GAAP_Monetary Measurement 一般公认会计原则
美国 GAAP 下的公允价值计量及应用
美国 GAAP 下的公允价值计量及应用美国通用公认会计原则（Generally Accepted Accounting Principles，简称GAAP）是美国企业会计准则的综合规范，对企业的会计记录和报告提出了具体规定。
其中，公平价值计量（fair value measurement）是GAAP中重要的会计原则之一。
本文将深入探讨美国GAAP下公允价值计量的概念、原则，以及其在会计实务中的应用。
一、公允价值计量的定义与原则公允价值是指在交易市场上合理的交易价格，即买方与卖方同等公平地进行交易时形成的价格。
公允价值计量要求基于市场参与者的交易行为、相关市场信息以及企业自身知识，全面准确地评估一个资产或负债的价值。
根据美国GAAP，公允价值计量应遵循以下原则：1. 市场参与者的观点：公允价值计量需要基于市场参与者的角度进行，即考虑所有相关市场参与者对于资产或负债价值的看法。
2. 市场信息的有效性：公允价值计量依赖于充分且有效的市场信息，例如交易价格、报价、利率等，以确定资产或负债的公允价值。
3. 全面性与准确性：公允价值计量需要全面且准确地评估资产或负债的价值，包括考虑到未来现金流量、风险特征、市场波动等因素。
二、公允价值计量在美国GAAP中的应用范围美国GAAP要求企业根据市场价值对特定项目或金融工具进行公允价值计量，涵盖的范围主要包括以下方面：1. 金融工具：如股票、债券、衍生品等。
企业应根据市场价格或其他相关市场数据来计量金融工具的公允价值，以反映其实际价值。
2. 投资性房地产：企业根据市场价格或专业估值来计量投资性房地产的公允价值，以反映其在市场上的价值动态。
3. 商誉（Goodwill）：商誉通常是企业通过收购或合并产生的资产，其公允价值的计量需要基于市场信息和相关的预测模型。
4. 长期股权投资（Long-term equity investments）：企业对于其持有的长期股权投资，应按照公允价值进行计量，以准确反映企业的权益。
财务会计英汉对照词汇表
accountant n. 会计师，会计人员accounting n. 会计，会计学accounting concept 会计概念accounting element 会计要素accounting entity 会计主体accounting equation 会计等式accounting information 会计信息accounting period 会计期间accounting principle 会计原则accounting record 会计记录accounting report 会计报告accounting system 会计系统，会计制度accrual-basis accounting 权责发生制adequate disclosure 充分披露American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)美国注册会计师会analytical process 分析程序asset n. 资产auditing n. 审计balance sheet 资产负债表bookkeeper n. 簿记员，记帐员bookkeeping n. 簿记business n. 企业，商经，经营cash-basis accounting 现金收付制certified public accountants (CPAs) 注册会计师，注册会计师chartered accountant 特许会计师Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants (CICPA)中国注册会计师协会client n. 客户，委托人company n. 公司conservatism n. 稳健性consistency n. 一致性controller n. 主计长corporation n. 公司cost accounting 成本会计CPA firms 注册会计师事务所debt n. 债务，欠款decision-making 决策double-entry accounting system 复式记帐体系executive n. 高级管理人，行政部门expense n. 费用financial accounting 财务会计financial position 财务状况financial statement 财务报表generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) 公认会计原则forecast n. 预测going-concern concept 持续经营概念governmental accounting 政府会计historical cost 历史成本income statement 收益表、损益表income tax returns 所得税申报表insolvent a. 无偿付能力的internal control 内部控制Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 国内税收暑interpret v. 解释、说明inventory n. 存货journal n. 日记帐jurisdiction n. 司法部门liability n. 负债management accounting 管理会计management advisory 管理咨询matching principle 配比原则materiality 重要性measure v. 计量、衡量net income 净收益net loss 净损失、净亏损nonprofit organizations 非营利组织objective principle 客观性原则operating results 经营成果owner’s equity 业主权益partnership n. 合伙企业private businesses 私营企业profit n. 利润、盈利public accounting 公共会计realization principle 实现原则render v. 提供，提出revenue n. 收入Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 证券交易管理委员会single proprietorship 独资企业solvent a. 有偿付能力的tailored a. 特定的tax statute 税法transaction n. 经济业务、交易withdrawals n. 撤资，撤回yardstick n. 标准、尺度2会计循环account n. 帐户accounting cycle 会计循环accounting entry 会计分录accounting procedure 会计程序accounts payable 应付帐款accounts receivable 应收帐款adjusted trial balance 调整后试算表adjusting entry 调整分录advertising expense 广告费用after-closing trial balance 结帐后试算表allocate v. 分配、分摊apportion v. 分配、分摊balance n. 余额balance sheet account 资产负债表帐户bank deposit slip 银行帐单book of original entry 原始分录帐簿calculate v. 计算cash payments journal 现金支出日记帐cash receipts journal 现金收入日记帐check stub 支票存根chronological record 序时记录closing entry 结帐分录closing the accounts 结帐compound journal entry 复合日记帐分录credit n. v. 贷项、贷记credit balance 贷方余额credit entry 贷方分录debit n. v. 借项、借记debit balance 借方余额debit entry 借方分录depreciation expense 折旧费用double-entry accounting 复式记帐会计、复式记帐制end-of-period adjusting entries 期末调整分录footnotes n. 附注general journal 普通日记帐income statement account 损益表帐户income summary account 收益汇总帐户income tax payable 应付所得税journal entry 日记帐分录ledger n. 分类帐ledger account 分类帐帐户liquidity n. 流动性，变现能力nominal account 虚帐户operating expense 营业费用，经营费用owner’s capital 业主资本permanent account 永久性帐户post v. 过帐premium n. 保险费、溢价profitability n. 盈利能力property insurance 财产险purchase journal 购货日记帐real account 实帐户retained earnings 留存收益Salaries expense 薪金费用sales journal 销货日记帐sale receipt 销货发票service revenue 服务收入solvency n. 偿债能力source document 原始凭证special journal 特种日记帐statement of cash flows 现金流量表statement of owner’s equity 业主权益表statement of retained earnings 留存收益表summarize v. 加总、汇总telephone expense 电话费用temporary account 临时性帐户unadjusted trial balance 调整前试算表3现金accounting record 会计帐簿accounts payable 应付帐款accounts receivable 应收帐款bank account 银行帐户bank charges 银行手续费bank credit memorandum 银行贷项通知bank debit memorandum 银行借项通知bank reconciliation 银行余额调节表bank statement 银行对帐单bond n. v. 债券brokerage commission 经纪人佣金cash account 现金帐户cash dividend 现金股利cash in bank 银行存款cash on hand 库存现金cash over and short 现金溢缺cash payment journal 现金支付日记帐cash receipts 现金收入cash receipt journal 现金收入日记帐cash register 现金登记簿check n. 支票checking account 支票帐户controlling account 统制帐户custodian 保管人deposit n. 存款deposit in transit 在途存款dividend revenue 股利收入fiscal period 会计期间government bond 公债income summary 收益汇总interest date 付息日internal control 内部控制IOU (由I owe you的读音缩略转义) 欠条long-term investment 长期投资lower of cost or market (LCM) 成本与市价孰低make change 交换，找零头marketable debit security 债务性有价证券marketable equity security 权益性有价证券marketable security 有价证券miscellaneous expense 杂项费用miscellaneous revenue 杂项收入money on deposit 货币存款money order 汇款单notes receivable 应收票据NSF (not sufficient funds) 存款不足outstanding check 未兑现支票petty cash 备用金petty cash fund 定额备用金postage n. 邮费postdated check 远期支票purchase price 买价quoted market price 挂牌市价replenish v. 补充security exchange 证券交易所short-term investment 短期投资sinking fund cash 偿债基金现金transaction n. 交易，经济业务transportation in 购货运费unrealized loss 未实现损失voucher n. 付款凭单4应收帐款account receivable n. 应收帐款accounts receivable turnover 应收帐款周转率adjusting entry 调整会计分录aging 帐龄(分析)aging schedule 帐龄分析表allowance for doubtful accounts 坏帐准备books n. 帐簿credit department 信贷部门，赊销管理部门credit loss 信贷损失，赊销损失credit manager 信贷经理，赊销管理经理credit ranking 信用评级credit risk 信用风险custody n. 监护，管理indebtedness n. 负债(额)installment plan 分期付款计划internal control 内部控制memorandum n. 备忘录，内容摘要，买卖通知书negotiable asset 可转让资产，可买卖资产net realizable value 可实现净值operating cycle 经营周期past due 逾期sell on account 赊销uncollectible accounts expense 坏帐损失write off 核销，冲减5存货acquisition n. 取得actual physical count 实地盘点average cost method 平均成本法balance sheet date 资产负债表日beginning inventory 期初存货cost of goods available for sale 可供销售的商品成本cost of goods sold 销货成本current asset 流动资产current replacement cost 现时重置成本current period 本期deflation n. 通货，紧缩ending inventory 期末存货finished goods 产成品first-in, first-out method (FIFO) 先进先出法goods in process of manufacture 在产品goods on hand 存货，库存商品goods in transit 在途商品gross profit method 毛利法gross profit on sales 销货毛利import duties 进口关税inflation n. 通货膨胀interim financial statement 中期财务报表inventory n. 存货inventory account 存货帐户inventory measurement 存货计量inventory sheet 盘存表inventory valuation method 存货计价方法last-in, first-out method (LIFO) 后进先出法loss on inventory shortage 存货短缺损失lower of cost or market rule (LCM) 成本与市价孰低原则manufacturing enterprise 制造业企业merchandise n. 商品，存货merchandise on account 赊销商品merchandising enterprise 商业企业net realizable value 可变现净值net purchases 购货净额net sales 销货净额preceding year 以前年度periodic inventory system 定期盘存制perpetual inventory system 永续盘存制physical inventory 实地盘存physical inventory system 实地盘存制purchases account 购货帐户purchases discount 购货折扣purchase invoice 购货发票purchases returns and allowances 购货退回及折让rate of gross profit 毛利率ratio of cost to selling retail price 成本与销售价格之比raw materials 原材料receivables 应收款项replacement cost 重置成本retail business 零售企业retail inventory method 零售价格法retail price 零售价格specific identification method 个别辨认法subsidiary record 明细记录taking a physical inventory 存货的盘点transportation-in 购货运费vendor n. 卖主weighted average cost 加权平均成本weighted average method 加权平均法weighted average unit cost 加权平均单位成本6固定资产above-average return 超常收益accelerated depreciation 加速折旧accumulated amortization 累计摊销accumulated depletion 累计损耗accumulated depreciation 累计折旧acquisition n. 获取，获得allocation n. 分配amortize v. 摊销book value 帐面值brand name 品牌名称capital expenditure 资本性支出capitalize v. 资本化carrying value 帐面净值cash flow 现金流comparable 可比的，有可比性的conservatively adv. 保守地contra-asset account 资产对冲帐户copyright n. 版权，专利权declining-balance method 余额递减（折旧）法deplete v. 损耗，用尽depreciable cost 可供折旧成本depreciation n. 折旧depreciation expense 折旧费depreciation rate 折旧率deterioration 恶化，磨损disposal n. 丢弃，处置double-declining-balance method 双倍余额递减（折旧）法expensing n. 费用化fair market value 公平市价federal government 联邦政府Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) 财务会计准则委员会（美国）financial reporting 财务报告franchise n. 专营权，专卖权freight charge 运输费generally accepted accounting principles 通用会计准则goodwill n. 商誉incidental cost 附加成本income tax 所得税installment plan 分期付款协议intangible asset 无形资产interest charge 利息费用life-span 生命期，生命周期long-lived asset 长期资产natural resource 自然资源net identifiable asset 可确认净资产noncurrent adj. 非流动性的normal return 一般回报note payable 应付票据obsolescence 过时，淘汰on due 到期patent n. 专利，专利权physical substance 实物形态plant asset 长期资产prepaid expense 预付费用present value 现值property, plant & equipment 固定资产research and development cost 研究开发成本residual value 残值revenue expenditure 收益性支出round v. 四舍五入sales tax 销售税，消费税salvage value 残值straight-line method 直线（折旧）法tangible asset 有形资产trade in 置换，以旧换新trademark n. 商标useful life 使用年限，有效年限weigh v. 权衡7流动负债current liability 流动负债accounts payable 应付帐款notes payable 应付票据accrued liabilities 应计负债interest payable 应付利息income taxes payable 应付所得税unearned revenue 预收收入impairment of assets 资产减损commitments 承付款项estimated liabilities 估计负债loss contingency 或有损失8长期负债amortization of discount on bonds payable 应付债券的折价摊销convertible bond 可转换债券discount on bonds payable 应付债券折价premium on bonds payable 应付债券溢价mortgage bond 抵押债券000debenture bond 信用债券callable bond 可提前兑回债券sinking fund bond 偿债基金债券equity method 权益法cost method 成本法investee n. 被投资者9合伙企业drawing account 提用帐户general partner 普通合伙人limited liability partnership 有限责任合伙limited partner 有限合伙人limited partnership 有限合伙limited personal liability 有限的个人责任mutual agency 相互代理partnership 合伙企业partnership contract 合伙合同statement of partners’equity 合伙人权益表unlimited personal liability 无限的个人责任liquidation of a partnership 合伙的清算10股东权益Additional paid-in capital 超面值缴入股本Board of directors 董事会book value per share 每股帐面价值capital stock 股本closely held corporation 不公开招股公司common stock 普通股corporation n. 公司dividends n. 股利double taxation 双重纳税legal capital 法定股本imited personal liabil 有限责任paid-in capital 缴入股本par value 票面价值preferred stock 优先股publicly owned corporation 公开招股公司retained earnings 留存收益stockholders n. 股东stock dividend 股票股利stock split 股票分割treasury stock 库藏股票11现金流量表beginning balance 期初余额cash flows 现金流量cash inflows 现金流入cash outflows 现金流出cash equivalent 现金等价物cost of goods sold 商品销售成本direct method 直接法ending balance 期末余额financing activity 筹资活动indirect method 间接法interest expense 利息费用investing activity 投资活动net cash flows 净现金流量operating activity 营业活动operating expense 营业费用preparation of statement 报表编制statement of cash flows 现金流量表supplemental information 补充信息12财务报表分析accounting policy 会计政策acid-test ratio 酸性试验比率，速动比率analyst n. 分析者，分析人员asset turnover 资产周转率auditor's report 审计报告average collection days 平均收帐期base year 基年book value per share 每股帐面价值capital market 资本市场cash ratio 现金比率comparative statement 比较报表comparative common-size statement 比较共同比报表common-size statement 共同比报表contingent liability 或有负债current ratio 流动比率debt ratio 负债比率debt-equity ratio 负债与产权比率debt to tangible net worth ratio 负债与有形资产净值之比dividend yield 股利报酬率earning power 盈利能力earnings per common share(EPS) 每股盈利，每股净收益financial position 财务状况financial ratio 财务比率financial statement analysis 财务报表分析financial structure 财务结构footnotes to the financial statement 财务报表附注horizontal analysis 水平分析inventory turnover 存货周转率inventory turnover in days 存货周转天数liquidity n. 流动性operating cash flows/current debt ratio 现金流量与当期债务之比operating cycle 营业周期price/earning ratio 市盈率profit margin 利润边际，销售利润率profitability n. 盈利能力quick ratio 速动比率rate of dividend payout 股利分配率rate of return on investment(ROI) 投资报酬率rate of return on net sales 销售利润率rate of return on stockholders' equity 股东权益报酬率，净资产收益率rate of return on total assets 总资产报酬率ratio analysis 比率分析receivable turnover 应收帐款周转率receivable turnover in days 应收帐款周转天数share outstanding 发行在外的股票solvency . 偿债能力subsequent events 期后事项，资产负债表日后事项trade account 贸易项目trend analysis 趋势分析times-interest-earned ratio 利息保障倍数valuation . 估价，评估vertical analysis 垂直分析，纵向分析。
GAAP_Matching Principle 一般公认会计原则
GAAP – Matching PrincipleThis discussion focuses on the objective, description and application rules of this principle. Examples have been given to strengthen your understanding.Objective: Guides you how to record "expenditure" (expenses).Description: The amount of “expenses” incurred to generate an amount of “revenue” should be matched to that amount of “revenue” at the period when the “revenue” is earned. This is in regardless when money is received or paid.Application Rules:If payment of $ will bring "future" benefits --> record as "Asset"If payment of $ will bring "current" benefits --> record as "Expense"If payment of $ will bring "NO" benefits --> record as "Loss"Example:Your company paid $100,000 cash for the purchase of a car on 1 September. Your financial year ends by 31 October of the year.Scenario 1: The car is for the delivery of goods to customers.Entries:Dr Car 100kCr Cash 100kNote: “Car” is classified as “non-current asset”Explanation:a) The car in this case fulfills the criteria of a non-current asset, since- you have ownership / control- you have no intention to resale for revenue- it can be measured in monetary value ($100k)- it has economic benefits (for delivery of goods)- you will probably keep it for more than 12 months (owing to its nature)b) Though the car is purchased on 1 September, however, there is no hint showing that you have the intention to "throw" it away in just a few days or weeks.c) According to point b), this car can bring upon "future" benefits, since your company will probably use it for quite a period of time. (e.g. Oct, Nov, Dec etc)d) Consequently, the payment of this $100,000 will bring upon "future" benefits, so we record it as an "asset". In this case, as non-current asset (NCA).e) "Non-current asset" is a permanent ledger, with which the balance will be carried down to the next financial period and the ledger will NOT be closed. It is to be recorded in the Balance Sheet.Scenario 2: (Same example applies but) The car is used as a gift for the lucky draw of a marketing activity for your company.Entries:Dr Marketing Expenses 100kCr Cash 100kNote: “Marketing expenses” is classified as “expense”Explanation:a) The car still fulfills all the criteria of a non-current asset as mentioned in Scenario 1.b) However, under this scenario, the car is purchased only as a "gift" of the lucky draw - which is a marketing activity of your company. The car "will not" and "cannot" be kept after the lucky draw, because it will be given as a gift to the winner (which surely will NOT be your company!).c) According to point b), this car can bring upon "current" benefits ONLY, since your company cannot "use" it for a period of time. (it can be used in the same manner as a "gift" only, e.g. a coupon!)d) Consequently, the payment of this $100,000 will bring upon "current" benefits, so we record it as "expense". In this case, as marketing expenses.e) "Expense" is a temporary ledger, which is to be closed by the end of the financial year and recorded in Income Statement.Final Comment:See the differences? Though the same amount of $ is paid (in this e.g. $100k) and the same item is purchased (in this e.g. the car), however because the duration of benefits that will bring upon by this item (or amount of $) differs (scenario 1 --> long term; scenario 2 --> current), then this same amount of $ will be recorded differently (scenario 1 --> as NCA; scenario 2 --> as expenses).This is exactly what the "matching principle" of the GAAP tells us. It guides us how to record an "amount of expenditure", based on how long the company can benefit from the relative amount of payment.Though this is NOT all!The matching principle also tells us "when" we should record an amount of expenses -- it is when revenue is generated due to this amount of expenses, therefore, comes the "adjustment". In short, matching principle guides us how and when to record expenditure.。
一般公认会计原则（GAAP）
一般公認會計原則(GAAP)壹、財務會計之環境一、會計的意義及基本特質會計的定義：＊美國會計學會（AAA）：會計是對經濟資訊的認定、衡量、與溝通的程序，以協助資訊使用者做審慎的判斷與決策。
」＊美國會計師協會（AICPA）：會計係一種服務性之活動，其功能在提供有關經濟個體之數量化資訊…尤其是財務資訊…予使用者，以便使用者藉此資訊在各種行動方案中，做一明智的抉擇。
」＊會計可藉由三項基本特性而定義：(1)確認、衡量與溝通，(2)關於經濟個體的財務資訊，(3)給相關使用者以協助其釐定決策。
二、財務報表（financial statement）及財務報導（financial reporting）1.會計的兩大支派----財務會計與管理會計＊財務會計之意義：研究如何提供有用資訊以幫助企業外部使用人做決策者，稱為財務會計。
＊管理會計之意義：研究如何提供有用資訊以幫助企業內部管理當局做決策者，稱為管理會計。
2.財務報表（含附註揭露）為財務會計之最終產品，用以顯示一企業之財務資訊（會計資訊）。
財務報表包括資產負債表、損益表、現金流量表、業主權益變動表及財務報表附註，附註為財務報表不可分割（integral part）的一部份。
3.財務報表加上補充附表（supplementary schedules）及其他報導方式（如管理當局的討論及分析、財務預測、致股東函、公開說明書）合稱財務報導。
4.財務報表及財務報導之關係財務報導財務報表主要報表＋附註＋管理當局的討論及分析＋財務預測＋致股東函＋公開說明書三、會計與資本分配1.資本市場分為初級市場與次級市場。
初級市場又稱發行市場，係指公司原始向社會大眾投資人發行股票、債券或其他權益憑證，亦即原始發行證券的市場。
次級市場又稱交易市場，為以發行證券之交易市場，如證券交易所及證券櫃檯買賣中心等，方便已發行證券之流通轉讓。
初級市場(發行市場) 股票資本市場投資人次級市場(交易市場) 公司債公司向外吸收資金貸款金融市場發行票券債權人賒帳2.資本分配過程四、財務會計所面臨之問題及挑戰1.挑戰（1）非財務指標（2）預期資訊（3）軟體資產（4）時效性2.為克服上述之挑戰，美國會計師協會特殊問題委員會建議未來財務報表應包括下列資訊：（1）財務資料與非財務資料＊財務報表與其相關策路。
GAAP_RevenueRecognitionPrinciple一般公认会计原则
GAAP_RevenueRecognitionPrinciple一般公认会计原则GAAP – Revenue Recognition PrincipleThis discussion focuses on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective:To set forth the criteria for recognizing and recording revenue in the accounting period.Description:According to the revenue recognition principle, revenue must be reported when it is realized and earned, not necessarily when the actual cash is received. In addition, the following four criteria or conditions must also be met for revenue to be recognized:1. Delivery has occurred or services have been rendered2. Persuasive evidence of an arrangement for customer payment exists3. Price is fixed or determinable4. Collection is reasonably assuredApplication:Revenue is an item that investors and analysts always pay attention to. In order to avoid misrepresentation (overstatement and understatement) of revenue, GAAP has provided additional guidance for revenue reporting for different situations.For the traditional retail business, goods are delivered to the customers at the same time cash is received, and revenue will be recognized at the time of sales. However in other case that cash could be collected before or after goods or services are delivered,the timing of cash receipts from customers does not dictate when businesses report revenues.Instead, revenue will usually be recognized when the title, risks, and rewards of ownership have transferred to the customers. Depending on the situations, revenue may be recognized at different point of time.Example #1 (cash received at the same period goods/services delivered):The newspaper stand sells Macao Daily News to a customer who pays $4 cash and takes away the newspaper immediately.Entries:Dr. Cash…………… $4Cr. Revenue…………..$4Since cash is received at the same time the newspaper is delivered and all the four criteria are met, revenue will be recognized right away:Example #2 (cash received before goods/services delivered): On Jan 1, the Fortune Magazine has received a subscription form and $120 from an IFT student for subscribing 12 issues of Fortune Magazine ($10/issue). The student will receive 1 issue of the magazine on the last day of each month for 12 consecutive months. Entries:Jan 1 (cash received):Dr. Cash………………$120Cr. Unearned revenue …..... $120Jan 31 (and last day of every month):Dr. Un earned revenue… $10Cr. Revenue ………………..$10When the company received the $120 annual subscription fee for the magazine, criteria #1 has not been met and revenuecould not be recognized at that point of time. The cash received represented obligations to provide future magazine issues to the students which will be booked to the “Unearned Revenue” account temporarily.By definition, “Unearned Revenue” is the collection of cash from customers or clients before goods or services are delivered. Since the goods or services have not been delivered yet, the revenue cannot be considered as “earned”, these cash receipts are considered future obligations to the customers and will be booked to “Unearned Revenue” as a liability account. Only when the goods or services are partial ly or fully delivered, the n the related amount will be unwound from the “Unearned Revenue” account and finally be recognized as “Revenue” earned.In the above example, by the end of each month when the company deliveries the magazine to the student, it earns and records the revenue and reduces the liability account or “Unearned Revenue” account balance.Example #3 (cash received after goods/services delivered): An old customer filled in the cleaning form and dropped off his jacket for cleaning at Dave’s Dry Cleaning on June 30, listed price for cleaning such jacket is $30. Dave cleans the jacket on July 1, but customers do not claim and pay for the jacket until August 1. Entries:June 30 (Customer requests service):No Journal EntryJuly 1 (Service performed):Dr. Accounts Receivable …$30Cr. Revenue……………………..$30August 1 (Cash Received):Dr. Cash………………… $30Cr. Accounts Receivable ….…$30Under the revenue recognition principle, Dave’s earns revenue on July 1, rather than August 1 when cash is received, since it performed the service and met all the four criteria for revenue recognition. On July 1, Dave’s would report a receivable on its balance sheet and revenue in its income statement for the service performed.Final Comment:The following chart summarized the revenue recognition timing for different scenarios as illustrated in the above examples.SCENARIOS 1:Cash received same period goods/services are delivered --> Eg. Sale of product for cash --> Revenue Recognition at date of sale (date of delivery)SCENARIOS 2:Cash received before goods/services are delivered --> Eg. Revenue from subscriptions --> Revenue Recognition as time passes or upon consumptionsSCENARIOS 3:Cash received after goods/services are delivered --> Eg. Sale of service on credit --> Revenue Recognition when services performed and billable。
accounting专业术语
Account Book（会计账簿）Account（会计账户）Accountability（受托责任观）Accounting Assumption（会计假设）Accounting Computerization（会计电算化）Accounting Elements（会计要素）Accounting Entity（会计主体）Accounting Equation（会计等式）Accounting Events（会计事项）Accounting Informatization（会计信息化）Accounting Item（会计科目）Accounting Law（会计法）Accounting Management Systems（会计管理制度）Accounting Object（会计对象）Accounting Organization（会计机构）Accounting Personnel（会计人员）Accounting Professional Ethics（会计职业道德）Accounting Regulations（会计规范）Accounting System（会计制度）Accounting Theory（会计理论）Accounting Voucher （会计凭证）Accounting Voucher Transmitting（会计凭证的传递）Accounts Payable（应付账款）Accounts Prepaid（预付账款）Accounts Receivable（应收账款）Accrued Expenses (预提费用）Accrued Salaries Payable（应付职工薪酬）Accumulated Depreciation（累计折旧）Accumulative Voucher(累计凭证)Advances From Customers (预收账款)Allowance Method (备抵法)Assets（资产）Balance Sheet（资产负债表）Bank Reconciliation (银行余额调节表)Bank Reconciliation（银行存款余额调节表）Bank Statement (银行对账单)Basic Accounting Standards (基本会计准则)Booking Procedures Using Journal and General Ledger(日记总账账务处理程序) Bookkeeping Procedures (账务处理程序)Bookkeeping Procedures Using Categorized Accounts Summary(科目汇总表账务处理程序) Bookkeeping Procedures Using Multiple-column Journal(多栏式日记账账务处理程) Bookkeeping Procedures Using Summary Voucher(汇总记账凭证账务处理程序) Bookkeeping Procedures Using Voucher (记账凭证账务处理程序)Bookkeeping System（记账方法）Bookkeeping Voucher (记账凭证）Capital Surplus（资本公积）Cash Equivalents（现金等价物）Cash flow from Financing Activity (筹资活动现金流量) Cash flow from Investing Activity（投资活动现金流量）Cash Flow from Operating Activity（经营活动现金流量）Certified Public Accountant（注册会计师）Clearness and Conciseness（明晰性）Closing Accounts（结账）Commercial Paper (商业票据)Commodity Stocks（库存商品）Comparability（可比性）Complete Check（全面清查）Construction in Progress（在建工程）Credit（贷记）Current Asset（流动资产）Current Liability（流动负债）Debentures Payable (应付债券）Debit（借记）Decision-usefulness（决策有用观）Deferred Exchange Losses（待转销汇兑收益）Deferred Exchange Losses（待转销汇兑损益）Deferred Gains on Investment (递延投资收益）Deferred Losses on Investment (递延投资损失）Deferred Tax Charges (递延税款）Deferred Tax Credits (递延税款贷项）Deposit in Transit (在途存款)Direct Labor Cost（直接人工）Direct Material Cost（直接材料）Direct Method（直接法）Direct Write Off Method (直接冲销法)Dividend Payable（应付股利）Dividends Payable（应付股利）Double Entry Bookkeeping System（复式记账法）Double-Entry Voucher (复式记账凭证）Economic Transaction（经济业务）Expenses（费用）Fair Value（公允价值）Financial Accounting（财务会计）Financial Expense（财务费用）Financial Report（财务报告）Financial Report（财务会计报告）First-In, First－Out，FIFO (先进先出法)Fiscal Year（会计年度）Fixed Assets Pending Disposal（固定资产清理）Fixed Assets（固定资产）Fixed Assets-Cost（固定资产原值）Fixed Assets-Net Book Value（固定资产净值）Fixed/ Depreciable Assets（固定资产）Gains（利得）General Ledger Account（总分类账户）General Ledgers（总分类账簿）General journal（普通日记账）General Voucher (通用凭证）Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, GAAP（公认会计原则）Going Concern（持续经营）Good Will（商誉)Gross Profit（总利润）Historical Cost（历史成本）Income Summary （损益汇总）Income On Investment（投资收益）Income Statement（利润表）Income Tax Expense（所得税费用）Indirect Method（间接法）Information System（信息系统）Intangible Asset（无形资产）Inventory（存货）Journals（序时账簿）Last-In, First-Out，LIFO (后进先出法)Ledgers（分类账簿）Liabilities（负债）Long-Term Assets（长期资产）Long-Term Investments（长期投资）Long-Term Liability（长期负债）Long-term Loan（长期借款）Long-Term Loans（长期借款）Long-Term Notes Payable（应付长期票据)Losses（损失）Management Accounting（管理会计）Manufacturing Cost（生产成本）Manufacturing Expense（制造费用）Materiality（重要性）Materials In Transit（在途物资）Measurement Attributes（计量属性）Measurement（计量）Monetary Measurement（货币计量）Mortgage Payable（应付抵押借款）Net Profit（净利润）Net Realizable Value（可变现净值）Nonoperating Outlay（营业外支出）Non-periodic Checking Method（不定期清查）Nonrevenue Receipt（营业外收入）Notes Payable（应付票据）Notes Payable（应付票据）Notes Receivable（应收票据）Notes to Financial Statement（财务会计报告附注）Onetime Voucher（一次凭证）Original Voucher Come From Outside（外来原始凭证）Original Voucher（原始凭证）Other Deferred Credits（其他递延贷项）Other Deferred Expenses（其他递延支出）Other Operating Cost（其他业务成本）Other Operating Revenue（其他业务收入）Outstanding Checks (未兑现支票)Outstanding Items（未达账项）Overhead Expense（管理费用）Owner’s Equity（所有者权益)Owner’s Equity（所有者权益）Paid -in Capital（实收资本）Parallel Record（平行登记）Partial Check（局部清查）Payment Voucher (付款凭证）Periodic Checking Method（定期清查）Periodic Inventory System（实地盘存制）Perpetual Inventory System（永续盘存制）Petty Cash Fund (备用金)Plant and Equipment (厂场设备)Post Responsibility System（岗位责任制）Premium/Discount on Debentures Payable（应付债券溢价/折价）Pre-Operating Expenses（开办费）Prepaid Expense （预付费用）Present Value（现值）Prime Operating Cost（主营业务成本）Prime Operating Revenue（主营业务收入）Profit / (Loss) on Assets Pending for Disposal（待处理财产损溢）Profit（利润）Property Check（财产清查）Propriety Technology and Patent（专利技术权）Provision for Decline in Value of Inventories（存货跌价准备）Provisions for Foreseeable Liabilities（预计负债）Quality of Accounting Information（会计信息质量）Raw Material原材料（）Receipt Voucher (收款凭证）Recognition（确认）Recording Rules（记账规则）Registered Capital（注册资本）Registers（备查账簿）Relevance（相关性）Reliability（可靠性）Replacement Cost（重置成本）Reserve fund（储备金）Retained Earnings（留存收益）Revenues（收入）Self-Made Original Voucher（自制原始凭证）Selling Expense（销售费用）Short-term Loan（短期借款）Short-Term Loans（短期借款）Special Journal (特种日记账)Single Entry Bookkeeping System（单式记账）Single-Entry Voucher (单式记账凭证）Special Accounting Standards (具体会计准则)Special Voucher (专用凭证）Specific Identification（个别计价法）Staff and W orker’s Bonus and Welfare Fund（职工奖励及福利基金) Statement of Cash Flows（现金流量表）Statement of Change in the Owner’s Equity（所有者权益变动表）Subsidiary Ledger Account（明细分类账户）Subsidiary Ledgers（明细分类账簿）Substance over Form（实质重于形式）Summary Bookkeeping Voucher (汇总记账凭证)Summary Voucher (汇总凭证）Taxes Payable（应交税费)Time Period（会计分期）Timeliness（及时性）Trademark Franchise（商标权）Transfer Voucher (转账凭证）Trial Balance（试算平衡）Unearned Revenue （预收收入）Undistributed profits/Accumulated losses（未分配利润/未弥补亏损) Verification of Accounts（对账）Weighted Average（加权平均法）。
美国公认会计原则GAAP和国际会计准则IFRS差异
美国公认会计原则（US GAAP）与国际会计准则（IFRS）之间存在的主要差异1.在存货成本的计算方法上, IFRS规定禁止使用后进先出法。
US GAAP规定可以采用后进先出法。
2.在存货减值的转回上，IFRS规定在满足一定的条件时﹐需予以转回。
US GAAP规定不可以转回。
3.在现金流量表中收取和支付利息的分类上，IFRS规定可包括在来自经营活动、投资活动或筹资活动的现金流量中。
US GAAP规定必须归类为经营活动。
4.在完工比例无法确定的建造合同上，IFRS规定成本收回法。
US GAAP规定合同完工法。
5.在报告分部的基础上，IFRS规定根据业务和地区划分。
US GAAP规定根据公司内部向高层管理人员报告的信息组成进行划分﹐可以是也可以不是根据业务和地区划分。
6.在广场、厂房及设备的计量基础上，IFRS规定可以使用重估价或历史成本。
如果是按重估价计量﹐会根据重估日的公允价值减之后的累计折旧和减值损失列示。
US GAAP规定通常要求使用历史成本。
7.在辞退福利上，IFRS规定没有区分开“特别”和其他辞退福利﹐在雇主表明承诺会支付时确认辞退福利。
US GAAP规定当雇员接受了雇主提供的条件且金额能够合理估计时﹐确认“特别”（一次性）辞退福利；当雇员很可能有权享有﹐且金额能够合理估计时﹐确认合约性辞退福利。
8.在确认与既定福利相关的过去服务的成本上，IFRS规定立即确认。
US GAAP规定在剩余服务年限或生命期间摊销。
9.在设定受益计划中﹐最小应确认的负债金额上，IFRS规定没有最小的要求。
US GAAP规定应确认的负债金额最小为未注资的累积福利义务。
10.在养老金资产确认上的限制上，IFRS规定确认的养老金资产不能超过未确认的过去服务成本、精算损失以及从该计划返还资金或减少对计划的未来提存金供款而得到的经济利益的现值之总净额。
US GAAP规定对确认的金额没有这样的限制。
11.在确认缩减利得的时间上，IFRS规定当有关企业有明确表示将福利计划缩减﹐且已经对外宣布时﹐确认缩减利得和损失。
美国GAAP和IFRS的主要区别
美国GAAP 和IFRS 的主要区别Generally Accepted Accounting Principles 是一般公认会计原则，1937 年美国会计程序委员会(CAP)发表第一号会计研究公告，开创了由ZF 机关或行业组织颁布一般通用会计的先河。
下面小编准备了关于美国GAAP 和IFRS 的主要区别，提供给大家参考!1.在减值损失的计量上，IFRS 规定基于可收回金额(资产的使用价值和公允价值减销售成本的较高者)。
US GAAP 规定基于公允价值。
2.在资产剩余价值的计量上，IFRS 规定在假定资产已经使用完毕﹐且符合其使用年限结束时的预期状况的情况下﹐以资产目前的净销售价格计量。
US GAAP 规定通常是资产未来处置时预期收入的折现值。
3.在商誉减值测试的层次上，IFRS 规定现金产出单元或一组现金产出单元。
其代表了出于企业内部管理目的而对商誉做出监察的最低组织层次﹐其不能大于一个业务或地区分部。
US GAAP 规定报告单位业务分部或组织内的更低一个层次。
在商誉减值的计算上，IFRS 规定一步法比较现金产出单元的可收回金额(公允价值减销售成本和使用价值的较高者)和其账面价值。
US GAAP 规定两步法：比较报告单位的公允价值和其包括商誉在内的账面价值;如果公允价值大于账面价值﹐没有减值(不需要进行第二步);比较商誉的内含公允价值和其账面价值。
在不可确定年限的无形资产的减值上，IFRS 规定商誉和其他不可确定使用年限的无形资产包括在现金产出单元中﹐对现金产出单元进行减值测试。
US GAAP 规定商誉包括在现金产出单元中﹐其他不可确定使用年限的无形资产则作单独测试。
4.在减值损失的转回上，。
会计期末复习资料
一、1.会计是以货币为主要计量单位，反映和监督一个单位经济活动的一种经济管理工作。
会计是一门通用的商业语言。
2.*会计的基本职能包括进行会计核算和实施会计监督两个方面。
3.*会计的分类：（1）、管理会计：对内报告会计；服务于内部管理决策；无统一的规范；无需对外披露。
（2）、财务会计:对外报告会计；侧重于服务外部使用者：投资者、债权人、政府、社会公众；有统一反日会计准则、程序；需对外披露财务状况、经营成果、现金流量等信息。
4*.我国企业会计准则体系由基本准则、具体准则、会计准则应用指南和解释公告组成。
5.公认会计原则（GAAP）（1）、会计目标：财务报告目标（2）、会计基本假定（3）、会计信息的质量要求（4）、*财务报告目标：三个层次——满足投资者、债权人的需要；满足政府宏观经济管理的需要；满足企业内部经营者和职工的需要。
两个视角:决策相关(有用）——会计信息的相关性；受托责任——会计信息的可靠性6、*会计基本假设是企业会计确认、计量和报告的前提，是对会计核算所处时间、空间环境等所作的合理设定。
会计基本假设包括：会计主体、持续经营、会计分期（期间）、货币计量（1）、会计主体：指会计确认、计量和报告的空间范围，即会计核算和监督的特定单位或组织。
明确会计主体，才能划定会计所要处理的各项交易或事项的范围。
会计主体与法律主体（法人）并非是对等的概念，法人可以作为会计主体，但会计主体不一定是法人。
在同一个法律主体中，也可能存在多个会计主体。
*（2）、持续经营：持续经营是指在可以预见的将来，企业将会按当前的规模和状态继续经营下去，不会停业，也不会大规模削减业务。
（3）*、会计分期：指将一个企业持续经营的经济活动划分为一个个连续的、长短相同的期间，以便分期结算账目和编制财务会计报告。
会计期间分为年度和中期；中期是指短于一完整的会计年度的报告期间。
会计期间分为年度、半年度、季度和月度。
年度、半年度、季度和月度均按公历起讫日期确定。
会计职业评估课程资料翻译
【会计的定义，会计要素，会计公式，会计核算的前提，会计核算的一般原则，会计的基本职能和方法】What is accountingThe Role of Accounting in BusinessBusiness EthicsIntroduction to Accounting and Business会计的定义会计在经济活动中的角色商业道德会计与经济活动介绍Profession of AccountingPrivate AccountingPublic AccountingSpecialized Accounting Fields会计学介绍私人会计公共会计专业会计领域Accounting ElementsAssets,Liabilities,Owner’s EquityIncomeCost and ExpensesProfitThe Accounting Equation会计要素资产负债所有者权益收入成本与费用利润会计公式Accounting assumptionsAccounting EntityGoing ConcernAccounting PeriodMonetary MeasurementCompleting the Accounting Cycle会计核算的前提会计主体持续经营会计分期货币计量会计周期循环会计年度Generally Accepted Accounting PrinciplesMajor Principles included in GAAPObjective PrincipleMateriality PrincipleConsistency PrincipleConservatism PrincipleAccrual-basis Accounting PrincipleAdequate Disclosure PrincipleMatching PrincipleRealization PrincipleCost principle公认会计准则一般公认会计原则客观性原则重要性原则一致性原则稳健性原则权责发生制原则充分披露原则配比原则实现原则成本原则。
会计英语1-14章术语翻译（仅供参考,不足之处望批评指正。）
Chapter 1 Accounting会计Accounting equation会计等式Assets资产Auditors审计师Balance sheet资产负债表Bookkeeping记账Business entity assumption会计主体原则Common stock普通股Corporation公司Cost principle成本原则Equity权益Ethics伦理Events事项Expanded accounting equation扩展的会计等式Expenses费用External transactions外部交易External users外部信息使用者Financial accounting财务会计FASB美国财务会计准则委员会Full disclosure principle充分披露原则GAAP公认会计原则Going-concern assumption持续经营原则Income statement损益表Internal transactions内部交易Internal users内部信息使用者IASB国际会计准则理事会Liabilities负债Managerial accounting管理会计Matching principle配比原则Monetary unit assumption货币单位原则Net income净收益Net loss净损失Owner ,Capital所有者名下的资本Owner investment所有者投资Owner withdrawals所有者提取Partnership合伙企业Proprietorship独资企业Recordkeeping记账Revenue recognition principle收入确认原则Revenues收入Sarbanes –Oxley Act《萨班斯—奥克斯利法案》SEC证劵交易委员会Shareholders股东Shares股份Sole proprietorship个人独资企业Statement of cash flows现金流量表Statement of owner’s equity所有者权益表Stock股票Stockholders股东Time period assumption会计分期原则Withdrawals提取Chapter 2 Account账户Account balance账户余额Balance column account三栏式账户Chart of accounts会计科目表Compound journal entry复合日记账分录Credit贷方Creditors债权人Debit借方Debtors债务人Double-entry accounting复式记账法General journal普通日记账General ledger总分类账Journal日记账Journalizing 登记日记账Ledger分类账Posting过账(PR) column过账索引栏Source documents原始凭证T-account T型账户Trial balance试算平衡表Unearned revenue预收收入Chapter 3 Accounting period会计期间Accrual basis accounting权责发生制会计Accrued expenses应计费用Accrued revenues应计收入Adjusted trial balance调整后试算平衡表Adjusting entry调整分录Annual financial statements年度财务报表Book value账面价值Cash basis accounting收付实现制会计Contra account备抵账户Depreciation折旧Fiscal year会计年度Interim financial statements中期财务报表Matching principle配比原则Natural business year自然营业年度Plant assets固定资产Prepaid expenses预付费用Straight-line depreciation method直线折旧法Time period assumption会计分期原则Unadjusted trial balance调整前的试算平衡表Unearned revenues 预收收入Chapter 4 Accounting cycle会计循环Classified balance sheet分类资产负债表Closing entries结账分录Closing process结账过程Current assets流动资产Current liabilities流动负债Income summary损益汇总账户Intangible assets无形资产Long-term investments长期投资Long-term liabilities长期负债Operating cycle营业周期Permanent accounts永久性账户Post-closing trial balance结账后试算平衡表Pro forma financial statements预测财务报表Temporary accounts临时性账户Unclassified balance sheet未分类资产负债表Working papers工作底稿Work sheet工作底表Chapter 5 Cash discount现金折扣Cost of goods sold商品销售成本Credit memorandum贷记通知单Credit period 信用期Credit terms信用条件Debit memorandum借记通知单Discount period折扣期EOM月末FOB交货点General and administrative expenses一般及行政管理费用Gross margin毛利Gross profit毛利Inventory存货List price价目表价格Merchandise 商品Merchandise inventory库存商品Merchandiser商业企业Multiple-step income statement多步式损益表Periodic inventory system定期盘存制Perpetual inventory system永续盘存制Purchase discount购货折扣Retailer零售商Sales discount销售折扣Selling expenses销售费用Shrinkage损耗Single-step income statement单步式损益表Supplementary records辅助记录Trade discount商业折扣Wholesaler批发商Chapter 6 A verage cost平均成本Conservatism constraint稳健性原则Consignee 收货人Consignor发货人Consistency concept一致性原则FIFO先进先出法Interim statements中期报告LIFO后进先出法LCM成本与市价孰低法Net realizable value可变现净值Specific identification个别认定法Weighted average加权平均法Chapter 7 Accounts payable ledger应付账款分类账Accounts receivable ledger应收账款分类账Cash disbursements journal现金支出日记账Cash receipts journal现金收入日记账Check register支票登记薄Columnar journal多栏式日记账Compatibility principle适应性原则Controlling account统驭账户Control principle控制原则Cost-benefit principle成本—收益原则Flexibility princ iple灵活性原则General journal普通日记账Internal controls内部控制Purchases journal购货日记账Relevance principle相关性原则Sales journal销售日记账Schedule of accounts payable应付账款明细表Schedule of accounts receivable应收账款明细表Special journal特种日记账Subsidiary ledger明细分类账Chapter 8 Bank reconciliation银行存款余额调节表Bank statement银行对账单Canceled checks注销支票Cash 现金Cash equivalents现金等价物Cash over and short现金溢缺Check支票Deposit ticket存款单Deposits in transit在途存款EFT电子资金转账Internal control system内部控制制度Liquid assets流动资产Liquidity偿债能力Outstanding checks未兑现支票Petty cash备用金Principles of internal control内部控制原则Sarbanes-Oxley Act《萨班斯—奥克斯利法案》Signature card印鉴卡V oucher 凭单V oucher system凭单制Chapter 9 Accounts receivable应收账款Aging of accounts receivable应收账款账龄分析Allowance for Doubtful Accounts呆帐准备金Allowance method备抵法Bad debts坏账Direct write-off method直接核销法Interest 利息Maker of the note出票人Matching principle配比原则Materiality constraint重要性约束Maturity date of a note票据到期日Payee of the note票据收款人Principal of a note票据的本金Promissory note票据Realizable value可变现价值Chapter 10 Accelerated depreciation method加速折旧法Amortization摊销Asset book value资产账面价值Betterments改良工程投资Capital expenditures资本支出Change in an accounting estimate会计估计变更Copyright版权Cost成本Declining-balance method余额递减法Depletion折耗Depreciation折旧Extraordinary repairs非常修理Franchises特许权Goodwill商誉Impairment减损Inadequacy生产能力不足Indefinite life不确定使用年限Intangible assets无形资产Land improvements土地改良物Lease租约Leasehold租赁权Leasehold improvements租赁资产改良Lessee承租人Lessor 出租人Licenses特许权Limited life有限使用年限MACRS修正后的加速成本回收制度Natural resources自然资源Obsolescence陈旧，过时Ordinary repairs日常维修Patent专利权Plant asset age固定资产寿命Plant assets固定资产Plant asset useful life固定资产使用年限Revenue expenditures收益性支出Salvage value残值Straight-line depreciation直线折旧法Trademark or trade (brand) name商标或品牌Units-of-production depreciation工作量法Useful life使用年限Chapter 11 Contingent liability或有负债Current liabilities流动负债Current portion of long-term debt一年内到期的长期负债Employee benefits员工福利Estimated liability估计负债（FICA）Taxes联邦社会保险税FUTA联邦失业税Gross pay薪资总额Known liabilities已知负债Long-term liabilities长期负债Merit rating考绩Net pay薪资净额Payroll deductions薪资扣款Short-term note payable短期应付票据SUTA州失业救济税Warranty保修Chapter 12Bond 债券Bond certificate债券证书Bond indenture债券契约Carrying (book) value of bonds债券账面价值Discount on bonds payable应付债券折旧Installment note分期付款期票Market rate市场利率Mortgage抵押权Pension plan养老金计划Premium on bonds债券溢价Par value of a bond债券面值Straight-line bond amortization债券利息直线摊销法Chapter 13(AFS) securities可供出售证劵Comprehensive income综合收益Consolidated financial statements合并财务报表Equity method权益法Equity securities with controlling influence具有控制权的权益类证劵Equity securities with significant influence具有重大影响力的权益类证劵(HTM) securities持有至到期证劵Long-term investments长期投资Parent母公司Short-term investments短期投资Subsidiary子公司Trading securities交易性证劵Unrealized gain (loss)未实现收益（损失）Chapter 14Appropriated retained earnings拨定留存收益Authorized stock核定股本Call price赎回价格Callable preferred stock可赎回优先股Capital stock股本Changes in accounting estimates会计估计变更Common stock普通股Convertible preferred stock可转换优先股Corporation股份制公司Cumulative preferred stock累积优先股Date of declaration股利宣告日Date of payment股利发放日Date of record股权登记日Discount on stock股票折旧Dividend in arrears积欠股利Financial leverage财务杠杆Large stock dividend大额股票股利Liquidating cash dividend清算性现金股利Market value per share每股市价Minimum legal capital最低法定资本Noncumulative preferred stock非累积优先股Nonparticipating preferred stock非参与式股票No-par value stock无面值股票Organization expenses组建费Paid-in capital实收资本Paid-in capital in excess of par value资本溢价Participating preferred stock参与式股票Par value面值Par value stock有面值股票Preemptive right优先认股权Preferred stock优先股Premium on stock股票溢价Prior period adjustments前期损益调整Proxy授权委托书Restricted retained earnings限定用途留存收益Retained earnings 留存收益Retained earnings deficit留存收益赤字Reverse stock split并股Small stock dividend小额股票股利Stated value stock设定价值股票Statement of stockholders’ equity股东权益表Stock dividend股票股利Stock options股票期权Stock split股票分割Stockholders’ equity股东权益Treasury stock库藏股教你如何用WORD文档(2012-06-27 192246)转载▼标签：杂谈1. 问：WORD 里边怎样设置每页不同的页眉？如何使不同的章节显示的页眉不同？答：分节，每节可以设置不同的页眉。
GAAP_Prudence 一般公认会计原则
GAAP - PrudenceThis discussion focuses on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective:To lead managers to anticipate or disclose losses and liabilities, but it does not allow a similar action for gains and assets.“Anticipate no profits, but anticipate all losses”Description:This accounting principle states that if doubt exists between two acceptable alternatives, the manager should choose the alternative that will result in a lesser asset amount and/or a lesser profit. However, it does not mean understating assets or income. Application:If a situation arises where there are two acceptable alternatives for reporting an item, prudence directs the management to choose the alternative that will result in less net income and/or less asset amount.Example:Under lower-of-cost-or-market (LCM) method, inventory is reported at the lower of its cost or market value, which results in higher cost of goods sold and lower net income. Thus net income and assets are reported at their lowest reasonable amount.Cost of goods sold = Beginning inventory + purchase – Ending inventoryNet income = Sales – Cost of goods sold – other expenses (operating and non-operating) By using LCM, the inventory is reported at either the cost or market value, whichever is lower, assuming the other factors remain unchanged.Cost of goods sold = Beginning inventory + purchase – Ending inventoryFinally, the higher Cost of goods sold leads a lower amount of net income, also assuming the other factors remain unchanged.Net income = Sales – Cost of goods sold – other expenses (operating and non-operating)Another example on prudent accounting practice is the practice of accelerated depreciation method. This method results in earlier recording of expense or later recording of revenue. It effects in the postponing on the report of net income and therefore is conservative.Example 2:At the beginning of the year, Southwest purchased equipment for $62,500 cash. The equipment has an estimated useful life of 3 years and an estimated residual value of $2,500. Southwest uses Double-declining method (accelerated depreciation) to calculate the depreciation expense.Entries:Recording Depreciation expense for the first yearDr Depreciation Expense $41,667 (Note 1)Cr Accumulated Depreciation $41,667Note 1:Annual Depreciation expense = Net book value x (2/useful life in years)$41,667 = $62,500 x (2/3 years)Recording Depreciation expense for the second yearDr Depreciation Expense $13,889 (Note 2)Cr Accumulated Depreciation $13,889Note 2:Annual Depreciation expense = Net book value x (2/useful life in years)$13,889 = $(62,500 – 41,667) x (2/3 years)Final comment:Managers are always optimists. Without any constraints, this optimism could find its way into the company’s reported assets and profits. Managers may try to present too favorable a view of the company, and to show a better performance of them than it actually was. However, by so doing, this may result in an overstating of the assets and net income, and mislead the outsiders.。
3 2014.11.4财务会计第三次课笔记整理
2014.11.4财务会计第三次课笔记管研1405 余剑英，冷敏洁，何欢，朱元元，唐晨（一）美国公认会计准则的历史发展一、美国注册会计师协会（AICPA）1、演变过程：1886年，正式宣告成立“美国公共会计师协会”（American Association of Public Accountants, AAPA）1916年，更名为“美利坚合众国会计师协会”（Institute of Accountants in the Unite States of American）1917年，又更名为“美国会计师协会”（American Institute of Accountants, AIA）1936年“美国注册公共会计师公会”（American Society of CPAs ，于1921年12月5日成立）并入“美国公共会计师协会”1957年最终改为现在的名字“美国注册公共会计师协会”（American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, AICPA ）PS:美国注册公共会计师公会的作用是“在全国范围内代表注册公共会计师，并为保护注册公共会计师证书的效力而工作。
”而这一点正是美国公共会计师协会所忽略的工作，美国注册公共会计师公会的工作目标与工作效率使其发展很快，并造成了注册会计师工作一定程度的混乱，在双方会员的强烈要求下，1936年10月25日，美国注册公共会计师公会并入美国公共会计师协会，团结使美国注册会计师事业走向兴旺。
2、机构组成与运作（1）管理委员会美国注册会计师协会设有管理委员会，决定协会的各项活动和政策，拥有约263名来自各州的成员。
委员会每年召开两次会议。
（2）董事会董事会作为管理委员会的执行委员会，负责协会管理委员会会议闭会期间的工作。
董事会拥有23名成员，其中：16位董事、3位公众代表、1位主席、1位副主席、1位上届主席，以及1位会长，会长是协会的工作人员。
GAAP_Materiality 一般公认会计原则
GAAP-MaterialityThis discussion focus on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective: To concern about an item’s impact on a company’s overall financial operations.Description:- An item is material if its inclusion or omission would influence or change the judgment of the users. Likewise, if it would have no impact on a decision maker, it is immaterial. Application:Companies and auditors in Macau generally adopt the rule that anything between $2,000 to $10,000 is considered immaterial and other factors should also be considered when deciding the percentage. Different standards for the level of immateriality are practiced in different types of companies and different countries.Scenario ICompany A has an advertising expense of $3,000 while Company B $30,000. When we compare the two amounts in Company A and B, can you have a conclusion that the advertising expense in Company B is more material than Company A?Ans: No.Explanation:a. Since we do not have any standard for the monetary value for the level of materiality, we cannot tell whether the amount can influence the users or not.b. We do not know the size of both companies so we do not know how the two figures can affect the decision making of the users.c. If both companies use 5 percent of net income as the base of the monetary value for the level of materiality, it will be easier for us to decide. If the net income of company A is $40,000, the advertising expense is 7.5 percent of the net income. In this way, we can consider the advertising expense in Company A is material. On the other hand, if the net income of Company B is $800,000, the expense will be 3.75% of the net income which is considered to be immaterial. Although managers and auditors consider the advertisingexpense in Company A is more material than that in Company B, the amount will still be recorded in both companies’ income statement. Therefore, we cannot just look at the figure in deciding whether the amount is material or not. We also need to analyse the proporation of this expense with the net income so that we can know how influential the amount is to all the users.d. In some companies, they may not base on the percentage of net income. Instead they would set a monetary value for the level such as $2,000. In this case, those items under $2,000 will be treated as immaterial and it may not affect the decision making of the users.Scenario IICompany C has purchased a magnet board which costs $120. A magnet board is regarded as a kind of office supplies which is an asset of the company. The magnet board is estimated to be used for 5 years. Since it can be used more than one year, it is regarded as a non-current (fixed) asset. Therefore, depreciation for the magnet board has to be calculated at the end of the year when preparing the Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet). After calculation, the depreciation for the magnet board every year is $24.Entries:Dr Depreciation $24Cr Accumulated Depreciation $24Issue:Do you think that it is cost-effective in recording the depreciation of the magnet board for 10 years?Ans: No.Explanation:a. It is a usual practice in recording the depreciation for non-current assets (ignoring the value of the non-current assets).b. $24 of depreciation is comparatively a very small amount since you may find the unit used in most of the financial statements is ‘k (thousand) or m (million). In this way, you can hardly find the impact of the $24 in the financial statements and the decision making of the users.c. A certain amount of resources has to be allocated in keeping its records for 10 years in the financial statements which is not cost-effective at all.d. If the company has standards for the level of materiality which is $100 to $2,000 already, we can assume that the $120 magnet will not affect the decision making of the users, therefore, it will only be expensed off during the year. (Record the amount as an expense in the Income Statement)Solution:Company can always establish a standard or guideline for the monetary value of materiality. For example, if items between $200 to $2,000 is set as a cut-off value, the magnet board will be treated as an office supplies expense rather than office supplies (non-current assets). Consequently, the records of the transactions are more realistic and materiality can also provide flexibility to certain extent in dealing with decision making and auditing.Notes:In establishing the guideline for materiality, disclosure must be added (to Disclosure Documents or Notes to Financial Statements) so that the decisions makers can have a fair and clear picture of the financial statements.。
“公认会计原则”探析原则”
“公认会计原则”探析“公认会计原则”（Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, GAAP)在各种会计文献中，被广泛的使用，有时它被解释为“会计原则”，有时它又被解释为“会计准则”。
实际上，迄今为止，中外会计界对其真实涵义的认识仍然是模糊不清的。
虽然人们普遍地使用GAAP—词，可是很少有人对它的定义和内容作过系统的分析。
这在一定程度上影响了会计准则的制定与发展。
本文试图对GAAP的产生、定义、内容等问题进行全面的分析，并在此基础上对GMP 作出若干评论。
一、GMP的产生GMP概念，一般认为最早是二十世纪三十年代在美国产生的。
西德尼。
戴维林（1982)认为：GAAP —词，是三十年代表述执业会计师意见时开始出现的，是美国注册会计师协会（AICPA)所属的一个委员会和纽约证券交易所（NYSE) 合作，以及其它事态发展的结局。
但是，戴维森并没有指出GMP形成的过程和比较具体的时间。
实际上，GMP的产生经历了以下演变过程：(1) 1918年，美国联邦储备委员会（FRB)将其在1917年4月发行的“统一会计：联邦储备委员会的暂行建议”修订后，改名为“编制资产负债表的认可方法”加以发表。
在这里，首先出现了“认可的方法”（Approved Methods) 一词。
(2) 1929年，AICPA的前身美国会计师协会(AIA)将“编制资产负债表的认可方法”修订并改名为“财务报表的验证”后，再一次交由FRB发表。
1933年，纽约证券交易所耍求所有上市公司必须提交附有审计师证明书的财务报表。
而对这些财务报表的审计，则要求遵守“财务报表的验证”并提出关于财务报表是否具有“公允性”、“一致性”以及是否符合“认可的会计实务”(Accepted Accounting Practices)的意见。
(3) 1934年初，在“公司帐目审计”中，AIA推荐了一种审计报告格式，在其意见段的说明中提到了可采用是否遵守“认可的会计原则”（Accepted Accounting Principles)作为衡量财务报表“公允性”的标准。
方式保守‘一般公认会计原则GAAP’
圖1-1 直接金融與間接金融的程序
間接金融
直接金融
企業內部之組織形態
A
CEO B C
王品組織圖
企業簡要組織圖
14
企業內部之組織形態 鴻海組織圖
董事會 稽核經理 執行長 總裁 生產部門 會計部
財 務 會 計 成 本 會 計 稅 務 會 計 資 料 處 理 信 用 管 理 營 運 資 金
CEO A B C
18
企業目標
2. 目標之特性
良好的企業目標應具備下列基本特性： 目標與期限明確：模糊的目標會因不同 的人而有不一樣的決策。 具有確切與及時的衡量標準：讓管理者 可立即檢驗執行的成效。
不增加他人之成本：增加社會的有形及無 形成本，未來反而對公司不利。
19
企業目標
3. 股價極大化之問題
總體環境
作法
表1-1 簡化的資產負債表格式
表1-1 簡化 來 源
9
認識財務管理(3/5)
投資學：風險、報酬的折衷藝術 投資 以現時投入以期能在未來換取較原先投入更多的回報 風險 確知或可估計某些特定狀況下，最終結果的不穩定性 投資的應用 各種實質面和金融面的投資行為及程序 「投資程序」，亦即投資決策的形成過程，則包括投資 政策的規劃、證券分析及投資組合管理三類課題
估計成本的缺失：「一般公認會計原則 (GAAP)」重視歷史成本，會使損益產生明顯 的差異。 窗飾：經理人會採取一些人為方式來美化財 務報表，造成報表上的利潤失真。
104年日本東芝企業淨利被報灌水12億美元
17
企業目標
財務管理的目標 ～股東財富極大化
～極大化每股普通股的目前價值 ；意即追求股東權益市值之極大化
GAAP 介绍
GAAPGenerally Accepted Accounting Principles是一般公认会计原则1937年美国会计程序委员会（CAP）发表第一号会计研究公告，开创了由政府机关或行业组织颁布“一般通用会计”的先河。
一般通用会计原则是指适用于各个不同行业的企业的，包括从会计的基本概念、基本假设等基本原理到具体会计计量和编制财务报表的程序及方法的规定。
通常一个国家的会计体系就是指一般通用会计。
一般可以分为国际性和区域性的，如美国的叫US GAAP 中国的就是2006年新颁布的会计准则，一般由专门的会计准则委员会制定会计师使用普遍公认的会计原则（GAAP），以引导他们记录和报告财务信息。
公认会计原则包括一套广泛的，被会计界和证券及交易委员会（SEC ）制定了的原则。
两部法律，1933年证券法和1934年证券交易法，赋予证券交易委员会确立报告和公开规定的权力，。
不过，证券交易委员会通常只进行监督工作，而让财务会计标准委员会和政府会计准则委员会(GASB)建立这些规定。
政府会计准则委员会为州政府和地方政府制定会计标准。
会计师现行使用的一套原则取决于一些基本的假设。
在接下来介绍基本假设和原则，被认为是公认会计原则而且适用于大多数的财务报表。
除这些概念之外，还有其他更多的技术标准，会计师在准备财务报表时必须遵循。
经济实体的假设每个经济实体必须保持分开的财务记录。
经济实体，包括企业，政府，学区，教堂，和其他社会组织。
虽然来自许多不同的实体的会计信息可以因财务报告的需要合并，每一个经济活动，必须与特定的实体关联并被记录。
此外，商业记录绝对不能包括业主个人的资产或负债。
货币单位假设一个经济实体的会计记录，只包括可以量化的交易。
某些影响公司的经济活动，如雇用一名新的行政长官或引进新产品，不容易量化成货币单位，因此，不会出现在该公司的会计记录里。
此外，会计记录必须用稳定的货币记录。
美国企业，通常使用美元作为这一用途。
会计 附录《词汇表》
附录词汇表会计（Accounting）：周期性地记录和报告企业的财务交易并分析企业的财务报表。
应付账款（Accounts payable,又称应付商业账款，trade payables）：企业由于按赊销方式购买商品或劳务而欠付供应商的款项。
应收账款（Accounts receivable）:企业以赊销的方式向客户销售商品或提供劳务所形成的客户欠付的款项。
应计负债（Accrued liabilities,又称应计费用，accrued expenses）:企业欠付供应商或雇员的与当期有关但未支付的费用。
累计折旧（Accumulated depreciation）：在资本资产的寿命期内至今为止已经对其计提折旧的总金额。
累计折旧在资产负债表上是作为一个备抵项目来列示的（见下面的定义），用来抵减相应资产的原始成本。
资本资产的原始成本与累计折旧之差称为账面净值。
权责发生制会计（Accrual accounting）：将收入和费用记录在其发生的期间、而不一定是实际发生现金交易期间的一种会计处理方法。
权责发生制会计是以配比原则为基础的。
坏账准备（Allowance for doubtful accounts,AFDA）资产负债表上描述管理人员对任意特定时点上可能无法收回的应收账款总额所做的恰当的估计的一个项目。
坏账准备是应收账款账户的备抵账户。
资产（Asset）：所有者目前以及未来期间所拥有的可以用货币计量其价值的经济资源。
审计师（Auditor）:企业外部执行特定的程序、对企业账务数据的准确性和完整性发表意见以使账务报表使用者放心的会计师。
审计报告（Audit report）：由审计师编制的慨括性的说明所执行的审计程序、审计范围，以及就账务数据的准确性和完整性发表意见的一页书面文件。
坏账（Bad debts）：预计在当期收回有很大疑问的赊销金额。
资产负债表（Balance sheet）:企业的三种主要财务报表之一。
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GAAP – Monetary MeasurementThis discussion focuses on the objectives, description and application of this principle. Examples will be given to strengthen the understanding and capability to apply this principle at real situation.Objective:To distinguish the qualitative and quantitative transactions which have to be recorded in the financial statements. Furthermore, the concept stated that the monetary unit is presumed to be stable over time.Description:- Only financial transactions are recorded- Money is the common denominator of economic activity- Non financial data are ignored- Qualitative data are ignored- No allowance for changing prices- Ignore some important economic informationApplication:For recording, accountants must be clear which transaction is qualitative and quantitative so that it may not have bias in the full picture of the report. Since investors, managers, government and general public take the financial statement as a reference in analyzing the performance of company, all the quantitative transactions should be included in order to fulfill the reliability of the financial statement.Example 1:A company has confirmed to issue 100,000 shares at $50 per share since they will have a joint-project with Venetian and the company expected to invest $5 million in the project. All the preparations have been finished but the issuance of the stock can only be carried out in Feburary next year. If you are the manag er, should you include this ‘qualitative’ transaction in your financial statement at the end of this year?Ans: No.Explanation:If you include this transaction, you will make the following entry:Dr Cash $5mCr Common stock $5mIn your financial statements, it will show an increase in both cash and common stock of $5m. Investors of your company will be misled by this information and they may make wrong decision on their investment. Therefore, instead of considering it as a quantitative transaction, full disclosure should be attached that the $5m issuance of stock will only be taken place in the following year. In this way, the investors can have a clear idea about the future prospect and development of the company and they can make their own choice on whether they should make their investment now or buy the newly issued shares of the company in February.Example 2:A new manager might improve employee morale and the improved morale might improve the performance of the business. Should this attitude be recorded in the financial statement?Ans: NoExplanation:Unlike the purchase of a new asset, the improved morale cannot be accurately expressed in monetary terms and therefore will not be recorded in the financial statements. The key thing is that accountants only record and measure financial transactions, even though there are many other things that are happening in a company that are important. Example 3This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable in which changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements. In other words, it ignores the time value of money.A piece of land which was worth $500,000 was bought last year. The value of the land has increased 20%. What adjustment has to be made in the Statement of Financial Position?Ans: The cost of land is still $500,000.Explanation:With the concept of ‘a dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow’ (to be learnt in the Financial Management Course in Year 2), we can have the following assumptions: a. In not recording the new value (still using the historical cost) which means there is no adjustment in inflation or deflation, the current market value cannot be revealed in the financial statements.b. Since there is no adjustment in inflation or deflation if you base on the monetarymeasurement concept. Therefore, the market value of the company can be greater or less than the amount of equity at different economic situations.Final Comments:If it is the matter of market value of short term investment, Fair Value Accounting can be applied. In dealing with the qualitative transactions, disclosure documents can be attached for reference. In general, application of this concept depends on the even more basic assumption that quantitative data are useful in communicating economic information and in making rational economic decisions.Note 1:Fair Value Accounting:Fair Value Accounting can be applied in the valuation of short-term investments. Short-term investments are adjusted to current market value at the end of each financial period. 'Unrealized Gain (Loss) on Investment' is recorded under stockholders' equity in the Balance Sheet. Since income tax has to be levied on gains and losses, therefore, thegain/loss will only be appeared in the Income Statement when the investments are sold. In the meantime, the gain/loss which has not been confirmed should still be placed in the stockholders' equity.。