英译汉教程短文翻译
汉英翻译教程
2 Contrastive Studies of
English and Chinese
2.3 English vs. Chinese: Ten Pairs of Features
Simon Teaching
2.3.1 Synthetic vs. Analytic（综合 语与分析语）
A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships. An analytic language is marked by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms. Modern English has become analytic but still frequently uses some hereditary inflections from Old English（a synthetic language）. It is therefore a synthetic-analytic language（综合-分析语）. Chinese is a typical analytic language（分析语）. When the words of a language are inflective in form, they are said to be associative in quality and therefore synthetic in construction. On the other hand, words not inflective in form are considered as isolating in quality and therefore analytic in construction. Inflection（变化词形），word order（安排词序）and the use of function words（运用虚词） are employed as the three grammatical devices in building English sentences.
英汉翻译教程课文4
4-1. Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he travelled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and miners.
汉语叙事顺序是按照事情发生的 顺序进行的。
1-3. The Industrial Revolution began with such machines; the millwrights were the engineers of the coming age. 而工业革命就是从这些机械开始的。修造磨坊的匠人就是开创新时代的工程师。 1-4.James Brindley of Staffordshire started his self- made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels, at the age of seventeen, having been born poor in a village. 斯塔福郡的詹姆斯 •布林德雷，出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭；一七三三年，他十七岁， 就着手改良磨坊的车轮，从而开始了那自我奋斗的生涯。 having been born poor in a village表示原因，说明他为什么十七岁就开始干活。 2-1. Brindley 's improvemenபைடு நூலகம் were practical: to sharpen and step up the performance of the water wheel as a machine. 布林德雷所作的改良是很实际的：改善并加强水车的机械功能。 2-2. It was the first multi-purpose machine for the new industries. 这是为新工业提供的第一部多功能机器。
大学英语教材课文加翻译
大学英语教材课文加翻译Text: A Day in the CityToday, let's take a journey through the bustling city streets and explore the vibrant atmosphere of urban life.As the sun rises, the city awakens from its slumber. People start their day with a cup of hot coffee or a quick breakfast before heading out to work or school. Walking along the crowded streets, one can see a mix of tall buildings, flashing billboards, and bustling markets.In the city center, there is a magnificent square where people gather for various activities. Some are engaged in morning exercises, while others are enjoying a leisurely stroll. The square is a hub of energy, filled with laughter and conversations.The city offers a wide range of transportation options. Buses and taxis traverse the streets, taking people from one destination to another. The subway system provides a convenient and efficient way to travel long distances within the city. Commuters rush to the nearest subway station, hoping to catch the next train.The cityscape is dotted with parks and gardens, providing a refreshing oasis amidst the concrete jungle. These green spaces offer a place for people to relax, exercise, and enjoy nature. Families and friends gather for picnics, children play on the playgrounds, and elderly individuals find solace in the peaceful surroundings.Street vendors line the sidewalks, selling a variety of goods and snacks. The aroma of freshly cooked food fills the air, enticing passersby to satisfy their cravings. From traditional local delicacies to international cuisines, the city is a paradise for food lovers. People stop by food stalls, grab a quick bite, and continue their journey.Beyond the busy streets, the city is also home to numerous cultural attractions. Museums, art galleries, and theaters offer a glimpse into the rich history and artistic heritage of the region. Tourists and locals alike visit these establishments, immersing themselves in the world of creativity and inspiration.The city never sleeps. As the day turns to night, the city lights up with a myriad of colors. Neon signs illuminate the streets, creating a vibrant and lively atmosphere. Restaurants and cafes come alive, filled with laughter and conversation. Night markets offer unique shopping experiences, with vendors selling a wide range of products.Overall, a day in the city is an exciting and dynamic experience. From the moment the sun rises to the time it sets, the city buzzes with life and energy. Whether it's exploring the bustling streets, enjoying delicious food, or immersing in cultural experiences, the city offers something for everyone.翻译：课文：城市中的一天今天，让我们一起穿越繁忙的城市街道，探索都市生活中充满活力的氛围。
英汉翻译教程1课文
省略 1.Taking the train, the two friends arrived in Berlin in late October 1922, and went directly to the address of Chou En-lai. 他们两人坐火车于1922年十月(底)到达柏林，立即去周恩来的 住处。 Taking the train arrived in Berlin in late October 1922 directly 立即= at once went directly to the address of Chou En-lai 坐火车 到达柏林 1922年十月底
些处译得气势磅礴，高于原文 。四字结构是汉语的优势
urged them to be seated urge sb to do sth.
在招呼他们坐下
在英语里，如有人来找，被找的人往往说what can I do for you?或说Can I help you? 在形容人的时候， 英语往往直接用形容词来描述一个人， 而汉语则要提出描述的具体方面。
代词没有译
顺逆结合
10.When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, （1）and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group （2） as candidates （3）until their application had been sent to China and an answer received. 两位来客把经历说完后，周恩来微笑着说，他可以帮他们找到住的地方，（1）替他们办 理加入党在柏林的支部的手续，（3）在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前，（2） 暂作候补党员。
英译汉教程
Worry:担忧，担心 The state of readiness:准备就绪，战备 状况；愿意
14.Another major worry for the navy is the state of readiness.
①海军非常担心的另一件事是战备 状况。 ②海军的另一个主要担忧是战备状 况。
15.Alarm began to take entire possession of him.
24.This now exhauts my list of speakers. exhaut:耗尽，用完，花光 list of speakers:名单上的发言人
24.This now exhauts my list of speakers. 现在我的名单上的发言人都已发过 言了。
25.Our steps have brought us here from the West, but our spirit proceeds from the East.
•Thank you for your listening!
grab：骗取
17.The shock registered on Earl’s face as the seawater grabbed him.
①海水把厄尔卷了进去，他大惊失 色。 ②当海水吞噬他的时候，厄尔惊恐 万分。
18.My hurts are many and deep, even now, triggered again by the sound of new rainfall. triggered:扣扳机，激发起，引起，触 发
英汉翻译
Drills 4.3.1
10.From the moment we stepped into the Peoples' Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side. From the moment:从……那刻起 （与the moment 一……就…… 不同） step into：踏入 care:关心，照顾 kindness:体贴
英汉互译教程unit 7
三、精神文化
精神文化包括政治制度、文学艺术、宗教信仰、价值 观念等 菲尔普斯在奥运会期间大出风头，马上出现了 Phelpsian 一词，意为菲尔普斯式的； greenwashing表面看起来是使用绿色洗涤剂，实际上 是指有些生产厂家把非环保产品粉饰成环保产品； Obama-mania 的含义很明显，就是指为奥巴马发狂的 人； 现在全世界正遭受金融危机，美国更是深陷其中，与 金融有关的词成了热门词汇，如foreclosure 因为无力 还贷，房子被提前没收；subprime次级信贷； bailout 救市。
宗教文化 :英语国家主要信仰基督教或天 主教，Christian, Catholic, Jesus Christ ,Bible 而在中国，儒释道占据了主要地位,儒家 Confucian Thoughts、道家思想Taoist Thoughts，阴阳yin yang 。
7.3 文化因素与翻译策略
译者通常采用归化或者异化的策略处理. 归化是指在翻译时尽量用目的语中的表 达方式来再现原语，同时尽量关照目的 语读者 异化是指在翻译时尽量保留原语中的表 达方式，尊重原语言的读者。这两种翻 译策略实际上代表了对待文化的两种不 同方式。
世人都晓神仙好……（红楼梦） 译文1：All men long to be immortals… (杨译) 译文2: Men all know that salvation should be won…（霍译）
谋事在人，成事在天。（红楼梦） 译文1：Man proposes, Heaven disposes. （杨译） 译文2: Man proposes, God disposes. （霍译） There’s more of Sampson than of Solomon in him. 译文1: 与其说他是所罗门，还不如说他是参孙。 译文2: 四肢发达，头脑简单。
英译汉教程
译文二：欧洲人都喜欢中国，无论是到中国旅游，还是侨 居多年。 译文二比译文一行文要更流畅，如以关联词“无论…还 是…”连接句子；且用词更为简洁，如“侨居多年”。其 次译文一用中文语法来看存在语病，“几乎所有”存在语 义矛盾。
译文二的用词比译文一更符合中国文章措辞习惯，直译与意 译兼顾，如“称道”一词就更为书面化。“secure”一词的 英文释义是“to achieve or obtain sth”显然译文二翻译 成“取得”比译文一的“吸引”要更准确一些。
Almost all Europeans like China, both those who come only as tourists and those who live there for many years.
In spite of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, I can recall hardly a single Englishman in the Far East who liked the Japanese as well as the Chinese.
译文一：虽然英国和日本之间存在着同盟关系，我记不起 在远东碰见过一个英国人喜欢日本人胜似中国人的，
译文二：虽然英日订有联盟，但就我所知，在远东的英国 人没有谁会像喜欢中国人一样喜欢日本人。 译文二比译文一可读性更强，措辞语序更符合中国人阅读 习惯，译文一的后半部分翻译得过为冗长生硬了，且不易 理解。
It may be that a greater experience of China would have brought me to share this opinion ; but I could see nothing to support it during the time when I was working in that country. 译文一：如果我对中国体验的更多些，也许会使 我转而赞同这个意见；但我在该国工作期间却看 不到任何支持它的东西 译文二：如果我在中国有了更多经历之后，或许 也会支持此观点；但就我在中国工作的那段时间， 却找不到任何依据来自持这一观点。 “之后”在译文二增加的，使文章更加具有前后果 “nothing to support” 译文中译文二译得更加流畅，“任 何依据”比“任何支持它的东西”来得更加专业，准确。
英译汉教程3_翻译中措辞的选择
Choice of collocative meaning
Some words have the same basic meaning, but differ in collocation. (搭配) eg. mother tongue (acceptable) mother language (unacceptable) a man of sense (acceptable) a man of meaning (unacceptable)
Assignments
Comparison of translated sentences. (P77) Comparison of translated texts. (P85) Translate the sentences. (P84)
Choice of exact meaning
To weigh the meaning before choosing a suitable word for translation （斟酌、权衡词 义） Do not lap up a word or an expression without digesting it （勿囫囵吞枣） Do not extend the meaning beyond its limits （勿引申过度） Do not rigidly adhere to letter or form（勿拘 泥字面
燥乏味。
Translate the following sentences.
1. On display was merchandise attractive in quality and price. 2. They captured fifty enemy soldiers and many weapons. 3. In order to get a large amount of waterpower, we need a large pressure and a large current.
英汉翻译教程课文2
母亲给我打着手势，人们在屋里匆匆地走来走去，我模模糊糊地预感到一件不寻常的 事就要发生了。于是我就走到门口，站在台阶上等着。
次要成分的地位上升为并列成分
5. The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. 午后的阳光透过门廊上覆盖着的厚厚的一层忍冬，照在我微微仰着的脸上。
6.My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. 我几乎是无意识地用手抚摸着我所熟悉的叶片和花朵， 这新长的 叶片和刚开的花朵在南方迎来了芬芳的春天。 come forth to 出来 7. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. 但不知今后等待着我的是什么，会使我欣喜，还是惊骇。 8. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle. 几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼，这种感情上的激烈 斗争过去之后，我感到浑身无力。
It 是“回指代词”，代表前面句子 中出现的the most important day. 汉 语喜欢重复，英语不喜欢重复。故 出现此译文。
《英译汉教程》参考译文
第二部分练习参考译文Chapter 1 General PrinciplesDrills 1.3.1(1) 1. 这对克服困难很有帮助。
（go a long way towards something/doing something = helpgreatly in [achieving] something, OALD 2002: 525;《新英汉词典》2000: 1577）2. 趁你还年轻的时候，加油吧！/青春不再，趁早努力。
（go it = act in a manner that is quicker,more lively, impatient, etc., than is usual. Longman Dictionary of English Idioms1979: 130;《英汉大词典》1993: 740）3. 我需要更多空闲的时间。
（could do with something = need or want something, LDCE1998: 435）4. 这次失败促使他成功。
（[the making of] = a means of gaining great improvement orsuccess, LDCE 1998: 918）5. 我盼望在最后一刻可以挽救和平。
（the eleventh hour = the very last moment, LDCE 1998:478）6.她对此事很了解。
（know a thing or two [about somebody/something] = know a lot [aboutsomebody/something], OALD 2002: 825）7. 她真是爱说话。
/她太喜欢说话了。
（ready = willing to do, LDCE 1998: 1249, 参见“学生用书”243页）8.无线电传来了该地区发现大油田的消息。
汉译英翻译教程
听到这噩耗，她失声痛哭。
别整日哭哭啼啼，那样会伤了你的身体。
夜久语声绝，如闻泣幽咽。
执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝噎。
收到儿子的信，这位老汉高兴得流下泪来。
English Translation
She burst into tears on hearing the news. Please don’t weep and wail all day long. It will hurt you. Her voice fades away as the night deepens; it seems her weeping lingers in the air. Holding hands, we gaze at each other’s tearful eyes, and burst into sobs with words congealed on our lips. The old man cried for joy when he received the letter from his son.
词语的增减
增词法与减词法是翻译中非常常用的技巧。 无论增减，一般出于两方面的考虑：一是 语义上的，增减实义词；二是表达上的， 包括增减功能词或为了词义搭配。所增减 的内容绝不能是原文的主要信息，增减的 目的在于使译语读者更准确的理解源语， 使译文更为通畅，地道。
These values have much in common with some of the virtues of Confucianism, the Chinese philosophy that stresses moderation. However, although I respect the spirit of Confucianism, I have not tried to adapt this ancient philosophy to modern society.
英汉翻译教程1课文
5.Yet it was a manly face, serious and intelligent, and Chu judged him to be in his middle twenties. 可是，那是个男子汉的面庞，严肃而聪颖，朱德看他大概是二 十五六岁的年龄。 in his twenties 可译作码 二十多岁 in his middle twenties 二十五六岁 汉语没有相应的说法，只好译作 in the twenties 二十年代
8. He wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin, he would study and work hard, he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life, which had turned to ashes beneath his feet. 他要求加入中国共产党在柏林的党组织，他一定会努力学习和工作，只要不再回到旧 的生活里去——它已经在他的脚底下化为尘埃了——派他做什么工作都行。 the Chinese Communist Party 中国共产党 顺逆结合 Party group 党组织 but return to his old life 只要不再回到旧的生活里去 but=except return to 回到 turn to ashes 化为尘埃 turn to 转向；变成；求助于；致力于；开始行动 beneath his feet 在他的脚底下 这句可改为：他一定会努力学习和工作，派他做什么工作都行，只要不再回到旧的生 活里去，旧的生活已经在他的脚下化为尘埃了。
立即去 周恩来的住处
省略
高级翻译教程课文UnitOne翻译
高级翻译教程课文UnitOne翻译The American character 美国人的性格Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer todiscipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make up their own minds. They are prepared to take the initiative, even when there is a risk in doing so. They have courage and do not give in easily. They will take any sort of job anywhere rather than be unemployed. They do not his or her job care to be looked after by the government. The average American changes nine or ten times during his or her working life.大部分美国人精力充沛，充满热情(他们宁愿自律，而不愿受制于人(他们以独立行事和有权做出自己的决定而自豪。
他们做事采取主动，即使这样做存在风险也在所不惜(他们有勇气，不会轻易屈服(他们宁愿在任何地方干任何工作，而不愿失业(他们不愿受政府的救助.普通美国人一生中换九到十次工作.Americans have a warmth and friendliness which is less superficial than many foreigners think. They are considered sentimental. When on ceremonial occasions they see a flag, or attend parades celebrating America's glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. Reunions with family and friends tend to be emotional, too. They like to dress correctly, even if "correctly" means flamboyantly. They love to boast,though often with tongue in cheek. They can laugh at themselves andtheir country, and they canremaining always intensely patriotic. They have a wide be very self-critical, whileknowledge of everyday things, and keen interest in their particular city and state. Foreigners sometimes complain, however, that they have little interest or knowledge of outside world.美国人热情友好, 其程度并非外国人想得那样表面化.人们认为美国人易动感情.当在典礼上看见国旗,当参加庆祝美国光荣历史的游行时,他们可能会热泪盈眶.与家人团圆,与朋友相聚,也会让他们十分激动.他们喜欢穿着得体，即使这种"得体"无异于奢华炫耀.他们喜欢自吹自擂,尽管多数情况下只是说说而已.他们有时会嘲笑自己,会嘲笑自己的国家,甚至有时候会自责,但是始终有着强烈的爱国之心.他们对日常事情所知甚广,对他们所在的城市和州深为关切。
英译汉教程 Genius Sacrificed for Failure
拆译法 Division
由于的英语可有各种后置修饰语，所以有些英语句子 很长。为了符合汉语表达习惯，我们常可将长句中的一连 患后置修饰语与其修饰成分分开来译，即把短语或从句拆 译为短句，有时还需将后置修饰语另作适当安排并适当增 加词语。如：
（1）A physically mature female deer in good condition who has conceived in November and given birth to two fawns during the end of May or first part of June, must search for food for the necessary energy not only to meet her body’s needs but also to produce milk for her fawns. 一只成熟健壮的母鹿，在十一月份怀胎，五月底或六月初 生下两只幼鹿，这时，他必须寻找食物以获得必要的能量， 这不仅是为了满足自身的需要，而且也是为了给幼鹿生产 乳汁。
长难句翻译技巧
如果英语长句的时间顺序、逻辑顺序以及名词性从 句与汉语句子的语序基本相似，一般可按原文顺序译： 如：
本句时间状语从句在前，用正译法译。
（1）As it was a fine day and I was in no hurry, I was taking my time, looking in shop windows, strolling in the park, and sometimes just stopping and looking around me. 由于天气晴朗，当时又无急事，我便慢悠悠 看看橱窗，逛逛公园。有时干脆停下脚步，四处张望。
英译汉教程8_倒装的翻译
Position of adjective clauses
Restrictive
adjective clauses which confine the meaning of nouns usually precede the nouns they modify to make the expression closely connected if they are not very long. Eg. Here we shall discuss only such factors as may cause distortion of signals. 在此我们只讨论那些可能会引起信号失真的因 素。
中小国家 (wider range→ narrower range) small and medium-sized countries (narrower range→ wider range) 4. 灾荒年或半灾荒年就不积累或少积累一点 Accumulate less or none in years when the crops half fail or totally fail 5 必须或应当这样做 must or should act li
of translated sentences (P191-
193) Specimen reading for comments “Kissinger” Oral assignment
Adjective
clauses which only have descriptive or supplementary functions for the nouns preceded, or very long adjective clauses, often follow, yet sometimes precede, the nouns they modify. These are translated in various ways, being separated from the main clauses.
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回忆周恩来（节录）菲利克斯格林
西方政治家在他们的唁电中把周恩来称为我们时代最伟大的政治家之一，毫无疑问他是当之无愧的。
西方报纸上的卟告强调了周的才智、温文有礼，尤其是他的“讲究实际”。
其实，周恩来远远不止只是一个光辉的、几乎是不知疲倦的政府首脑。
我第一次见到周恩来总理是在1960年为欢迎陆军元帅蒙哥马利而举行的小型宴会上。
当时我曾在笔记本中这样写道：周恩来到来了。
我看见他，被他的姿态以及他迅速变化的表情所深深的吸引住了。
他的面孔极富表情，时而讥讽，时而诙谐，时而仰头大笑；在听到别人讲话时，马上又那样警觉和聚精会神。
这是当代史上最杰出的人物之一。
他从一开始就置身于火热的斗争之中------反动派曾悬赏25万美元捉拿他，而他却无所畏惧地在农民中间活动着。
从这副面孔中可以看到什么呢? 刚毅、幽默、足智多谋，一个完全献身于革命而毫不考虑自己的人；同时，他还是一位冷静、客观、胸有成竹，善忍的人。
翻开我的笔记，我又想起另一次招待会。
“我离周恩来很近，这时有一位女服务员端一大盘饮料走来，她端一杯给总理。
她和总理就站着谈起话来，谈话是那样的自然、无拘无束，女服务员没有一点羞怯和卑微之态；尊重这是当然的了，但是我感到这种尊重是双方面的。
什么是科学定律？
科学定律是描述相同性质的事件或者事件序列的声明。
所谓自然规律则是被人们所推知和创立的，用于描述自然事物发展的过程。
对事物之间的相互联系进行一贯的重复的观察之后，他们才最终确立下来。
使之成为定律的原因是一种现象的重复发生程度。
比如，真空条件下任何物体自由下落恒定实验S=1/2gt方程式，我们即称之为一条定律。
然而，在圣路易斯密苏里州进行的一系列测量却产生了一个不同的结果。
所以我们只能从信心程度上得出结论，百分之九十五的测量都降落在平均值的0.010cm 范围之内。
严格说来，所谓科学的定律，有点不太绝对。
毕竟所有用于观察的此类事例都是近似值，不过，这一点并没有降低定律在实际情况中的预测有
效性。
科学家必须接受科学定律在一定范围的变动。
他们或许可以尽可能地限定这个范围，但是他们绝对不可能完全消除它。
正如早期记录的，科学真理从来都不是完全的，而总是随着基于新迹象的修正而变化的。
这类真理都是暂时性的。
科学从不在一种无所不包的理论里寻求任何关于自然的最终解释，而是带着不多的潜在可解的问题关注其自身。
正是这种带着不多的可解决的问题的关注，通往了科学理论的引人注目的成功道路。
”精确科学”是不存在的，科学是或然性的。
数学运算通常指的是如同精确科学，但是，尽管对科学至关重要，它实际上只是被科学家所使用的一种逻辑工具。
科学必须与观察相关；纯数学应用是基于一系列假设的逻辑结果。
所以，以观察为基地的科学通常被成为自然科学，还有以数学和逻辑为基地的形式科学。
（摘自《科学英语》
横向思维
父亲忙着往圣诞树上挂装饰品，刚挂上，两岁的儿子就给扯了下来。
他正要把孩子往游戏围栏里放，他的妻子却建议说，也许把圣诞树放在围栏里而让孩子在外面更好些。
不让孩子靠近树倒不如把树放到孩子够不着的地方。
横向思维就是从侧面换个角度看问题。
进行这种思维的人不是把注意力固定在某一方法上并按此着手行动，而是试试是否还有其他方法。
你把一个洞挖得再深些，也不等于你另挖了一个洞。
如果有一个委员会确信只有使用停车计时器才能控制室内停车，那么它就会花时间去考虑使用何种计时器、计时器装在何处以及如何检查这些问题。
横向思维者则会考虑其他解决办法，如只要人们把汽车的头灯打开，他们愿把车停在哪儿都行；发给他们停车许可证，允许他们一周只有一天可在城里免费停车，这样可鼓励人们合用车；或是发行一种张贴于车窗上的许可证，驾车人买了它就可在城里任何地方停车。
我们的传统思考方式牢固建立在逻辑推理上。
我们往往从某一角度考察问题，然后看看从中能推断出什么。
这种方式可称为纵向思维，因为它以公认为一贯确立的东西为基础。
纵向思维倾向于利用已有观念，而横向思维则倾向于改变观念。
我们思考问题往往不是处于理性阶段，而是理性阶段之前的感性阶段。
横向思维要做的是改变观念，找到考虑问题的新方法。
横向思维是进行创造的实际过程。
有各种周密的方法手段，如利用垫脚石（举个例子，把通常的情况反过来考虑）。
横向思维把创造力变成一种工具。
在像大脑这样按固定方式工作的系统里，刺激和分析一样重要——在改变观念上，刺激更为重要。