英语构词法详细讲解

构词法

一、转化法（兼类词）：指在不同的语境中，名词动用，动词名用等。

如：ok was the first to map (v.)the east coast.(库克是第一个画西部海岸地图的人)

2.The house can house (v.)many people.(这房子可以住下好多人)

二、合成词：英语中的合成词有合成形容词、合成名词、合成动词、合成副词、合成动词、合成代词等，

如：合成形容词：well-known, warm-hearted, easy-going

合成名词：raincoat, earthquake, waterfall，blackboard, classroom, motherland

合成动词：underline, overcome，

合成副词：maybe, wherever, however, therefore

合成代词：himself, everyone, nobody

三、派生法(词缀法或缀合法)，这种词是最为活跃的一种，大约三分之二的英语单词是用这种方法构成的。因此，掌握一些常用派生词的构词规律对于我们正确拼写单词和在阅读中猜词能力的培养就显得尤为重要。在英语的派生词中，词根决定词的根本意义，前缀改变词义，后缀引起词类的的改变（个别后缀还会改变词义）

1.名词后缀

-er：writer, teacher, manager, worker, employer, interviewer

-ee: employee, interviewee

-or：actor, sailor, editor, beggar, operator

-ian：librarian, American, physician

-ist：scientist, physicist, artist, cyclist, typist, biologist, geologist

-ese：Chinese, Japanese

(-er, -ee,-or, -ian, -ist, -ese: 表示“从事某种职业或来自------的人” )

-ism：Marxism, socialism, nationalism, communism (-ism表示----主义)

-ess：actress, waitress, hostess (-ess表示性别)

-ness：happiness, illness, coldness, carelessness, sickness

-ment：movement, agreement, achievement, appointment, adjustment

-ship：friendship, hardship(困苦、苦难、艰难困苦)

-ion：education, decision, communication, impression, description, collection

-ity：reality, purity, responsibility, possibility

-ance(ence)：performance, independence, science , violence, reference, appearance

-ure：failure, departure(分离，分开)

-al：arrival，survival, signal

-hood：childhood, boyhood, neighborhood, livelihood

-th: truth, depth,

（-ism, -ess, -ness, -ment, -ship, -ion, -ity, -ance(ence), -ure, -al, -hood, -th: 表示“行为的过程、状态或性质”）

2.形容词后缀

-less: hopeless, endless, careless, helpless, (表“否定”)

-ful: useful, careful, hopeful, grateful, powerful

-ous：dangerous, humorous, cautious, infectious

-able：enjoyable, comfortable, considerable, admirable, unforgettable

-y：snowy, dirty, greedy, rainy, sunny, guilty

-ent(-ant)：different, independent, confident, violent, efficient, distant

-tic: optimistic, pessimistic, enthusiastic, characteristic

-ary: necessary, revolutionary, imaginary

-(c)al: historical, unusual, professional, magical, physical, universal, classical, logical, informal

-some：handsome，troublesome

-en：woolen, golden,

-an：African, American

-ive：active, attractive, creative

（-ful, -ous, -able, -y, -ent, -some, -en, -an, -ive :表示“属性、倾向、相像”）

3.副词后缀

-ly：really, nearly, differently, finally, fluently, gradually

-wise: (表示“方向、样子、状态、在------方面”)likewise, otherwise

-ward(s): upward, downward, inward, outward, backward, forward, afterwards

4.动词后缀

-ize(-ise): organize, apologize, specialize

-en：harden, fasten（使固定、使牢固）, soften

-fy: beautify, simplify, classify

-ate: separate, operate

(-ize(-ise), -en, -fy, -ate: 表示“使成为、处理、作用”)

5.反义词前缀

un-: unfair, unknown, unlike, unwilling, unfit, unnecessary, unlikely, unkind

dis-: dislike, disappear, disadvantage

im-: impossible, immoral, impatient, impractical, improper

in-: incorrect, inappropriate, informal

non-: nonsmoker, nonsense,non -drinker

(un-, dis-, im-, in-, non-: 表示“无、不、非”)

mis-: mistake, mislead, misunderstand

mal-:malfunction(发生故障；不起作用)

(mis-, mal: 表示“反动作”)

6.其他表示空间、位置、方向、关系、程度的前缀

(1) a- , up-, over-, sur-, super- : 表示“在------之上”

aboard, uphill, overlook, surface, supermarket, superstar

(2)extra-, ex-, out- :表示“在-----之外”：extraordinary, export, outside, outdoors

(3)under-, sub-, vice- :表示“在----之下”：underground, subway, vice-president

(4)inter-: 表示“两者间”：internet, international, interpersonal

(5)co-, con-, col-, com-: 表示“相同、相等合作”

coexist(共存，和平共处), connect, collect, combine

(6)trans-:表示“移动” translate, transform, transmit(传输信号等)，transfer(转让、转移)

(7)anti-反，抗，阻：anti-black, antibody, anti-depressant(抗抑郁的)

(8)re-再，又：rebuild, rewrite, retell

(9)micro-microbiology, microcomputer, microscope, microwave(微波)

(10)tele-:远距离的，远的：telephone, television, telescope, teleprinter(电传打印机)

四、缩略词