跨文化交际整理材料

跨文化交际整理材料

munication：

(1)Communication is A form of human behavior derived from a need to connect and interact with other human beings. It occurs whenever meaning is attributed to behavior or the residue of behavior.

(2)Its components: Message, Sender, Receiver, Channel, Noise, Feedback, Encoding, Decoding.

(3)Characteristics: communication is dynamic; irreversible; symbolic; systemic; self-reflective; interactive; complex.

(4)Five types of communication: human communication; animal communication; human-animal communication; human-machine communication; machine-to-machine communication. (In summary, under communication, we have human and biological/physical communication; under human communication, we have non-social and social communication; intre-personal in non-social communication while social communication includes interpersonal, organizational, and mass communication. )

2.Intercultural business communication:

(1) ICC is the term first used by Edward T. Hall in 1959 and is simply defined as interpersonal communication between members of different cultures.ICBC is a relatively new term in the business world and it is defined as communication within and between businesses that involve people from more than one culture.

(2)ICC的分类：ICC includes International communication (between nations and governments rather than individuals); Interethnic communication (between people of the same race but different ethnic background) (Tibetan vs. Han); Interracial communication (Afro-American vs. white American) ; Interregional communication: (northerner vs. southerner)

(3)跨文化交际障碍Barriers in Intercultural Communication: a.A voidance of the unfamiliar疏远陌生; b. Uncertainty reduction减少不确定性; c. Withdrawal回避; d. Stereotyping定势; e. Prejudice偏见; f. Racism种族; e. Misuse of power 滥用权力; h. Culture shock文化震惊; i. Ethnocentrism文化优越感.

3. Stereotyping: A stereotypes is an overly simplified / generalized way of thinking about a person, group, etc. Anyone can stereotype and can be the target of stereotyping! (课件答案) Stereotyping is a complex form of categorization that mentally organizes your experiences and guides your behavior toward a particular group of people. （课本答案）

4. Prejudice: Prejudice refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientation. Learned beliefs and values that lead an individual or group of individuals to be biased for or against members of particular groups prior to actual experience of those groups. E.g Residents of Shanghai

●Relation between S tereotype and prejudice定势和偏见的区别

Both are a stumbling block to ICC. Prejudice usually refers to the negative aspect when a group inherits or generates hostile views about a distinguishable group based on generalizations. These generalizations are invariably derived from inaccurate or incomplete information about the other group.The generalization are called stereotyping.

5. Racism: （课本）It refers to the belief that one racial category is innately superior to another. （课件）It is any policy, practice, beliefs or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race. It can either be conscious or unconscious, intentional or unintentional.

6. Culture shock: Cultural shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Four stages (U-curve): Honeymoon phase; Culture shock phase/ Depression (horror); Recovery phase; Adjustment; (Acceptance/ Home)

7. Ethnocentrism民族优越感: Ethnocentrism is the belief that you own cultural background, including ways of analyzing problems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication, is correct. Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, defective, or quaint. （The negative impact of ethnocentrism on intercultural communication is obvious: it shapes social sense of identity which is narrow and defensive; it normally involves the perception of members of other cultures in terms of stereotypes; ethnocentric judgments usually involve invidious comparisons that ennoble one’s culture while degrading those of others.）

8. Culture: Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors. Institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people. (p41)

Culture can be classified by three large categories of elements：(1) Artifact; (2) concepts; (3) behavior. Characteristic of Culture ：（1）Culture is not innate; it is learned文化不是先天遗传的而是后天习得的;（2）Culture is