小学生英语课外拓展资料——英美文化背景——英美人习惯(英美文化常识)
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用英美文化背景知识非常重要,尤其在英语阅读中起着很大的作用。
它可以帮助读者更好地理解文章中的语言和内容。
在英美文化中有许多独特的传统、价值观和历史事件,这些都会对文章的表达方式和主题产生影响。
因此,在学习英语时,了解英美文化背景知识非常重要。
下面将介绍英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用。
第一,理解文化隐喻和比喻。
英美文化中有许多独特的隐喻和比喻,这些与文化、风俗、历史事件等紧密相关。
如果读者对这些隐喻和比喻缺乏理解,就很难理解文章的意义。
例如,在英语中经常使用“the American dream”这个表达,这个短语在英语中的含义是指美国的独特文化现象,它代表了追求美国梦想的意义。
这种文化背景知识可以帮助读者更好地理解文章中使用的词汇和表达方式。
第二,了解特定的历史事件和文化传统。
在阅读英语文章时,了解英美文化历史事件和传统是非常重要的。
例如,在美国南部,有南北战争和种族隔离等历史事件,这些事件对于美国南部的文化和价值观产生了深刻的影响。
因此,当阅读有关南部地区的文章时,了解这些历史事件对于理解文章的文化背景和主题非常有帮助。
第三,适应不同的文体和语言风格。
英语中有很多文体和语言风格,不同的文体和语言风格使用不同的语法结构和词汇。
例如,在英语中有正式的和非正式的语言风格,正式的语言风格通常在法律文件、商务信函等正式场合使用,而非正式的语言风格则通常用于非正式场合,如社交交流等。
了解英美文化背景知识可以帮助读者更好地适应不同的语言风格,从而更好地理解文章的意义。
第四,理解不同的口音和方言。
英美文化中有很多不同的口音和方言。
不同的地区有不同的语言腔调和发音方式。
例如,在英美文化中,英式英语和美式英语的语音语调有很大的不同。
在英国,人们通常使用口音浓重的英式英语,而在美国,人们通常使用标准美式英语。
了解这些不同的口音和方言可以帮助读者更好地辨别和理解文章中的语言。
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用在学习英语阅读的过程中,我们不仅需要掌握词汇、语法等基本知识,还需要了解英美文化背景知识,因为英语是英美国家的官方语言,而英美文化对于理解英语作品、提高阅读理解能力至关重要。
本文将探讨英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用。
英美文化背景知识有助于阅读理解。
大部分英语原著都蕴含了丰富的英美文化元素,比如节日、传统习俗、历史事件等。
如果读者对这些文化元素一无所知,就很难理解作品的内涵和意义,甚至会产生误解。
举个例子,当我们在阅读英国文学巨匠莎士比亚的作品时,如果不了解英国文艺复兴时期的社会背景和价值观念,就很难恰当地理解作品中的人物行为和语言表达。
了解英美文化背景知识可以帮助我们更好地理解英语作品,提高阅读理解能力。
英美文化背景知识有助于拓展阅读视野。
英美文化源远流长,涵盖面广,涉及到文学、艺术、历史、政治、宗教等方方面面。
了解英美文化背景知识可以让我们更好地欣赏英语作品,也可以使我们对英美文化有更深入的了解和认识。
当我们阅读美国作家马克·吐温的作品时,了解美国南北战争的历史背景和美国南方社会的风土人情,会使我们更加深入地理解吐温笔下的人物形象和社会风貌。
这样的拓展阅读视野也有助于我们更好地了解和融入当代英美社会,增进跨文化交流和交往能力。
英美文化背景知识有助于提高阅读兴趣。
了解英美文化背景知识可以使我们更加身临其境地感受英语作品所描绘的场景和氛围,增强阅读的沉浸感和代入感。
当我们了解到英国人对于下午茶的热爱和讲究,再去阅读简·奥斯汀的代表作《傲慢与偏见》时,我们就会更加能够理解和体会作品中人物在下午茶时嬉笑怒骂的情节,从而更容易产生共鸣和情感连接。
这种提高阅读兴趣的效果,可以使我们更加主动地去深入阅读英语作品,也能够让我们更好地享受阅读的乐趣。
英美文化背景知识有助于拓展阅读广度。
英美文化背景知识包括了英国和美国的历史、地理、风俗习惯、宗教信仰等方方面面,拥有庞大的知识体系。
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用随着全球化的进程不断加速,英语不再是仅仅在英美国家使用的语言,而是成为了世界范围内最主流的一种语言。
随之而来的是,英语阅读也成为了我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
然而,由于英美国家的文化、历史背景以及社会习惯与我们所在国家的差异,我们在阅读英语文章时常常会遇到理解困难的情况。
因此,在英语阅读中掌握英美文化背景知识显得非常重要,下面就是一些它在英语阅读中的重要作用。
1.有助于理解隐含意义及文化差异英美国家和我们所在国家的文化及历史背景存在差异,而这种差异在英语阅读中不仅仅存在于语言表达的显见部分,更多的存在于隐含的语言表达中。
掌握英美文化背景知识可以帮助我们更好地理解这些隐含的语言表达中体现出来的文化差异。
比如,“过壁虎,抽筋鸡”等一些独特的短语在中国大家都能够理解,但如果在英语中出现,没有掌握相关的英美文化背景知识,就会难以理解这些词语的意思。
2.有助于识别文化元素英美文化背景知识可以帮助我们识别出文章中诸如习惯、信仰、生活方式等与文化有关的元素。
这样有助于我们更深入地理解文本所体现的文化内涵和意义。
比如,在一篇有关美式篮球文化的文章中会包含很多与篮球相关的词汇,如场地、球迷、球员等等,熟悉篮球这一美国运动文化的读者就能够更好地理解文章。
3.有助于理解并运用文化符号文化符号是特定文化背景下的象征性物品或概念,在英语阅读中也不例外。
掌握相关的英美文化背景知识可以让读者理解文化符号所代表的意义和象征含义,在阅读中正确地理解、运用和描述这些符号。
比如,美国国旗的多彩星条旗是美国的一种文化符号,而掌握这种文化符号的意义和位于图片中的意义和用途的读者就能够更好地理解和运用它。
通过上述的分析,我们可以看出,在英语阅读中掌握英美文化背景知识是非常必要的,不仅能够更深刻地理解英语文章的文化内涵,还能够更加顺利地应对英语阅读及应用于文化沟通中,更好的汇入英美文化,体验英美文化的魅力。
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中起着至关重要的作用。
了解英美文化背景能够帮助读者更好地理解课文中的文化内涵和背景信息。
英美文化是英语国家的主要文化,其中包括历史、地理、习俗、传统、艺术等各个方面的内容。
在进行英语阅读时,如果缺乏对英美文化背景的了解,就很难理解一些与文化有关的表达和比喻,从而导致对整个文章的理解力受到限制。
对英美文化背景的了解能够帮助读者更好地理解人物形象的塑造和行为方式。
在英美文学中经常会提到一些经典的人物形象,比如莎士比亚的哈姆雷特、狄更斯的斯卡罗奇先生等等。
如果读者对这些人物的背景知识缺乏了解,就很难理解这些人物形象的性格和行为动机。
而通过了解英美文化背景,读者能够更准确地把握人物形象的特点,更好地理解人物的行为以及作者塑造人物形象的用意。
对英美文化背景的了解还能够帮助读者更好地理解课文中的隐喻和象征。
英美文化中有许多特定的符号和象征意义,比如美国国旗、英国皇冠等,这些符号和象征往往会在英语阅读中出现。
如果读者对这些符号和象征的背景知识了解不足,就很难理解这些符号和象征所代表的意义。
而通过了解英美文化背景,读者能够更好地理解这些隐喻和象征所表达的意思,从而更全面地理解整个课文的意义。
英美文化扩展教案模板范文
课时:2课时年级:八年级教材:《英语》教学目标:1. 让学生了解英美国家的文化背景,拓宽视野。
2. 培养学生用英语进行文化交流的能力。
3. 增强学生对英美文化的兴趣,激发学习英语的热情。
教学重点:1. 介绍英美国家的文化背景。
2. 学习英美国家的节日、风俗、礼仪等方面的知识。
教学难点:1. 如何让学生在短时间内掌握大量英美文化知识。
2. 如何激发学生对英美文化的兴趣。
教学过程:第一课时一、导入1. 老师提问:同学们,你们知道哪些国家的文化?你们对哪个国家的文化最感兴趣?2. 学生回答,老师总结:今天我们一起来学习英美国家的文化。
二、新课讲解1. 介绍英美国家的地理位置、历史背景、宗教信仰等方面的知识。
2. 讲解英美国家的节日、风俗、礼仪等方面的知识。
三、课堂活动1. 学生分组,每组选择一个英美国家的节日,进行介绍和讨论。
2. 每组选派一名代表,向全班同学介绍所选国家的节日。
四、课堂小结1. 老师总结本节课所学内容,强调英美国家的文化特点。
2. 学生分享自己对本节课的收获。
第二课时一、复习导入1. 老师提问:上节课我们学习了哪些英美国家的文化知识?2. 学生回答,老师总结:今天我们将继续学习英美国家的文化。
二、新课讲解1. 介绍英美国家的饮食文化、教育制度、艺术等方面的知识。
2. 讲解英美国家的影视作品、音乐、舞蹈等方面的特点。
三、课堂活动1. 学生分组,每组选择一个英美国家的艺术形式,进行介绍和讨论。
2. 每组选派一名代表,向全班同学介绍所选国家的艺术形式。
四、课堂小结1. 老师总结本节课所学内容,强调英美国家的艺术特点。
2. 学生分享自己对本节课的收获。
教学评价:1. 学生对英美国家文化的了解程度。
2. 学生在课堂活动中的表现。
3. 学生对英语学习的兴趣和热情。
教学反思:1. 本节课是否达到了教学目标?2. 学生是否对英美文化产生了兴趣?3. 教学过程中是否遇到了困难,如何解决?板书设计:一、英美国家文化背景1. 地理位置和历史背景2. 宗教信仰3. 节日、风俗、礼仪二、英美国家文化特点1. 饮食文化2. 教育制度3. 艺术特点三、英美国家艺术形式1. 影视作品2. 音乐3. 舞蹈。
英美文化小常识
英美文化小常识01、英美姓名常识姓名是社会成员的符号或标记。
英美人的姓名是名在前,姓在后,过去人们在翻译外国人姓名时,为了迁就中国人的习惯,有时候把英美人的姓名也写成姓在前,名在后。
如,Bernard Shaw,译成“肖·伯纳”实则是没有必要,现在多译成“伯纳·肖”,这就比较符合英美人的表达习惯。
02、英美礼仪美国人请客:美国人喜欢在家里款待客人(guest)而不是在餐馆(restaurant)里。
美国人想请客吃饭,一般要事先与客人协商好,安排好时间(when)和地点(where)。
美国人在家里请客多半不拘礼节,一般采用家庭式,即一盘盘的食品一个人一个人地递过来,或者由坐在餐桌两端的主人(host)或女主人(hostess)给客人端上饭菜,全家大小和客人一起吃,一般是妻子(wife)做菜(dish),丈夫调鸡尾酒(cocktail)。
如果因宗教或其他原因,有些饭菜不能吃,客人可将其留在盘子里,或事先对主人说明哪些东西不能吃。
03、英美人“手势语”种种在人类的语言交流中,手语是必不可少的手段之一,作为“无声语言”的手语,其表意比重约为百分之21,因此,请正确运用手语。
(1)在美国,如你站在公路边跷起大拇指,则表示要求搭车。
(2)如在交谈中两手摊开,一耸肩,伴有一声“嗯呵”,则表示无可奈何的意思。
(3)中国人在对外交往中,最容易让人反感的动作之一就是说话不经意地用食指指着对方,其实,这个动作一来不雅观,二来对欧美国家的人来说相当不礼貌。
原来这是一种非礼貌的责骂,数落别人的动作。
(4)用大拇指和食指围成一个圆圈,这个手势早已家喻户晓,它的意思是OK好的,而竖起食指和中指形成个“V”字形,意思则是“胜利”(victory)。
(5) 用手伸向被唤者,手心向上,握拳并伸出食指前后摇动,表示叫对方过来。
(6)把左掌心放在胸前,身体略前倾,表示真诚。
04、西方人交往“七不问”(1)年龄:西方人大都把希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻,对自己的实际年龄讳莫如深,妇女更是如此,她们过了24后就再也不会告诉他人自己的年龄了。
Unit 1 英美文化背景知识
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Part I English in the World
According to research by the British Council, "English has official* or special status in at least seventy-five countries with a total population of over two billion.
To be involved in English culture.
To help English learning
To help better communicate with people from English-speaking countries
Page 3
Requirements
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Ireland - Photos
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New Zealand
• Maori name: Aotearoaan (= land of the white cloud) • Capital: Wellington • Size: 270,534 km² • Population: 3.5 million • Borders: no direct borders; surrounded by sea (South Pacific) • Currency: New Zealand Dollar • Official languages: English, Maori • Nationality / People: A person of New Zealand nationality is a New Zealander
A Brief Introduction to the Culture of the English-speaking Countries
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用在学习英语阅读的过程中,英美文化背景知识扮演着非常重要的角色。
对于英语学习者来说,了解英美文化背景知识不仅可以帮助他们更好地理解英语原著,还能够帮助他们更好地融入英语国家的生活和社会。
本文将探讨英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用,包括提高阅读理解能力、加深对英美社会历史的理解以及促进跨文化交流。
英美文化背景知识可以帮助提高阅读理解能力。
英语原著往往涉及到许多英美文化特有的习俗、传统以及历史事件,对于不了解这些文化背景知识的学习者来说,阅读起来会感到困难和晦涩。
在阅读莎士比亚的作品时,如果对于英国文化、历史及传统习俗不了解的话,理解起来就会存在困难。
而了解了英美文化背景知识后,就可以更容易地理解其中的内涵和情感,从而更好地把握作品的精髓。
掌握英美文化背景知识是提高英语阅读理解能力的重要一环。
英美文化背景知识的了解可以加深对英美社会历史的理解。
英美作品往往反映了当时社会的风貌、价值观念以及政治制度等,对于学习者来说,了解这些文化背景知识可以帮助他们更好地理解作品内在的含义和价值。
在阅读《了不起的盖茨比》时,了解美国20世纪20年代的繁荣与危机,对于理解小说中所体现的人物心态、生活方式以及社会背景等方面都有着非常重要的作用。
学习者在阅读英美文学作品时,了解英美文化背景知识是非常必要的。
英美文化背景知识的了解可以促进跨文化交流。
当学习者了解了英美文化背景知识后,就可以更好地融入英语国家的生活和社会,从而更好地与当地人进行交流和沟通。
除了文学作品,英美文化背景知识还涉及到许多日常生活和社会方面的内容,比如饮食、娱乐、传统节日等。
了解了这些知识后,学习者在与英语国家的人交流时,可以更好地理解和尊重当地的文化习俗,从而更好地融入当地社会。
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用在学习英语阅读的过程中,理解英美文化背景知识是非常重要的。
英美文化背景知识可以帮助读者更好地理解英语文章中的文化内涵、习惯和惯例,从而更加全面地理解和把握文章内容。
了解英美文化背景知识也有助于提高阅读的速度、理解的深度和阅读体验的质量。
本文将从英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的重要性、具体作用和如何学习英美文化背景知识等方面进行探讨。
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的重要性不言而喻。
英美作为世界上两个最有影响力的国家,其文化在全球范围内都有很大的影响力。
了解英美文化可以帮助读者更好地理解英语文章中的一些文化现象和文化内涵,比如习俗、传统、价值观等。
而且,很多英语文章都是以英美文化为背景进行创作的,所以了解英美文化对于理解这些文章的内涵和精神更为重要。
英美文化知识还可以帮助读者更好地融入英语国家的社会生活,并且在与英语国家的人交流时更为得心应手。
英美文化背景知识对于提高英语阅读的速度和理解的深度非常重要。
对于那些熟悉英美文化的读者来说,在阅读英语文章时可以更快地理解文中所涉及到的文化信息,从而更快地理解文章内容。
而对于那些不了解英美文化的读者来说,可能会在阅读中遇到许多不明白的地方,导致阅读速度减慢,理解深度不够。
所以,了解英美文化对于提高阅读速度和理解深度有着重要的作用。
尤其是对于一些英语水平较低的学生来说,了解英美文化可以帮助他们更快地适应英语阅读,从而提高学习效率。
如何学习英美文化背景知识也是一个需要重视的问题。
可以通过阅读相关的英美历史、文学、电影、音乐等方面的书籍和资料进行学习。
这些资料可以帮助读者了解英美文化的发展脉络、重要事件和代表性作品,从而更深入地理解英美文化。
可以通过与英美人交流、观看英美媒体以及参加英美文化活动等方式进行学习。
与英美人交流可以帮助读者更直观地了解英美文化的生活习惯和社会现象,观看英美媒体可以帮助读者更直观地了解英美文化的娱乐和媒体风格,参加英美文化活动可以帮助读者更身临其境地体验英美文化的魅力。
英美文化与社会背景知识
英美文化与社会背景知识一、引言英美文化与社会背景知识的了解对于我们的交流、学习和工作具有重要意义。
本文将从语言、传统、文学和社会背景等方面介绍英美文化的特点和历史背景。
二、语言与文化1. 英美英语的区别英国英语与美国英语虽然有相同之处,但在发音、词汇和语法等方面存在差异。
这是由于英国和美国在历史、地理和文化等方面的影响所导致的。
2. 文化特点的反映英美英语在表达方式、习惯用语和口头禅等方面反映了不同的文化特点。
例如,美国人较为直接表达,而英国人则更为含蓄。
三、传统与节日1. 英国传统英国拥有丰富的传统,如皇室婚礼、下午茶、联合国家日等。
这些传统承载了英国人的历史和文化,也呈现了他们的价值观和礼仪。
2. 美国节日美国作为一个移民国家,融合了不同的文化和传统。
诸如独立日、感恩节和万圣节等节日都体现了美国人的独特价值观和民族精神。
四、文学与艺术1. 英国文学英国文学拥有众多世界级作家和作品,如莎士比亚、狄更斯和奥威尔等。
这些作品展现了英国人的思想、情感和世界观。
2. 美国文学美国文学以马克·吐温、弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德和欧内斯特·海明威等作家的作品为代表。
这些作品反映了美国社会的多样性和变迁。
3. 艺术表现英美文化中的艺术形式有绘画、音乐和电影等。
例如,英国的抽象画派、美国的流行音乐和好莱坞电影等都对全球文化产生了深远影响。
五、社会背景与价值观1. 英国社会背景英国是一个历史悠久的王国,拥有独立的法律体系和议会制度。
其价值观包括礼貌、守时和尊重个人权利等。
2. 美国社会背景美国是一个自由主义的国家,追求个人自由、平等和机会。
价值观体现在宪法中,如言论自由、宗教自由和追求幸福等。
六、结论英美文化与社会背景知识的了解有助于我们更好地理解和融入英美社会。
通过学习语言、传统、文学和社会价值观,我们能够拓宽视野,增强跨文化交流的能力。
在全球化时代,这种跨文化理解将变得越来越重要。
英美人习惯(英美文化常识)
英美人习惯(英美文化常识)问路(Asking the way):问路是到达目的地最省事、最有效的办法。
在英美国家,人们对于外国人问路通常会热心回答的。
但在问话时,他们不喜欢你一口气很流利地背出许多问话,也不喜欢在别人思考你的问题时一直追问,更不喜欢陌生人离他们太近,这样会使他们觉得很不自在,甚至觉得是一种威胁,因为西方人的空间意识很强。
乘车(Taking a bus):英美人候车总是很自觉排队上车。
他们遵循“First e, first served.”(谁先到,谁先上)的行为准则。
英美人不喜欢搭乘过路车,因为你很可能遇上不怀好意的人或者歹徒。
在图书馆(At the library):英美国家的图书馆每天从上午一直开放到子夜。
有些图书馆里还有供学生租用的一间间小室,是学生们最喜欢的场所之一,也是学生们从事学术研究、著书立说的最佳场所。
购物(Shopping):英美人把周末当作上街购物日,他们喜欢在这时开着自己的车上街购足一周所需要的日用品和食品。
星期日则喜欢在家料理家务,或外出郊游、访友。
谈论天气(Talking about the weather):英国人特别喜欢谈天气,这也许是因为英国的天气历来变化无常,为人们在茶余饭后提供了话题。
但他们很少为谈天气而谈天气,人们往往以此很自然地引出许多其他的话题。
询问健康(Asking about health):表示对某人健康情况的关心时,英美人不喜欢中国人带有劝告性的忠告,如“请多穿衣”“多喝水”。
他们认为这犹如家长的口气,并非出于关心。
探望病人,英美人一般不送大礼,更不能送食品。
他们喜欢送鲜花或慰问卡片或书、唱片等。
在饭馆(In a restaurant):在英美,不可以用自己的刀叉为别人添菜,也不能把自己盘里的菜分给别人。
在吃饭时,一般不允许抽烟。
付款时,人们喜欢各付各的,除非你事先说自己请客,否则随同去的女性也自己买单。
英美文化背景知识
英美文化背景知识英语国家中传统的文娱和体育活动;棒球、橄榄球等;英国;4月23日/7月---戏剧节--为纪念莎士比亚而举行的盛大文娱活动英语国家中重要的节假日及主要庆祝方式圣诞节---12月25日,情人节----2月14日;感恩节—11月的第四个星期四开始,持续四天感恩节每年11月的最后一个星期四是感恩节 (Thanksgiving Day) 。
感恩节是美国人民独创的一个古老节日,也是美国人合家欢聚的节日,因此美国人提起感恩节总是倍感亲切。
感恩节的由来要一直追溯到美国历史的发端。
1620年,著名的“五月花”号船满载不堪忍受英国国内宗教迫害的清教徒102人到达美洲。
1620年和1621年之交的冬天,他们遇到了难以想象的困难,处在饥寒交迫之中,冬天过去时,活下来的移民只有50来人。
这时,心地善良的印第安人给移民送来了生活必需品,还特地派人教他们怎样狩猎、捕鱼和种植玉米、南瓜。
在印第安人的帮助下,移民们终于获得了丰收,在欢庆丰收的日子,按照宗教传统习俗,移民规定了感谢上帝的日子,并决定为感谢印第安人的真诚帮助,邀请他们一同庆祝节日。
在第一个感恩节的这一天,印第安人和移民欢聚一堂,他们在黎明时鸣放礼炮,列队走进一间用作教堂的屋子,虔诚地向上帝表达谢意,然后点起篝火举行盛大宴会。
第二天和第三天又举行了摔跤、赛跑、唱歌、跳舞等活动。
第一个感恩节非常成功。
其中许多庆祝方式流传了300多年,一直保留到今天。
初时感恩节没有固定日期,由各州临时决定。
直到美国独立后的1863年,林肯总统宣布感恩节为全国性节日。
习俗每逢感恩节这一天,美国举国上下热闹非常,人们按照习俗前往教堂做感恩祈祷,城乡市镇到处举行化装游行、戏剧表演和体育比赛等,学校和商店也都按规定放假体息。
孩子们还模仿当年印第安人的模样穿上离奇古怪的服装,画上脸谱或戴上面具到街上唱歌、吹喇叭。
散居在他乡外地的家人也会回家过节,一家人团团围坐在一起,大嚼美味火鸡。
人教版小学英语3年级下-英美文化背景-小学生英语文化背景知识
PEP小学英语文化知识汇总一、饮食文化1、西餐礼仪the knife is on the right . 刀放置于右边the fork is on the left. 叉置于左边The spoon is beside the knife. 勺子置于刀的旁边The plate is in the middle.盘子放在中间2、饭后甜点dessert 的介绍It’s something sweet, like pudding, f ruit or ice-cream…饭后吃一些甜食,比如布丁、水果、冰激凌等等3、Traditional Chinese food中国传统食品sweet dumplings汤圆zongzi粽子mooncake月饼dumplings饺子二、节日文化1、Women’s Day妇女节2、Children’s Day儿童节3、Christmas 圣诞节Merry Christmas圣诞快乐Father Christmas圣诞老人Christmas Tree 圣诞树turkey火鸡gifts礼物4、西方节日Mother’s Day is the second Sunday in May.母亲节在五月份第二个星期天Father’s Day is the third Sunday in June.父亲节在六月份第三个星期天In America Thanksgiving Day is the fourth Thursday in November.在美国,感恩节在十一月份的第四个星期四In Canada Thanksgiving Day is the second Monday in October.在加拿大,感恩节在十月份的第二个星期一三、生活常识及日常标志的认识1、出口、入口和卫生间标志:entrance入口exit出口women’s女卫生间men’s男卫生间2、不同国家的紧急求救号码emergency number3、水零度结冰膨胀When water gets to 0 degrees, it becomes ice. 当温度达到0摄氏度时,水会结冰。
英美文化背景知识 (英文版)
英美文化背景知识Newspapers in Britain and the USNewspapers in BritainNational and local papersIn Britain there are 11 national daily newspapers and most people read one of them every day. There are two kinds of newspaper. One is large in size and has many detailed articles about national and international events. These newspapers are called the serious papers or the quality papers. The other kind, called the tabloids is smaller in size, have more pictures, often in colour, and shorter articles, often about less important events or about the private lives of well-know people. Although some people disapprove(反对) of the tabloids(小报), more people buy them than buy the serious newspaper. The Sun, for example, which is a tabloid, is the biggest-selling newspaper in Britain. People who disapprove of the tabloids very strongly sometimes call them the Gutter Press.There are daily or weekly newspapers in all parts of Britain which cover local news as well as some national and international stories. Local papers give information aboutfilms, concerts, and other things that are happening in the local neighborhood, including, for example, information about local people who have been married or died recently. National papers generally give information about film, concerts and other events happening in London, In Scotland, many people read the Glasgow Herald or the Scotsman and there are Scottish Editions of the tabloids.There also many free local newspapers which are delivered to people’s homes whether they ask for them or not. These contain a lot of advertisements(广告) and also some news.PoliticsMost national newspapers in Britain express a political opinion and people choose the newspaper that they read according to their own political beliefs. Most of the newspapers are right-wing. These are the Daily Telegraph(serious newspaper), the Daily express, Daily Mail, Daily Star, the Sun and Today(all tabloids). Of the other serious newspapers, The Times, the oldest newspaper in Britain, did not formerly have one strong political view but itis now more right-wing. The Guardian is slightly left-wing, the Independent is centre and the Financial(金融) with political issues, but reports on business and financial news. The Daily Mirror(tabloid) is left-wing.Daily and Sunday newspapersDaily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are larger than daily newspapers, often having 2 or 3 sections. There is also other a magazine, called the colour supplement(增刊). All the Sunday newspapers are national Serious newspapers include the Observer(which is slightly left-wing), the Sunday Times, the Sunday Telegraph and the Independent on Sunday, the Sunday Mirror, the Sunday Express, the News of the World and the Sunday Sport which is considered to lack much serious information.Newspapers in The USNational and local newspapersThere are more than 1500 daily newspapers in the US. Each one is usually sold only in one part of the country, e.g. in a city, but they cover national and international news. In larger cities there is often more than one newspaper and the different ones express different political opinions. Some newspapers are sold in nearly all parts of the US. E.g. USA today and the National edition of the New York Times. Two other newspapers, the Los Angeles Times and the Washington Post are know and respected all over the US but cannot be bought everywhere. Other important newspapers are: the Boston Globe, sold in New England, the Chicago Tribune, sold in the Midwest, the Christian Science Monitor and USA Today, both sold nationally, and the Washington Post on the East Coast.There are also weekly newspapers in all parts of the US which cover local news, such as what is happening in the local neighborhood(地方). Fewer people read these than read the daily newspapers.Daily and Sunday newspapersDaily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are very big, often having several separate parts. They contain many longer articles and a lot of advertisements. Each section deals with a different subject. E.g. national and international news, sport, travel, etc. One section, the classifieds(分类广告) has advertisements for jobs and things for sale. Another section is called the funnies. There is often also a magazine which is in color.Alternative newspapersIn the 1960s a group of newspapers began to appear that were later called in “alternative press”. They expressed extreme(极端的) political opinions, especially left-wing opinion. Many of the newspapers which were part of this movement, such as the Village Voice in New York or the Reader in Chicago, are less extreme today and more widely read.Law in Britain and the USIn both Britain and the US, when a person is accused of a rime it must be shown that they are guilty "beyond reasonable doubt". A person is always innocent(无罪) in the eyes of the law until they have been proved to be guilty by a court they can sometimes ask for permission to APPEAL(上诉) to a higher court in the hope that it will change this decision.Criminal law in England and WalesWhen someone is arrested (ARREST) by the police, a MAGISTRATE (=an official who judges cases in some types of courts) decides whether there is enough EVIDENCE(证据) against the person for the case to go to court. If there is enough evidence and the case is a serious one, the person accused(控告) of the crime (called 'the accused(被告)') is sent to a CROWN COURT for a TRIAL with a JUDGE and JURY (=12 members of the public who have to decide if the accused is guilty(有罪的), then the judge decides the SENTENCE(判决) (2) (=punishment). If there is enough evidence against the accused but the crime is not a seriousone (for example a traffic offence) then the case is heard in a MAGISTRATES COURT.If found guilty in the Crown Court the accused may apply to(请求) the COURT OF APPEAL (Criminal Division) where he or she will be heard by a judge. Sometimes a HIGH COURT judge from the Queen's Bench Division assists in dealing with criminal matters in the Court of Appeal or Crown Court.Criminal law in Northern IrelandIn Northern Ireland, as in England and Wales, someone accused of a crime may be tried in a Magistrates' Court or a Crown Court depending on how serious the crime is. Appeals from the Crown Court are heard in the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal.Criminal law in ScotlandScotland has a separate court system. After a person is arrested by the police, an official called the PROCURATOR FISCAL is in charge of deciding whether there is enoughevidence against the accused for a trial. If there is enough evidence and the crime is a very serious one, the accused is sent to the HIGH COURT OF JUSTICIARY where there is a judge and jury(陪审团) (in Scotland there are 15 people on a jury). If there is enough evidence but the crime is a less serious one, the case is heard in a SHERIFF COURT (The sheriff is a trained lawyer who acts as a judge). Appeals from the Sheriff Court go to the High Court of Justiciary.Criminal law in the USThe US has tow separate court systems. In general terms STATE COURTS are used when someone has done something against the laws of CONSTITUTION of a particular State. FEDERAL COURTS deal with cases to do with the laws and Constitution of the United States as whole. Federal courts also hear cases where the US Government is one of the sides involved(介入). Cases for crimes which are not serious are likely to be heard in state courts. Serious crimes may be tried in wither state courts of federal courts depending on the situation, for example cases where a crime has taken place in another state are often heard in federal courts.After a person has been arrested a magistrate(地方官员), or in some cases a GRAND JURY made up of between 16 and 23 citizens, decides whether they should go to trial. If there is enough evidence for a trial the accused goes to court and has to state whether he/she is guilty or not guilty of the crime. If they say they are not guilty they are sent to trial with a judge and jury (of 16 or 20 citizens) in either a State or COUNTY COURT or, in federal cases, a DISTRICT COURT. If the accused is found guilty they may have the fight to appeal to a higher court, as shown below.The final court of appeal in the US federal system and for some cases in the state courts is the US SUPREME COURT. It is made up of a CHIEF JUSTICE and eight ASSOCIATES. The accused does not have the fight to be heard by the Supremes Court, but the Supreme Court decides which cases it will hear.Holiday in Britain and the USPaid HolidayPeople in the US get 2 weeks a year paid vacation (holiday) form their job. Most British people have four or five weeks paid holiday a year. Americans often complain that tow weeks is not enough holiday, especially when they hear about the longer holidays that Europeans get. In addition, there are 8 days in each country, which are public holidays (the British call Bank Holiday) and many of these fall on a Monday giving people a long weekend. In Britain, so many people drive to another part of the country, especially the coast, on Bank Holiday weekends that there are serious traffic jams, which may stretch(长达) for many miles.Popular Holiday PlacesWith the US, outdoor vacations are popular, for example at the Grand Canyon or Yosemite or Yellowstone or the national parks or forests. Yong people may go walking or camping in the mountains. Many people have capers or small trailer(拖车) in which to travel, or if they are in a car, they may stay at Motels on the journey Disneyland and Disneyworld are also popular and people can to skiing in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming and Montana.。
英美文化背景知识1
英美文化背景知识1Education in Britain and the USIn Britain all children have to go to school between the ages of 5 and 16. In the US children must go to school from the age of 6 to between the ages of 14 and 16, depending on the state they live in.Subject In England and Wales the subjects taught in schools are laid down by the National Curriculum(课程), which was introduced in 1988 and sets out(制定) in detail the subjects that children should study and the levels of achievement they should reach by the ages of 7, 11, 14 and 16, when they are tested.The National Curriculum does not apply in Scotland, where each school decides what subjects it will teach. In the US the subjects taught are decided by national and local governments. Whereas British schools usually have prayers(祈祷) and religious(宗教的) instruction, American schools are not allowed to include prayers or to teach particular religious beliefs(信仰).Examinations At 16 students in England and Wales take GCSE examinations. These examinations are taken by students of all levels of ability in any of a range of subjects and may involve a final examination, an assessment(评价) of work done during the two year course, or both of these things. At 18 some students taken A-level examinations, usually in not more than 3 subjects. It is necessary to have A-levels in order to go toa university or polytechnic(综合技术大学).In Scotland students take the SCE examinations. A year later, they can take examinations called HIGHS, after which they can either go straight to a university or spend a further year at school and take the Certificate(证书) of Sixth Year Studies. In Scotland the university system is different to that in England and Wales. Courses usually last four years rather than three and students study a larger number of subjects as part of their degree.In the US school examinations are not as important as they are in Britain. Students in High Schools do have exams at the end of their last two years, but these final exams are considered along with the work that the students have done during the school years. Social Events and Ceremonies(仪式) In American high schools there is a formal ceremony for Graduation (=completion of high school). Students wear a special cap and gown and receive a diploma(文凭) from the head of the school. Students often buy a class ring to ear, and a yearbook, containing pictures of their friends and teachers. There are also special social events at American schools.Sports events are popular, and cheer leaders lead the school in supporting the school team and singing the school song. At the end of their junior year, at age 17 or 18, students held in the evening. The girls wear long evening dresses and the boys wear TUXEDOS. In Britain,there are no formal dances or social occasions(场合) associated(和...有关) with school life. Some schools have SPEECH DAY at the end of the school year when prizes are given to the best students and speeches are made by the head teacher and sometimes an invited guest. However, in many British schools students and teachers organize(组织) informal dances for the older students.英美文化背景知识2Government in Britain and the USGovernment in BritainNational governmentThe center of government in Britain is PARLIAMENT(国会), which makes all the important laws for the country about crimes and punishment, taxation(犯罪), etc. Parliament is made up of the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the monarch(贵族). The Houses of Parliament are in Westminster in London and sometimes “Westminster” itself is used to mean Parliament.The House of commons (or the Commons) is the lower but more powerful of the two Houses. It has 650 elected members, called Members of Parliament or MPs, each representing people in a particular area or constituency. The House of Lords (the Lords) is the higher but less powerful of the two Houses. It has over 1,000 members, none of whom is elected. These members include: people who have titles like Lord orViscount(子爵) which have been passed down to them on the death of their father (hereditary peers(世袭贵族)); people who are given titles as a reward for their long service in public life, but whose children do not INHERIT(继承) their title (life peers); and some important leaders of the Church of England (Archbishops(大主教) and Bishops(主教)).The government brings BILL (=suggested laws) to the House of Commons, which are discussed by MPs. The bills then go to the House of Lords to be discussed. The House of Lords can suggest changes to a bill, but does not have the power to reject it (=refuse permission for it to be passed). When bills come back to the Commons, MPs vote on them and if they are passed they are signed by the monarch and become Acts of ParliamentAt present England, Scotland, Wales, and N Ireland are all governed by Parliament in Westminster. In N Ireland the political parties are different but their MPs still go to the House of Commons. In Scotland there is a lot of discussion about whether Scotland should have some separate or partly separate form of government. The same is true in Wales Local governmentLocal government is Britain, also known as Councils, can make small laws (bylaws) which only apply in their area, but these are usually about small, local matters. For instance, they may be about fines that will be made for people who park in certain streets.Councils are paid for by local taxes and also by an amount of money given to them each year by the national government. Their main job is the organizing and providing of local services, e.g. hospitals, school, libraries, public transport, street-cleaning, etc. They are also responsible for setting the amount of local tax that people must pay and for collecting this tax.Local councils(议会) are elected by people within each town, city, or country area. The people who are elected, known as councilors, usually represent one of the national political parties, but are often elected because of their policies on local issues(问题) rather than the national policies of their party.Government in the USAll levels of government in the US (federal(联邦), state, and local) are elected by the people of the country.Federal governmentThe constitution of the US specifically limits the power of the federal (=national) government mainly to defence(国防), foreign affairs, printing money, controlling trade and relations between the states, and protecting human rights. The federal government is make up of the CONGRESS(国会), the President, and the Supreme Count(最高法院). CongressCongress, the central law-making body in the US, is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representativesis the lower but more important of the two houses of Congress. It has 435 members, called Representatives or Congressmen/Congresswomen elected by their state. The member of Representative(代表) for each state depends on the size of the population of the state, with each state having at least one Representative. The Senate is the higher but less powerful of the two houses of Congress. It has 100 members, called Senators(参议院), elected by their state. Each state has two Senators.Congress decides whether a BILL (suggested law) becomes law. If the Senate and the House of Representative both agree to a bill, the President is asked to agree.The President can veto(=say no to) the bill(议案), but Congress can still make it a law if 2/3 of the members of each house agree to it.State governmentState government has the greatest influence in people’s daily lives. Each state has its own written Constitution(宪法) (set of fixed law), and among the state there are sometimes great differences in law on matters such as property, crime, health, and education. The highest elected official of each state is the Governor. Each state also has one or two elected lawmaking bodies (state Legislature) whose members represent the various parts of the state.Local governmentLocal government concerns laws made at the town, city or countylevel. These laws are usually limited to a small area and concern such thing as traffic, where and when alcoholic drinks can be sold, or keeping animals. The highest elected official of a town or city Council.Every law at every level of government must be in agreement with(一致) the United States constitution. Any citizen who thinks he or she has not been given their rights under the law may argue their case through all the courts up to the Supreme Court (the final Court of Appeal in the US) if necessary, and any law which is found not in agreement with the constitution (unconstitutional) cannot be kept in force.英美文化背景知识3Newspapers in Britain and the USNewspapers in BritainNational and local papersIn Britain there are 11 national daily newspapers and most people read one of them every day. There are two kinds of newspaper. One is large in size and has many detailed articles about national and international events. These newspapers are called the serious papers or the quality papers. The other kind, called the tabloids is smaller in size, have more pictures, often in colour, and shorter articles, often about less important events or about the private lives of well-know people. Although some people disapprove(反对) of the tabloids(小报), more people buy them than buy the serious newspaper. The Sun, for example, which is atabloid, is the biggest-selling newspaper in Britain. People who disapprove of the tabloids very strongly sometimes call them the Gutter Press.There are daily or weekly newspapers in all parts of Britain which cover local news as well as some national and international stories. Local papers give information about films, concerts, and other things that are happening in the local neighborhood, including, for example, information about local people who have been married or died recently. National papers generally give information about film, concerts and other events happening in London, In Scotland, many people read the Glasgow Herald or the Scotsman and there are Scottish Editions of the tabloids.There also many free local newspapers which are delivered to people’s homes whether they ask for them or not. These contain a lot of advertisements(广告) and also some news.PoliticsMost national newspapers in Britain express a political opinion and people choose the newspaper that they read according to their own political beliefs. Most of the newspapers are right-wing. These are the Daily Telegraph(serious newspaper), the Daily express, Daily Mail, Daily Star, the Sun and Today(all tabloids). Of the other serious newspapers, The Times, the oldest newspaper in Britain, did not formerly have one strong political view but it is now more right-wing. The Guardian isslightly left-wing, the Independent is centre and the Financial(金融) with political issues, but reports on business and financial news. The Daily Mirror(tabloid) is left-wing.Daily and Sunday newspapersDaily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are larger than daily newspapers, often having 2 or 3 sections. There is also other a magazine, called the colour supplement(增刊). All the Sunday newspapers are national Serious newspapers include the Observer(which is slightly left-wing), the Sunday Times, the Sunday Telegraph and the Independent on Sunday, the Sunday Mirror, the Sunday Express, the News of the World and the Sunday Sport which is considered to lack much serious information.Newspapers in The USNational and local newspapersThere are more than 1500 daily newspapers in the US. Each one is usually sold only in one part of the country, e.g. in a city, but they cover national and international news. In larger cities there is often more than one newspaper and the different ones express different political opinions. Some newspapers are sold in nearly all parts of the US. E.g. USA today and the National edition of the New York Times. Two other newspapers, the Los Angeles Times and the Washington Post are know and respected all over the US but cannot be bought everywhere. Other importantnewspapers are: the Boston Globe, sold in New England, the Chicago Tribune, sold in the Midwest, the Christian Science Monitor and USA Today, both sold nationally, and the Washington Post on the East Coast.There are also weekly newspapers in all parts of the US which cover local news, such as what is happening in the local neighborhood(地方). Fewer people read these than read the daily newspapers.Daily and Sunday newspapersDaily newspapers are published on every day of the week except Sunday. Sunday newspapers are very big, often having several separate parts. They contain many longer articles and a lot of advertisements. Each section deals with a different subject. E.g. national and international news, sport, travel, etc. One section, the classifieds(分类广告) has advertisements for jobs and things for sale. Another section is called the funnies. There is often also a magazine which is in color.Alternative newspapersIn the 1960s a group of newspapers began to appear that were later called in “alternative press”. They expressed extreme(极端的) political opinions, especially left-wing opinion. Many of the newspapers which were part of this movement, such as the Village V oice in New York or the Reader in Chicago, are less extreme today and more widely read.英美文化背景知识4Law in Britain and the USIn both Britain and the US, when a person is accused of a rime it must be shown that they are guilty "beyond reasonable doubt". A person is always innocent(无罪) in the eyes of the law until they have been proved to be guilty by a court they can sometimes ask for permission to APPEAL(上诉) to a higher court in the hope that it will change this decision.Criminal law in England and WalesWhen someone is arrested (ARREST) by the police, a MAGISTRATE (=an official who judges cases in some types of courts) decides whether there is enough EVIDENCE(证据) against the person for the case to go to court. If there is enough evidence and the case is a serious one, the person accused(控告) of the crime (called 'the accused(被告)') is sent to a CROWN COURT for a TRIAL with a JUDGE and JURY (=12 members of the public who have to decide if the accused is guilty(有罪的), then the judge decides the SENTENCE(判决) (2) (=punishment). If there is enough evidence against the accused but the crime is not a serious one (for example a traffic offence) then the case is heard in a MAGISTRATES COURT.If found guilty in the Crown Court the accused may apply to(请求) the COURT OF APPEAL (Criminal Division) where he or she will be heard by a judge. Sometimes a HIGH COURT judge from the Queen's Bench Division assists in dealing with criminal matters in the Court ofAppeal or Crown Court.Criminal law in Northern IrelandIn Northern Ireland, as in England and Wales, someone accused of a crime may be tried in a Magistrates' Court or a Crown Court depending on how serious the crime is. Appeals from the Crown Court are heard in the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal.Criminal law in ScotlandScotland has a separate court system. After a person is arrested by the police, an official called the PROCURATOR FISCAL is in charge of deciding whether there is enough evidence against the accused for a trial. If there is enough evidence and the crime is a very serious one, the accused is sent to the HIGH COURT OF JUSTICIARY where there is a judge and jury(陪审团) (in Scotland there are 15 people on a jury). If there is enough evidence but the crime is a less serious one, the case is heard in a SHERIFF COURT (The sheriff is a trained lawyer who acts as a judge). Appeals from the Sheriff Court go to the High Court of Justiciary.Criminal law in the USThe US has tow separate court systems. In general terms STATE COURTS are used when someone has done something against the laws of CONSTITUTION of a particular State. FEDERAL COURTS deal with cases to do with the laws and Constitution of the United States as whole.Federal courts also hear cases where the US Government is one of the sides involved(介入). Cases for crimes which are not serious are likely to be heard in state courts. Serious crimes may be tried in wither state courts of federal courts depending on the situation, for example cases where a crime has taken place in another state are often heard in federal courts.After a person has been arrested a magistrate(地方官员), or in some cases a GRAND JURY made up of between 16 and 23 citizens, decides whether they should go to trial. If there is enough evidence for a trial the accused goes to court and has to state whether he/she is guilty or not guilty of the crime. If they say they are not guilty they are sent to trial with a judge and jury (of 16 or 20 citizens) in either a State or COUNTY COURT or, in federal cases, a DISTRICT COURT. If the accused is found guilty they may have the fight to appeal to a higher court, as shown below.The final court of appeal in the US federal system and for some cases in the state courts is the US SUPREME COURT. It is made up of a CHIEF JUSTICE and eight ASSOCIATES. The accused does not have the fight to be heard by the Supremes Court, but the Supreme Court decides which cases it will hear.英美文化背景知识5Holiday in Britain and the USPaid HolidayPeople in the US get 2 weeks a year paid vacation (holiday) form their job. Most British people have four or five weeks paid holiday a year. Americans often complain that tow weeks is not enough holiday, especially when they hear about the longer holidays that Europeans get. In addition, there are 8 days in each country, which are public holidays (the British call Bank Holiday) and many of these fall on a Monday giving people a long weekend. In Britain, so many people drive to another part of the country, especially the coast, on Bank Holiday weekends that there are serious traffic jams, which may stretch(长达) for many miles.Popular Holiday PlacesWith the US, outdoor vacations are popular, for example at the Grand Canyon or Yosemite or Yellowstone or the national parks or forests. Yong people may go walking or camping in the mountains. Many people have capers or small trailer(拖车) in which to travel, or if they are in a car, they may stay at Motels on the journey Disneyland and Disneyworld are also popular and people can to skiing in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Wyoming and Montana.It is also very common to use vacations to visit relatives who may live in states a long distance away. Some children go to summer camp for a holiday during the summer vacation form school, where they do special activities, such as sports or crafts.When Americans want a holiday for sun and rest, they usually go to Florida, Hawaii, Mexico or the Caribbean. They may go to Europe for culture, for example, to see art, plays, and places of historic interest.In Britain, many people like to go to the seaside for holidays. There are places near the sea, such as Blackpool, Scarborough and Bournemouth, where there is plenty to do even if it rains. In a traditional British seaside holiday, the children can watch a Punch and Judy Show, eat candy floss and rock (=sweet) and make sandcastles, while older people can hire a deckchair to sit on the beach. People also like to go to go the country, especially to walk, in places like Scotland, Wales and the Lake District.When the British go abroad they usually want to go somewhere warm. Spain and 'Spanish islands of Majorca and Ibiza are popular as are other places in southern Europe. For skiing, people often go to the Alps. 英美文化背景知识6Medicine in Britain and AmericanMedicine in BritainIn Britain there is a National Health Service (NHS) which is paid for by taxes and National Insurance(保险), and in general people do not have to pay for medical treatment. Every person is registered with a doctor in their local area, know as general practitioner or GP. This means that their name is on the GP's list, and they may make an appointment to see thedoctor or may call the doctor out to visit them if they are ill. People do sometimes have to pay part of the cost of drugs that the doctor prescribes(开处方). GPs are trained in general medicine but are not specialists in any particular subject. If a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, they must first go to their GP and then the GP will make an appointment(预约) for the patient to see a specialist at a hospital or clinic.Although everyone in Britain can have free treatment under the National Health Service. It is also possible to have treatment done privately, for which one has to pay, Some people have private health insurance to help them pay for private treatment. Under the NHS, people who need to go to hospital may have to wait for a long time on a waiting list for their treatment. If they pay for the treatment, they will probably get it quickly.Anyone who is very ill can call an ambulance(救护车) and get taken to hospital for free urgent medical treatment. Ambulances are a free service in Britain.Medicine in the USUnlike Britain, the US does not have a national health care service. The government does help pay for some medical care for people who are on low incomes and for old, but most people buy insurance to help pay for medical care. Some people cannot afford insurance but not poor enough to get government help. The cost of medical insurance and theproblems of those who can not afford it are an important political subject.When people are ill, they usually go first to a general practitioner or internist. Unlike in Britain, however, people sometimes go straight to a specialist, without seeing their general practitioner first. Children are usually taken to a pediatrician (a doctor who is a specialist in the treatment of children). As in Britain, if a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, their general doctor will usually give them the name of one.Doctors don not go to people's homes when they are ill. People always make appointments to see the doctor in the doctor's office. In emergencies(急诊), people call for an ambulance. Hospital must treat all emergency patients, even if the patient does not have medical insurance. The government would then help pay for some of the cost of the medical care.英美文化背景知识7Social Class in BritainBritish society is considered to be divided into three main groups of classes - the Upper Class, the Middle Class, and the Lower or Working Class. This is known as the Class system and it is important to know something about it if you want to understand British people and society. Most British people grow up with a deep knowledge and understanding of the class system even if they are not very conscious(意识到) of it. Most people know which class they belong to by the way they speak,their clothes, their interests or even the type of food they eat.Social class is not only about behavior and attitudes, For example, although many upper class people are rich and may own a lot of land, having a lot of money does not make a person upper class. It is also important to come from a particular kind of family, have friends who are considered suitable, have been to a certain type of private school and speak with the right kind of accent. There are people who are poor but who do not think of themselves as working class because their family background, education, political opinions, etc. are different to those of most working-class people. Many people do not like the class system but it is impossible to pretend that these differences do not exist or that British people do not sometimes form opinions in this way.英美文化背景知识8TipsHotel workers depend on tips to augment their usually small salaries. Rather than being annoyed at having to tip the doorman who greets you, consider it part of the cost of travel and be prepared with the dollar bills you will need to hand out before you even get to your room.DoormenDepending on the amount of luggage, tip $ 1 to $ 2 to the doorman who takes your bags and turns them over to a bellman. If you are visiting and have no luggage, you naturally do not tip him for simply opening thedoor for you. Tip him again when you leave with your luggage as he takes it from the bellman and assists you in loading it in your car or into your taxi. When the doorman obtains a taxi for you, tip him $1 to $3 (the higher amount if he must stand in the rain for a period of time to get it). BellmanTip $1 a bag but not less than $2 to the bellman who carries or delivers your luggage to your room. When the bellman does something special for you, such as make a purchase or bring something you have requested to your room, but not room service deliveries, he or she should be tipped $ 2 to $ 3 for every service, at the time it is provided.MaidFor stays of one night or more, the maid should be tipped $2 per night per person in a large hotel; $ 1 per night per person in a less expensive hotel. Give the maid her tip in person, if she can be found. If not, put it in a sealed envelope marked "chambermaid".ValetValet services are added to your bill, so there is no need to tip for pressing or cleaning when items are left in your room. If you are in when your cleaning and pressing is delivered, however, tip $ 1 for the delivery for one or two items, more when several items are being delivered.Dining Room StaffTips for dining room staff are exactly the same as they are in any other restaurant -15 to 18 percent except in the most elegant dining rooms where tips are 18 to 20 percent. If you are staying in an American -plan hotel where your meals are included in your total bill, tips are as usual, and an additional tip should be given to the maitre d' who has taken care of you during your stay. This tip ranges anywhere from $ 10 to $ 15 for a weekend for a family or group of four people to $ 20 to $ 30 for a longer stay or larger group.英美国家的“厕所”文化一个外宾想上厕所,便对翻译说:“I wonder if I can go somewhere?”(我可以方便一下吗?)而翻译却把somewhere误解为“某处”,因而回答道“Yes, you can go anywhere in China.”(行,中国你哪儿都可以去。
小学生英语课外拓展资料——英美文化背景——英美文化及其风俗习惯
小学生英语课外拓展资料——英美文化背景英美文化及其风俗习惯1.关于个人隐私:英美人特别注重个人隐私,他们认为个人的事不必让别人知道,更不愿让别人干预,当陌生人或不大熟悉的人提出How old are you?(你多大了?)/How much do you make? (你赚多少钱?)/Are you married? (你结婚了吗?)等涉及年龄、收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰等问题时,都被认为有失礼貌。
因此,在与英美人交往时,应避免问及有关隐私的问题。
2.被邀做客带什么?在英美等国家,如果被邀请去别人家里做客,除非遇到一些重大的节日或婚礼、生日等特殊的场合,通常只需带上一点小礼物或一束鲜花即可。
如果是好朋友相邀,则送不送礼物都可以,如果一定要送点什么,也不需要买过于贵重的东西,礼物可以是一瓶酒,一块巧克力,一张有纪念意义的明信片等。
在接过礼物后,接受礼物的人则会马上打开礼物,并说一些赞赏的话,而赠送礼物的人衷心地说一声“Thank you very much.”也是必不可少的。
3.在欧美国家,当你乘坐出租车或在饭店、旅店消费,进行理发或美容时,除车费、饭钱、住宿费等应付的账单外,常常还需支付一定的小费。
小费的比例一般为账单的10%-15%。
人们通常给出租车司机、理发师、美容师、旅馆行李员小费。
但在饮食店和旅馆,如果小费已经算在账单里了,通常就不必再给小费了。
给小费是尊重对方劳动的礼貌行为。
4.当你接到美国人请你到家做客的邀请时,你或许会感到困惑,不知道在美国人家里怎么做。
其实很简单,大部分美国人都希望你在做客时表现得自然,你没必要过于拘谨。
一般来说,美国人对于朋友的到访都带有随意的态度。
他们希望你能感到轻松、舒适,就像你在自己家里一样。
当然,在别人家里有些事你是不能做的,比如说,不经允许就开冰箱拿可乐喝或乱翻动桌子上的资料等是不礼貌的。
英美国家,介绍互不相识的双方认识有习惯的顺序:先把家人介绍给主人,把男子介绍给女子,把年幼者介绍给年长者,把位卑者介绍给位尊者。
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用
英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用【摘要】英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中起着至关重要的作用。
它不仅有助于提高阅读理解能力,还能帮助读者更好地理解词汇、深层文化内涵以及文学作品。
掌握英美文化背景知识可以让读者更容易理解英语文章,加深对英美文化的了解,提升交流和表达能力。
英美文化背景知识是英语阅读中的重要元素,掌握它可以显著提高阅读理解水平。
在阅读英语文章时,读者应该注重积累英美文化背景知识,以助于更好地理解和欣赏文学作品,丰富阅读体验。
【关键词】英美文化背景知识、英语阅读、阅读理解、词汇理解、文化内涵、文学作品、交流、表达、重要性、理解水平。
1. 引言1.1 英美文化背景知识的重要性英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中起着至关重要的作用。
了解英美文化背景可以帮助读者更好地理解英语文本中所包含的文化内涵和语境。
英美文化是西方文化的代表,包含了丰富多彩的历史、习俗、价值观和传统,而这些元素经常会在英语阅读中得到体现。
在阅读理解方面,英美文化背景知识可以帮助读者更准确地把握文本的意义,理解作者的用词和表达方式。
了解英美文化背景也有助于读者对文本中隐藏的文化内涵有更深入的理解,从而更好地把握文本的整体意义。
英美文化背景知识还对词汇理解和文学作品的阅读有着积极的影响。
通过了解英美文化的习俗和历史背景,读者可以更好地理解和运用生动具体的词汇,同时对文学作品中的文化隐喻和象征有更深入的认识。
掌握英美文化背景知识可以提高阅读理解水平,帮助读者更好地理解和欣赏英语文本中所包含的文化元素,从而更好地运用英语进行交流和表达。
1.2 本文研究的目的本文的研究旨在探讨英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的重要性和作用。
通过分析英美文化背景知识对阅读理解的影响、对词汇理解的帮助、对深层文化内涵的理解、对文学作品理解的帮助以及对交流和表达的影响,我们可以更深入地了解在阅读英语文本时,掌握英美文化背景知识对提高阅读理解水平的重要性。
本文旨在提供读者关于英美文化背景知识在英语阅读中的作用的全面了解,以便读者更好地应用这些知识,提升自己的英语阅读能力。
大学英语拓展3——英美文化习俗之美国人的习俗举要
自己动手
• 在美国,不管是医生、教授、律师、商人, 他们都是自己煮饭、洗衣、买菜。他们有 社会身份,但不认为干家务会降低他们的 身份。他们也有经济实力雇佣“保姆”,但 觉得自己会做,没必要。上美国人家作客, 人们可以常常看见大教授、名医生自己下 厨烧饭做菜。至于修剪草坪、装修房子和 油漆屋顶等之类的粗活,有社会身份的人 不仅无厌烦之感,反而会乐此不疲地投入 其中。
入座
• 在重视社会等级的国家里,上座(place of honor)必须让给贵宾,以示尊敬。美国人 除在正式外交场合以外,很少讲究这一套。 美国人向人鞠躬致敬,不会因对方身份地 位显赫而显得特别殷勤,也不会多鞠几次 躬。无论在家作客,或搭乘汽车,美国人 通常没什么特定的上座位置给贵宾安排。
入座
• 如果说有的话,美人是把安排在距离主人 最近的地方,如在吃饭时,让贵宾坐在男 主人或女主人的右面;在私人轿车里,让 贵宾坐在驾驶座边上的位子。显然,这里 所说的“上座”,已没有任何高贵、显赫的 内涵,更多的是平等和亲近之意。
邀请
• 赴约时,客人应该准时到达,或在约定时 间后的5分钟至10分钟内赶到。如果提前赶 到的话,客人最好别马上进屋,而可以在 外面附近地方溜溜看看,直到时间到了再 按门铃进屋。之所以这样做,是因为美国 人对时间的准时性特别讲究,他们的活动 安排常严格地按照定下的时间表运转。
邀请
• 当美国人邀请他人来吃饭作客时,男主人 或女主人大多自己下厨。为了准备好可口 的菜肴,他(她)一般要忙到入席之前。 客人来得过早,主人陪客做饭两头不着落, 给双方带来不便,且主人还有害怕怠慢客 人之嫌。如果客人因某种原因迟到15分钟 以上的话,美国人通常期待客人打电话通 知他们,不然,他们会因客人迟迟不来而 徒增忧虑。
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小学生英语课外拓展资料——英美文化背景
英美人习惯(英美文化常识)
问路(Asking the way):问路是到达目的地最省事、最有效的办法。
在英美国家,人们对于外国人问路通常会热心回答的。
但在问话时,他们不喜欢你一口气很流利地背出许多问话,也不喜欢在别人思考你的问题时一直追问,更不喜欢陌生人离他们太近,这样会使他们觉得很不自在,甚至觉得是一种威胁,因为西方人的空间意识很强。
乘车(Taking a bus):英美人候车总是很自觉排队上车。
他们遵循“First come, first served.”(谁先到,谁先上)的行为准则。
英美人不喜欢搭乘过路车,因为你很可能遇上不怀好意的人或者歹徒。
在图书馆(At the library):英美国家的图书馆每天从上午一直开放到子夜。
有些图书馆里还有供学生租用的一间间小室,是学生们最喜欢的场所之一,也是学生们从事学术研究、著书立说的最佳场所。
购物(Shopping):英美人把周末当作上街购物日,他们喜欢在这时开着自己的车上街购足一周所需要的日用品和食品。
星期日则喜欢在家料理家务,或外出郊游、访友。
谈论天气(Talking about the weather):英国人特别喜欢谈天气,这也许是因为英国的天气历来变化无常,为人们在茶余饭后提供了话题。
但他们很少为谈天气而谈天气,人们往往以此很自然地引出许多其他的话题。
询问健康(Asking about health):表示对某人健康情况的关心时,英美人不喜欢中国人带有劝告性的忠告,如“请多穿衣”“多喝水”。
他们认为这犹如家长的口气,并非出于关心。
探望病人,英美人一般不送大礼,更不能送食品。
他们喜欢送鲜花或慰问卡片或书、唱片等。
在饭馆(In a restaurant):在英美,不可以用自己的刀叉为别人添菜,也不能把自己盘里的菜分给别人。
在吃饭时,一般不允许抽烟。
付款时,人们喜欢各付各的,除非你事先说自己请客,否则随同去的女性也自己买单。
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