心理学Psycholog英文版PPT记忆和情绪.pptx
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心理学Psycholog英文版PPT记忆和情绪
Encoding
Retrieving
Encoding: Getting Information In
Effortful
Encoding Automatic
Encoding
▪ Automatic Processing ▪ unconscious encoding of incidental information ▪ space ▪ time
the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
▪ Spacing Effect
▪ distributed practice yields better longterm retention than massed practice
Encoding
Time in
minutes 20 taken to
Alzheimer's disease
Memory
▪ Memory as Information Processing ▪ similar to a computer ▪ write to file (encoding) ▪ save to disk (storage) ▪ read from disk (retrieval)
Encoding
Encoding
▪ Imagery
▪ mental pictures ▪ a powerful aid to effortful processing,
especially when combined with semantic encoding
▪ Working Memory
▪ focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
心理学Psycholog英文版PPT(03-行为的天性与教养)共24页文档
Molecular Genetics
the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
Behavior Genetics
study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Environment
every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Evolutionary Psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection
Gender
in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
Fraternal Twins
develop from separate eggs
genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment
Behavior Genetics
Genome
the complete instructions for making an organism
the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes
Behavior Genetics
study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Environment
every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Evolutionary Psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection
Gender
in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
Fraternal Twins
develop from separate eggs
genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment
Behavior Genetics
Genome
the complete instructions for making an organism
Psychology 心理学入门 英文课件
A Brief History of Psychology
• Carl Rogers (1902-1987): • Humanistic approach to
learning • Unconditional positive
regard • Student centred learning
(Client centred approach)
A Brief History of Psychology
• Abraham Maslow (19021987):
• Hierarchy of Human Needs • Self Actualisation • Psychology of Being • ‘Peak experiences’
A Brief History of Psychology
everything a human being might possibly do…’
A Brief History of Psychologyห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
• Howard Gardner(1943-):
• Theory of Multiple Intelligences
• ‘An important part of that understanding is knowing who we are and what we can do... Ultimately, we must synthesize our understandings for ourselves’.
• Leon Festinger (1919-1989):
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• Describes conflicting thoughts or beliefs (cognitions) that occur at the same time, or when engaged in behaviours that conflict with one's beliefs.
心理学Psycholog英文版PPT(18-社会心理学)
▪ defines how those in the position ought
to 2021/4/4 behave
7
Social Thinking
▪ Cognitive Dissonance Theory
▪ we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
▪ Attitude
▪ belief and feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events
2021/4/4
3
Social Thinking
▪ How we explain someone’s behavior affects how
Internal attitudes
External influences
Behavior
2021/4/4
5
Social Thinking
▪ Attitudes follow behavior
▪ Cooperative actions feed mutual liking
2021/4/4
6
Social Thinking
2021/4/4
2
Social Thinking
▪ Fundamental Attribution Error
▪ tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
心理学记忆和情绪PPT教育课件
Encoding
Effortful Processing
requires attention and conscious effort
Encoding
Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
TUV ZOF GEK WAV the more times practiced on Day 1, the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
/v_show/id_XNTIyNzI4 OTQ0.html?spm=a2h0j.8191423.module_ basic_relation.5~5!2~5~5!5~5~5~A&fro m=y1.2-1-87.3.3-1.1-1-1-2-0 /v_show/id_XNDU3NzE 3NzQw.html?tpa=dW5pb25faWQ9MTAyMj EzXzEwMDAwMl8wMV8wMQ
Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding
Effortful
Automatic
Encoding
Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental information space time
Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list
What Do We Encode?
Semantic Encoding
encoding of meaning including meaning of words
Chapter 3 MENTAL PROCESS
心理学Psycholog英文版(15人格)PPT课件
▪ in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious
▪ person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
▪ Oedipus Complex
▪ a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Personality Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 15
Personality
What is Personality?
▪ Personality
▪ an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
▪ basic perspectives
Personality Structure
▪ Ego
▪ the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
▪ mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
▪ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
▪ person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
▪ Oedipus Complex
▪ a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
Personality Development
Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 15
Personality
What is Personality?
▪ Personality
▪ an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
▪ basic perspectives
Personality Structure
▪ Ego
▪ the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality
▪ mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality
▪ operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
心理学Psycholog英文版(18社会心理学)PPT课件
Participant rubs face
Confederate rubs face
Participant shakes foot
Confederate shakes foot
Social Influence
▪ Asch’s conformity experiments
Social Influence
Social Thinking
▪ Fundamental Attribution Error
▪ tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
▪ tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
▪ Role
▪ set of expectations about a social position
Internal attitudes
External influences
Behavior
Social Thinking
▪ Attitudes follow behavior
▪ Cooperative actions feed mutual liking
Social Thinking
▪ Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
▪ example- when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
最新心理学第四章记忆_PPT课件幻灯片课件
第三节 运用记忆规律，提高学习效率
㈠ 科学地识记： 1、明确识记的目的任务； 2、充分利用无意记忆； 3、在理解的基础上进行识记； 4、合理的安排识记材料； 5、适当运用记忆术。
㈡ 有效地组织复习 1、合理安排复习时间：
①及时复习；②分布复习。 2、恰当安排复习材料； 3、反复阅读与尝试回忆相结合； 4、复习方法多样化。
技能
4.这个词能填在下面的句子中吗？
“火车肯定比
快”
飞机
5.这个词与“实施”读音一样吗？
逝世
不同的观点：认识越深越不容易遗忘
6.这个词是简体字吗？
7.这个词能填在下面的句子中吗？
“这个周末一起去看
吧！”
8.右边这个词是繁体字吗？
9.这个词与“检索”的读音一样吗？
10.这个词能填在下面的句子中吗？
“昨天我去了
能迅速准确地把当时所需要的某些已获得的 知识经验从记忆中提取出来，以解决当前问题。
四、一些有趣的记忆现象：
㈠ 回忆的最佳环境就是记忆时的地点 ㈡ 记忆的自我参照效应 ㈢ 特殊事件—不随时间消逝的记忆 ㈣ 前瞻性记忆
五、记忆表象
（一）什么是记忆表象 头脑里产生的过去感知过的事物的形象叫
做记忆表象，又称为表象。 （二）记忆表象的特征
3.遗忘的原因：
⑴ 衰退说：这一理论用“用进废退”的观点来解 释遗忘，认为遗忘可能是不用的结果。
⑵干扰说：遗忘是先前的学习和后来的学习相互 干扰，以致造成抑制效应的结果。
干扰的形式有两种：
干扰 前摄抑制： 先
后
倒摄抑制： 先 干扰 后
⑶ 压抑说：认为遗忘是由于情绪或动机的压抑作 用引起的。如果压抑被解除，记忆也就能恢复。
特点：
心理学Psycholog英文版(01-对心理科学的批判性思考)ppt课件
Overconfidence
we tend to think we know more than we do
The Need for Psychological Science
Critical Thinking
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
Description
Psychologists describe behavior using case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observation
Description
Case Study
Psychologists study one or more individuals in great depth in the hope of revealing things true of us all
a statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables Example intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
Random Sample
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Description
False Consensus Effect
Correlation
心理学Psycholog英文版PPT记忆和情绪55页
▪ Memory
▪ persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
You remembered what you learned in the last class, this is memory. Memory is very important for us With out memory, we can not know our parents, friends and so on. Our life will be terrible.
Encoding
▪ Effortful Processing
▪ requires attention and conscious effort
Encoding
▪ Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
▪ TUV ZOF GEK WAV ▪ the more times practiced on Day 1,
▪ Working Memory
▪ focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
Memory
▪ Short-Term Memory
▪ activated memory that holds a few items briefly
▪ encoding of meaning ▪ including meaning of words
▪ Acoustic Encoding
relearn
list on
day 2
15
10
▪ persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
You remembered what you learned in the last class, this is memory. Memory is very important for us With out memory, we can not know our parents, friends and so on. Our life will be terrible.
Encoding
▪ Effortful Processing
▪ requires attention and conscious effort
Encoding
▪ Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
▪ TUV ZOF GEK WAV ▪ the more times practiced on Day 1,
▪ Working Memory
▪ focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
Memory
▪ Short-Term Memory
▪ activated memory that holds a few items briefly
▪ encoding of meaning ▪ including meaning of words
▪ Acoustic Encoding
relearn
list on
day 2
15
10
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/v_show/id_XNDU3Nz E3NzQw.html?tpa=dW5pb25faWQ9MTAy MjEzXzEwMDAwMl8wMV8wMQ
Memory
▪ Memory as Information Processing ▪ similar to a computer ▪ write to file (encoding) ▪ save to disk (storage) ▪ read from disk (retrieval)
▪ Retrieval
▪ process of getting information out of memory
Memory
▪ Sensory Memory
▪ the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
▪ Memory
▪ persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
You remembered what you learned in the last class, this is memory. Memory is very important for us With out memory, we can not know our parents, friends and so on. Our life will be terrible.
▪ Working Memory
▪ focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
Memory
▪ Short-Term Memory
▪ activated memory that holds a few items briefly
▪ encoding of meaning ▪ including meaning of words
Encoding
▪ Effortful Processing
▪ requires attention and conscious effort
Encoding
▪ Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
▪ TUV ZOF GEK WAV ▪ the more times practiced on Day 1,
Encoding
Retrieving
Encoding: Getting Information In
Effortful
Encoding Automatic
Encoding
▪ Automatic Processing ▪ unconscious encoding of incidental information ▪ space ▪ time
▪ look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
▪ Long-Term Memory
▪ the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Memory
▪ Encoding ▪ the processing of information into the memory system ▪ i.e., extr▪ Storage
▪ the retention of encoded information over time
A Simplified Memory Model
Sensory input
Attention to important or novel information
External events
Sensory memory
Encoding
Short-term
Long-term
memory
memory
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Position of word in list
Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list
What Do We Encode?
▪ Semantic Encoding
relearn
list on
day 2
15
10
5
08
16
24
32
42
53
64
Number of repetitions of list on day 1
Encoding: Serial Position Effect
Percent 90 age of 80 words recalled 70
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Alzheimer's disease
/v_show/id_XNTIyNzI 4OTQ0.html?spm=a2h0j.8191423.module _basic_relation.5~5!2~5~5!5~5~5~A&fro m=y1.2-1-87.3.3-1.1-1-1-2-0
the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
▪ Spacing Effect
▪ distributed practice yields better longterm retention than massed practice
Encoding
Time in
minutes 20 taken to
Chapter 3 MENTAL PROCESS
Liping Jia
Two questions
What did you learn in the class before this class? If you win 5 million lottery, how do you feel?
Memory
Memory
▪ Memory as Information Processing ▪ similar to a computer ▪ write to file (encoding) ▪ save to disk (storage) ▪ read from disk (retrieval)
▪ Retrieval
▪ process of getting information out of memory
Memory
▪ Sensory Memory
▪ the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system
▪ Memory
▪ persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
You remembered what you learned in the last class, this is memory. Memory is very important for us With out memory, we can not know our parents, friends and so on. Our life will be terrible.
▪ Working Memory
▪ focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
Memory
▪ Short-Term Memory
▪ activated memory that holds a few items briefly
▪ encoding of meaning ▪ including meaning of words
Encoding
▪ Effortful Processing
▪ requires attention and conscious effort
Encoding
▪ Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
▪ TUV ZOF GEK WAV ▪ the more times practiced on Day 1,
Encoding
Retrieving
Encoding: Getting Information In
Effortful
Encoding Automatic
Encoding
▪ Automatic Processing ▪ unconscious encoding of incidental information ▪ space ▪ time
▪ look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten
▪ Long-Term Memory
▪ the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Memory
▪ Encoding ▪ the processing of information into the memory system ▪ i.e., extr▪ Storage
▪ the retention of encoded information over time
A Simplified Memory Model
Sensory input
Attention to important or novel information
External events
Sensory memory
Encoding
Short-term
Long-term
memory
memory
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Position of word in list
Serial Position Effect--tendency to recall best the last items in a list
What Do We Encode?
▪ Semantic Encoding
relearn
list on
day 2
15
10
5
08
16
24
32
42
53
64
Number of repetitions of list on day 1
Encoding: Serial Position Effect
Percent 90 age of 80 words recalled 70
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Alzheimer's disease
/v_show/id_XNTIyNzI 4OTQ0.html?spm=a2h0j.8191423.module _basic_relation.5~5!2~5~5!5~5~5~A&fro m=y1.2-1-87.3.3-1.1-1-1-2-0
the fewer repetitions to relearn on Day 2
▪ Spacing Effect
▪ distributed practice yields better longterm retention than massed practice
Encoding
Time in
minutes 20 taken to
Chapter 3 MENTAL PROCESS
Liping Jia
Two questions
What did you learn in the class before this class? If you win 5 million lottery, how do you feel?
Memory