chapter12 TURNOVER
Chapter 12 课后答案
新编语言学教程Chapter 12答案Applied Linguistics1. Define the following terms briefly.(1)applied linguistics: the study of language and linguistics in relation to practicalissues, e.g. speech therapy, language teaching, testing, and translation.More often than not nowadays, it is used in the narrow sense, and refers tolanguage teaching in particular.(2)grammar-translation method: a method of foreign or second languageteaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the mainteaching and learning activities.(3) audiolingual method: the teaching of a second language through imitation,repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking andlistening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in theclassroom is not allowed.(4)communicative language teaching: an approach to foreign or second languageteaching which emphasizes that the goal of language learning is toachieve communicative competence.(5)testing: the use of tests, or the study of the theory and practice of their use,development, evaluation, etc.(6)achievement test: a test which measures how much of a language someone haslearned with reference to a particular course of study or program of instruction.(7)validity: (in testing) the degree to which a test measures what it is supposedto measure, or can be used successfully for the purposes for which it is intended.A number of different statistical procedures can be applied to a testto estimate its validity. Such procedures generally seek to determine what thetest measures, and how well it does so.(8)reliability: (in testing) a measure of the degree to which a test gives consistentresults; a test is said to be reliable if it gives the same results when it isgiven on different occasions or when it is taken by different people.(9)proficiency test: a test which measures how much of a language someone haslearned without considering the syllabus, duration and manner of learning.(10) subjective test: a test which is scored according to the personal judgment ofthe marker, such as essay writing or translation.(11) objective test: a test that can be marked without the use of the examiner’spersonal judgment.(12) language aptitude test: a test which measures a person’s aptitude for secondor foreign language learning and it can be used to identify those learners who are most likely to succeed.(13) diagnostic test: a test which is designed to show what skills or knowledge alearner knows and doesn’t know. For example, a diagnostic pronunciationtest may be used to measure the learner’s pronunciation of English sounds.It would show which sounds a student is and is not able to pronounce. Diagnostictests may be used to find out how much a learner knows or to measure how successful an instruction program has been.(14) backwash effect: Tests strongly affect what actually occurs in the classroomand the effect of tests on classroom L2 teaching and learning is known as thebackwash effect.2. The advantages of grammar-translation method:(1)As the grammars described in this method contain very detailed descriptionsof the correct construction of phrases and sentences of a language, accuracyis stressed and improved.(2)Students’ ability to read and write is encouraged and improved since themethod focuses on the written work.(3)This method is less demanding than some other approaches for a teacherwhose oral proficiency may not be adequate.(4)This method is popular with people who would like to study English independently,especially the adult learners who want to learn grammar rules anduse them to approach new materials by themselves.The disadvantages of grammar-translation method:(1)It emphasizes language at the sentence level regardless of context, so the organizationof language above the sentence level is not so carefully studied.(2)As the focus is on written work, oral fluency and spontaneity is not so welldeveloped and common everyday language is not taught enough.(3)The basic techniques in this method are rote learning of the rules and vocabulary,and grammar rules are taught deductively as general statements tobe applied in particular exercises in translation, so the learners may find itboring to learn.(4)With the emphasis on grammar, students typically know a lot about the languagebut are unable to actually use it. As a result, their use of the new languageoften tends to be literal or unnatural.3.Changes required would include:(1)Change in teacher’s role. The teacher can no longer be the source of knowledgeand trut h about the language. The teacher’s role has more to do withinitiating activities.(2)Change in learner’s role. The learner can no longer be passive. The learnermust actively participate in the activities.(3)Change of materials. These should, as far as possible, preserve the features ofauthentic instances of language use.(4)Change of techniques. These should emphasize the tasks (not drills) to beperformed and identify the skills being practiced.(5)Change in attitude. If the above are to be achieved then we are involved inchanging our attitudes towards teaching and learning in general.4.Achievement tests are based on a particular language syllabus, or part of a syllabus,or chapters in a textbook that learners are known to have studied and theyaim to know how well learners know what they have been taught. For example,the Chinese MET test, which is based on the Middle School English Syllabus andtaken by students leaving Senior Middle School, and Mid-Term tests, designed forUniversity English Majors based on just a few chapters from a textbook.5.The validity of a test relates to what the test claims to measure and how well itdoes so. If we know that a test is valid, then we know what we can confidently sayabout a person who passes or fails it. The two most important aspects of validityare content validity and construct validity. If a test has content validity it meansthat the test questions cover a fair sample of the language structures and skillsthat the test claims to be measuring. If a test has construct validity, it shows that itmeasures only what it claims to measure and nothing else.6.A test is said to be reliable if it gives the same results when it is given on differentoccasions or when it is taken by different people. There are two aspects to reliability:test reliability and scorer reliability. Test reliability refers to how consistent scoresare on a test. If, for example, there are two versions of a particular test and the sameperson takes them on consecutive days and his scores are almost the same on eachversion, then such a test has test reliability. A test has scorer reliability if there is ahigh level of agreement between different people marking the same test paper.。
第十二的英文怎么读_第十二的单词是什么
第十二的英文怎么读_第十二的单词是什么你知道序数词的第十二它的英文翻译成什么吗?它的音标又是什么?以下是店铺给大家带来第十二的英文读音，以供参阅。
第十二的英文单词与读音第十二的英文单词：twelfth第十二的英文读音：英[twelfθ] 美 [twɛlfθ]第十二的词组习语twelfth grade1.十二年级twelfth century1.十二世纪December twelfth1.十二月十二日第十二的英文例句1. The first British attempt to colonize Ireland was in the twelfth century.英国最早尝试在爱尔兰开拓殖民地是在12世纪。
2. She is entitled to a twelfth of the cash.她有权获得这笔钱的1/12。
3. For her twelfth birthday, she asked for a chemistry set.她要一个化学箱作她12岁生日的礼物.4. December is the twelfth month of the year.12月是一年中的第12个月.5. As usual there will be the local and regional elections on June the twelfth.照例，6月12日将会进行地方及区域选举。
6. The tower, incidentally, dates from the twelfth century.那座塔，顺便提一下，可以追溯到12世纪。
7. They are going to play " Twelfth Night " next week.下周,他们将演出 " 第十二夜 ".8. During the twelfth century there is little to report.关于12世纪的情况,我们可谈的很少.9. Today is the twelfth. Why?今天是十二号. 怎么?10. It's November the twelfth.今天是十一月十二日.11. I had scarcely passed my twelfth birthday when I entered the inhospitable regions of examinations.我跨进那冷淡无情的考区时才十二周岁.12. Let's hope it's a bright sunny day on the twelfth! With much love.希望12日那天,是一个明朗的晴天! 顺致热情的问候.13. Twelfth: Life buoy . Feel free to come when you need to talk.第十二件: 救生圈(救生圈形的糖果)当你需要谈一谈时,随时可以来.14. There are two experiments is to be tested in twelfth chapter.本文第十二章中对可能测试的实验,有相关描述.15. As 2010 begins, Uranus is still in Pisces and your twelfth house.由于2010年开始, 天王星在双鱼座仍是和你的第12宫.第十二的双语例句1. Agassi was playing well above his world ranking of 12.阿加西的比赛表现大大超出了他在世界上第12位的排名。
基础笔译 Chapter 12 可译性与不可译性
杨宪益夫妇的译文：
This bird appears when the world falls on evil times; None but admires her talents and her skill; First she complies, then commands, then is dismissed, Departing in tears to Jinling more wretched still.
关键词order也是多义词，教授的本意是要让大家守秩 序，而学生则是故意理解为“要（菜或饭）”，所以喊出 “要啤酒”。真是让教授苦笑不得，让读者忍俊不禁。但 是，若order直译为汉语，则令人不知所云了。
真的就没法译了吗？实际上，发挥译者主体作和何创 造性是不难找到机智幽默的翻译的。
——教授敲敲着教桌，喊道：“先生们，吆喝什么？” ——全班喊着回答：“要喝啤酒！”
我们在资料搜集的过程中有个惊异地发现：1）英语 的文字艺术形式比较少，而汉语就非常丰富，比较而言， 可以说用“洋洋大观”来形容,但是要想找到这类文字艺 术形式的成功的译例，则很难；2）英语的特殊语言现象 或文字艺术形式则比较易于译成汉语，而汉语译成英语就 非常之难。
表意文字和表音文字的差异是有目共睹的，表意 文字的大多数表意功能是表音文字所不具有的，因此， 用不具有表意功能的文字去再现表意文字的文字艺术 表现形式是不可能的。就像汽车不具有飞行的功能， 因而，它就永远不可能在天空飞一样。若能在天空中 飞行，就一定具有飞行的功能。下面以实例来证明这 一论点。
4）辛格的代表作《傻瓜吉姆·佩尔》中吉姆·佩尔的 妻子埃尔卡与小徒弟搞上了关系，众人议论不休。 吉姆·佩尔气愤之极，脱口说道：
If my mother had known of it, she’d have died a second time.
商务英语综合教程chapter (12)
2) 主句是you should learn as much information as possible about the market。意思是尽可能多地获取市 场的信息。 3)that you want to enter是宾语从句，修饰market， 意 思是：你想要进入的（市场）。 4) About (介词)有几个并列的宾语：the market…,the potential clients and the competitors… 5) You will deal with 是定语从句，修饰competitors. 6) Before you join the negotiation 是修饰全句的时间状 语
2) at the beginning of negotiation在谈判开始 3) pricing issues 价格问题，价格争端 4) at the expense of … 在损害……的情况下，以……为 牺牲品 5) other important components 其他重要因素 6) marketing mix 营销组合 4. If the price quoted by exporter has not been accepted by importer, the exporter should react positively by initiating discussions on non-price questions, instead of immediately offering price concession or taking defensive attitude. 如果出口商所报的价格没被进口商所接受，出口商应做出 积极的反应，开始讨论非价格问题，而不要立即在价格上 做出让步，或采取守势。
如何教英语第12章读后感
如何教英语第12章读后感全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hello everyone, today I want to share with you my thoughts about Chapter 12 of our English textbook. It was really interesting and I learned a lot from it!First, I really liked how the characters in the story had to solve a mystery. It was like being a detective and figuring out clues to find the answer. It made me feel like I was part of the adventure!Second, I was impressed by how the characters in the story all worked together to solve the problem. They each had their own strengths and weaknesses, but they all helped each other out and shared ideas. It showed me that teamwork is really important and can help us achieve our goals.Third, I learned some new words and phrases while reading this chapter. I found it helpful to write them down and try to use them in my own sentences. It's a fun way to expand my vocabulary and improve my English skills.Overall, I really enjoyed reading Chapter 12 and I can't wait to see what happens next in the story. It's exciting and keeps me interested in learning English. I think it's important to practice reading and speaking English every day so we can become better at it. Let's keep studying and improving together!篇2Wow, reading the 12th chapter of our English book was so much fun! It was all about different ways to teach English and I learned a lot of cool tips and tricks. Here are some of my thoughts after reading the chapter:First, I really liked how the chapter talked about using games and activities to make learning English more fun. I never knew that you could play games like Bingo or Pictionary to help remember words and phrases. It sounds like such a fun way to practice English!I also thought it was interesting to learn about the importance of using real-life examples and situations when teaching English. It makes so much sense to learn new words and phrases in contexts that we can relate to. I can't wait to try using some real-life examples in my own English learning.Another cool idea from the chapter was using technology to practice English. I never thought about using apps and websites to help improve my English skills. I'm definitely going to check out some of the apps mentioned in the chapter and see how they can help me learn English better.Overall, I really enjoyed reading the 12th chapter of our English book. It gave me a lot of great ideas on how to make learning English more fun and effective. I can't wait to try out some of the tips and tricks I learned in the chapter. English class is going to be so much more exciting now!篇3Chapter 12 of our English textbook is so exciting and fun! I never thought learning English could be so interesting. After reading this chapter, I have so many thoughts and feelings to share with all of you.First of all, I loved the story in this chapter. It was about a group of friends going on a camping trip and all the cool things they did together. I wish I could go on a camping trip like that with my friends! The story made me realize how important it is to spend time with friends and have fun together.Secondly, I really enjoyed the English exercises at the end of the chapter. They were challenging, but they also helped me learn new words and grammar rules. I feel like I'm getting better at English every day!Lastly, the chapter taught me the importance of practicing English every day. If we want to become fluent in English, we have to keep practicing and never give up. I feel motivated to study English even harder now!In conclusion, I had a great time reading and learning from Chapter 12. I can't wait to see what we'll learn in the next chapter. English is so much fun! Let's keep studying and improving together. Thank you for listening to my thoughts on Chapter 12. Let's continue to learn and grow together in English class!篇4Hello everyone! Today I want to share with you my thoughts on Chapter 12 of our English textbook. I really enjoyed this chapter because it was all about learning new words and phrases in English.First of all, I learned some really cool new words in this chapter, like "delicious" and "fantastic". These words are so fun to say and they make me sound really smart when I use them in asentence. I also learned how to use these words in different situations, like when I want to talk about my favorite food or when I want to describe something amazing.Another thing I liked about this chapter was the exercises at the end. They were a bit challenging, but they helped me practice using the new words and phrases I learned. I felt really proud of myself when I got the answers right. It showed me that if I keep practicing, I can get better at English.Overall, I think Chapter 12 was really helpful and fun. I can't wait to learn more new words and phrases in the next chapter. English is such a cool language and I'm excited to keep improving my skills. Thanks for listening to my thoughts on Chapter 12!篇5Chapter 12 of our English textbook was really cool! It was all about learning new words and how to use them in sentences. I want to share some of my thoughts and feelings after reading this chapter.First of all, I learned a lot of new words that I didn't know before. Words like "photograph," "excited," and "adventure"were so much fun to learn! It was like I was going on an adventure in my mind as I read through the chapter.I also liked how the chapter taught us different ways to use the new words in sentences. It was cool to see how we could change the words to make different meanings. For example, we could say "I am excited" or "I am very excited" to show how much we are feeling.The exercises at the end of the chapter were really helpful too. They helped me practice using the new words in sentences and made me feel more confident in my English skills. I think I will remember these words better now because I practiced using them in different ways.Overall, I really enjoyed reading Chapter 12 of our English textbook. It was fun to learn new words and practice using them in sentences. I can't wait to see what we will learn in the next chapter!篇6When we finished reading Chapter 12 of our English textbook, I was so excited to share my thoughts and feelings about it. This chapter was all about going on a trip to the zoo, and it was super fun to read about all the animals we saw there.First of all, I loved learning new words like "elephant" and "giraffe". They are such cool animals and I can't wait to see them in real life one day. It was also interesting to learn about what they eat and how they behave in the wild.The part that I enjoyed the most was when the author described the elephant splashing around in the water. It made me giggle and I could imagine how much fun it would be to watch an elephant playing like that. I also liked the part where the giraffes were stretching their necks to reach the leaves on the tree. It was so funny!I also learned a lot about how to write a good paragraph from this chapter. The author used lots of descriptive words to paint a picture in my mind, and I want to do the same in my own writing.Overall, I had a great time reading Chapter 12 and I can't wait to read the next one. I hope we get to go on more adventures and learn new things about animals. English class is so much fun!。
第十二章 企业国际化经营《企业管理》PPT课件
的国家或地区生产，然后运往目标国家或地区，这就限制了劳动力
的出口:（一）非直接出口进入方式、（二）直接代理商或经销商、
（三）建立国外销售分店（或子公司）
二、合同进入方式
B
合同进入方式是一个国际化经营的企业与目标国家或地区的法
人之间在转让技术、工艺等方面订立长期的、自始至终的、非
投资性的合作合同：（一）许可证贸易、（二）特许经营、
生产和销售。 竞争。
界范围内以 这个特定的 部分进行竞 争。
特点，将 其经营活 动集中于 特定的国
策可以排 除许多国 际竞争者
家市场。 国家市场。
CHAPTER
FOUR
第四节
企业进入国际市场的方式
所谓进入国际市场的方式，是指企业使其产品、技术、工艺、 管理及其他资源进入国外（国家或地区）市场的一种规范化的 部署方式。从经济学的角度看，企业进入国外市场仅有两条道 路：第一，在目标国家或地区以外的国家或地区生产产品并向 目标国家或地区出口。第二，向目标国家或地区输送技术、资 金、工艺，直接或者采用联合方式运用当地的资源（特别是劳 动力资源）生产产品并在当地销售。
CHAPTER
12
第十二章 企业国际
化经营
CHAPTER
ONE
第一节
企业国际化经营的原因 及特点
一 企业国际化经营的原因
一般来说，企业进行国际化经营有两个目的：一是获利；二是 求稳定。就获利来说，国际化经营可使企业获得满足国外市场 对本企业产品或服务日益增长的需求的机会，扩大本企业产品 的销售范围，从而获得更多的利润。此外，对企业产品或服务 的新需求可对企业的生产过程起到稳定的作用，而不至于受国 内市场周期性变化的影响。企业走向国际化经营具体原因包括：
人民大2023张道真英语语法(第三版)(精华版)课件Chapter 12
1.6 -ed形容词
（2）有些这类形容词，意思和相关动词有些距离，例如： animated cartoons 动画片
strained relations 紧张的关系
determed feelings
复杂的情绪
1.6 -ed形容词
（3）还有一些 -ed 形容词可说是类属形容词，也由动词的过 去分词变来，但不能用于比较级：
常见的这类形容词有：
这类形容词不能用于比较级。
annual available commercial democratic economic
empty independent
agricultural basic
communist direct public
external south
alternative central
remaining resounding rising
booming dying
recurring ruling
bursting existing reigning
1.5 -ing形容词
除了这些，还有不少-ing 形式可用作定语，但这些词还不能 算作形容词。如：
the governing body of a university
a simply-furnished rooms a well-known novelist a tall, powerfully built man
1.7 合成形容词
（1）合成形容词在英语中也是比较普通的，例如：
a good-looking girl
a light-hearted mood
well-behaved children long-lasting friendship
chapter 12英语翻译方法6
• 凡外商投资企业有能力也愿意（1）与天津市工业企业（2）通过技术转 让、引进人才、技术帮助、经济支持等途径（3）共同开发（4）国家统 一经营以外的（5）制成品（6），特别是开发机电产品和精细化工产品 （7），并通过外方的销售渠道（8）直接为外国公司提供制成品（9）， 可以向市外经贸委申请扩大联合开发的业务（10）。
• 本世纪上半叶的上海曾经是中国工业、贸易、金融和商业 的中心，有着远东大都会浪漫而传奇的历史，吸引过不少 外来资本，因而一度成为“冒险家的乐园”。 • In the first half of this century, Shanghai served as the industrial, trade, financial and commercial center of China. It attracted many foreign investors as a romantic oriental city and an adventurers’ paradise.
• 从发展中国家的观点来看，下一个十年应有一个大力加速 科学技术合作的纲领，旨在广泛传播技术，从而满足人们 诸如营养、住宅、交通、卫生保健的基本需要。
• The interests of peace prompt us to speak in restrained and measured language and to avoid any escalation of mutual recrimination which would be likely to compromise the patient and discreet quest for a peaceful settlement of this conflict.
人力资源管理双语课后习题及翻译
习题及答案Chapter 01 Human Resource Management: Gaining a Competitive Advantage Answer KeyTrue / False Questions1. (p. 5) Companies have historically looked at HRM as a means to contribute to profitability, quality, and other business goals through enhancing and supporting business operations.FALSE2. (p. 5) The human resource department is most likely to collaborate with other company functions on outplacement, labor law compliance, testing, and unemployment compensation.FALSE3. (p. 6) The three product lines of HR include a) administrative services and transactions, B) financial services, and c) strategic partners.FALSE4. (p. 9) The amount of time that the HRM function devotes to administrative tasks is decreasing, and its roles as a strategic business partner, change agent, and employee advocate are increasing. TRUE5. (p. 9) Advances in technology have allowed HR services to be offered more on a self-service basis than in the past.TRUE6. (p. 9) HR functions related to areas such as employee development, performance management, and organizational development are outsourced most frequently.FALSE7. (p. 11) Evidence-based HR provides managers with data to make decisions, instead of just relying on intuition.TRUE8. (p. 14) Stakeholders of a company are shareholders, the community, customers, employees, and all of the other parties that have an interest in seeing that the company succeeds.TRUE9. (p. 19) Companies are now more and more interested in using intangible assets and human capital as a way to gain an advantage over competitors.TRUE10. (p. 22) A learning organization places the highest emphasis on completion of formal employment training.FALSE11. (p. 22) The psychological contract describes what an employee expects to contribute and what the company will provide to the employee in return for these contributions.TRUE12. (p. 25) The use of alternative work arrangements, which include independent contractors, on-call workers, temporary workers, and contract company workers, is shrinking.FALSE13. (p. 27) To be effective, balanced scorecards must be customized by companies to fit different market situations, products, and competitive environments.TRUE14. (p. 27) The balanced scorecard should not be used to link the company's human resource management activities to the company's business strategy.FALSE15. (p. 30) Corporate cultures within companies that successfully implement TQM typically emphasize individualism, hierarchy, accountability, and profits.FALSE16. (p. 31) ISO 9000 certification is an integral component of W. Edwards Deming's quality control process.FALSE17. (p. 34) The skills and motivation of a company's internal labor force determine the need for training and development practices and the effectiveness of the company's compensation and reward systems.TRUE18. (p. 37) Because the workforce is predicted to become more uniform in terms of age, ethnicity, and racial background, it is likely that one set of values will characterize all employees.FALSE19. (p. 39) Cultural diversity can provide a company competitive advantage regarding problem-solving. TRUE20. (p. 42) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 sets strict rules for corporate behavior and sets heavy fines and prison terms for noncompliance.TRUE21. (p. 43) Every business must be prepared to deal with the global economy.TRUE22. (p. 48) One of the disadvantages of technology is that it does not allow older workers to postpone retirement.FALSE23. (p. 51) E-HRM is more applicable to practices associated with recruiting and training than those associated with analysis and design work, selection, and compensation and benefits.FALSE24. (p. 54) An HR dashboard is a series of indicators that managers and employees have access to on the company intranet or human resource information system.TRUE25. (p. 58) Compensating human resources involves measuring employees' performance.FALSEMultiple Choice Questions26. (p. 4) _____ refers to a company's ability to maintain and gain market share in its industry.A. OutsourcingB. CompetitivenessC. Self-serviceD. Empowerment27. (p. 4) _____ refers to the policies, practices, and systems that influence employees' behavior, attitudes, and performance.A. Total quality managementB. Financial managementC. Human resource managementD. Production and operations management28. (p. 5) Strategic HR management includes all but one of the following. Name the exception.A. Financial planningB. Training and developmentC. Performance managementD. Recruiting talent29. (p. 6) Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of HR departments?A. RecruitingB. BenefitsC. Community relationsD. Production and operations30. (p. 6) Which of the following is NOT a product line of human resources?A. Administrative services and transactionsB. Strategic partnerC. Human capital partnerD. Business partner services31. (p. 8) Which of the following best describes a cultural steward?A. Shapes the organization.B. Delivers results with integrity.C. Facilitates change.D. Recognizes business trends and their impact on the business.32. (p. 8) A strategic architect is one who:A. facilitates change.B. recognizes business trends and their impact on the business.C. implements workplace policies conducive to work environment.D. develops talent and designs reward systems.33. (p. 9) Giving employees online access to information about HR issues such as training, benefits, and compensation is known as:A. outsourcing.B. continuous learning.C. self-service.D. strategic planning.34. (p. 9) The practice of having another company (a vendor, third-party provider, consultant) provide services traditionally associated with the administrative role of HR is known as:A. e-commerce.B. empowering.C. outsourcing.D. benchmarking.35. (p. 10) Traditionally, the HRM department was primarily a(n):A. proactive agency.B. finance expert.C. employer advocate.D. administrative expert.36. (p. 11) Which of the following statements about evidence-based HR is FALSE?A. It helps show that the money invested in HR programs is justified and that HR is contributing to the company's goals and objectives.B. It emphasizes that HR is being transformed from a broad corporate competency to a specialized, stand-alone function in which human resources and line managers build partnerships to gain competitive advantage.C. It requires collecting data on such metrics as productivity, turnover, accidents, employee attitudes and medical costs and showing their relationship with HR practices.D. It refers to demonstrating that human resources practices have a positive influence on the company's bottom line or key stakeholders.37. (p. 12-13) Which one of the following statements about the HR profession is FALSE?A. A college degree is required of HR specialists, but not of generalists.B. Generalists usually perform the full range of HRM activities, including recruiting, training, compensation, and employee relations.C. Professional certification in HRM is less common than membership in professional associations.D. The primary professional organization for HRM is the Society for Human Resource Management.38. (p. 13) All of the following competitive challenges faced by companies will increase the importance of human resource management EXCEPT:A. the global challenge.B. the challenge of sustainability.C. the political challenge.D. the technology challenge.39. (p. 14) _____ refers to the ability of a company to survive and succeed in a dynamic competitive environment.A. OutsourcingB. EmpowermentC. SustainabilityD. Resource management40. (p. 14) Sustainability includes all of the following EXCEPT:A. expanding into foreign markets.B. the ability to deal with economic and social changes.C. engaging in responsible and ethical business practices.D. providing high-quality products and services.41. (p. 19) Which of the following statements about intangible assets is FALSE?A. They include human capital.B. They are less valuable than physical assets.C. They are equally or even more valuable than financial assets.D. They are difficult to duplicate or imitate.42. (p. 20) Tacit knowledge is an example of _____ capital.A. socialB. customerC. humanD. intellectual43. (p. 21) Which of the following is NOT true of knowledge workers?A. They often contribute specialized knowledge that their managers may not have, such as information about customers.B. They have many job opportunities.C. They are in high demand because companies need their skills.D. They contribute to the company through manual labor and intellectual labor.44. (p. 21) Empowering is defined as:A. the movement of women and minorities into managerial positions.B. giving employees responsibility and authority to make decisions regarding all aspects of product development or customer service.C. leading employees by the strength of one's charisma.D. the act of continually learning and improving one's skills and abilities.45. (p. 22) A(n) _____ contract describes what an employee expects to contribute and what the company will provide to the employee for these contributions.A. employerB. employeeC. psychologicalD. job46. (p. 25) All of the following are examples of alternative work arrangements EXCEPT:A. independent contractors.B. current labor force.C. on-call workers.D. temporary workers.47. (p. 27) The balanced scorecard:A. is similar to most measures of company performance.B. uses indicators important to the company's strategy.C. is a standardized instrument of company performance.D. should not be applied to HR practices.48. (p. 27) The balanced scorecard presents a view of company performance from the perspective of:A. its customers only.B. its employees only.C. its employees and customers only.D. its employees, customers, and shareholders.49. (p. 28) According to the financial perspective of the balanced scorecard, which of the following questions should be answered?A. How do customers see us?B. Can we continue to improve and create value?C. What must we excel at?D. How do we look to shareholders?50. (p. 28) Increasingly, companies are trying to meet shareholder and general public demands that they be more socially, ethically, and environmentally responsible. Thus, companies are recognizing the importance of:A. a balanced scorecard approach to business.B. diversity.C. total quality management.D. social responsibility.51. (p. 30) TQM focuses on:A. designing processes to meet the needs of external customers only.B. reducing variability in the product or service.C. preventing errors rather than correcting errors.D. tying pay to employees' total output less rejects52. (p. 31) "How senior executives create and sustain corporate citizenship, customer focus, clear values, and expectations, and promote quality and performance excellence" is the definition for which Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award criterion?A. Strategic planningB. Workforce focusC. Customer and market focusD. LeadershipMalcolm Baldrige National Quality Award is an award established in 1987 to promote quality awareness, to recognize quality achievements of U.S. companies, and to publicize successful quality strategies.53. (p. 33) Which one of the following is NOT true of the Six Sigma process?A. The objective of the process is to create a total business focus on serving the customer.B. Training is an important component of the process.C. The process is one of seven categories evaluated within the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Award.D. The process involves measuring, analyzing, improving, and controlling processes once they have been brought within six quality standards.54. (p. 33) Which of following holds TRUE for lean thinking?A. It is a way to do more with less effort, time, equipment, and space.B. It is a way to compete for quality awards and certification.C. It includes offering no-frills goods and services to customers.D. It is working for zero inventories.55. (p. 34) The skills and motivation of a company's _____ labor force determine the need for training and development practices and the effectiveness of the company's compensation and reward systems.A. projectedB. secondaryC. externalD. internal56. (p. 34-37) Which of the following statements about the composition of the U.S. labor force in the next decade is TRUE?A. Labor force growth is greater than at any other time in U.S. history.B. The largest proportion of the labor force is expected to be in the 16-to-24-year age group.C. There will be fewer white males than minorities or women in the labor force.D. The number of "baby boom" workers will increase faster than any other age group.57. (p. 35) Which of the following statements about older workers is FALSE?A. Worker performance and learning are adversely affected by aging.B. The aging labor force means companies are likely to employ a growing share of older workers.C. An emerging trend is for qualified older workers to ask to work part-time or for only a few months at a time as a means to transition to retirement.D. Older employees are willing and able to learn new technology.58. (p. 37) Baby boomers:A. like the latest technology, are ambitious and goal-oriented, and seek meaningful work.B. want to be noticed, respected, and involved.C. tend to be uncomfortable challenging the status quo and authority.D. value unexpected rewards for work accomplishments, opportunities to learn new things, praise, recognition, and time with the manager.59. (p. 38) Regardless of their background, most employees' value:A. the ability to challenge the status quo.B. simplistic tasks requiring few skills.C. managerial positions.D. work that leads to self-fulfillment.60. (p. 38-39) To successfully manage a diverse workforce, managers need to develop all of the following skills EXCEPT:A. providing performance feedback that is based on values rather than objective outcomes.B. communicating effectively with employees from a wide variety of cultural backgrounds.C. coaching employees of different ages, educational backgrounds, ethnicity, physical ability, and race.D. recognizing and responding to generational issues.61. (p. 39) Managing cultural diversity involves:A. enforcing EEO rules.B. creating separate career tracks for employees with families.C. establishing a strong affirmative action policy.D. creating a workplace that makes it comfortable for employees of all backgrounds to be creative and innovative.62. (p. 39) How diversity issues are managed in companies has implications for all the following EXCEPT:A. knowing how to learn.B. creativity.C. retaining good employees.D. problem solving.63. (p. 39) Managing cultural diversity can provide a competitive advantage by:A. decreasing the number of available women and minorities in the company's labor pool.B. helping women and minorities understand they must conform to organizational norms and expectations.C. helping companies produce better decisions by including all employees' perspectives and analysis.D. identifying product markets on which the company should focus64. (p. 39) In managing cultural diversity, which of the following would improve the level of creativity thereby providing competitive advantage to an organization?A. Diversity of perspectives and less emphasis on conformity to norms of the past.B. Those with the best reputations for managing diversity will win the competition for the best personnel.C. An implication of the multicultural model for managing diversity is that the system will become less determinate, less standardized, and therefore more fluid.D. Heterogeneity in decisions and problem-solving groups potentially produces better decisions.65. (p. 39) Which of the following cultural diversity arguments states that companies with the best reputations for managing diversity will win the competition for the best personnel?A. System flexibility argumentB. Marketing argumentC. Employee attraction and retention argumentD. Problem-solving argument66. (p. 39) Diversity is important for tapping all of the following skills of employees EXCEPT:A. cultural skills.B. communication skills.C. creativity.D. homogeneous thinking.67. (p. 40) What areas of the legal environment have influenced HRM practices over the past 25 years?A. Equal employment opportunity, safety and health, pay and benefits, privacy, and job security.B. Executive compensation, pay and benefits, workers' compensation, safety and health, and job security.C. Product liability, workers' compensation, equal employment opportunity, safety and health, and labor relations.D. Equal employment opportunity, patent infringement, workers' compensation, safety and health, and job security.68. (p. 40-41) There will likely be continued discussion, debate, and possible legislation in all but one of the following areas in companies. Name the exception.A. Genetic testingB. Glass ceilingC. Employment-at-willD. Design of physical work environment69. (p. 41) Litigation involving job security will have a major influence on human resource management practices because:A. work rules, recruitment practices, and performance evaluation systems might falsely communicate lifetime employment agreements that the company does not intend to honor during layoffs.B. adjustments of test scores to meet affirmative action requirements are now illegal.C. employees now bear the burden of proof in discrimination cases.D. compensation awards for discrimination claims have increased.70. (p. 41) Which of the following is one of the four ethical principles of a successful company?A. Managers assume all responsibility for the actions of the company.B. It has a strong profit orientation.C. Customer, client, and vendor relationships emphasize mutual benefits.D. It does not produce products that can be used for violent purposes.71. (p. 42) Which legislation act sets new strict rules for business especially as regards accounting practices?A. Human Rights Act of 1994B. Reverse Discrimination Act of 1990C. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002D. Corruption and Practices Act of 200072. (p. 43) Which of the following is NOT a standard that human resource managers must satisfy for practices to be ethical?A. Managers must treat employees as family.B. Human resource practices must result in the greatest good for the largest number of people.C. Employment practices must respect basic human rights of privacy, due process, and free speech.D. Managers must treat employees and customers equitably and fairly.73. (p. 45) Exporting jobs from developed to less developed countries is known as:A. insourcing.B. offshoring.C. importing.D. onshoring.74. (p. 47) Exporting jobs to rural parts of the United States is referred to as:A. insourcing.B. offshoring.C. importing.D. onshoring75. (p. 48) Which of the following statements about technology is FALSE?A. The Internet allows employees to locate and gather resources, including software, reports, photos, and videos.B. Technology does not allow older workers to postpone retirement.C. The Internet gives employees instant access to experts whom they can communicate with.D. Technology has made equipment easier to operate, helping companies cope with skill shortages.76. (p. 49) Which of the following is NOT typically true of work teams?A. They are used to increase employee responsibility and control.B. They use cross-training to give employees knowledge on a wide range of skills.C. They frequently select new team members and plan work schedules.D. They assume all of the activities reserved for managers such as controlling, planning, and coordinating activities.77. (p. 49) Which of the following is NOT recommended for supporting work teams?A. Reducing flexibility and interaction between employees to maintain high productivity.B. Giving employees formal performance feedback.C. Linking compensation and rewards with performance.D. Allowing employees to participate in planning changes in equipment, layout, and work methods.78. (p. 49) All of the following statements about cross training are true EXCEPT:A. it provides teams' maximum flexibility.B. it helps in measuring employees' performance.C. it trains employees in a wide range of skills.D. employees can fill any of the roles needed to be performed on the team.79. (p. 50) Company X has offices around the globe. Its teams are separated by time, geographic distance, culture and/or organizational boundaries, and almost rely exclusively on technology for interaction between team members. Its teams are:A. virtual teams.B. geographically-concentrated teams.C. lean teams.D. teleworker teams.80. (p. 50-51) Adaptive organizational structures emphasize:A. efficiency, decision making by managers, and the flow of information from top to bottom of the organization.B. a core set of values, and elimination of boundaries between managers, employees, and organizational functions.C. clear boundaries between managers, employees, customers, vendors, and the functional areas, and a constant state of learning.D. internal linking, external linking, diversification, and a core set of values.81. (p. 51) Which of the following is FALSE about high-involvement, adaptive organizational structures?A. Employees are in a constant state of learning and performance improvement.B. Employees are free to move wherever they are needed in a company.C. Line employees are trained to specialize in one job in order to maximize efficiency.D. Previously established boundaries between managers, employees, customers, and vendors are abandoned.82. (p. 51) Employees in geographically dispersed locations can work together in virtual teams using video, e-mail, and the Internet. This e-HRM implication refers to which aspect of HR?A. RecruitingB. Analysis and design of workC. SelectionD. Compensation and benefits83. (p. 52) From the manager's perspective, an HRIS can be used to perform primarily all but one of the following. Name the exception.A. Support strategic decision makingB. Avoid litigationC. Evaluate programs and policiesD. Motivate employees84. (p. 54) A(n) _____ is a series of indicators or metrics that managers and employees have access to on the company intranet or human resource information system.A. HR dashboardB. balanced scorecardC. web portalD. Intranet85. (p. 54) All of the following HR practices support high-performance work systems EXCEPT:A. employees participate in selection process.B. jobs are designed to use a variety of skills.C. employee rewards are related to company performance.D. individuals tend to work separately.86. (p. 56) Which one of the following is NOT associated with managing the human resource environment?A. Linking HRM practices to the company's business objectives.B. Identifying human resource requirements through human resource planning, recruitment, and selection.C. Ensuring that HRM practices comply with federal, state, and local laws.D. Designing work that motivates and satisfies the employee as well as maximizes customer service, quality, and productivity.87. (p. 56) Economic value is traditionally associated with all of the following EXCEPT:A. equipment.B. technology.C. facilities.D. HRM practices.88. (p. 57) A company's human resource acquisition requirements are influenced by all of the following EXCEPT:A. terminations.B. customer demands for products and services.C. motivation and satisfaction of employees.D. promotions.89. (p. 58) Managing the assessment and development of human resources involves all of the following EXCEPT:A. measuring employees' performance.B. creating an employment relationship and work environment that benefits both the company and the employee.C. recruiting employees and placing them in jobs that best use their skills.D. identifying employees' work interests, goals, and values, and other career issues.90. (p. 58) Besides interesting work, _____ are the most important incentives that companies can offer to its employees.A. training for future work rolesB. beneficial work environmentsC. support for nonwork activitiesD. pay and benefitsEssay Questions91. (p. 8) Name and discuss the competencies that HR professionals need.定义并讨论人力资源专业人员需要的能力1. Credible activist: delivers results with integrity, shares information, builds trusting relationships, and influences others, providing candid observation, taking appropriate risks.2. Cultural steward: facilitates change, develops and values the culture, and helps employees navigate the culture.3. Talent manager/organizational designer: develops talent, designs reward systems, and shapes the organization.4. Strategic architect: recognizes business trends and their impact on the business, evidence-based HR, and develops people strategies that contribute to the business strategy.5. Business ally: understands how the business makes money and the language of the business.6. Operational executor: implements workplace policies, advances HR technology, and administers day-to-day work of managing people.92. (p. 9-10) How has the role of HRM changed in recent years? Discuss three trends that are changing the HRM function. Why have these roles changed?近年来，HRM的角色发生了怎样的变化?讨论三个改变人力资源管理功能的趋势。
国际贸易实务双语教程(第4版)chapter12
2 Stipulate the Force Majeure Clause in a Way to List the Contents
3 Stipulate the Force Majeure Clause in a Way to Colligation
Section Three Arbitration
1) Proofs for claiming 2) Claim amount 3) Claim Period 4) Seller's Responsibility for Settlement
The sellers may settle the claim upon the agreement of the
Examples of arbitration clauses Please read your text book
Clauses in respect of claim in an import and export contract can be fixed as follows:
A Christmas Carol 圣诞颂歌 CHAPTER 12
A Christmas Carol 圣诞颂歌CHAPTER 12 A Second Chance 第12章第二次机会Yes, the bedpost was his. The bed was his, the room was his. Best and happiest of all, the time before him was his to make changes in! 是的，床柱是他的。
床是他的，房间是他的。
最好和最幸福的是，在他之前的时间是他做出改变!“I don’t know what to do!” cried Scrooge, laughing and crying at the same time. “I feel as merry as a school boy. A merry Christmas to everybody! A happy New Year to the entire world.”“我不知道该怎么办!”斯克罗吉喊着，又笑又哭。
“我觉得像个小学生一样快乐。
祝大家圣诞快乐!祝全世界新年快乐!”“There’s the saucepan that the soup was in!” cried Scrooge, going around the room. “There’s the door, through which the ghost of Jacob Marley came in. There’s the corner where the Spirit of Christmas Present sat! It’s all right; it’s all true, it all happened.” Then he said, “I don’t know what day of the month it is!” said Scrooge. “I don’t know how long I’ve been among the spirits. I don’t know anything. I’m quite a baby. Never mind. I don’t care. I’d rather be a baby.”“汤在锅里！”斯克罗吉绕着房间叫道。
Chapter 12 job hunting 课文知识点与语法讲解
Chapter 12 job hunting课文语言点1，make mistakes 意为“犯错，出错”= make a mistakemake mistakes in ... 意为“在某方面犯错误”Did you make mistakes again ？你又犯错误了吗?I made a mistake in spelling 我犯了一个拼写错误by mistake 错误地I took your book by mistake 我错拿了你的书mistake 还可作动词,意为“弄错，误解”mistake ...for 意为“把...错认为...”she is often mistaken for a teacher 她经常被误认为是个老师2,hunt vi 意为“搜寻，寻找”常与for 构成短语hunt for ，意为“寻找，搜寻”He has hunted everywhere for his key 。
他处找他的钥匙She began to hunt for a job after she left school 她毕业后就开始找工作3，application 名词，意为“申请，请求”He sent in his application to the company 他向公司提交了申请书。
make an application for = apply for “申请”Who will make an application for the job ？= who will apply for the job ？谁会申请这份工作？4，interview v/ n 面试，采访do an interview “采访”The boss interviewed the person who applied for the job老板面试了这个求职的人interviewee n 被面试者雇员interviewer n 面试者，雇主5，require vt 意为“需要，要求”后跟名词、代词作宾语。
克鲁格曼-国际经济学理论与政策 (第七版)Chapter 12 课后习题答案
Chapter 12 第三题和第五题练习提示3. (a)Credit Debit An American buys a share of German stock(Financial account, U.S. asset import) -The American pays with a check on his Swiss bank account(Financial account, U.S. asset import) +(b) If the German stock seller deposits the U.S. check in its German bank,Credit Debit An American buys a share of German stock(Financial account, U.S. asset import) -The American pays with a check on his American bank account(Financial account, U.S. asset export) +(c)Credit Debit The sale of dollars by the Korean government(Financial account, U.S. asset export) -The Korean citizens who buy the dollars use them to buy American goods(Current account, U.S. goods export) +Credit Debit The sale of dollars by the Korean government(Financial account, U.S. asset export) -The Korean citizens who buy the dollars use them to buy American assets(Financial account, U.S. asset export) +(d) Suppose the company issuing the traveler’s check uses a checking account in France to make payments,Credit Debit The company issuing the traveler’s check pays the French restaurateur for the meal (Current account, U.S. service import) - Sale of claim on the company issuing the traveler’s check(Financial account, U.S. assets export) +(e)Credit Debit The California winemaker contributes a case of cabernet sauvignon abroad(Current account, U.S. unilateral current transfers) - Receivable of the California winemaker(Current account, U.S. goods export) +Credit Debit Receivable of the California winemaker(Current account, U.S. goods export) -The California winemaker contributes a case of cabernet sauvignon abroad(Current account, U.S. unilateral current transfers) +(f)Credit Debit The U.S. owned factory in Britain makes local earning(Current account, U.S. income receipts) +The U.S. owned factory in Britain deposits its local earning in a British bank(Financial account, U.S. asset import) -Credit Debit The U.S. owned factory in Britain uses its local earning to reinvest(Current account, U.S. income receipts) -The U.S. owned factory in Britain makes the payment for reinvestment(Financial account, U.S. asset import) +5.(a) Since Pecunia had a current account deficit of $1b and a nonreserve financial account surplus of $500m in 2002, the balance of Pecunia’s official reserve transaction should be +$500m as follow:Pecunia international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$1b Financial accountThe balance of Pecunia’s official reserve transaction +$500mThe balance of nonreserve assets +$500mThe balance of payment of Pecunia = the negative value of the balance of Pecunia’s official reserve transaction= -$500m.Pecunia had a financial account surplus of $1b in 2002; it implies Pecunia’s net foreign assets decreased by $1b in 2002.(b) Pecunian central bank had to sell $500m, so Pecunian central bank’s foreign reserves decreased by $500m:Pecunia international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$1b Financial accountPecunian official reserve assets +$500mForeign official reserve assets 0 0The balance of nonreserve assets +$500m(c) There was no need for Pecunian central bank to sell dollar, and Pecunian central bank’s foreign reserves increased by $100m as shown below:Pecunia international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$1b Financial accountPecunian official reserve assets -$100m Foreign official reserve assets + $600mThe balance of nonreserve assets +$500m(d)Pecunia international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$1b Financial accountPecunian official reserve assets -$100m Foreign official reserve assets + $600mThe balance of nonreserve assets +$500mThe following is for your reference:3.(a) The purchase of the German stock is a debit in the U.S. financial account. There is acorresponding credit in the U.S. financial account when the American pays witha check on his Swiss bank account because his claims on Switzerland fall by theamount of the check. This is a case in which an American trades one foreign assetfor another.(b) Again, there is a U.S. financial account debit as a result of the purchase of a Germanstock by an American. T he corresponding credit in this case occurs when theGerman seller deposits the U.S. check in its German bank and that bank lends themoney to a German importer (in which case the credit will be in the U.S. currentaccount) o r to an individual or corporation that purchases a U.S. asset (in whichcase the credit will be in the U.S. financial account). Ultimately, there will be someaction taken by the bank which results in a credit in the U.S. balance of payments.(c) The foreign exchange intervention by the French government involves the sale of aU.S. asset, the dollars it holds in the United States, and thus represents a debititem in the U.S. financial account. The French citizens who buy the dollars mayuse them to buy American goods, which would be an American current accountcredit,or an American asset, which would be an American financial accountcredit.(d) Suppose the company issuing the traveler’s check uses a checking account inFrance to make payments. When this company pays the French restaurateur for themeal, its payment represents a debit in the U.S. current account.The company issuing the traveler’s check must sell assets (deplete its checking account in France) to make this payment. This reduction in the French assetsowned by that company represents a credit in the American financial account.(e) There is no credit or debit in either the financial or the current account sincethere has been no market transaction.(f) There is no recording in the U.S. Balance of Payments of this offshore transaction.5.(a) Since non-central bank financial inflows fell short of the current-account deficit by$500 million, the balance of payments of Pecunia (official settlements balance) was–$500 million. The country as a whole somehow had to finance its $1 billioncurrent-account deficit, so Pecunia’s net foreign assets fell by $1 billion.(b) By dipping into its foreign reserves, the central bank of Pecunia financed theportion of the country’s current-account deficit not covered by private financialinflows. Only if foreign central banks had acquired Pecunian assets could thePecunian central bank have avoided using$500 million in reserves to complete the financing of the current account. Thus,Pecunia’s central bank lost $500 million in reserves, which would appear as anofficial financial inflow (of the same magnitude) in the country’s balance ofpayments accounts.(c) If foreign official capital inflows to Pecunia were $600 million, the Central Banknow increased its foreign assets by $100 million. Put another way, the countryneeded only $1 billion to cover its current-account deficit, but $1.1 billion flowed into the country (500 million private and600 million from foreign central banks). The Pecunian central bank must, therefore, have used the extra $100 million in foreign borrowing to increase its reserves. The balance of payments is still –500 million, but this is now comprised of 600 million in foreign Central Banks purchasing Pecunia assets and 100 million of Pecunia’s Central Bank purchasing foreign assets, as opposed to Pecunia selling 500 million in assets. Purchases of Pecunian assets by foreign central banks enter their countries’balance of payments accounts as outflows, which are debit items. The rationale is that the transactions result in foreign payments to the Pecunians who sell the assets.(d) Along with non-central bank transactions, the accounts would show an increase inforeign official reserve assets held in Pecunia of $600 million (a financial account credit, or inflow) and an increase Pecunian official reserve assets held abroad of $100 million (a financial account debit, or outflow). Of course, total net financial inflows of $1 billion just cover the current-account deficit.。
《哈利波特与火焰杯》第12章《三强争霸赛》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire《哈利波特与火焰杯》Chapter TwelveThe Triwizard Tournament第12章三强争霸赛Through the gates, flanked with statues of winged boars, and up the sweeping drive the carriages trundl ed, swaying dangerously in what was fast becoming a gale. Leaning against the wind ow, Harry coul d see Hogwarts coming nearer, its many lighted wind ows blurred and shimmering behind the thick curtain of rain. Lightning flashed across the sky as their carriage came to a halt before the great oak front doors, which stood at the top of a flight of stone steps. Peopl e who had occupied the carriages in front were already hurrying up the stone steps into the castle; Harry, Ron, Hermione and Nevill e jumped d own from their carriage and dashed up the steps too, l ooking up only when they were safely insid e the cavernous, torch-lit Entrance Hall, with its magnificent marbl e staircase.马车穿过两边带翅膀野猪雕塑的大门，顺着宽敞的车道行驶，由于狂风大作，马车剧烈地摇晃着。
Chapter 12 第三题和第五题练习提示 NEW (1)
Chapter 12 第三题和第五题练习提示3. (a)Credit Debit An American buys a share of French stock(Financial account, U.S. asset import) -The American pays with a check on his Swiss bank account(Financial account, U.S. asset import) +(b) If the French stock issuer deposits the U.S. check in an American bank,Credit Debit An American buys a share of German stock(Financial account, U.S. asset import) -The American pays with a check on his American bank account(Financial account, U.S. asset export) +(c)Credit Debit The sale of dollars by the Japanese government(Financial account, U.S. asset export) -The Japanese citizens who buy the dollars use them to buy American goods(Current account, U.S. goods export) +Credit Debit The sale of dollars by the Japanese government(Financial account, U.S. asset export) -The Japanese citizens who buy the dollars use them to buy American assets (Financial account, U.S. asset export) +(d) Suppose the company issuing the traveler’s check uses a checking account in France to make payments,Credit Debit The company issuing the traveler’s check pays the French restaurateur for the meal (Current account, U.S. service import) - Sale of claim on t he company issuing the traveler’s check(Financial account, U.S. assets export) +(e)Credit Debit The California winemaker contributes a case of cabernet sauvignon abroad(Current account, U.S. unilateral current transfers) - Receivable of the California winemaker(Current account, U.S. goods export) +Credit Debit Receivable of the California winemaker(Current account, U.S. goods export) -The California winemaker contributes a case of cabernet sauvignon abroad(Current account, U.S. unilateral current transfers) +(f)Credit Debit The U.S. owned factory in Britain makes local earning(Current account, U.S. income receipts) +The U.S. owned factory in Britain deposits its local earning in a British bank(Financial account, U.S. asset import) -Credit Debit The U.S. owned factory in Britain uses its local earning to reinvest(Current account, U.S. income receipts) -The U.S. owned factory in Britain makes the payment for reinvestment(Financial account, U.S. asset import) +5.(a) Since Economica had a current account deficit of $1b and a nonreserve financial account surplus of $1b in 2008, the balance of Economica’s official reserve transaction should be+$1b as follow:Economica international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$2b Financial account $2bThe balance of Economica ’s official reserve transaction +$1bThe balance of nonreserve assets +$1bThe balance of payment of Economica = the negative value of the balance of Economica’s official reserve transaction= - $1b.Economica had a financial account surplus of $2b in 2008; it implies Economica’s net foreign assets decreased by $2b in 2008.(b) Economica n central bank had to sell $1b, so Economican central bank’s foreign reserves decreased by $1b:Economica international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$2b Financial account $2bEconomica n official reserve assets +$1bForeign official reserve assets 0The balance of nonreserve assets +$1b(c) There was no need for Economica n central bank to sell dollar, and Economican central bank’s foreign reserves increased by $0.2b as shown below:Economica international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$2b Financial account $2bEconomica n official reserve assets -$0.2bForeign official reserve assets + $1.2bThe balance of nonreserve assets +$1b(d)Economica international transactionCredit Debit Current account -$2b Financial account $2bEconomica n official reserve assets -$0.2bForeign official reserve assets + $1.2bThe balance of nonreserve assets +$1bThe following is for your reference:3.(a) The purchase of the German stock is a debit in the U.S. financial account. There is acorresponding credit in the U.S. financial account when the American pays witha check on his Swiss bank account because his claims on Switzerland fall by theamount of the check. This is a case in which an American trades one foreign assetfor another.(b) Again, there is a U.S. financial account debit as a result of the purchase of a Germanstock by an American. T he corresponding credit in this case occurs when theGerman seller deposits the U.S. check in its German bank and that bank lends themoney to a German importer (in which case the credit will be in the U.S. currentaccount) o r to an individual or corporation that purchases a U.S. asset (in which case the credit will be in the U.S. financial account). Ultimately, there will be someaction taken by the bank which results in a credit in the U.S. balance of payments.(c) The foreign exchange intervention by the French government involves the sale of aU.S. asset, the dollars it holds in the United States, and thus represents a debititem in the U.S. financial account. The French citizens who buy the dollars mayuse them to buy American goods, which would be an American current accountcredit,or an American asset, which would be an American financial accountcredit.(d) Suppose the company issuing the traveler’s check uses a checking account inFrance to make payments. When this company pays the French restaurateur for themeal, its payment represents a debit in the U.S. current account.The company issuing the traveler’s check must sell assets (deplete its checking account in France) to make this payment. This reduction in the French assetsowned by that company represents a credit in the American financial account.(e) There is no credit or debit in either the financial or the current account sincethere has been no market transaction.(f) There is no recording in the U.S. Balance of Payments of this offshore transaction.5.(a) Since non-central bank financial inflows fell short of the current-account deficit by$500 million, the balance of payments of Economica (official settlements balance) was –$500 million. The country as a whole somehow had to finance its $1 billioncurrent-account deficit, so Economica ’s net foreign assets fell by $1 billion.(b) By dipping into its foreign reserves, the central bank of Economica financed theportion of the country’s current-account deficit not covered by private financialinflows. Only if foreign central banks had acquired Economica n assets could theEconomica n central bank have avoided using$500 million in reserves to complete the financing of the current account. Thus, Economica ’s central bank lost $500 million in reserves, which would appear as an official financial inflow (of the same magnitude) in the country’s balance ofpayments accounts.(c) If foreign official capital inflows to Economica were $600 million, the CentralBank now increased its foreign assets by $100 million. Put another way, the country needed only $1 billion to cover its current-account deficit, but $1.1 billion flowed into the country (500 million private and600 million from foreign central banks). The Economica n central bank must,therefore, have used the extra $100 million in foreign borrowing to increase itsreserves. The balance of payments is still –500 million, but this is now comprised of 600 million in foreign Central Banks purchasing Economica assets and 100million of Economica ’s Central Bank purchasing foreign assets, as o pposed toEconomica selling 500 million in assets. Purchases of Economica n assets byforeign central banks enter their countries’ balance of payments accounts asoutflows, which are debit items. The rationale is that the transactions result inforeign payments to the Economica ns who sell the assets.(d) Along with non-central bank transactions, the accounts would show an increase inforeign official reserve assets held in Economica of $600 million (a financialaccount credit, or inflow) and an increase Economica n official reserve assets held abroad of $100 million (a financial account debit, or outflow). Of course, total net financial inflows of $1 billion just cover the current-account deficit.。
当代英国概况unit12
A 4 The ―Mixed Economy ―
Private
Enterprise -- enterprises other than those nationalised/public ones. Different forms of business organisation – Single Proprietorships, Partnerships, Co-operatives, Jointstock companies pp 205 – 206
BANKING
A 3 Finance
Insurance: The UK insurance industry is the largest in Europe and third largest in the world with net premium income of £ 157bn in 2001. London is the world's largest international insurance market, with gross premium income of £ 20.0bn in 2001. It is the main skill centre for world reinsurance business. The UK is the global market leader in aviation and marine insurance, with a combined market share of 23%.
A 3 Finance
FOREIGN EXCHANGE
The London
foreign exchange market is the largest in the world, with daily turnover of $504bn in April 2001, accounting for 31% of global turnover, more than New York and Tokyo combined.
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原则
德才兼备原则 机会均等原则 民主监督原则 “阶梯晋升”与“破格提拔”相结合 有计划替补和晋升原则
TURNOVER 人员流动
Resignation/Quit （辞职） Dismissal（解雇） Layoff（临时解雇）
裁员风暴
朗讯 通用电气 戴姆勒·克莱斯勒 摩托罗拉
Managing the Effects of Layoffs on Survivors
FACTORS AFFECTING SURVIVORS' REACTIONS 影响幸存者反应的因素 Perceived Fairness 公平感 Changed Working Conditions 变化的工作条件
Pre-turnover costs Separation costs Vacancy costs Recruiting and new-hire
processing costs
Turnover Costs
Pre-turnover costs 离职前成本
slower work pace 工作效率降低 increased absenteeism 缺勤增加
Recruiting and new-hire processing costs 重新雇佣成本
the direct cost of advertisement and promotional materials, referral bonuses, relocation expenses, sign-on bonuses, background checks
PROCESS?
FACTORS AFFECTING SURVIVORS' REACTIONS
Changed Working Conditions
HOW MUCH SHOULD I WORRY ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF FURTHER LAYOFFS?
HOW DOES MY JOB COMPARE TO THE ONE THAT I HAD BEFORE THE LAYOFFS?
organization Prepar the layoffs
Separation costs 分离成本
severance pay 离职工资 unemployment costs 事业成本 litigation fees 诉讼费用
Vacancy costs 空缺成本
lost opportunities in sales and service 销售与服务机会的流失 overtime pay for employees who pick up the slack 有关人员的加班工资
施乐 英特尔
思科 宝洁 爱立信 Delphi 北电网络 迪斯尼 爱华 大宇 康柏
1.6万 7.5万（未来2年） 2.6万（3年内） 已经裁减1.2万 5200 5000 5500至8000 9600 3300 11,500 15,000 4000(3%) 50% 6500 5000
Turnover Costs
WOULD BE LAID OFF VERSUS CHOSEN TO REMAIN? DID THE ORGANIZATION PROVIDE TANGIBLE CARETAKING SERVICES TO
HELP SOFTEN THE BLOW FOR THOSE LAID OFF? DID THE ORGANIZATION INVOLVE ITS EMPLOYEES IN THE LAYOFF DECISION
TO THE DETAILS? DID MANAGEMENT PROVIDE A CLEAR AND ADEQUATE EXPLANATION OF THE
REASONS FOR THE LAYOFFS? WERE CUTBACKS SHARED AT HIGHER MANAGERIAL LEVELS? WHAT DECISION RULE WAS USED TO DETERMINE WHICH EMPLOYEES
Evaluate the relationship between the layoff and corporate strategy and culture
Provide ample advanced notice Identify key people and solicit their commitment to the new
the wages of employees who recruit, process paperwork, conduct interviews and tours, give tests, train and conduct orientation
the wages of support staff who hook up computers and phones, process identification badges
FACTORS AFFECTING SURVIVORS' REACTIONS
Perceived Fairness
IS THE LAYOFF JUSTIFIED? IS THE LAYOFF CONGRUENT WITH CORPORATE CULTURE? DID THE ORGANIZATION PROVIDE AMPLE ADVANCED NOTICE? IN IMPLEMENTING THE LAYOFF, HOW WELL DID THE ORGANIZATION ATTEND
WHAT IS MY FUTURE HERE? WHAT ARE THE REACTIONS OF MY FELLOW SURVIVORS?
Managing the Effects of Layoffs on Survivors
Before the layoff, managers should: