of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots. Many of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots. 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 China’s diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. (*) The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. 分析：前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。后种译法以“时间”为主语， 以“find”为谓语，是比较典型的 “无灵主语句”。
取得成就 把中国建设成为 犯个人主义的错误 我们有过这样的经验 热烈祝贺奥运会 争取运动成绩与精神文明双丰收 make achievements turn or transform China into. . make mistakes of succumbing to individualism It was our experience that. . . Hail / Greet the Olympic Games For better (athletic) records and sportsmanship
谓语应该在人称、数、时态、语态上与主语一致 他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸。 His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical. 在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner. （三中全会的政策）谁想变也变不了。 No one could change this even if he wanted to. 当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country. 她的独生子让车给轧了。 Her only son was run over by a car.
你的教学科研取得了长足的进步，但不应因此而自 满。 You have made great progress in teaching and research but you should guard against complacency． 本书精选中国南方26个少数民族的131则脍炙人口的 故事。 The book consists of 131 superb stories popular among 26 minority nationalities in the south of China.
确定谓语的原则
1. 主谓一致+时态+语气 2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当 3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当 4. 根据谓语和状语搭配确定谓语 5. 根据英语表达习惯 6. 谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要 7. 谓语的确定应该基于构句（语法）的需要
1. 主谓一致+时态+语气
她的未婚夫都60了。 快餐食品并不健康！ 三星的手机外观很漂亮。 Her fiancé is already 60 years old. Fast food is not wholesome, after all. Samsung Brand cell phones look beautiful.
（日本派大批的留学生到中国来学习中国文化。）自 然，他们也学会了中国的饮茶。 Accordingly, they became accustomed to the Chinese tea-drinking. 到麦当劳去吃什么? 有人总结说：吃时髦，吃清洁， 吃快捷，吃氛围，吃气派，吃档次，吃高雅。闹了半 天，还没有涉及“吃饱肚子”。 For what do we go to the McDonald’s? Summarized are the following answers: for its popularity, for its remarkable cleanness, for its instant services, for its exotic atmosphere, for showing off, for its super quality, for its elegant consumption. With so many “fors”, yet we have not come to “for our stomach”. (曾利沙译)
3. 谓语的多主动式VS多被动式
无形式标志的被动句，形式主动，意义被动 原文若为有/无形式标志的被动式，译文宜用被动式作谓 语； 若不知原文谓语动作的发出者是谁，或者原文的主语为 “人们”、“大家”等，或者句中含有 “据传”、“据 悉”等字眼，译文的谓语常用以 “it” 为形式主语的被动 句式； 问题解决了。 The problem has been solved. 大家都觉得这样做不妥。 It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 必须采取措施来控制水污染。
5. 根据英语表达习惯
灵活翻译谓语
冬天如果你怕冷的话，可能到昆明。 fear, be afraid of？ If you dislike the cold in winter, you can visit Kunming in south China. 花坛北面有一株腊梅花，南端是一丛南天竹。 A winter plum stood on the northern end of the terrace, and a nandina erected on the southern end. 译文运用“化静为动”的手法，将原文中“有”、“是”等静态 动词翻译成stand和 erect等动态动词，使译文更加生动活泼。
2. 谓语成分的复杂性VS单一性
英语谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词短语充 当，系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个， 多数句子只有一个谓语动词，其他动作概念以 非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形 式出现。 原文若是形容词、名词、数量词或介词短语作 谓语，译文中常常采用系表结构。
我想吃麦当劳。 历史是人民创造的。 他就会持枪劫车、杀人越货。 He wants to eat at the Macdonald‟s. History is made by the people. He is good for nothing but hijacking vehicles and looting the goods by killing the drivers with his gun.
4. 根据谓语和状语搭配确定谓语
有时英汉谓状搭配习惯的不同，也可能影响谓语 的选择 我们要在几个五年计划的时间内认真取得处理 这个问题的经验。 we shall seriously gain experience in…？ We shall make serious efforts to gain experience in handling this problem within the space of several five-year plans.
众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。 It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 书到后应立即付款。 You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered． 请您为大家表演一个节目。 You are requested to give us a performance. 流言蜚语使他们之间的友谊变成了怨仇。 Their friendship was turned into enmity through idle gossip.
3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当
动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的动 宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我们 就需要重新选择谓语。 秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国…… unify the other six states？ Qin Shihuang, the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, conquered the other six states in 221 BC. 热腾腾的晚餐已摆好在桌上。 Hot meals were served on the dinner table. 如译成： hot meals were put on the dinner table 就显得 过于呆板。而serve和meals联用最符合英语的动宾搭配习 惯。
Isolating/analytic language A language in which word forms do not change, and in which grammatical functions are shown by WORD ORDER and the use of FUNCTION WORDS. Inflecting language A language in which the form of a word changes to show a change in meaning or grammatical function. Often there is no clear distinction between the basic part of the word and the part which shows a grammatical function such as number or tense. Agglutinating language A language in which various AFFIXES may be added to the stem of a word to add to its meaning or to show its grammatical function.
一、汉英主谓结构的差别
汉语的分析型(analytic)语言VS.英语的综合型 (synthetic)语言 汉语的复杂谓语成分VS.英语的单一谓语成分 汉语谓语的多主动式VS.英语谓语的多被动式
1. 分析型语言VS综合型语言
汉语分析型语言 无词尾屈折变化 (inflection) 词没有阳性和阴性的变化，没有表阳性和阴性的词缀 英语综合型语言有丰富的屈折变化形式： 英语谓语形态稳定，受语法规范约束，需与主语保持一致关系 table／tables run／ran／run the boy„s She sings beautifully. 汉语语法呈隐含性(covertness)，英语语法呈外显性(overtness)
2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当
如果原文的主谓语不符合英语主谓搭配逻辑，则需要改变主语或谓语。 这件事告诉我们，他为人不诚实。 This incident showed that he was dishonest. 农村改革中的好多东西，都是基层创造出来的。 Many of the good ideas in rural reform came from people at the grassroots. Many of good ideas in rural reform are created by people at the grassroots. 世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 China’s diplomacy is most active at the turn of the century. (*) The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. 分析：前种译法不符合英文主谓搭配。后种译法以“时间”为主语， 以“find”为谓语，是比较典型的 “无灵主语句”。
取得成就 把中国建设成为 犯个人主义的错误 我们有过这样的经验 热烈祝贺奥运会 争取运动成绩与精神文明双丰收 make achievements turn or transform China into. . make mistakes of succumbing to individualism It was our experience that. . . Hail / Greet the Olympic Games For better (athletic) records and sportsmanship
谓语应该在人称、数、时态、语态上与主语一致 他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药物爆炸。 His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical. 在西方，吃饭用的是刀和叉 。 In the west, fork and knife is used for having dinner. （三中全会的政策）谁想变也变不了。 No one could change this even if he wanted to. 当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country. 她的独生子让车给轧了。 Her only son was run over by a car.
你的教学科研取得了长足的进步，但不应因此而自 满。 You have made great progress in teaching and research but you should guard against complacency． 本书精选中国南方26个少数民族的131则脍炙人口的 故事。 The book consists of 131 superb stories popular among 26 minority nationalities in the south of China.
确定谓语的原则
1. 主谓一致+时态+语气 2. 谓语必须与主语在逻辑上搭配得当 3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当 4. 根据谓语和状语搭配确定谓语 5. 根据英语表达习惯 6. 谓语的确定应该基于表意的需要 7. 谓语的确定应该基于构句（语法）的需要
1. 主谓一致+时态+语气
她的未婚夫都60了。 快餐食品并不健康！ 三星的手机外观很漂亮。 Her fiancé is already 60 years old. Fast food is not wholesome, after all. Samsung Brand cell phones look beautiful.
（日本派大批的留学生到中国来学习中国文化。）自 然，他们也学会了中国的饮茶。 Accordingly, they became accustomed to the Chinese tea-drinking. 到麦当劳去吃什么? 有人总结说：吃时髦，吃清洁， 吃快捷，吃氛围，吃气派，吃档次，吃高雅。闹了半 天，还没有涉及“吃饱肚子”。 For what do we go to the McDonald’s? Summarized are the following answers: for its popularity, for its remarkable cleanness, for its instant services, for its exotic atmosphere, for showing off, for its super quality, for its elegant consumption. With so many “fors”, yet we have not come to “for our stomach”. (曾利沙译)
3. 谓语的多主动式VS多被动式
无形式标志的被动句，形式主动，意义被动 原文若为有/无形式标志的被动式，译文宜用被动式作谓 语； 若不知原文谓语动作的发出者是谁，或者原文的主语为 “人们”、“大家”等，或者句中含有 “据传”、“据 悉”等字眼，译文的谓语常用以 “it” 为形式主语的被动 句式； 问题解决了。 The problem has been solved. 大家都觉得这样做不妥。 It is generally considered not advisable to act that way. 必须采取措施来控制水污染。
5. 根据英语表达习惯
灵活翻译谓语
冬天如果你怕冷的话，可能到昆明。 fear, be afraid of？ If you dislike the cold in winter, you can visit Kunming in south China. 花坛北面有一株腊梅花，南端是一丛南天竹。 A winter plum stood on the northern end of the terrace, and a nandina erected on the southern end. 译文运用“化静为动”的手法，将原文中“有”、“是”等静态 动词翻译成stand和 erect等动态动词，使译文更加生动活泼。
2. 谓语成分的复杂性VS单一性
英语谓语比较单一，只能由动词或动词短语充 当，系动词可看成一种特殊为谓语。 英语同一主语下的并列谓语一般不超过三个， 多数句子只有一个谓语动词，其他动作概念以 非谓语动词、介词短语、名词短语或从句的形 式出现。 原文若是形容词、名词、数量词或介词短语作 谓语，译文中常常采用系表结构。
我想吃麦当劳。 历史是人民创造的。 他就会持枪劫车、杀人越货。 He wants to eat at the Macdonald‟s. History is made by the people. He is good for nothing but hijacking vehicles and looting the goods by killing the drivers with his gun.
4. 根据谓语和状语搭配确定谓语
有时英汉谓状搭配习惯的不同，也可能影响谓语 的选择 我们要在几个五年计划的时间内认真取得处理 这个问题的经验。 we shall seriously gain experience in…？ We shall make serious efforts to gain experience in handling this problem within the space of several five-year plans.
众所周知，中国人在四千年前就发明了指南针。 It is well known that the compass was invented in China four thousand years ago. 书到后应立即付款。 You are supposed to pay right after the books are delivered． 请您为大家表演一个节目。 You are requested to give us a performance. 流言蜚语使他们之间的友谊变成了怨仇。 Their friendship was turned into enmity through idle gossip.
3. 谓语必须与宾语在逻辑上搭配得当
动宾搭配是一种常见的搭配形式，汉译英时，如果原文的动 宾搭配不符合英语逻辑，而原文的宾语又不宜变动，我们 就需要重新选择谓语。 秦朝第一位皇帝秦始皇于公元前221年统一六国…… unify the other six states？ Qin Shihuang, the first Emperor of the Qin Dynasty, conquered the other six states in 221 BC. 热腾腾的晚餐已摆好在桌上。 Hot meals were served on the dinner table. 如译成： hot meals were put on the dinner table 就显得 过于呆板。而serve和meals联用最符合英语的动宾搭配习 惯。
Isolating/analytic language A language in which word forms do not change, and in which grammatical functions are shown by WORD ORDER and the use of FUNCTION WORDS. Inflecting language A language in which the form of a word changes to show a change in meaning or grammatical function. Often there is no clear distinction between the basic part of the word and the part which shows a grammatical function such as number or tense. Agglutinating language A language in which various AFFIXES may be added to the stem of a word to add to its meaning or to show its grammatical function.