科技英语翻译专题 知识点汇总

计算机冀导那一部分
词汇
pig 金属锭块
dog挡块，止动爪
cat吊锚，履带拖拉机
cock旋塞，吊车
horse支架，铁杆
fish 接合板，夹板
monkey 打桩锤；煤矿通风巷道
fox绳索
belly 炉腰
mild steel structure 低碳钢结构
Bendable switches consist of a continuous 无缝的steel beam.
？可弯曲的开关由连续钢条组成。

曲性道岔由无缝钢条组成。

Bricks are also produced in many different colors and with various finishes, particularly those used for decorative purpose.
砖也可以烧制成许多不同的颜色，具有不同的光洁度，尤其是那些用于装饰的砖。

catalyst 催化剂
Resolving power 分辨率
Combining power 化合价
Base 碱
Base metals 非贵金属
Brass 黄铜
Difficult labor 难产
Foreign Material 杂质
Cast iron 铸铁
In general, the design procedure is not straightforward and will require trial and error.
一般说来，设计过程不是一帆风顺的，而需要反复试验。

（简单的）
Furnace 炉子
（1）Rubber is not hard, it gives way to pressure.
橡胶性软，受压变形。

（2）Porcelain is commonly used to resist electric current.
陶瓷常用来隔绝电流。

（3）When we speak, sound waves begin to travel and go in all directions.
我们说话时，声波就开始向四面八方传播。

（4）Zinc is easy to obtain from its ore.
锌容易从锌矿中提炼。

Ore 矿
电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。

改译：Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
Uranium 铀
Kinetic energy 动能
thermal power plant 火力发电厂
No less than 25 percent of the crops are polluted.
受污染的庄稼竟高达25%。

The importance of proper lubrication cannot be overemphasized.
应特别强调适当进行润滑的重要性。

材料：
Atomic bomb 原子弹
Discrete particle 离散颗粒
metals
inorganic nonmetallic materials
(无机非金属材料)
polymers (高分子材料)
composites (复合材料)
semiconductors (半导体材料)
biomaterials (生物材料)
Subatomic 亚原子
Chemical bond化学键
Property 性能
Performance 使用性能
Processing 工艺
elastic modulus (弹性模量)
yield strength (屈服强度)
Thermal properties (热性能)
heat capacity (热容量) and thermal conductivity (导热性)
Chemical properties (化学性能)
anti-oxidation(防氧化)
Casting (铸造)
welding (焊接)
forging (锻造)
Limestone 石灰石
Silicon 硅
Aluminum 铝
Alloy 合金
Sintering 烧结
plastic deformation 塑性变形
Elements should be considered for material and process selection are the product’s quality
specifications, the projected cost level and the part’s complexity and function.
选择材料和工艺的考虑因素应包括:产品的质量规范、成本预算以及零件的复杂性和功能。

Alloys, known as a half-way house between mixtures and compounds, contain more than one metallic element.
合金包含不止一种金属元素,也是一种介于混合物和化合物之间的中间结构”
The actual separation of the metal starts as a yielding or fracture, depending upon the cutting conditions, starting from the cutting tool tip.
金属的实际分离始于屈服或断裂(视切削条件而定),从切削刀尖开始”。

Machinable 可机加工的
thermally insulating隔热
airtight film密封性的薄膜
polyethylene['pɑlɪ'eθəlɪːn /'pɒl-]
n.聚乙烯
Grade 钢种
Polymerization 聚合
Crystalline 晶体材料
Grain 晶粒
Corrosion resistance 抗腐蚀
Polycrystalline 多晶体材料
Grain boundaries 晶粒间界
1) Stainless steels are ‘stainless’because their chromium content gives them remarkable resistance to corrosion. Ferritic grades, containing only chromium and possibly other elements (Mo, Ti, Nb, etc.), are no exception.
不锈钢的“不锈”，是由于所含的铬使其具有了显著的耐蚀性。

铁素体不锈钢也不例外，有的钢种仅含铬，有的钢种还含有其他元素（如Mo、Ti、Nb 等）。

2)Well-known standard ferritic grades 409, 410 and 430 are readily available all over the world. Very successfully used in important applications, such as washing-machine drums and exhaust systems, they actually have much broader application potential, in numerous fields.
大家熟知的标准铁素体不锈钢409、410 和430 在全世界都可买到。

它们在洗衣机滚桶、排汽系统等许多重要应用领域中的使用都非常成功。

实际上，铁素体不锈钢在无数领域中都有更加广泛的应用潜力。

3) We accordingly design our products with the necessary manufacturing considerations in mind and occasionally select a coated grade and even a fingerprint-protected coated grade, if need be, to ensure long service life. We may, on occasion, use a higher-alloyed ferritic grade. The important thing is to benefit from the economic advantages of using ferritics.
我们按照必须的制造要求来设计我们的产品，有时会选择有涂层的铁素体不锈钢，甚至在需要时选择有防指纹涂层的不锈钢，以确保较长的使用寿命。

我们有时也会采用高合金的铁素体不锈钢。

重要的是，能够从铁素体不锈钢的使用中获得经济效益。

4) In factories where 304 is predominantly used, changing to ferritic grades means adjusting the manufacturing process and dies. This is costly. Our experience, however, shows that total production costs can be lowered with ferritics.
对那些主要采用304 的厂家来说，转而采用铁素体不锈钢意味着必须对制造工艺和冲模进行调整。

这需要一定投资。

但从我们的经验来看，采用铁素体不锈钢能够降低整个生产成本。

5) Exhaust systems are exposed to high temperatures and corrosive environmental conditions. The use of ferritic stainless steel makes it possible to extend the warranty period of these parts. 汽车排气系统长期在高温和腐蚀环境下使用，选用铁素体不锈钢可大幅度延长汽车排气系统部件的寿命周期。

6) Washing-machine drums have to withstand detergents and a virtually constantly humid environment. In this context, however, localized corrosion would be utterly inadmissible.
洗衣机滚筒在有洗洁剂和长期潮湿的环境下使用。

在这种环境下，绝对不允许局部腐蚀现象存在。

detergent[de·ter·gent || dɪ'tɜːdʒənt]
n.清洁剂
机械：
Smart home 智能家居
Mechanics 力学
Kinematics 运动学
Mechatronics 机电一体化
Nanotechnology 纳米技术
aerospace engineering 航空航天工程
biomedical engineering生物医学工程
biomechanics生物力学
transport phenomena 传递现象
bionanotechnology生物纳米技术
modeling of biological systems生物系统建模
Steam locomotive 蒸汽机车
Piston 活塞
Drive shaft 传动轴
seismometer [seis·mom·e·ter || saɪz'mɑmɪtə(r) /-'mɒm-] n. 地震仪
凸轮轴camshaft
曲轴crankshaft
Calculus 微积分
Newton's Laws of Motion 牛顿运动法
Grinding machine 磨床
Statics 静力学
Dynamics 动力学
Robotics 机器人技术
Section lining衬砌断面
assembly / 集会，集合/ 组装，装配
center / 中心/ 顶尖
finish / 结束/ 修整，精加工
直接结合合成词有: break + down - breakdown ( 断裂) oil + proof –oilproof (耐油的)
连符结合的有：all-in-service (维修) precision-machined (精密加工的)
如：Computer language (计算机语言)
Grinding wheel (砂轮)
Machine tool (机床)
numerical control (数字控制)
Aluminium alloy铝合金
Titanium alloy钛合金
耐腐蚀Anti-corrosion
耐高温High Temperature Resistance
高强度High strength
高韧性High toughness
-bility ……性castability可铸性
-able 可……的soluable可溶的
常用金属元素的名称
Aluminum(铝) /ə‘ljuːmɪnəm/
copper(铜)
chromium(铬) / ˈkrəumɪəm/
magnesium(镁) / mægˈniːzɪəm/
manganese(锰) /ˈmæŋgəniːz/
molybdenum(钼) /mə’lɪbdənəm/
nickel(镍) /‘nɪk(ə)l/
tungsten(钨) /’tʌŋst(ə)n/
vanadium(钒) /və‘neɪdɪəm/
金属元素和steel也可组成下列词汇：nickel steel(镍钢) nickel-chromium steel(镍铬钢) vanadium steel(钒钢)
金属材料中钢分多种，只要掌握中心词steel，就可扩展记忆住这一类的专业词汇。

如：angle steel(角钢) cast steel(铸钢) stainless steel(不锈钢) tool steel(工具钢) alloy steel(合金钢) carbon steel(碳钢)
hardening(硬化、淬火) tempering (回火) annealing (退火) normalizing (正火) spheroidizing (球化处理)
常用的机械加工设备有lathe（车床）drilling machine（钻床）grinding machine（磨床）punching machine（冲床）
机械加工的主要方法有turning（车削）grinding（磨削）casting（铸造）forging（锻造）welding（焊接）……
It (cyber space) includes the rapidly expanding wireless services; microwave towers that carry great quantities of cellular phone and data traffic; communications satellites strung like beads in geosynchronous orbit; low-flying satellites that will soon crisscross the globe like busy bees, connecting folks too far-flung or too much on the go to be tethered by wires.
电脑空间包括飞速发展的无线通讯系统：微波发射塔、通讯卫星和低飞的卫星。

其中，微波发射塔传送着大量的蜂窝电话信号和数据，通讯卫星像串珠一样与地球在同步轨道上运行，而低飞的卫星就像忙碌的蜜蜂往返穿梭于全球，使得因相距遥远或行踪不定而无法使用有线通讯器材的人们取得联系。

·
中央处理器CPU=central processing unit
存储器memory
Input device 输入设备
操作系统Operating system
Application software 应用软件
Database system 数据库系统
parallel computation并行计算
computer-human interaction人机交互
computer graphics, 计算机图形学
numerical and symbolic computation 数值与符号计算Virtual Reality-虚拟现实
Cloud Computing-云计算
Silicon[ˈsɪlɪkən, -ˌkɑn] Valley（硅谷）
Search engine 搜索引擎
basic programmer 基础程序员
the Internet of Things
物联网
wired and wireless networks 有线/无线网络
数量(volume)、速度(velocity)、多样性(variety)。

Stock values 股票市值
DT(Data Technology)-数据处理技术
Retrieve 检索
Offline computing-离线计算
Memory computing-内存计算（秒级）：
Stream/Real-time computing流式/实时计算（毫秒）collaborative filtering 协同过滤
Smart city 智慧城市
barometric[ˌbærə'metrɪk] sensors 气压传感器customer retention 客户挽留
coupled models 耦合模型
冶金
Aerosiderite 陨铁
Coke 焦炭
BF=blast furnaces 高炉
basic oxygen furnace氧气顶吹转炉;
Converter 转化炉
Reduce 还原
Bosh 炉腹
Belly 炉腰
Hearth 炉膛
Raceway燃烧空窝
Decarburize 脱碳
Ladle 钢包
Recrystallization 再结晶
tundish[ˋtʌndɪʃ]
中间包; 中间罐; 中间流槽; 浇口盘
Two-strand 二流
Rolling 轧制
tightly adherent oxide layers(致密氧化层)
Excellent formability 可塑性
creep at elevated temperatures高温蠕变性
Good hardenability 淬透性
Toughness 韧性
Inclusion 夹杂物
Matrix 基质（矩阵）
Plate 电镀
Breakout 漏钢
Crude iron metal is produced in blast furnaces where ore is reduced by coke to pig iron.
生铁是在高炉内通过焦炭还原原料而得到的。

In recent years, more exact control has been required on the composition and morphology of inclusions in molten steel. 近年来,对钢中夹杂物成分和形貌的控制有了更精确的要求。

Oxide inclusions with irregular and clustered（团聚）
The types of continuous casters include the vertical type and the horizontal type.
连铸机的种类有立式连铸机和水平连铸机两类。

ferrous metallurgy 钢铁冶金
non-ferrous metallurgy 非铁金属冶金
Smelting 熔炼
Mineral Processing选矿
Pyrometallurgy火法冶金
Hydrometallurgy湿法冶金
Electrometallurgy电冶金
Precipitation 沉淀
cementation（粘结）
purification and concentration 净化和浓缩
Electrowinning 电热冶金
Electro-refining 电化冶金
Thermal spraying热力喷雾
Plating 电镀
Amalgam 汞合金，汞齐
Thermocouple 热电偶
plate在普通英语中：“盘子”
在冶金英语中：“电镀”
breakout在普通英语中：“打破”
在冶金英语中：“漏钢”
BF= blast furnace 高炉
DRI = directly reduced iron 直接还原铁
ESR = electroslag remelting 电渣重熔
VOD = vacuum oxygen decarburization process 真空吹氧脱碳法
名词+名词carbon steel 碳钢
furnace roof 炉顶
equilibrium constant 平衡常数
pig iron 生铁
名词+动词air blow 吹气
副词+动词over blow 过吹
副词+过去分词magnetically separated 磁性分离
形容词+名词predominance area 优势区
exothermic reaction 放热反应
long nozzle 长水口
interfacial energy 界面自由能
fine powder 细粉
借词+名词by-product 副产品
动词+副词break out 拉漏
anti-反对、防止：antibody抗体antioxidants抗氧化剂
auto-自己的、独立的：autobiographic 自传体的
automate 自动操作
iso-相同、相等：isobar 等压线isotherm 等温线
thermo- 热的：thermocouple 热电偶
thermometer温度计
hydro-水的、液体的：hydrometallurgy 湿法冶金
When the voltage is stepped-up by 10 times, the strength of the current is stepped-down by 10 times, so that the power remains the same.
当电压升高10 倍时，电流强度则降低到1/10，因此功率保持不变。

DRI derived from virgin iron ore units is a relatively pure material which dilutes contaminants in the scrap and improves the steel quality.
译文：由天然铁矿石冶炼而成的直接还原铁是一种相对纯净的产品，它的杂质比废钢中的少，从而提高了钢的质量。

eg：Concrete is made of cement, sand, stones and water.
译文：混凝土是用水泥、沙子、石子和水制成的。

eg：Solvents are used to treat ores and concentrates.
译文：采用溶剂来处理矿石或精矿。

Liquid metal is cast into metal ingots or directly into finished metal objects.
译文：把液态金属铸成金属锭，也可以直接铸造成成品金属件。

With the more complex shapes and when less ductile and malleable materials are used, it is necessary to go through a series of stages before the final shape can be produced from the raw material.
译文：如果形状比较复杂，而所用材料的可延性和可锻性较差，就需经过一系列过程，才能使原材料成形。

The rusting of iron is only one example of corrosion, which may be described as the destructive chemical attack of a metal by media with which it comes in contact, such as moisture, air and water.
译文：可以认为，腐蚀是金属在接触湿气、空气和水等介质时所受到的破坏性化学侵蚀，铁生锈只是其中一个例子。

An acid is a compound whose solutions can produce hydrogenions.
译文：酸是一种化合物，其溶液能产生氢离子。

（分译定语从句）
钢水liquid steel, molten steel
沸腾钢rimming steel, rimmed steel
镇静钢killed steel
电炉炼钢electric steelmaking
铁水预处理hot metal pretreatment
钢包精炼ladle refining
科学技术史History of Science and Technology
文化遗产保护 Cultural Heritage Conservation
科学技术与社会 Science and Technology and Society
近现代技术史与工业遗产
Modern and Contemporary History of Technology and Industrial Heritage
The Jesuits and their collaborators also translated many works of Aristotelian natural philosophy into classical Chinese. These translations presented the system of schools, curricula, examinations, and degrees in a Thomistic manner and were based on both Jesuit pedagogy at the Roman College and Portuguese texts, which represented a new synthesis of the works of Aristotle and the interpretations of Thomas Aquinas.
耶稣会士及其合作者也把亚里士多德的诸多自然哲学著述译成文言文。

这些译注以托马斯主义的方式介绍了学校、课程、考试、学位等制度，它们以罗马学院耶稣会士教学法和葡萄牙语的课本为基础，这些都象征着亚里士多德著述和托马斯·阿奎那论说的一种新结合。

In 1629, Xu Guangqi(HsüKuangch'i), Li Zhizao, and their coterie of Jesuit translators produced an essential series of translations on astronomical refor from the latest European works. They entitled it the Mathematical Astronomy of the Chongzhen Reign (1635), and although it was never published as a complete collection, many of its included works were published.
1629年，徐光启、李之藻及其耶稣会士翻译家同行们，根据最新的欧洲著述选编了一套关于天文学改革的基本译著丛书，他们将之定名为《崇祯历书》，虽然它从未完整地出版过，但其中许多著述还是得以刊印发行。

To avoid the appearance that European learning took precedence over Chinese learning, Xu Guangqi stressed to the emperor that Western methods would yield a comprehensive system that would harmonize European and Chinese measurements: “Melting the material and substance of Western knowledge, we will cast them into the mold of the Grand Concordance system.”Such accommodative language diverted attention from what the translations actually signified, that is, a new cosmological system.
为了避免出现欧洲学问比中国学问优先的情况，徐光启向皇帝强调，西方的方法将会产生一个协调欧洲和中国测量法的全面体系：“熔化西学知识的材料和本质，铸入大统历体系的模子。

”如此调和的语言，转移了人们对译著实际表达的意义，即一种新的宇宙学体系的关注。

Wylie failed to clarify the historical context behind the historic translation, however. Cambridge reformers in the 1820s had contended that because they used Newtonian fluxions, which obscure the coherence of the calculus, the British had been losing
ground in mathematics since the 1740s. Indeed, it took another century for them to catch up to the French, who, using Leibniz’s notational forms, had successfully developed a series of rule-like differential and integral equations that engineers did not need to reconceptualize each time.
然而，伟烈亚力并没有把隐藏在这一具有历史意义的翻译之后的历史背景交代清楚。

剑桥的改革者们在19世纪20年代称，由于采用的牛顿流数法隐匿了微分和积分的一致性，英国数学家自18世纪40年代以来在数学领域不断败退，以致他们用了近一个世纪的时间才赶上法国数学家——法国人运用莱布尼茨创立的符号形式，成功地发展出一套关于微积分方程的准法则，大大方便了工程师们应用。

Zhong Tianwei tied his account of species variation to the “natural principle of the heavenly way,”which contrasted with the more classically domesticated notion of “heavenly selection”that Yan Fu
presented a decade later in his translation.
钟天纬将他关于物种变化的解释同“天道自然之理”联系在了一起，这与严复在十年之后的翻译更加拟古地移用了”天择“的概念这一做法形成了强烈的对比。

Just as the Chinese eventually learned about Copernicus despite the Jesuits’efforts to conceal his theory of a sun-centered cosmos, so too they learned about Darwin in spite of missionary attempts to replace the theory of natural selection with a Christian natural theology. The Chinese Prize Essay Contest reveals that the Protestant enterprise, once its religious agenda was exposed, was no more convincing to many Chinese in the late nineteenth century than the Jesuit translation agenda had been in the seventeenth and eighteenth. Hence, after the Sino-Japanese War, Chinese literati quickly turned to Meiji Japan for the latest currents in modern science.
正如尽管耶稣会士极力隐瞒哥白尼的日心说，但中国人最终还是知道了这种宇宙观一样，虽然传教士试图用基督教的自然神学取代自然选择的理论，但中国人也还是了解到了达尔文的学说。

格致课艺显示出，新教事业的宗教目的一旦暴露，他对9世纪的很多中国人来说就不再是令人信服的了，这就像17-18世纪的耶稣会士翻译一样。

因此，中日甲午战争之后，中国文人迅速转向明治日本学习最先进的现代科学知识。

Moreover, Fryer discarded the notion that English would become a universal language or that China would ever be ruled by foreign powers. He then described the method of translating that he and his coworkers employed and noted the translators’efforts to establish a systematic
nomenclature based on three linguistic choices: (1) using existing nomenclature from native works on the arts and sciences, (2) coining new terms by creating a new character, inventing a descriptive term, or phoneticizing a Western term according to the Mandarin dialect, or (3) constructing a general vocabulary list of terms and proper names.
此外，傅兰雅还摒弃了英语将成为世界通用语言或中国将被外国列强统治的看法。

他接着描述了他和他的合作者采用的翻译方法，指出了翻译者努力建立一套基于三种语言学情形的术语系统：（1）使用本国艺术和科学著作中已有的名称，（2）通过造新字、发明描述性术语或根据官话音译西方术语来创造新词，（3）建立一份术语和专有名称的词汇总表。

Chinese presses also published translations of Japanese texts in greater numbers, and they were easier to read because only Chinese compiled them. Moreover, the quality of translations from works by Japanese scientists was better than those of the earlier science primers, because Chinese translators themselves could understand the Japanese originals.
中国的出版机构也大量出版翻译成中文的日本课本，由于全部是由中国人编译的，这些译著比先前那些由西人和中国人合作翻译的书籍更容易阅读和理解。

更为重要的是，这些根据日本科学家的著述翻译的译本的质量，要比先前那些初级科学读物的译本好得多，因为中国翻译者自己就能理解日文原著。

环境与科学工程
alternative energy 替代能源
pollution control and mitigation 环境控制和缓解
the atmosphere(大气圈), the hydrosphere(水圈), the geosphere(岩石圈) and the biosphere(生物圈)
Dust pollution 粉尘污染
Ozone depletion 臭氧层损耗
Eutrophication and algae bloom富营养化及藻华
Heavy metals pollution重金属污染
Soil erosion 土壤侵蚀
Municipal solid waste 城市固体垃圾
Land desertification土地沙漠化
Biomass energy 生物质能
Solar cells 太阳能电池
Organic foods有机食品
power：
（数学）幂或者乘方
Xn：X to the power nth
the nth power of X；
（物理）功率
horsepower 马力
COD——Chemical Oxygen Demand 化学需氧量
BOD——Biochemical Oxygen Demand 生化需氧量
DO——Dissolved Oxygen 溶解氧
TOC——Total Organic Carbon 总有机碳
TOD——Total Oxygen Demand 总需氧量
TSP——Total Suspended Particulate总悬浮微粒，又称总悬浮颗粒物
TP——Total Phosphorus总磷，即含磷的无机物，有机物的总的含磷浓度
PM10——Particulate matter with particle size below 10 microns（空气动力学直径小于或等于10微米的颗粒物，也称可吸入颗粒物或飘尘）
POPs——Persistent Organic Pollutants 持久性有机污染物
屠宰废水：slaughtering waste water
有机质：organic matters
可生化性：biodegradability
水解酸化：hydrolysis acidification
厌氧生物：anaerobic organism
氧化工艺：oxidation technology
Eg. LRCs have a lower sulphur content. 低阶煤的硫含量较低。

Steam turbines provide a relatively small loss of energy. 汽轮机的能量损耗较小。

Hot-set system produces higher strength than cold set-system. 热固系统比冷固系统的强度高。

Eg. There are many new technologies and devices which are used to remove the nitrogen and phosphorous in wastewater. 很多新技术和新设备被用于去除废水中的氮和磷。

其他定从
Eg. The chemical properties of a certain element which depend on the arrangement of these electrons, particular the outer, or valence electrons, are the same.
分译：各元素的化学性质是一样的，这一性质取决于电子（尤其是外层电子）的排列方式。

合译：元素的化学性质取决于电子（尤其是外层电子）的排列方式，在这一点上各元素是一样的。

译成表示原因的分句
This green house effect is due primarily to water vapor and carbon dioxide, which have strong infrared absorption bands. 这种温室效应主要由于水蒸气和二氧化碳的作用，因为它们有较强的红外吸收键。

译成表示结果的分句
Global warming may result in increased cloudiness, which would reduce incoming radiation and counteract warming. 全球变暖会导致云量增多，从而减少入射辐射，阻碍变暖。

译成表示让步的分句
He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 尽管并不需要，他还是坚持要建另一座房子。

参考笔记本
Erlenmeyer flask 锥形瓶
Lithosphere 岩石圈
Element: 指元素周期表中的元素
Gasify: 气化
Metamorphosis: 变形
The atmosphere, a mixture of gases extending outward from the surface of the earth, evolved from elements of the earth that were gasified during its formation and metamorphosis.
地球早期形成和变形时期以气体形式存在的元素，经过一系列演变，成为了现在包裹在地球表面的气体混合物，也就是大气圈。

A waste water train can consist of primary clarifier system to remove solid and floating materials, a secondary treatment system consisting of an active sludge system and a secondary clarifier, and a final disinfection process. 一条水处理链包括去除固体及漂浮物的初级净化系统、二级活性污泥处理系统和最终的消毒处理系统。

鉴于环境科学对理解人类对自然环境影响的重要性，社会通常依靠环境政策、环境教育以及环境技术来解决环境问题。

Given that environmental science is critical to understanding the impact of human activities on the natural environment, societies often turn to environmental policy, environmental education, and environmental technology for implementing solutions.
通信。