TED英语演讲：12020年后人类会变成什么样子

TED英语演讲：12020年后人类会变成什么样子我们能够进化细菌，植物和动物——未来主义学者胡安问道：进化人体是否道德?在这个从中世纪假肢到当今神经元工程，再到人造DNA技术的颇具前瞻性的演讲中，胡安·恩里克斯帮我们理清了进化人体的道德标准，并设想了我们未来为移居其他星球而可能做出的人体改造。

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演说题目：What will humans look like in 100 years?演说者：Juan EnriquezHere's a question that matters.这里有一个重要的问题。

[Is it ethical to evolve the human body?]【改造人体会出现道德问题吗】Because we're beginning to get all the tools together to evolve ourselves. And we can evolve bacteria and we can evolve plants and we can evolve animals, and we're now reaching a point where we really have to ask, is it really ethical and do we want to evolve human beings? And as you're thinking about that, let me talk about that in the context of prosthetics, prosthetics past, present, future.因为我们已经开始拥有改造自身所需的所有工具了。

我们可以改造细菌，我们可以改造植物，我们也可以改造动物，我们现在已经到了必须要问这个问题的时候了，这是否会导致道德问题，或者我们是否想要改造人类?在你们思考这个问题的时候，让我就假肢为例子和你们谈谈这件事，假肢的过去，现在和未来。

So this is the iron hand that belonged to one of the German counts. Loved to fight, lost his arm in one of these battles. No problem, he just made a suit of armor, put it on, perfect prosthetic. That's where the concept of ruling with an iron fist comes from.这是一只铁制手臂，它属于一位德国伯爵。

嗜爱战争的他，在一场战役中失去了他的手臂。

不过也不是问题，他做了一套战服，穿上它，就拥有了完美的假肢。

这就是术语“铁拳执政”的来源。

And of course these prosthetics have been getting more and more useful, more and more modern. You can hold soft-boiled eggs. You can have all types of controls, and as you're thinking about that, there are wonderful people like Hugh Herr who have been building absolutely extraordinary prosthetics. So the wonderful Aimee Mullins will go out and say, how tall do I want to be tonight? Or Hugh will say what type of cliff do I want to climb? Or does somebody want to run a marathon, or does somebody want to ballroom dance?当然，这些假肢变得越来越实用，越来越现代化。

你可以用它拿像水煮蛋这样柔软的东西。

你可以做出各种控制，当你们思考这件事的时候，像修米?赫尔这样神奇的人就做出了绝对不可思议的假肢。

这就让伟大的艾米·穆林斯 (残奥会短跑冠军)能走出家门说，今晚我要什么身高，戴哪副假肢呢?或者她会说：我今天应该爬哪种岩壁?亦或者，有人想去跑个马拉松，或是参加交际舞会吗?And as you adapt these things, the interesting thing about prosthetics is they've been coming inside the body. So these external prosthetics have now become artificial knees. They've become artificial hips.And then they've evolved further to become not just nice to have but essential to have.当你适应了这些事情的时候，有趣的是，现在的假肢都已经能来自体内了。

所以这些外部假肢就变成了人造膝盖，变成了人造髋关节。

然后它们又更进一步的发展了，不再只是锦上添花的东西，而是至关重要的部分。

So when you're talking about a heart pacemaker as a prosthetic, you're talking about something that isn't just, "I'm missing my leg," it's, "if I don't have this, I can die." And at that point, a prosthetic becomes a symbiotic relationship with the human body.当你把一个心脏起搏器当成假肢时，那你就不仅仅是在说，“我缺条腿”这么简单，而是“如果我没有这个，我就会死掉。

”在那种程度上，假肢与人体就形成了一种共生关系。

And four of the smartest people that I've ever met -- Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander -- are working on a Center for Extreme Bionics. And the interesting thing of what you're seeing here is these prosthetics now get integrated into the bone. They get integrated into the skin. They get integrated into the muscle. And one of the other sides of Ed is he's been thinking about how to connect the brain using light or other mechanisms directly to things like these prosthetics.而四个我见过的最聪明的人——艾德·鲍登，修米?赫尔，乔?雅各布森，鲍勃?兰登——他们都在一家极致仿生中心工作。

而你们现在看到的一件有趣的事情是，这些假肢已经能融入人体骨骼当中，能融入皮肤之中，也能融入肌肉组织之中。

而另一方面，艾德也开始思考如何使用灯光或其他机制使大脑能够直接和假肢类的东西相联结。

And if you can do that, then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity. So how quickly you react to something depends on the diameter of a nerve. And of course, if you have nerves that are external or prosthetic, say with light or liquid metal, then you can increase that diameter and you could even increase it theoretically to the point where,as long as you could see the muzzle flash, you could step out of the way of a bullet. Those are the order of magnitude of changesyou're talking about.如果我们能做到那一点，那么我们就可以改变人类的基本组成部分了。

你对于一个事物的反应速度是由神经元直径决定的。

但是当然，如果你的神经是外缘的，或是假肢，举个例子，光线或是液态金属，那么你们就能增宽神经元的直径，从理论上来说，我们甚至可以提升反应速度，快到只要能看见枪口的闪光，就能躲开子弹。

这些就是我们准备讨论的变化的级别。

This is a fourth sort of level of prosthetics. These are Phonak hearing aids, and the reason why these are so interesting is because they cross the threshold from where prosthetics are something for somebody who is "disabled" and they become something that somebody who is "normal" might want to actually have,because what this prosthetic does, which is really interesting, is not only does it help you hear, you can focus your hearing, so it can hear the conversation going on over there.这是假肢的第四种境界。