《宏观经济学》——第六章 习题答案
宏观经济学第6章+总需求与总供给习题
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第六章总需求与总供给一、名词解释题1.扩张性财政政策 3.扩张性货币政策5.总供给 7.交易动机 8.投机动机 11.自生支出13.边际支出倾向 15.流动性偏好17.IS曲线19.工资粘性21.菲利普斯曲线23.成本推进的通货膨胀二、单项选择1.总需求曲线向下倾斜是由于()。
A、实际资产效应B、跨期替代效应C、开放替代效应D、以上三项都是3.价格在一定程度上不具备弹性的条件下短期总供给曲线是()。
A、垂直的B、水平的C、向上倾斜的D、向下倾斜的5.在古典模型的长期均衡中,当货币供给增加时()。
A、均衡的就业水平和产出不受影响B、均衡的产出和均衡价格水平不受影响C、均衡的价格水平,货币工资不受影响D、均衡就业量和均衡货币工资不受影响7.变动时不会导致总需求曲线移动的因素是()。
A、公众的预期B、价格水平C、宏观经济政策D、汇率9.“滞胀”理论不符合()观点。
A、货币主义B、凯恩斯主义C、理性预期学派D、实际经济周期11.假设可支配收入增加50元,消费支出增加45元,那么边际消费倾向为()。
A、0.05B、0.10C、0.90D、1.0013.按照凯恩斯的观点,人们需要货币,是出于()。
A、交易动机B、预防动机C、投机动机D、以上三项15.一般地说,位于LM曲线左方的收入和利率的组合,都是()。
A、货币需求大于货币供给的非均衡组合B、货币需求等于货币供给的均衡组合C、货币需求小于货币供给的非均衡组合D、产品需求小于产品供给的非均衡组合17.IS曲线向左方移动的条件是()。
A、总支出增加B、总支出减少C、价格水平下降D、价格水平上升19.IS曲线为y=500-2000 r,下列哪一个利率和收入水平的组合不在IS 曲线上()。
A、r=0.02,y=450B、r=0.05,y=400C、r=0.07,y=360D、r=0.10,y=30021.计划总支出曲线()。
A、是向上倾斜的B、是向下倾斜的C、是垂直的D、是水平的23.如果总存货等于计划存货,那么()。
叶德磊-宏观经济学-习题及答案-1-判断题,选择题(第二版)-090504
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《宏观经济学》习题及答案-1---判断题、选择题叶德磊(第二版)- 090504第一章、国民收入的核算(含导论)一、判断题1、企业在任一期的存货投资可能为正值, 也可能为负值。
()2、国债和企业债券的利息收入都不应计入GDP。
()3、一个经济体同一期限内的GNP不一定大于GDP。
()4、由于实际GDP等于名义GDP除以GDP缩减指数,因而一国的名义GDP肯定大于同期的实际GDP。
()5、GDP缩减指数选用的样本商品范围比CPI的样本商品范围更广。
()6、一国净出口的变化会影响到该国GNP水平的变化,但不会影响到该国GDP水平的变化. ()7、GDP指标不能反映的某些经济活动对于经济社会的发展和人类生活也有很重要的意义。
()二、单项选择题1、下列哪一说法是正确的()A、NDP中包含了折旧B、GDP中包含了企业所有库存品的货币折算值C、PI中未包含公司待分配利润D、PI中未包含个人所得税2、下列哪一说法是错误的()A、GDP中包含了直接税B、NDP中未包含间接税C、NI中包含公司所得税D、PI中包含了政府转移支付3、设某国的代表性商品为甲、乙、丙三种,1995年它们的价格分别为2、5、10美元,2005年分别为6、10、30美元,它们在消费支出额中所占的比重分别为30%、20%和50%,1995年作为基年的价格指数为100,则2005年的CPI为()A、271B、280C、460D、8004、下列哪一项目应计入GDP。
()A、政府补贴B、债券购买额C、旧房子的转让D、股票交易印花税5、包含了政府转移支付的项目是()A、NDPB、PIC、DPID、B和C6、如果某经济体2005年的名义GDP为300亿,经计算得到的该年实际GDP为200亿,基年的GDP缩减指数为100,那么2005年的GDP缩减指数为()A、660B、150C、220D、250第一章参考答案:一、判断题。
1、¥2、×3、¥4、×5、¥6、×7、¥二、单项选择题。
《宏观经济学》——第六章 习题答案
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第六章习题参考答案一、名词解释1、总供给曲线:表明了价格与产量的相结合,即在某种价格水平时整个社会的厂商所愿意供给的产品总量。
2、总需求曲线:描述在产品市场和货币市场同时实现均衡时,产量(国民收入)与价格水平的组合。
3、总需求—总供给模型:将总需求与总供给结合在一起放在一个坐标图上,用以解释国民收入和价格水平的决定,考察价格变化的原因以及社会经济如何实现总需求与总供给的均衡。
4、古典总供给曲线:不受价格水平变动的影响,位于充分就业水平上的垂直的总供给曲线。
5、粘性工资模型:即阐述粘性名义工资对总供给影响的模型。
6、利率效应:物价水平的变化将引起利率水平的变化,从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。
7、税收效应:物价水平的变化将引起税收的变化,从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。
二、单项选择题DCAAB DCCBD D1.D.总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因主要有:实际余额效应、利率效应、汇率效应以及税收效应。
2.C.价格的变化不影响IS曲线的位置,而价格下降会导致实际货币余额增加,利率下降,投资需求增加从而收入增加,所以LM曲线向右移。
3.A.在凯恩斯条件下,由于供给曲线是一条水平线,扩张的财政政策会使价格不变但国民收入y将增加。
y增加,则对货币的需求将增加,当货币供给不变时利率提高;当处于古典区域时,由于产量已达到了充分就业时的最大产出,所以y不会变,扩张性的财政政策将会使得价格上涨,从而实际货币余额将减少,利率提高。
4.A.劳动需求函数为Nd=Nd(WP),WP指实际工资,劳动需求与实际工资成反向关系,因此价格水平越低,名义工资不变,则实际工资上升,因而劳动需求下降。
5.B.劳动的供给函数为Ns=Ns(WP),W指名义工资,P为价格水平。
在短期内,实际工资率越高,劳动的供给越多,因此呈现正斜率。
6.D.古典学派假设工资和价格水平可以迅速自行调节,从而使得经济总是处于充分就业状态,因而此时古典供给曲线存在。
7.C.8.C.A、B、D三选项均属于潜在产出的短期决定因素,技术是长期决定因素。
宏观经济学习题(6-8)
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第六章开放经济一、选择题1.当一国的净资本流入为正值时:A 该国的资本账户处于盈余状态。
B 该国存在贸易盈余和资本账户盈余。
C 该国的资本账户处于平衡状态。
D 该国存在贸易赤字和资本账户赤字。
E 该国资本账户处于赤字状态。
答案:A2.以下选项正确的是:A 进口+出口=净资本流入。
B 进口=出口-净资本流入。
C 进口=出口+净资本流入。
D 进口+净资本流入=出口。
E 进口=净资本流入。
答案:C3.对于一个大国开放经济来说,紧缩性的财政政策对该国的长期影响是( C )A.国民储蓄的减少 B.利率上升 C.净出口的上升 D.产出减少4.在开放经济中:A 私人储蓄+净资本流入=投资+政府储蓄B 私人储蓄=净资本流入+投资+政府储蓄C 私人储蓄+投资=净资本流入+政府储蓄D 私人储蓄+政府储蓄+净资本流入=投资E 私人储蓄+净资本流入+投资=政府储蓄答案:D5.在小型开放经济中,预算赤字的上升将:A 降低利率和投资。
B 不改变利率或投资。
C提高利率和投资。
D 提高利率但降低投资。
E 降低利率但提高投资。
答案:B6.汇率是指:A 两国之间的贸易赤字。
B 一国的净资本流入。
C 两种货币的相对价格。
D 一国货币的升值率。
E 一国货币的贬值率。
答案:C7.在开放经济中,投资—储蓄恒等式表明:A 私人储蓄必定等于私人投资。
B 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于投资C 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于投资加上政府赤字。
D 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于政府赤字加上经常账户赤字。
E 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于政府赤字加上经常账户赤字再加上投资。
答案:C8.对美国而言,提高私人储蓄可能会:A 提高预算赤字。
B 降低预算赤字。
C 增加投资。
D 对利率和投资没有影响。
E 引起美元升值答案:C二、名词解释1.贸易逆差 2.贸易顺差 3.名义汇率 4.实际汇率1.贸易逆差:一国在一定时期内进口贸易总值大于出口总值。
宏观经济学第六章习题及答案
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第六单元通货膨胀与失业理论本单元所涉及到的主要知识点:1.通货膨胀的含义、衡量与种类2.通货膨胀的原因3.通货膨胀对经济的影响及其对策4.失业的含义与衡量5.失业的种类6.失业的原因7.失业的影响及其治理8.失业与通货膨胀的关系:菲利普斯曲线一、单项选择1.一般用来衡量通货膨胀的物价指数是( D )。
a.消费者物价指数; b.生产物价指数;c.GDP缩减指数; d.以上均正确。
2.可以称为温和的通货膨胀的情况是指( D)。
a.通货膨胀率以每年5%的速度增长; b.通货膨胀率在10%以上;c.通货膨胀率一直保持在2%-3%水平;d.通货膨胀率处于3%—10%之间。
3.通货膨胀的主要类型有( D )。
a.需求拉上型; b.成本推进型;c.结构型; d.以上均正确。
4.通货膨胀会( C )。
a.使国民收入提高到超过其平常水平;b.使国民收入下降到其平常水平以下;c.使国民收入提高或下降,主要看通货膨胀产生的原因;d.只有在经济处于潜在的产出水平时,国民收入才会增长。
5.在通货膨胀不能完全预期的情况下,通货膨胀将有利于( A )。
a.债务人; b;债权人;c.在职工人; d.离退休人员。
6.已知充分就业的国民收入是12000亿元,实际国民收入11800亿,边际消费倾向0.8,在增加3000亿的投资后,经济将发生( A )。
a.需求拉上通货膨胀;b.成本推进通货膨胀;c.结构性通货膨胀; d.需求不足的失业。
7.收入政策主要是用来治理( B )。
a.需求拉上的通货膨胀; b.成本推进的通货膨胀;c.结构性通货膨胀; d.供求混合通货膨胀。
8.抑制通货膨胀的收入政策是指( C )。
a.收入初次分配; b.收入再分配;c.收入—价格管制; d.以上均正确。
9.失业率是指( A )。
a.失业人口占劳动力的百分比; b.失业人数占人口总数的百分比; c.失业人数占就业人数的百分比; d.以上均正确。
10.充分就业的含义是(B )。
袁志刚《宏观经济学》课后习题答案
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《宏观经济学》学习指南第一部分各章提要、补充说明、习题选答及补充练习第1章宏观经济学导论一、本章提要本章是全书的导论部分,因此,它要告诉读者的首先是宏观经济学的研究对象、容、研究方法以及这门学科存在的意义,也就是说,它力图要给出宏观经济学这门学科的一个大概轮廓。
宏观经济学是一门以一个国家的宏观经济运行作为主要研究对象的学科,它需要揭示的最主要问题是宏观经济在短期为何会发生不同程度的波动,在长期又是什么力量决定一国经济的增长。
经济运行中最常见的宏观问题是通货膨胀和失业,因此,宏观经济学必将以相当的篇幅来讨论这两个问题。
由于本书是以中国读者为主要对象的教材,因此我们在导论中还特别描述了中国宏观经济运行的一个大概状况。
宏观经济学存在意义,是通过宏观经济学的理论研究,对宏观经济现象作出的有效的分析,然后判断和预测宏观经济运行的现状和趋势,从而为政府实施宏观经济调控政策提供依据。
从历史的角度来看待宏观经济学,两个主要流派(凯恩斯主义和新古典主义)之争构成了宏观经济经济学发展的主要线索,它们在市场机制能否保证使经济波动回复到均衡状态上面有着截然相反的哲学信念和观点,但是,宏观经济学作为一门科学,毕竟有着各个流派都遵循的规则和方法。
二、补充说明1.宏观经济学导读宏观经济学的核心容,从短期看,是要解决实际总产出的决定问题以及为什么实际总产出会围绕潜在总产出发生波动;从长期看,是要探讨潜在总产出在怎样的条件下才能增长,为什么有的国家经济增长迅速而另外的一些国家经济增长则基本处于停滞状态。
因此,在学习宏观经济学时,需要特别注意的是时间概念,因为在不同的时间围,宏观经济学关注的对象是不一样的,当然,所采用的分析方法和分析手段也各自不同。
在短期里,宏观经济学假定潜在总产出水平和价格水平均固定不变。
在这一假定之下来分析实际总产出的决定与波动问题。
由于潜在总产出水平既定,因而实际总产出的大小就主要取决于总需求。
总需求主要由四部分组成,即消费需求、投资需求、政府支出和净出口,这四部分的大小就决定了一个国家短期里实际总产出的大小。
宏观经济学习题库(附参考答案)
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习题库第一章导论一、名词解释宏观经济学、总量分析、非均衡分析、凯恩斯革命二、简答题1、宏观经济学有什么特点?2、宏观经济学主要研究哪些问题?3、现代宏观经济学是如何产生与演变的?第二章国民收入核算一、名词解释GDP、GNP、NDP、NI、PI、PDI、名义GDP、实际GDP、GDP紧缩指数二、选择题1、下列那些项目应计入GDP?( )。
A. 政府转移支付B. 购买一辆用过的卡车C. 购买普通股票D. 购买一块地产2、已知某一经济中的消费额为6亿元,投资额为1亿元,间接税为1亿元,政府用于物品和劳务的支出额为1.5亿元,出口额为2亿元,进口额为1.8亿元,则()。
A. NDP=8.7亿元B. GDP=7.7亿元C. GDP=8.7亿元D. NDP=5亿元3、所谓净出口是指()。
A. 出口减进口B. 进口减出口C. 出口加进口D. GNP减出口4、在三部门经济中,如果用支出法来衡量,GDP等于()。
A. 消费+投资B. 消费+投资+政府支出C. 消费+投资+政府支出+净出口D. 消费+投资+进出口5、GDP与NDP之间的差别是()。
A. 直接税B. 折旧C. 间接税D. 净出口6、按最终使用者类型,将最终产品和劳务的市场价值加总起来核算GDP的方法是()。
A. 支出法B. 收入法C. 生产法D. 增加价值法7、在统计中,社会保险税增加对()有影响?A. GDPB. NDPC. NID. PI三、简答题1、指出下列各项中,哪些是中间产品,哪些是最终产品?①小王购买一本杂志②某电脑公司购买一批英特尔公司生产的芯片③某政府机构购买一批红旗轿车④旅游时付给入住酒店的房租⑤律师支付租用办公室的房租⑥家庭支付的水电费⑦美国公司向中国购买的农产品2、GDP的统计口径是否忽视了对中间产品生产的核算?3、在证券市场购买股票和债券属于经济学意义上的投资活动吗?4、为什么政府转移支付不能计入GDP?5、为什么间接税应该计入GDP?6、GDP指标有哪些缺陷或不足?7、为什么要区分名义国内生产总值和实际国内生产总值?8、国内生产总值与国民生产总值关系如何?四、计算题1、若某国GDP为8800单位,总投资为1150单位,净投资为292单位,消费为5800单位,政府购买的产品和劳务价值为1500单位,间接税为620单位,政府财政盈余为44单位,求该国NDP、净出口、个人可支配收入、个人储蓄各为多少。
宏观经济学第四版习题答案
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第一章答案一、单项选择题1. A;2.B;3.B ;4. C;5. D ;6. B ;7. D;8. B;9. A ;10.C;11. A;12. C ;13. D ;14. B;15. C ;16. D;17. A;18. C。
三、简答题4、社会保险税实质上是企业和职工为得到社会保障而支付的保险金,它由政府有关部门(一般是保险局)按一定比率以税收形式征收。
社会保险税是从国民收入中扣除的,因此,社会保险税的增加并不影响GDP、NDP和NI,但影响个人收入PI。
社会保险税的增加减少个人收入,从而也从某种意义上会影响个人可支配收入。
然而,应当认为,社会保险税的增加并不直接影响可支配收入,因为一旦个人收入决定后,只有个人所得税的变动才会影响个人可支配收入 DPI。
四、分析与计算题1.解:支出法=16720+3950+5340+3390-3165=26235收入法=15963+1790+1260+1820+310+2870+2123+105-6=262352.解:(1)GDP=2060+590+590+40=3280(2)NDP=3280-210=3070(3)NI=3070-250=2820(4)PI =2820-130-220-80+200+30=2620(5)DPI=2620-290=23303. 解:⑴ 1990=652.5; 1995=878;⑵如果以1990年作为基年,则1995年的实际国内生产总值=795⑶计算1990-1995年的国内生产总值平减指数:90年=652.5/612.5=1,95年=878/795=1.114. 解:(1)S=DPI-C=4000-3500=500(2)用I代表投资,S P、S g、S F分别代表私人部门、政府部门和国外部门的储蓄,则 S g =T–g =BS,这里T代表政府税收收入,g 代表政府支出,BS代表预算盈余,在本题中,S g =T–g=BS=-200。
宏观经济学第六章习题及答案
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第六单元通货膨胀与失业理论本单元所涉及到的主要知识点:1.通货膨胀的含义、衡量与种类2.通货膨胀的原因3.通货膨胀对经济的影响及其对策4.失业的含义与衡量5.失业的种类6.失业的原因7.失业的影响及其治理8.失业与通货膨胀的关系:菲利普斯曲线一、单项选择1.一般用来衡量通货膨胀的物价指数是( D )。
a.消费者物价指数; b.生产物价指数;c.GDP缩减指数; d.以上均正确。
2.可以称为温和的通货膨胀的情况是指( D)。
a.通货膨胀率以每年5%的速度增长; b.通货膨胀率在10%以上;c.通货膨胀率一直保持在2%-3%水平;d.通货膨胀率处于3%—10%之间。
3.通货膨胀的主要类型有( D )。
a.需求拉上型; b.成本推进型;c.结构型; d.以上均正确。
4.通货膨胀会( C )。
a.使国民收入提高到超过其平常水平;b.使国民收入下降到其平常水平以下;c.使国民收入提高或下降,主要看通货膨胀产生的原因;d.只有在经济处于潜在的产出水平时,国民收入才会增长。
5.在通货膨胀不能完全预期的情况下,通货膨胀将有利于( A )。
a.债务人; b;债权人;c.在职工人; d.离退休人员。
6.已知充分就业的国民收入是12000亿元,实际国民收入11800亿,边际消费倾向0.8,在增加3000亿的投资后,经济将发生( A )。
a.需求拉上通货膨胀;b.成本推进通货膨胀;c.结构性通货膨胀; d.需求不足的失业。
7.收入政策主要是用来治理( B )。
a.需求拉上的通货膨胀; b.成本推进的通货膨胀;c.结构性通货膨胀; d.供求混合通货膨胀。
8.抑制通货膨胀的收入政策是指( C )。
a.收入初次分配; b.收入再分配;c.收入—价格管制; d.以上均正确。
9.失业率是指( A )。
a.失业人口占劳动力的百分比; b.失业人数占人口总数的百分比; c.失业人数占就业人数的百分比; d.以上均正确。
10.充分就业的含义是(B )。
浙大版《宏观经济学教程》习题答案精选全文
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可编辑修改精选全文完整版《宏观经济学教程》教材习题参考答案第一章总产出二、分析与思考1,在总产值中包含着中间产品的价值,如果以各部门的产值总和来合算总产出,则会出现重复计算。
2,因为这只是证券资产的交易,在这种交易中获得的利润或蒙受的损失与本期生产无关。
3,可能会,因为销售的产品可能是上年生产的产品。
GDP与GNP应该以后者,即本年生产的最终产品为口径。
因为它是用来衡量国家当年总产出水平的量的。
4,不是,因为个人可支配收入是GNP或GDP中减去折旧、间接税、公司利润、社会保障支付、个人所得税,再加上转移支付得到的。
5,购买住宅属于投资行为,因为西方国家的消费者购买或建造住宅一般都是使用银行贷款,而且住宅也像企业的固定资产一样,是一次购买、长期使用、逐步消耗的。
6,一般中间产品在当期生产中全部被消耗掉,其价值完全包含在产品的销售价格中。
而,固定资产在生产过程中则是被逐步消耗的,计入当期产品生产成本的仅仅是固定资产中部分被消耗掉的价值,即折旧。
7,不是。
因为总支出包括消费,投资,政府购买和净出口,并不只是在消费最终产品上。
8,不是。
总产出包括的是净出口,对外贸易规模大,如果进口大于出口,则总产出规模不会因对外贸易规模大而变大。
9,可以。
因为名义GDP与实际GDP的比率是消费价格平减指数,平减指数可以衡量物价水平变化,所以可用来衡量通货膨胀率。
10,不一定。
因为购买力平价在计算时有样本选择的典型性与权重确定上的困难,不能很好地反映两国货币实际比率。
三、计算题1,解:Y = C + I + G + NXGNP=8000+5000+2500+2000-1500=16000NNP= GNP-折旧NNP=16000-500=15500NI= NNP-间接税NI=15500-2000=13500PI=NI-公司未分配利润-公司所得税和社会保险税 + 政府转移支付PI=13500+500=14000DPI=PI-个人所得税DPI=14000-(3000-2000)=13000第二章 消费、储蓄与投资二、分析与思考1,不包括公共产品的消费。
Removed_曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)课后习题详解(第6章 失 业 )51
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曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)第6章失业课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1.自然失业率(natural rate of unemployment)答:自然失业率又称“有保证的失业率”、“正常失业率”、“充分就业失业率”等,它是经济围绕其波动的平均失业率,是经济在长期中趋近的失业率,是充分就业时仍然保持的失业水平。
自然失业率是在没有货币因素干扰的情况下,让劳动市场和商品市场自发供求力量起作用时,总供给和总需求处于均衡状态时的失业率。
“没有货币因素干扰”是指失业率的高低与通货膨胀率的高低之间不存在替代关系。
自然失业率决定于经济中的结构性和摩擦性的因素,取决于劳动市场的组织状况、人口组成、失业者寻找工作的能力愿望、现有工作的类型、经济结构的变动、新加入劳动者队伍的人数等众多因素。
任何把失业降低到自然失业率以下的企图都将造成加速的通货膨胀。
任何时候都存在着与实际工资率结构相适应的自然失业率。
自然失业率是弗里德曼对菲利普斯曲线发展的一种观点,他将长期的均衡失业率称为“自然失业率”,它可以和任何通货膨胀水平相对应,且不受其影响。
2.摩擦性失业(frictional unemployment)答:摩擦性失业指劳动力市场运行机制不完善或者因为经济变动过程中的工作转换而产生的失业。
摩擦性失业是劳动力在正常流动过程中所产生的失业。
在一个动态经济中,各行业、各部门和各地区之间劳动需求的变动是经常发生的。
即使在充分就业状态下,由于人们从学校毕业或搬到新城市而要寻找工作,总是会有一些人的周转。
多恩布什《宏观经济学》(英文第八版)答案-第六章
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Chapter 6 Solutions to the Problems in the Textbook:Conceptual Problems:1. The aggregate supply curve and the Phillips curve describe very similar relationships and bothcurves can be used to analyze the same phenomena. The AS-curve shows a relationship between the price level and the level of output. The Phillips curve shows a relationship between the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate, given certain inflationary expectations. For example, a movement along the AS-curve depicts an increase in the price level that is associated with an increase in the level of output. As output increases, the rate of unemployment decreases (see Okun’s law).Therefore, with a larger increase in the price level (a higher level of inflation) there will be a decrease in unemployment, creating a downward-sloping Phillips curve.This downward sloping Phillips curve shifts whenever inflationary expectations change. If one assumes that workers will change their wage demands whenever their inflationary expectations change, one can conclude that a shift in the Phillips curve corresponds to a shift in the upward sloping AS-curve, since higher wages mean higher cost of production.2. In the short run, when wages and prices are assumed to be fixed, there can be no inflation and thusthe Phillips curve makes no sense over this very brief time frame. But in the medium run (in this chapter also often referred to as the short run), the Phillips curve is downward sloping as inflationary expectations are assumed to be constant. In the long run, the Phillips curve is vertical at the natural rate of unemployment, which corresponds to the vertical long-run AS-curve at the full-employment level of output.3. A variety of explanations are given in this chapter for the stickiness of wages in the short orintermediate run. One is that workers have imperfect information and nobody knows the actual price level. People don’t know whether a change in their nominal wage is the result of an increase in prices or in the real wage they receive for the work they provide. Due to this uncertainty, labor markets will not clear immediately. Another argument relies on coordination problems, that is, different firms within an economy cannot coordinate price changes in response to monetary policy changes.Individual firms change their prices only reluctantly, since they are afraid of losing market share. The efficiency wage theory argues that employers pay above market-clearing wages to motivate their workers to work harder. Firms are also reluctant to change wages because of the perceived menu costs involved. There are long-term relations between firms and workers and wages are usually set in nominal terms by wage contracts, which are renegotiated only periodically. Thus real wages fluctuate over time as the price level changes. Finally, the insider-outsider model argues that firms negotiate only with their own employees but not with unemployed workers. Since a turnover in the labor force is costly to firms, they are willing to offer above market-clearing wages to the currently employed rather than hiring the unemployed who may be willing to work for lower wages.These different views are not necessarily mutually exclusive and it is up to students to decide which of the arguments presented here they find most plausible. The explanations differ mainly in their assumption of how fast markets clear and whether employment variations are voluntary.4.a. Stagflation is defined as a period of high unemployment accompanied by high inflation.4.b. Stagflation can occur in time periods when people have high inflationary expectations. If theeconomy goes into a recession, the actual rate of inflation will fall below the expected rate of inflation.However, the actual inflation rate may still be very high while the rate of unemployment is increasing.For example, the Fed may have let money supply grow much too fast in the past, so everyone expectsa high inflation rate. If a supply shock occurs, we will see an increase in the rate of unemploymentwhile inflationary expectations and actual inflation remain very high. This scenario occurred during the 1970s. Once we have reached such a situation, it becomes necessary to design policies that will reduce inflationary expectations to shift the Phillips curve back to the left.5. Assume a disturbance occurs and the AD-curve shifts to the right. Unemployment decreases andinflation increases, and we move along the downward sloping Phillips curve to the left. However, as soon as people realize that actual inflation is higher than their inflationary expectations, they adjust their inflationary expectations upward and the downward-sloping Phillips curve shifts to the right, eventually returning unemployment back to its natural rate. In other words, the economy adjusts back at the full-employment level of income.If an adverse supply shock occurs (the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts to the left), unemployment and inflation increase simultaneously. This will correspond to a shift of the downward-sloping Phillips curve to the right. However, when people realize that actual inflation is less than expected inflation, then the downward-sloping Phillips curve starts to shift back and the economy adjusts back to the natural rate of unemployment in the long run.6.The expectations-augmented Phillips curve predicts that inflation will rise above the expected levelwhen unemployment drops below its natural rate. However, if people know that this is going to happen, why don’t they immediately adjust to it? And if people immediately adjusted to it, wouldn’t this imply that anticipated monetary policy would be ineffective to cause any deviation from the full-employment level of output? In reality, however, even if people have rational expectations, they may not be able to adjust immediately. One reason is that wage contracts often set wages for an extended time period. Similarly, prices cannot always be changed right away and the costs of changing prices may outweigh the benefits. A further argument is that even rational people make forecasting mistakes and learn only slowly.In other words, the location of the expectations-augmented Phillips curve is determined by the level of expected inflation, which is set by recent historical experience. A shift in this curve caused by changing inflationary expectations occurs only gradually. The rational expectations model, on the other hand, assumes that the Phillips curve shifts almost instantaneously as new information about the near future becomes available.Technical Problems:1. A reduction in the supply of money leads to excess demand for money and increased interest rates,reducing the level of private spending (especially investment). Therefore the AD-curve shifts to the left. This causes an excess supply of goods and services at the original price level so the price level starts to decrease. Since the AS-curve is upward sloping, a new short-run macro-equilibrium is reached at a lower level of output (and thus a higher level of unemployment) and a lower price level.PP1However, the higher level of unemployment eventually puts downward pressure on wages, reducing the cost of production and shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right. Alternatively, since this equilibrium output level is below the full-employment level, prices will continue to fall, and the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the right. As long as output is below the full-employment level Y*, the upward-sloping AS-curve will continue to shift to the right, which means that the price level will continue to decline. Eventually a new long-run equilibrium will be reached at the full-employment level of output (Y*) and a lower price level.2. According to the rational expectations theory, an announced change in monetary policy wouldimmediately change people’s perception in regard to the expected inflation rate. If people could adjust immediately to this change in inflationary expectations, then the rate of unemployment or the output level would remain the same. In other words, we would immediately move from point 1 to point 3 in the diagram used to explain the previous question and the Fed would be unable to affect the unemployment rate. In reality, however, even if people have rational expectations and can anticipate the effects of a policy change correctly, they may not be able to immediately adjust due to wage contracts, etc. Thus, there will always be some deviation from the full-employment output level Y*.3.a. A favorable supply shock, such as a decline in material prices, shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve tothe right, leading to excess supply at the existing price level. A new short-run equilibrium is reached at a higher level of output and a lower price level. But since output is now above the full-employment level Y*, there is upward pressure on wages and prices and the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts back to the right. A new long-run equilibrium is reached back at the original position (Y*), and the original price level (assuming that the change in material prices did not affect the full-employment level of output). Since nominal wages (W) will have risen but the price level (P) will not have changed, real wages (W/P) will have increased.PP1P20 13.b. Lower material prices lower the cost of production, shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve shiftsto the right, and leading to an increase in output and a lower price level. Since unemployment is now below its natural rate, there is a shortage of labor, providing upward pressure on wages. This will increase the cost of production again, eventually shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve back to the original long-run equilibrium (assuming that potential GDP has not been affected).Additional Problems:1. Explain the long-run effect of an increase in nominal money supply on the amount of realmoney balances available in the economy.In the very short run, the price level is fixed, so if nominal money supply (M) increases, a higher level of real money balances is available, causing interest rates to fall and the level of investment spending to increase. This leads to an increase in aggregate demand. The shift to the right of the AD-curve causes the price level (P) to increase, leading to a reduction in real money balances (M/P). In the medium run (an upward-sloping AS-curve), we reach a new equilibrium at a higher output level and a higher price level. Since prices have gone up proportionally less than nominal money supply, real money balances have increased. However, to reach a new long-run equilibrium, prices have to increase further, and as a result, the level of real money balances will decrease further. When the new long-run equilibrium at Y* is finally reached, the price level will have risen proportionally to nominal money supply and the level of real money balances will be back at its original level.2. Assume the economy is in a recession. Describe an adjustment process that will ensure that theeconomy eventually will return to full employment. How can the government speed up this process?If the economy is in a recession, there will be downward pressure on wages and prices, which will bring the economy back to the full-employment output level. The upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the right due to lower production costs. However, this process may take a fairly long time. The government can shorten this adjustment process with the help of expansionary fiscal or monetary policies to stimulate aggregate demand. The resulting shift to the right of the AD-curve implies that the final long-run equilibrium will be at a higher price level. In other words, the reduction in unemployment can only be achieved at the cost of higher inflation.3. "The stickiness of wages implies that policy makers can achieve low unemployment only if theyare willing to put up with high inflation." Comment on this statement.There are several explanations of why wages and prices adjust only slowly. One is that workers have imperfect information, so they do not realize that lower prices mean higher real wages. Another is that firms are reluctant to change prices and wages since they are unsure about the behavior of their competitors and want to avoid the perceived cost of making these changes. Finally, wage contracts tend to be long-term and staggered, so it takes time to adjust wages to price changes. Some firms may pay their workers above market-clearing wages to keep them happy and productive. For these reasons, wages and prices tend to be rigid in the short run. Thus it takes time for the economy to adjust back to full-employment.If there were a stable Phillips-curve relationship, a low rate of unemployment could only be achieved by allowing inflation to increase. However, such a stable relationship does not exist. Wages tend to be rigid in the short run, so expansionary policies lower unemployment and increase inflation in the short run. In the long run, however, the economy will adjust back to the natural rate of unemployment, so expansionary policies simply lead to a higher price level.4. "If we assume that people have rational expectations, then fiscal policy is always irrelevant.But monetary policy can still be used to affect the rate of inflation and unemployment."Comment on this statement.Individuals and firms with rational expectations consistently make optimal decisions based on all information available. As long as a policy change is anticipated, people are able to assess its long-run outcome and will try to immediately adjust. Since fiscal policy doesn't affect inflation or unemployment in the long run, it is also ineffective in the short run if wages and prices are assumed to be flexible. An anticipated change in monetary growth, on the other hand, will be reflected in a change in the inflation rate. If wages are flexible, workers will adjust their wage demands immediately and no significant change in the unemployment rate will occur. However, even if people have rational expectations, wages tend to be fairly rigid in the short run due to wage contracts. Therefore, it will take time for the economy to adjust back to a long-run equilibrium. This implies that both fiscal and monetary policy can affect the rate of inflation and unemployment to some degree in the short run.5. "Inflation cannot accelerate in a recession, when the rate of unemployment is above its naturalrate." Comment on this statement.Inflation can accelerate even in a recession, that is, when the unemployment is high, if a supply shock occurs. An oil price increase will increase the cost of production, so the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the left. This will increase the inflation rate and the rate of unemployment simultaneously, as firms increase their product prices and cut their production. If the Fed tries to accommodate the supply shock with expansionary monetary policy in an effort to stimulate the economy, then inflation will accelerate even more, as the AD-curve shifts to the right.6. Comment on the following statement:"The coordination approach to the Phillips curve focuses on the problems that the administration has in coordinating its fiscal policies with the monetary policies of the Fed." The coordination approach has nothing to do with fiscal or monetary policy but is simply one explanation of why wages adjust slowly. This view asserts that firms generally are unable to coordinate wage and price changes in response to a monetary policy change. For example, any firm that cuts workers' wages in response to monetary contraction while other firms don't, will anger its employees who may then choose to leave. Firms are also reluctant to change their prices since they are unsure about their competitors' behavior. Thus wages and prices change only slowly in response to a change in aggregate demand. This implies an upward-sloping (short-run) AS-curve.7. Comment on the following statement:"The unemployment rate is zero at the full-employment level of output."With a higher price level real wages decline, increasing the quantity of labor demanded. Therefore the nominal wage rate is bid up until the real wage rate is restored to its unique equilibrium level. Similarly, if prices fall, real wages increase, leading to unemployment. The nominal wage rate falls to bring the real wage rate back to its equilibrium level. So the nominal wage rate changes in proportion to the price level to maintain a real wage rate that clears the labor market. At this wage rate, the full-employment level of output is produced. However, at the full-employment output level the unemployment rate is not zero. Due to frictions in the labor market, there is always a positive unemployment rate, as workers switch between jobs. This is called the natural rate of unemployment.8. Briefly state the reason for the slow adjustment of wages to changes in aggregate demand. The reasons for the slow adjustment of nominal wages can be explained in several ways. One explanation is that workers have imperfect information, that is, they do not immediately realize whether a change in their nominal wage is the result of an increase in prices or in the real wage they receive for the work they provide. Another explanation is that coordination problems exist, that is, different firms within an economy are unsure about the behavior of their competitors and thus they only reluctantly change wages or prices. The efficiency wage theory, on the other hand, argues that firms pay above market-clearing wages to motivate their workers to work harder. Firms are also reluctant to change wages due to the perceived cost of doing so. Another argument is that wage contracts tend to be long-term, so real wages tend to fluctuate over the length of the contract and output adjusts only slowly to price changes. Finally, the insider-outsider model argues that firms negotiate only with their employees but not the unemployed. Since a turnover of the labor force is costly to firms, they are willing to offer above market-clearing wages to the currently employed rather than hiring the unemployed who may be willing to work for less. These various explanations are not mutually exclusive, and they all imply that the AS-curve is positively sloped, that is, that a change in aggregate demand will affect both output and prices in the short run.9. True or false? Why?"There is no frictional unemployment at the natural rate of unemployment."False. The natural rate of unemployment is the rate at which the labor market is in equilibrium. But there is always some unemployment due to new entrants into the labor force, people between jobs, and the like.This rate of unemployment is considered normal, due to frictions in the labor market, and is often called frictional unemployment.10. "If everyone in this economy had rational expectations, then wages would be flexible andunemployment could not occur." Comment on this statement.The new Keynesian models argue that even if people have rational expectations, socially undesirable outcomes may still occur due to imperfect competition and the existence of wage contracts. Prices may not change freely, since firms in imperfectly competitive markets are reluctant to change them, due to the menu costs involved. Nominal wages are set by contracts over a period of time, so the economy may adjust only slowly to a decrease in aggregate demand. Thus a rate of unemployment higher than the natural rate can exist over an extended period of time.11. True or false? Why?"If nominal wages were more flexible, expansionary policies would be more effective in reducing the rate of unemployment."False. In Chapter 5 we learned that in the classical case (where nominal wages are completely flexible) the AS-curve is vertical, whereas in the Keynesian case (where wages do not change, even if unemployment persists) the AS-curve is horizontal. From this we can conclude that more flexible nominal wages imply a steeper upward-sloping AS-curve. Any type of expansionary demand-side policy will shift the AD-curve to the right and this will cause the level of output and prices to increase (at least in the short-run). A steeper upward-sloping AS-curve results in a larger price increase and a smaller increase in output. But a smaller increase in the level of output results in a smaller reduction in unemployment. In either case, the economy will settle back at the full-employment level of output in the long run. In the long run, the rate of unemployment always goes back to its natural level.12. Explain the short-run and long-run effects of an increase in the level of government spendingon output, unemployment, interest rates, prices, and real money balances.An increase in government spending increases aggregate demand, shifting the AD-curve to the right. Because there is excess demand, the price level increases, which reduces the level of real money balances. Therefore interest rates increase, leading to some crowding out of investment. Due to this real balance effect, the increase in output is less than the shift in the AD-curve. Assuming an upward-sloping AS-curve, a new equilibrium is reached at a higher price level, a higher level of output, a lower unemployment rate and a higher interest rate. Since output is now above the full-employment level, wages and prices will continue to rise and the upward-sloping AS-curve will start shifting to the left. This process will continue until a new long-run equilibrium is reached at the full-employment level of income Y*, that is, until unemployment is back at its natural rate. At this point the price level, nominal wages, and interest rates will be higher than previously and real money balances will be lower.13. Briefly explain why there seems to be so much interest in finding ways to shift theupward-sloping aggregate supply curve to the right.Shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right seems to be the only way to offset the effects of an adverse supply shock without any negative side effects. An adverse supply shock, such as an increase in oil prices, causes a simultaneous increase in unemployment and inflation, and policy makers have only two options for demand-management policies. Expansionary fiscal or monetary policy will help to achieve full employment faster but will raise the price level, while restrictive fiscal or monetary policy will reduce inflationary pressure but increase unemployment. Therefore, any policy that would shift the upward sloping AS-curve back to the right seems preferable, since it might bring the economy back to the original equilibrium by simultaneously lowering inflation and unemployment.14. Use an AD-AS framework to show the effect of monetary restriction on the level of output,prices and the interest rate in the medium and the long run.A decrease in nominal money supply will increase interest rates, leading to a decrease in investment spending. This will shift the AD-curve to the left, creating an excess supply of goods and services. Therefore price level will decrease and real money balances will increase. A new equilibrium will be achieved at the intersection of the new AD-curve and the upward-sloping AS-curve at an output level that is below the full-employment level.In the long run, higher unemployment will cause downward pressure on wages. As the cost of production decreases, the upward-sloping AS-curve will keep shifting to the right until a new long-run equilibrium is established at the full-employment level of output, that is, where the new AD-curve intersects the long-run vertical AS-curve at Y*. At this point, real output, the real interest rate, real money balances, and the real wage rate will be back at their original level. Nominal money supply, the price level and the nominal wage rate will all have decreased proportionally.A simplified adjustment can be shown as follows:1-->2: Ms down ==> i up ==> I down ==> Y down ==> the AD-curve shifts left ==>excess supply ==> P down ==> real ms up ==> i down ==> I up ==> Y up(The first line describes a policy change, that is, a shift in the AD-curve; the second line describes the price adjustment, that is, a movement along the AD-curve.)Short-run effect:Y down, i up, P down2-->3: Since Y < Y* ==> downwards pressure on nominal wages ==> cost of production down ==> the short run AS-curve shifts right ==> excess supply of goods ==> P down ==> real ms up==> i down ==> I up ==> Y up (This process continues until Y = Y*)Long-run effect:Y stays at Y*, i remains the same, P down.Note: Even though only one shift of the short-run AS-curve to the new long-run equilibrium is shown here, this shift is actually a combination of many shifts.P2P1P2P30 215. Briefly discuss the importance of Okun’s law in evaluating the cost of unemployment.Okun’s law states that a reduction in the unemployment rate of 1 percent will increase the level of output by about 2 percent. This relationship allows us to measure the cost to society (in terms of lost production) of a given rate of unemployment.16. True or false? Why?"If monetary policy accommodates an adverse supply shock, it will worsen any inflationary effects."True. An adverse supply shock shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve to the left. There is excess demand for goods and services at the original price level and prices start to rise, leading to lower real money balances, higher interest rates, and lower output. If no policy is implemented, then unemployment will force the nominal wage down to restore equilibrium at the original position. If the government views this adjustment process as too slow, it can respond by implementing expansionary policies. Accommodating the supply shock in this way shifts the AD-curve to the right and a new equilibrium can be reached at full-employment but at a higher price level. It is unlikely, though, that the economy will remain there for long since workers will realize that their purchasing power has been diminished by higher prices and will demand a wage increase. If they are successful, the cost of production will increase and the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the left again. In other words, we will enter a wage-price spiral.PP3P2P1217. Assume oil prices decline. What kind of monetary policy should the Fed undertake if its goal isto stabilize the level of output while keeping inflation low? Show with the help of an AD-AS diagram and briefly explain the adjustment process.1-->2: As oil prices decline, the cost of production decreases and the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts to the right, causing excess supply of goods. Thus the price level decreases, real money balances increase, and the interest rate declines.2-->3: A decrease in money supply will increase the interest rate, decrease private spending, and shift the AD-curve to the left. This means that prices will decrease even further and the level of output will decline. (We assume, for simplicity, that it goes back to the full-employment level Y*, so no long-run adjustment is needed.) Overall, the level of output has remained at its full-employment level but the level of prices and the interest rate have decreased.PP1P2218. Comment on the following statement:"A favorable oil shock causes lower inflation and lower unemployment."A decrease in material prices (or any other favorable supply shock) shifts theupward-sloping AS-curve to the right, and prices begin to decrease. The new equilibrium is at a lower price level and a higher level of output (a lower level of unemployment).Since output is now above the full-employment level, there will be upward pressure on nominal wages and prices, and the upward-sloping AS-curve will start shifting back to its original position (assuming that potential output was not affected). In the long run, unemployment will be back at its natural rate but the price level will have decreased (and thus real wages increased).19. “Falling oil prices will lead to increased employment, higher wage rates an dincreased real money balances.” Comment on this statement with the help of an AD-AS diagram and explain the short-run and long-run adjustment processes.A decline in material prices shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right, leading to excess supply at the existing price level. A new equilibrium is reached at a higher level of output and a lower price level. But since output is now above the full-employment level Y*, there is upward pressure on wages and prices and the upward-sloping AS-curve starts shifting back to the right. A new long-run equilibrium is reached back at the original position (Y*), and the original price level (assuming that the change in material prices did not affect the full-employment level of output). Since nominal wages (W) will have risen but the price level (P) will not have changed, real wages (W/P) will have increased.PP1P2Y*Y2Y。
萨缪尔森《宏观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第6章 消费与投资)
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萨缪尔森《宏观经济学》(第版)第章 消费与投资课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题.可支配收入,消费,储蓄( ,,)答:()可支配收入指人们可用来消费或储蓄的收入,个人收入不能全归个人支配,因为要缴纳个人所得税,税后的个人收入才是可支配收入。
可支配收入被认为是消费开支的最重要的决定性因素。
常被用来衡量一国的生活水平。
()消费指消费者个人购买的产品和服务的价值,它是国民收入核算恒等式的一项。
消费分为三个子项目:非耐用品、耐用品以及服务。
非耐用品是使用持续较短时间的产品,如食物和衣服。
耐用品是使用持续时间长的产品,如汽车和电视。
服务包括个人和企业为消费者所做的工作,如理发和就医。
决定消费的因素很多,主要因素是可支配收入、利率、价格水平、收入分配等。
()储蓄指将一部分不用于当前消费的收入存储和积蓄起来的行为及其相应的金额。
支配人们将收入用于储蓄而不是用于当前消费的动机,称为“储蓄动机”。
影响储蓄水平高低的两个主要因素是收入水平和储蓄倾向。
若储蓄倾向不变,个人收入水平越高,则储蓄水平也越高。
若收入水平不变,储蓄倾向越高,则储蓄水平也越高。
个人储蓄与企业储蓄、政府储蓄的加总构成国民总储蓄。
国民总储蓄是一国资本形成和经济增长的重要基础。
.消费函数和储蓄函数( )答:()消费函数是“储蓄函数”的对称,反映了消费与收入水平之间的依存关系,即消费支出取决于收入水平。
以C 表示消费,Y 表示收入,则消费函数的一般形式是:()C f Y =。
消费函数这一概念是凯恩斯最先提出来的,凯恩斯的消费函数理论被称为绝对收入假说。
《宏观经济学》章节习题及答案解析
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《宏观经济学》章节习题及答案解析第一章导论1、怎样理解宏观经济学的研究对象?【解答】宏观经济学研究的对象是经济的总体行为。
它的基本研究方法是考察经济的总体趋势,采用总量分析法。
它解决的主要中心问题经济周期与失业、通货膨胀和经济增长。
与微观经济学不同,宏观经济学则主要研究整体经济,以产出、失业、通货膨胀这些大范围内的经济现象为研究对象,其目的是对产出、失业以及价格的变动作出经济解释,宏观经济学的研究方法则是总量分析,即对能够反映整个经济运行情况的经济变量的决定、变动及其相互关系进行分析。
这些总量包括两类,一类是个量的总和,另一类是平均量。
因此,宏观经济学又称为“总量经济学”。
《宏观经济学》章节习题及答案解析第二章国民收入核算1、下列项目是否计入GDP,为什么?(1)政府转移支付(2)购买一辆用过的卡车(3)购买普通股票(4)购买一块地产【解答】(1)政府转移支付不计入GDP,因为政府转移支付只是简单地通过税收(包括社会保障税)和社会保险及社会救济等把收入从一个人或一个组织转移到另一个人或另一个组织手中,并没有相应的货物或劳务发生。
例如,政府给残疾人发放救济金,并不是残疾人创造了收入;相反,倒是因为他丧失了创造收入的能力从而失去生活来源才给予救济的。
(2)购买一辆用过的卡车不计入GDP,因为在生产时已经计入过。
(3)购买普通股票不计入GDP,因为经济学上所讲的投资是增加或替换资本资产的支出,即购买新厂房,设备和存货的行为,而人们购买股票和债券只是一种证券交易活动,并不是实际的生产经营活动。
(4)购买一块地产也不计入GDP,因为购买地产只是一种所有权的转移活动,不属于经济意义的投资活动,故不计入GDP。
2、如果甲乙两国并成一个国家,对GDP 总和会有什么影响(假定两国产出不变)?【解答】如果甲乙两国合并成一个国家,对GDP 总和会有影响。
因为甲乙两国未合并成一个国家时,双方可能有贸易往来,但这种贸易只会影响甲国或乙国的GDP,对两国GDP 总和不会有影响。
宏观经济学-布兰查德第六版-第6-7章课后作业参考-答案
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i
IS
LM(P1)
AD
LM(P2)
P1
P2
Yn
Y
Y0
Y
现在假设投资对利率不作出反应,假设经济开始于产出的自然水平。由 于对综合变量z的冲击,AS曲线上移。
e.对价格和产出的短期影响是什么?用文字解释
正确。自然产出水平指经济处于自然失业率时的产出水平。当 价格等于预期价格水平时,产出就等于自然率的产出水平。当价 格等于预期价格水平时,产出就等于自然率的产出水平,故从总 供给关系中可以得到经济的自然率产出水平。
c.总需求关系之所以下滑,是因为在更高的价格水平下,消费者 购买的商品减少。
错误。总需求关系表明了价格水平对产出的影响。总需求关系 是从模型中推导出来的。在该模型中,价格水平的上升减少了实 际货币存量,提高利率,从而减少产出
率等于i。货币扩张短期影响使LM曲线从LM移动到LM',均衡从 A移动到A'。利率下降,产出增加。随着时间的推移,价格水 平进一步上升,从而减少了实际货币存量,使得LM曲线又向上 移动。因此LM沿着IS曲线不断上移:利率上升,产出下降。最 后,LM又回到名义货币增加之前的位置。中期内,经济在A点 达到平衡。
e.在中期,扩张性货币政策对产出水平没有影响。 正确。在中期,货币是中性的,他对产出没有影响,货
币变化反应为价格水平的同比例上升,因此,扩张性货币政 策对产出水平没有影响。 f.财政政策在中期不能影响投资,因为产出总返回它的自然 水平。
错误。以紧缩性的财政政策为例:预算赤字下降时,IS 曲线左移;中期内,虽然产出反悔自然率水平,但利率低于 原利率水平,投资提高。
宏观经济学第六章习题及答案
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宏观经济学第六章习题及答案思考与练习1.名词解释失业∕失业率充分就业摩擦性失业产出效应结构性失业通货膨胀自愿性失业自然失业率消费物价指数收入分配效应财富分配效应菲利普斯曲线附加预期的菲利普斯曲线长期菲利普斯曲线2.什么是失业?通货膨胀如何定义?3.什么是充分就业?4.充分就业与自然失业率之间有何关系?5.失业与通货膨胀有什么关系?6.度量通红膨胀有哪些途径?7.试述通货膨胀的成因以及如何治理?8.试述菲利普斯曲线的特性、经济含义及其依据。
9.附加预期的菲利普斯曲线与传统的菲利普斯曲线有什么不同?根据附加预期的菲利普斯曲线理论,在什么条件下,数据能够呈现出传统的菲利普斯曲线关系?1.名词解释(1)失业∕失业率:指愿意并有能力工作的人没有得到就业岗位的现象;失业人口占劳动人口的比重即为失业率(2)充分就业:指在某一工资水平之下,所有愿意接受工作的人,都获得了就业机会。
(3)摩擦性失业:指生产过程中难以避免的、由于转换职业等原因而造成的短期、局部失业。
(4)产出效应:由于通货膨胀中物价水平的上升快于货币工资的上升,从而实际利润增加,产量和就业增加的情形。
(5)结构性失业:指劳动力的供给和需求不匹配所造成的失业,其特点是既有失业,也有职位空缺,失业者或者没有合适的技能,或者居住地点不当,因此无法填补现有的职位空缺。
(6)通货膨胀:即一般物价水平持续上涨的经济现象(7)自愿性失业:指工人所要求的实际工资超过其边际生产率,或者说不愿意接受现行的工作条件和收入水平而未被雇用而造成的失业。
(8)自然失业率:指在没有货币因素影响下,劳动力市场和商品市场自发供求力量发挥作用时应有的处于均衡状态的失业率,即是一个不会造成通胀的失业率。
(9)消费物价指数:指人们有选择地选取一组(相对固定)商品和劳务,然后比较它们按当期价格购买的花费和按基期价格购买的花费。
(10)收入分配效应:通货膨胀对不同的人有不同的影响;通货膨胀对债务人有利而对债权人不利;通货膨胀有利于政府而不利于公众。
高鸿业 宏观经济学 课后习题答案 第四版.doc
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高鸿业宏观经济学课后习题答案第五章宏观经济政策实践一、选择题1.政府的财政收入政策通过哪一个因素对国民收入产生影响?A、政府转移支付B、政府购买C、消费支出D、出口2.假定政府没有实行财政政策,国民收入水平的提高可能导致:A、政府支出增加B、政府税收增加C、政府税收减少D、政府财政赤字增加3.扩张性财政政策对经济的影响是:A、缓和了经济萧条但增加了政府债务B、缓和了萧条也减少了政府债务C、加剧了通货膨胀但减轻了政府债务D、缓和了通货膨胀但增加了政府债务4.商业银行之所以有超额储备,是因为:A、吸收的存款太多B、未找到那么多合适的贷款C、向中央银行申请的贴现太多D、以上几种情况都可能5.市场利率提高,银行的准备金会:A、增加B、减少C、不变D、以上几种情况都可能6.中央银行降低再贴现率,会使银行准备金:A、增加B、减少C、不变D、以上几种情况都可能7.中央银行在公开市场卖出政府债券是企图:A、收集一笔资金帮助政府弥补财政赤字B、减少商业银行在中央银行的存款C、减少流通中基础货币以紧缩货币供给D、通过买卖债券获取差价利益二、计算题1、假设一经济有如下关系:C=100+0.8Yd(消费)I=50(投资)g=200(政府支出)Tr=62.5(政府转移支付)t=0.25(边际税率)单位都是10亿美元(1)求均衡收入;(2)求预算盈余BS;(3)若投资增加到I=100时,预算盈余有何变化?为什么会发生这一变化?(4)若充分就业收入y*=1200,当投资分别为50和100时,充分就业预算盈余BS*为多少?(5)若投资I=50,政府购买g=250,而充分就业收入仍为1200,试问充分就业预算盈余为多少?答案:(1)Y=C+I+G=100+0.8Yd+50+200=100+0.8(Y-0.25Y+62.5)+250 解得Y=1000 (2)BS=tY- G- TR=0.25×1000-200-62.5=-12.5(3)Y=C+I+G=100+0.8(Y-0.25Y+62.5)+100+200 解得Y=1125BS=tY- G - TR=0.25×1125-200-62.5=18.75由预算赤字变成了预算盈余,因为投资增加,带动产出增加,在相同的边际税率下税收增加,导致出现盈余。
布兰查德《宏观经济学》(第6版) 笔记和课后习题详解复习答案
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布兰查德《宏观经济学》(第6版)笔记和课后习题详解完整版>精研学习䋞>无偿试用20%资料全国547所院校视频及题库全收集考研全套>视频资料>课后答案>往年真题>职称考试第1篇导论第1章世界之旅1.1复习笔记1.2课后习题详解第2章本书之旅2.1复习笔记2.2课后习题详解第2篇核心部分第3章商品市场3.1复习笔记3.2课后习题详解第4章金融市场4.1复习笔记4.2课后习题详解第5章商品市场和金融市场:IS-LM模型5.1复习笔记5.2课后习题详解第6章劳动力市场6.1复习笔记6.2课后习题详解第7章所有市场集中:AS-AD模型7.1复习笔记7.2课后习题详解第8章菲利普斯曲线、自然失业率和通货膨胀8.1复习笔记8.2课后习题详解第9章美国次贷危机9.1复习笔记9.2课后习题详解第10章增长的事实10.1复习笔记10.2课后习题详解第11章储蓄、资本积累和产出11.1复习笔记11.2课后习题详解第12章技术进步与增长12.1复习笔记12.2课后习题详解第13章技术进步:短期、中期与长期13.1复习笔记13.2课后习题详解第3篇扩展部分第14章预期:基本工具14.1复习笔记14.2课后习题详解第15章金融市场和预期15.1复习笔记15.2课后习题详解第16章预期、消费和投资16.1复习笔记16.2课后习题详解第17章预期、产出和政策17.1复习笔记17.2课后习题详解第18章商品市场和金融市场的开放18.1复习笔记18.2课后习题详解第19章开放经济中的商品市场19.1复习笔记19.2课后习题详解第20章产出、利率和汇率20.1复习笔记20.2课后习题详解第21章汇率制度21.1复习笔记21.2课后习题详解第22章政策制定者是否应当受到限制?22.1复习笔记22.2课后习题详解第23章财政政策:一个总结23.1复习笔记23.2课后习题详解第24章货币政策:一个总结24.1复习笔记24.2课后习题详解第25章后记:宏观经济学的故事25.1复习笔记25.2课后习题详解。
2宏观经济学第六章试题及答案
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宏观经济学及其研究对象宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动作为考察对象,研究社会总体经济问题以及相应的经济变量的总量是如何决定及其相互关系。
它需要解决三个问题:一是已经配置到各个生产部门和企业的经济资源总量的使用情况是如何决定着一国的总产量(国民收入)或就业量;二是商品市场和货币市场的总供求是如何决定着一国的国民收入水平和一般物价水平;三是国民收入水平和一般物价水平的变动与经济周期及经济增长的关系。
它又称为国民收入决定论或收入分析。
宏观经济学研究的是经济资源的利用问题,包括国民收入决定理论、就业理论、通货膨胀理论、经济周期理论、经济增长理论、财政与货币政策等。
(一)选择题1. 依据哈罗德—多马模型的定义,自然增长率G N与实际增长率G之间的关系是():AG N≥G;BG N≤G; C G N>G;DG N<G。
2. 根据哈罗德—多马模型的分析,如果有保证的增长率G W大于实际增长率G,经济将():A持续高涨;B长期萧条;C均衡增长;D不能确定。
3. 根据哈罗德—多马模型的分析,如果有保证的增长率G W大于自然增长率G N,经济将():A持续高涨;B长期萧条;C均衡增长;D不能确定。
4. 要达到充分就业的均衡增长,必须使():AG=G N;BG=G W;CG=G N= G W;DG W= G N。
5. 在哈罗德—多马模型中,已知有保证的增长率G W小于实际增长率G,如果合意的储蓄率等于实际储蓄率,那么合意的资本—产出比将():A小于实际的资本—产出比;B大于实际的资本—产出比;C等于实际的资本—产出比;D以下情况都有可能。
6. 当合意的资本—产出比大于实际的资本—产出比时,厂商的合理反应是():A增加投资;B减少投资;C保持原有投资水平;D不能确定。
7. 哈罗德—多马模型的分析之所以是一种动态分析,是因为它():A从连续的各个时期来分析经济增长;B根据投资和储蓄之间的关系来分析经济增长;C根据有效需求来分析经济增长;D在技术、人口和资本均可发生变化的时期内分析经济增长。
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第六章习题参考答案一、名词解释1、总供给曲线:表明了价格与产量的相结合,即在某种价格水平时整个社会的厂商所愿意供给的产品总量。
2、总需求曲线:描述在产品市场和货币市场同时实现均衡时,产量(国民收入)与价格水平的组合。
3、总需求—总供给模型:将总需求与总供给结合在一起放在一个坐标图上,用以解释国民收入和价格水平的决定,考察价格变化的原因以及社会经济如何实现总需求与总供给的均衡。
4、古典总供给曲线:不受价格水平变动的影响,位于充分就业水平上的垂直的总供给曲线。
5、粘性工资模型:即阐述粘性名义工资对总供给影响的模型。
6、利率效应:物价水平的变化将引起利率水平的变化,从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。
7、税收效应:物价水平的变化将引起税收的变化,从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。
二、单项选择题DCAAB DCCBD D1.D.总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因主要有:实际余额效应、利率效应、汇率效应以及税收效应。
2.C.价格的变化不影响IS曲线的位置,而价格下降会导致实际货币余额增加,利率下降,投资需求增加从而收入增加,所以LM曲线向右移。
3.A.在凯恩斯条件下,由于供给曲线是一条水平线,扩张的财政政策会使价格不变但国民收入y将增加。
y增加,则对货币的需求将增加,当货币供给不变时利率提高;当处于古典区域时,由于产量已达到了充分就业时的最大产出,所以y不会变,扩张性的财政政策将会使得价格上涨,从而实际货币余额将减少,利率提高。
4.A.劳动需求函数为Nd=Nd(WP),WP指实际工资,劳动需求与实际工资成反向关系,因此价格水平越低,名义工资不变,则实际工资上升,因而劳动需求下降。
5.B.劳动的供给函数为Ns=Ns(WP),W指名义工资,P为价格水平。
在短期内,实际工资率越高,劳动的供给越多,因此呈现正斜率。
6.D.古典学派假设工资和价格水平可以迅速自行调节,从而使得经济总是处于充分就业状态,因而此时古典供给曲线存在。
7.C.8.C.A、B、D三选项均属于潜在产出的短期决定因素,技术是长期决定因素。
9.B.总需求曲线的左移,造成就业量和实际产出的下降,而就业量的变化又会造成名义工资的下降。
10.D.不论短期还是长期,技术进步都会导致y增加,所以都会右移。
11.D.在IS-LM曲线中,价格是不变的;在AD-AS曲线中,价格是变化的。
三、判断题×√××√ √×× 1. ×。
支出乘数越小则β越小,β越小则IS 曲线的斜率越大,而IS 曲线的斜率越大,由于AD 曲线的斜率与IS 曲线的斜率同方向变动,所以AD 曲线的斜率将变大,曲线更陡峭。
2.√。
在短期生产函数内, ,K 是不变的,技术水平是不变的,就业量N 随经济的变动而变动, 在长期生产函数内,K 是变动的,技术水平是变动的,就业量也是变动的。
3.×。
生产者对劳动需求量的大小取决于实际工资。
4.×。
只有当总供给曲线垂直时,减税才不会影响实际产出。
5.√。
在题中的假定情况下,实行扩张性的政策使得AD 曲线右移,使得价格升高,但由于AS 曲线是垂直线,所以实际产出不变化。
6.√。
劳动市场的均衡是指劳动的供给和需求处于均衡状态。
7.×。
总供给曲线的形状可由单个产品供给曲线的形状直接推导,但总需求曲线的形状与单个产品需求曲线的形状则无必然联系。
单个产品的需求量与其价格反向变动,是因为边际效用递减;而总需求量与价格反向变动,则是由于利率效应、实际余额效应等方面的原因。
另外,微观供求模型中的价格与总需求模型中的价格也不同,后者是前者的加权平均。
8.×。
完全竞争是一般均衡状态,消费者实现了效用的最大化,厂商实现了利润的最大化,资源配置的效率达到最优。
四、问答题1.宏观经济学中的总需求曲线与微观经济学中的需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因有何不同? 答:总需求曲线中价格和国民收入反方向变化,需求曲线中价格和数量也呈反方向变化,但含义不同。
前者表达的含义是以货币计量的名义总供给恰好等于以货币计量的名义需求的均衡。
而单个商品的需求曲线自左向右向下倾斜,是因为商品的边际效用随商品数量的增加而递减。
2.用图形分析法导出一条总需求曲线,并分析影响总需求曲线的位置和斜率的因素。
答:总需求曲线的斜率取决于这样一些因素: 第一、货币需求的利率弹性。
货币需求的利率弹性越小,价格变动所引起的实际货币供给量的变动对利率和总需求的影响就越大,从而总需求曲线的斜率也就越小(即总需求曲线越平坦)。
相反,货币需求的利率弹性越大,价格变动所引起的实际货物币供给量的变动对利率和总需求的影响就越小,从而总需求曲线的斜率也就越大(即总需求曲线越陡峭)。
第二、投资需求的利率弹性。
投资需求的利率弹性越大,既定的利率变动所引起的投资与总需求的变动越大,从而总需求曲线的斜率也就越小。
相反,投资需求的利率弹性越小,既定的利率变动所引起的投资与总需求的变动越小,从而总需求曲线的斜率也就越大。
第三、货币需求的收入弹性。
货币需求的收入弹性越小,既定的实际货币供给量变动所引起的总需求的变动就大,从而总需求曲线的斜率就越小。
相反,货币需求的收入弹性越大,既定的实际货币供给量变动所引起的总需求的变动就小,从而总需求曲线的斜率就()K N f y ,=*(*,*)y f N K =越大。
第四、乘数。
乘数越大,既定实际货币供给量变动所引起的最终总需求(与国民收入)的变动越大,从而总需求曲线的斜率就越小。
相反,乘数越小,既定实际货币供给量变动所引起的最终总需求(与国民收入)的变动越小,从而总需求曲线的斜率就越大。
因此,总需求曲线的斜率与货币需求的利率弹性和投资需求的利率弹性同方向变动,与货币需求的收入弹性和乘数反方向变动。
根据总需求曲线斜率的决定还可以推导出两种特例:第一种是古典特例。
在这种情况下,货币需求的利率弹性为零,LM 曲线是一条垂线,实际货币供给量的变动对总需求有最大的影响,从而总需求曲线也就是一条水平线(其斜率为零)。
第二种是凯恩斯陷阱。
在这种情况下,货币需求的利率弹性无限大,即在既定的利率之下,公众愿持有任何数量的货币供给量,LM 曲线是一条水平线。
因此,价格变动所引起的实际货币供给量变动对总需求没有什么影响,总需求曲线就是一条垂线(其斜率为无限大),即总需求不会对价格变动作出反应。
3.在什么条件下,AS 曲线分别是水平的、垂直的和向右上方倾斜的?答:(要点)在长期中价格和货币工资具有伸缩性,AS 曲线是垂直的;在刚性货币工资的条件下,AS 曲线是水平的;在投入要素价格具有粘性时,AS 曲线向右上倾斜。
4.在古典总需求—总供给模型中,当政府支出增加时,价格水平、国民收入、利率和就业量如何变化,并用图形分析加以说明。
答:在古典总需求—总供给模型中,当政府支出增加时,总需求曲线向上平移与总供给曲线交与价格水平更高的点,所以价格水平提高。
价格水平提高使得实际货币余额减少,这将会引起利率水平的上升。
由于在此模型下,社会已处于充分就业状态,所以不能增加国民收入,从而国民收入不变,就业量也就不变。
5.试比较古典总供给-总需求模型与凯恩斯主义总供给-总需求模型。
答:以政府支出增加为例说明。
在凯恩斯区域的总需求—总供给模型中,当政府支出增加时,总需求曲线将向右上方平移,从而使得产量增加,国民收入增加,所以就业量增加,由于总供给曲线是一条水平线,所以价格水平不变。
在古典总需求—总供给模型中,当政府支出增加时,总需求曲线向上平移与总供给曲线交与价格水平更高的点,所以价格水平提高。
价格水平提高使得实际货币余额减少,这将会引起利率水平的上升。
由于在此模型下,社会已处于充分就业状态,所以不能增加国民收入,从而国民收入不变,就业量也就不变。
6.试结合总供给-总需求分析法说明宏观经济波动中短期的萧条状态、高涨状态、滞胀状态yAD ′PO y fP 0E ′yEADAS第五题图 古典的总需求-总供给模型f第四题图 古典的总需求-总供给模型f和长期的充分就业状态,并简要说明政府治理滞胀状态分对策。
答:宏观经济学在用总需求—总供给说明经济中的萧条,高涨和滞涨时,主要是通过说明短期的收入和价格水平的决定来完成的。
如图1所示。
从图1可以看到,短期的收入和价格水平的决定有两种情况。
第一种情况是,AD 是总需求曲线,ASs 使短期供给曲线,总需求曲线和短期供给曲线的交点E 决定的产量或收入为y ,价格水平为P ,二者都处于很低的水平,第一种情况表示经济处于萧条状态。
第二种情况是,当总需求增加,总需求曲线从AD 向右移动到AD '时,短期总供给曲线ASs 和新的总需求曲线AD '的交点E '决定的产量或收入为y ',价格水平为p ',二者都处于很高的水平,第二种情况表示经济处于高涨状态。
现在假定短期供给曲线由于供给冲击(如石油价格和工资等提高)而向左移动,但总需求曲线不发生变化。
在这种情况下,短期收入和价格水平的决定可以用图2表示。
在图2中,AD 是总需求曲线,是短期总供给曲线,两者的交点E 决定的产量或收入为,价格水平为P 。
现在由于出现供给冲击,短期总供给曲线向左移动到,总需求曲线和新的短期总供给曲线的交点决定的产量或收入为,价格水平为,这个产量低于原来的产量,而价格水平却高于原来的价格水平,这种情况表示经济处于滞涨状态,即经济停滞和通货膨胀结合在一起的状态。
五、计算题1.假定某经济社会C=100+0.8dy,i =150-6r ,t=50,g=40,从而IS 方程为y=1250-30r ;名义货币供给M=150,货币需求函数为L=0.2Y-4r 。
(1)求价格水平为P=100%=1,P=1.2,P=1.5时的LM 方程。
(2)求上述三种价格水平下的总需求方程,并求解均衡收入和利率。
(3)画出总需求曲线AD 。
(4)当P=1时,中央银行增加货币投放量,从而使M=200,求y ,r ,并且和(2)对比,在(3)所做图中画AD 曲线,此时,AD 曲线有什么变化?(5)当投资需求利率弹性变小时,比如,i=120-3r ,总需求曲线斜率(把总需求曲线看做直线形式来讨论)如何变化(LM 曲线不变)?(6)当货币需求的利率弹性变大时,比如,L=0.2Y-10r ,总需求曲线斜率(把总需求曲线看做直线形式来讨论)如何变化(IS 曲线不变)?图2滞涨状态的说明解:(1)因为货币供给函数m=150M P P= 再由已知:货币需求函数为:0.24L y r =- 由L=m 易得LM 曲线方程为75020P y r=+ 故 ① P=1 y=750+20r ② P=1.2 y=625+20r ③ P=1.5 y=500+20r (2) 由已知可得:IS 曲线为:y=1250-30r 而LM 曲线为:r y Pm 42.0150-==由 IS=LM 有:总需求曲线为:500450+=Py 故 ① P=1 Y=950 r=25-15=10 ② P=1.2 Y=875 r=25-12.5=12.5 ③ P=1.5 Y=800 r=25-10=15(3)如下图所示:(4) M=200 P=1则LM 方程为:Y=1000/P+20r=1000+20r 联立IS 与LM 曲线方程⎩⎨⎧+=-=ry ry 201000301250解得:⎩⎨⎧==11005y r由图可知:此时,AD 曲线右移。